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Bulletin SILICIOUS AND HORNY SPONGES COLLECTED BY THE U. S. FISHERIES STEAMER "ALBATROSS" DURING THE PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION, 1907-1910 By H. V. Wilson Kenan Professor of Zoology in the University of North Carolina INTRODUCTION The collection of Philippine sponges included onlj a few Calcarea. These are reserved for separate study. The Hexactinellids were placed in the hands of the late Professor I. Ijima, of the University of Tokio. The following report, it is hoped, will prove useful to zoologists entering upon the work of classification, as something of a guide to the contemporary taxonomy of sponges, more especially of the tetraxonid sponges, and to the literature dealing with this subject. It may be taken, at the date of writing, as an index to the families and genera of the Astrophora, Hadromerina, Sigmatophora, to the subfamilies of the Halichondrina, and to the families and genera of the Lithistida. In places I have gone more into detail, attempting for instance to list the species of Sigmatophora and Lithistida that have been established since 1903 (the date of the Tierreich synopsis, Lendenfeld, 1903). Doubtless there are omissions. The phenomena that are roughly grouped under the head of varia- tion force themselves upon the attention of all who undertake to classify sponges. As in former papers (especially 1901) I record, throughout the body of the report, considerable data that come under this head. Such data I am aware can not in themselves lead to any definite conclusions concerning the causes of change—namely, conditions under which changes appear. But they do add to our knowledge of the kinds of variations that occur. They contribute to what we may call the classification of variation phenomena, with- out a knowledge of which experimental work on the production of new races and the improvement or even the safeguarding of old ones can scarcely go far. Variation phenomena in a group of such plastic organisms as sponges become involved, perhaps more directly than in many other groups, in the practical work of classification—that is, the seating up of categories or the assigning of bodies to categories already in use. As I point out under Donatia and Tetilla, it is only by arbi- trarily disregarding variation that we can rigidly adhere to a mode 8170&—25 2 273 274 BULLETIN" 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of classification which splits genera into subgenera and species into subspecies, with the tacit understanding that there must be a sub- group into which each individual organism will fit. However for- eign such a mode of classification is in the abstract to our ideas on the evolution of organisms, it is clear that in the actual work of classification it has to-day a considerable influence. As to technical methods I can refer those who are not already familiar with such to a previous statement (Wilson, 1902, p. 378). I may add that for sections celloidin imbedding proves very con- venient. Surface preparations of dermal and cloacal membranes are desirable. For boiling out spicules many prefer nitric acid to caustic potash. In the study of lithistid desmas the nitric acid is to be followed by hydrofluoric acid (Solhis 1888, p. clxv). I majr add that the crepis of the desma is sometimes more distinct in water than in balsam; I have also used to advantage pure glycerine and, again, cedar oil. The customary methods are employed with respect to spicule measurements—that is, the aim is always to give an idea as to the characteristic size, namely, the common average, young forms and extremes being excluded. For this purpose sometimes the dimen- sions of selected representative spicules are given; sometimes an average is given covering a number of spicules of commonly occur- ring sizes. More often, perhaps, the common range of size, common minimum to common maximum, is given. With this understanding the qualifying word " about " has been usualhr omitted. There is a minor linguistic matter in which English-writing zoologists should, it seems to me, reach an agreement. I refer to the formation of plurals in the case of words like desma, dragma, sigma, toxa (some of the dictionaries give toxon, but it is the made-over form, toxa, that has come into actual use in the literature, following Sollas, not the Greek singular), oxea, chela, etc. We use such words in the singular as English words and there is no valid linguistic reason for not following Sollas* example (1888, ,p. lix) in using the "s" plural. Where the word has preserved its Latin form (as chela) we especially shrink from this plural, but I realize that if the terms are to be used freely by many, as should be the case, we must use them as English words and as we now say museums, so must Ave learn to say aquariums and chelas. In this reform spirit I have gone over my text and endeavored to bring it throughout into con- formity with Sollas* principle. The singular forms clad, rhabd, which demand the "s" plural, are used instead of the Latin forms, clad us, rhabdus, etc. 1 Dendy (1921, p. 101) takes particular exception to the use of oxea in the singular as " erroneous " and would use oxeon, plural 1 The death of this eminent investigator, to whom we owe so much, was announced while this paper was passing through the press. : SILICIOUS AND HOjRNY SPONGES WILSON. 