THE NORTH AFRICA COUNTRY SERIES 2019 B REPUBLIC of TUNISIA N COUNTRY PROFILE I

REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE A

REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA THE NORTH AFRICA COUNTRY SERIES 2019 B REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE i

REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA 2019 ii REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Team Leader: Samir S. Amir

Lead Researcher: Mariam Noor

DISCLAIMER

The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Directors and members of The Pakistan Business Council or the companies they represent.

Any conclusions and analysis based on data from ITC, UN Comtrade, World Bank, Doing Business and CIA World Factbook are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the UN, WTO, World Bank, or the CIA. Although every effort has been made to cross-check and verify the authenticity of the data, The Pakistan Business Council, or the author(s), do not guarantee the data included in this work. All data and statistics used are correct as of December 1st, 2018, and may be subject to change.

For any queries or feedback regarding this report, please contact [email protected] or [email protected] iv

THE PAKISTAN BUSINESS COUNCIL: AN OVERVIEW

The Pakistan Business Council (PBC) is a business policy advocacy platform, established in 2005 by 14 of Pakistan’s (now 79) largest private-sector businesses and conglomerates, including multinationals. It is a professionally-run organization headed by a full-time Chief Executive Officer.

The PBC is a not-for-profit entity, registered under Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance 1984. Though it is not required under the law to do so, the PBC follows to the greatest extent possible, the Code of Corporate Governance as applicable to listed companies.

The PBC is a pan-industry advocacy group. It is not a trade body nor does it advocate for any specific business sector or industry. Rather, its key advocacy thrust is on easing barriers to allow Pakistani businesses to compete in regional and global markets. The PBC conducts research, publishes position papers and policy notes and holds conferences and seminars to facilitate the flow of relevant information to all stakeholders in order to help create an informed view on the major issues faced by Pakistan.

The PBC works closely with the relevant government departments, ministries, regulators and institutions, as well as other stakeholders including professional bodies, to develop consensus on major issues which impact the conduct of business in and from Pakistan. The PBC has submitted position papers and recommendations to the government on legislation and other government policies / initiatives affecting businesses. It also serves on various taskforces and committees of the Government of Pakistan as well as those of the State Bank, SECP and other regulators with the objective to provide policy assistance on new initiatives and reforms. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE v

THE PBC’S FOUNDING OBJECTIVES

The major objectives of the PBC as stated in its founding documents are:

• To provide for the formation and exchange of views on any question connected with the conduct of business in and from Pakistan.

• To conduct, organize, set up, administer and manage campaigns, surveys, focus groups, workshops, seminars and field works for carrying out research and raising awareness in regard to matters affecting businesses in Pakistan.

• To acquire, collect, compile, analyze, publish and provide statistics, data analysis and other information relating to businesses of any kind, nature or description and on opportunities for such businesses within and outside Pakistan.

• To promote and facilitate the integration of businesses in Pakistan into the World economy and to encourage in the development and growth of Pakistani multinationals.

• To interact with governments in the economic development of Pakistan and to facilitate, foster and further the economic, social and human resource development of Pakistan.

The PBC is a Section 42 not-for-profit Company Limited by Guarantee. Its working is overseen by a Board of Directors.

More information on the PBC, its members, and its workings, can be found on its website: www.pbc.org.pk vi

THE PBC’S MEMBER COMPANIES REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE vii viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Since 2015, the Pakistan Business Council (PBC), has been publishing a Country Profile Series aimed at promoting Pakistan’s trade with its non-traditional trading partners. In 2015 ‘six’ countries from Africa – Angola, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria and South Africa were covered, in 2016 ‘five’ countries from South America – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, and Mexico were highlighted, in 2017 ‘five’ countries of Central Asia – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan were showcased, while in 2018 “six” South East Asian countries – Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam were featured. In the 2019 series, the PBC is covering ‘four’ countries in North Africa – Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. This is the third publication in the North Africa Country Series and features the Republic of Tunisia (Tunisia).

The Republic of Tunisia is located between Libya and Algeria along the Mediterranean Sea. It covers a total area of 163, 610 Km2 with a coastline of 1,148km. It has a population of 11.50 Million, of which 99% are Muslims. The most dominant ethnic group are Arabs with Arabic as the official language. Tunisia has a rich history with cultural traditions flavored from being ruled by the Carthaginians, Vandals, Jews, Romans, Andalusians, Ottoman Turks and the French. In 146 BC the land which now constitutes Tunisia was occupied by the Carthaginians, they were over the course of time followed by the Romans, Vandals, the Byzantine Empire, the Arabs, the Ottoman Turks and finally by the French. Tunisia gained its independence from the French in 1956 with Habib Bourguiba as the first president.