275 oxea. But oxea in the singular is now a well-recognized word, classi- fied as modern Latin by the dictionaries, having arisen as a viable form through Professor Sollas' operation on the Greek adjective. Oxeon would seem to be a word of contemporary coinage and un- necessary. The adjective should then be oxeate and not oxeote. For the precise location and characteristics of the stations at which sponges were taken I refer to United States Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 741 (Dredging and Hydrographic Records of the U. S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross during the Philippine Expedi- tion, 1907-1910. Washington, 1910). An outline of the classification followed in this report is here given Class Noncalcarea Vosmaer, 1887. Order 1. Myxospongida Dendy, 1905 (Myxospongiae part Len- denfeld, 1885, history of term here reviewed; Myxospongiae Sollas, 1888, p. xcvin).—Simple forms without a skeleton. Absence of skeleton primitive. The genera are Halisarca Dujardin, 1838, Osca- reUd Vosmaer, 1887, Bajulus Lendenfeld, 1886, Hexadella Topsent, 1896. With regard to the position of these sponges there is marked disagreement. Lendenfeld, 1889, 1894c, looks on Halisarca and Bajulus as degenerate derivatives of Darwinella and assigns them to his Hexaceratina (in the Triaxonia), to which group Topsent, 18966, also assigns Hexadella. Oscarella is separated by Lendenfeld, 1889, 1903, 1906, from the other genera of the group, as here under- stood, and transferred as a family (Oscarellidae) to the Homo- sclerophora (Microsclerophora). Hentschel, 1909, 1912, follows the same practice and further combines Hexadella with Oscarella. Order 2. Hexaotinellida O. Schmidt, 1870 (Triaxonia, IF. E. Schulze, 1887).—With triaxonid (characteristically hexactinellid) siliceous spicules. Order 3. Tetraxonida Dendy, 1905 (Demospongiae Sollas, 1888, minus Ceratosa).—The characteristic form of spicule is a siliceous four-rayed sclerite, each ray rep resenting a particular axis (tet- raxonid or tetractinellid spicule). But in some groups these spicules have been lost. Suborder 1. Homosclerophora Dendy, 1905. (Microsclerophora Sollas. 1888; Microsclerophora part Lendenfeld 1889). Family 1. Plakinidae F. E. Schulze, 1880.—The genera are Pla- kina F. E. Schulze, 1880; Plakortis F. E. Schulze, 1880; Plakinas- trella F. E. Schulze, 1880 (assigned by Sollas, 1888, to Theneidae, by Dendy, 1905, to Pachastrellidae) ; Dercitppis Dendy, 1905. Family 2. Corticidae Vosmaer, 1887, Sollas, 1888.— Lendenfeld, 1903. deletes the family. The genera arc Corticiurn (). Schmidt. 1862 (assigned by Lendenfeld, to the 1903, Plakinidae) ; Calcabrina, Sollas, 1888 (synonymous with Stoeba Sollas, 1888, according to 276 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dendy, 1905) ; Corticella Sollas, 1888 (merged by Lendenfeld, 1903. in Colthropella Sollas, 1888) ; Rhacella Sollas, 1888 (merged by Len- denfeld, 1903, in Plakino). Family 3. Thrombidae. The only genus is Thrombus Sollas, 1888. Lendenfeld, 1903, transfers the genus to the Plakinidae, deleting Thrombidae. (For the definitions and contents of the remaining groups which are given by name below, see the text.) Suborder 2. Astrophora Sollas, 1888. Suborder 3. Hadromerina Topsent, 1898. (Hadromerina Topsent, 1898c, plus Chondrosidae ; Pseudotetraxonina Vosmaer, 1887, plus Clavulina Vosmaer, 1887, plus Oligosilicina part Vosmaer, 1887, plus; Clavulina Vosmaer, Ridley and Dendy, 1887, plus; Spintharo- phora Sollas, 1888, minus Axinellidae plus Epipolasidae Sollas. 1888, plus Placospongidae Sollas, 1888, plus; Astromonaxonellida Dendy, 1905.) Suborder 4. Sigmatophora, Sollas, 1888. Suborder 5. Halichondrina Vosmaer, 1887 (Halichondrina Au- thors, Sigmatomonaxonellida Dendy, 1905.) Suborder 6. Lithistida O. Schmidt, 1870. Order 4. Keratosa Grant, 1826, 1861. A close linkage of the Astrophora and Hadromerina on the one hand, under the designation Astrotetraxonida (Hentschel, 1909), and of the Sigmatophora and Halichondrina on the other, under the designation Sigmatotetraxonida (Hentschel, 1911a), has come into extensive use in recent years (Dendy, Hentschel, and others; also the Zoological Record). It has not been, however, by any means universally adopted (see Topsent, Thiele), and I am now inclined to believe that it rests on too many assumptions. And yet it is gen- erally recognized that many of the Hadromerina give indication of their descent from the Astrophora, the relationship between the two being fully as close as, if not closer than, that between the Astro- phora and Sigmatophora. This makes somewhat artificial the main- tenance of the older groups Tetractinellida, comprising the Astrophora and Sigmatophora. and Monaxonida, comprising the Hadromerina and Halichondrina, for we are very much in the dark as to the genetic relationship between the two latter subdivisions. Under these circumstances recourse may be had to the noncommittal method of arranging the subgroups (Astrophora, Hadromerina.
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