Due to its prime location, Tunisia has been the hub of trade between Europe and Africa for more than 2,000 years. In 2011-2012, Tunisia was declared the most economically competitive country in Africa, while being ranked number 40 globally by the World Economic Forum (WEF). However, growth in recent years has been hampered primarily due to the Arab Spring and the uncertainty created by it, this has led to an increase in unemployment and inflation. As far as composition of the economy is concerned, 63.80% of Tunisia’s GDP is contributed by the tertiary sector, 26.00% by the secondary sector and 10.00% by the primary sector.

In order to expand trade and foreign investment, Tunisia took its first steps to integrate into China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by signing bilateral deals with China in 2018. BRI aims to link 65 countries from Asia, Africa and Europe. Tunisia’s deals with China include projects to develop Tunisia’s southern port of Zarzis into an economic and trade hub, and to construct a bridge linking Djerba, to Djorf in the mineral-rich Medenine region.

In 2017, Tunisia exported $14.20 Billion worth of goods and imported goods valued at $20.62 Billion, resulting in a negative trade balance of $6.42 Billion. Major exports of Tunisia in 2017 comprised of electrical machinery and equipment, apparel and clothing, and mineral fuels. Major imports included electrical machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, mineral oils and mechanical appliances. The major export destinations for Tunisian goods were France, Italy and Germany REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE ix

who as part of the European Union (EU), have GSP and Euro-Mediterranean Trade Agreements with Tunisia.

Bilateral trade relations between China and Tunisia were established in 1958. China is the 3rd largest import partner for Tunisia. In 2017, Tunisia’s imports from China totaled $1.85 Billion, imports mostly comprised of electrical machinery and equipment, mechanical appliances, vehicles, iron and steel. Exports to China in 2017 were valued $30.93 Million and primarily included electrical machinery and equipment, plastics, mechanical appliances, salt and sulfur.

Tunisia has traditionally maintained friendly and cordial relations with India since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1958. Exports to India are mainly dominated by inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals; made up textile articles; raw hides and skins; total exports amounted to $103.30 Million in 2017. Imports comprised mainly of vehicles; organic chemicals; and electrical machinery totaling $297.50 Million in 2017.

Over the last 10 years, bilateral trade between Tunisia and Pakistan has had fluctuations. In 2017, Tunisia faced a trade deficit of $21.93 Million with Pakistan as imports and exports stood at $28.97 and $7.05 Million respectively. Exports to Pakistan primarily comprised of inorganic chemicals; Textiles and Vehicles; imports on the other hand mainly comprised of cotton; man-made staple fibers and cereals. Tunisia had the potential to export an additional $1,699.89 Million worth of products to Pakistan in 2017, while Pakistan in 2017 had the potential to export an additional $1,343.34 Million worth of goods to Tunisia, with the highest export potential being in denim fabric.

The table below provides a brief comparison of the economies of Tunisia and Pakistan. In comparison to Pakistan, Tunisia has a much smaller population and a lower GDP.

Pakistan Tunisia

Population 200.8 Million (2018) 11.5 Million (2018)

Year 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017

GDP (Current US$ Billion) 270.55 278.65 304.95 43.15 41.8 39.9

GDP per Capita (Current US$) 1,429 1,442 1,548 3,828 3,666 3,464

GDP growth (%) 4.7 5.5 5.7 1.15 1.11 1.96

Inflation (%) 2.5 3.7 4.1 4.86 3.71 5.33

Tunisia has its major trading relations with the European Union (EU) which accounted for approximately 63.00% of trade, the EU was followed by the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) which comprises of 17 Arab states. Bilateral trade agreements have also been signed with, Turkey, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Morocco and Jordon. x

Tunisia’s largest industrial sector is the textile and wearing apparel industry with a total of 1,088 enterprises that accounted for 29.70% of industry share. It is the 5th most important supplier of textiles to the European Union. The main segments of the Tunisian textile industry consist of thread, fabric making, hosiery and the manufacture of woven and knitted apparel. The major export destinations in the EU are France, Italy, Germany and Belgium.

According to Ease of Doing Business (EODB) Index, which is a measure to determine the relative ease of starting and running a business by a local in each country, Tunisia ranked 80th in the world as of 2019. It ranked 63th in ‘starting a business’ and 83th in ‘protecting minority investors. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE xi

LIST OF ACRONYMS

BCT – Central bank of Tunisia BRI – Belt and Road Initiative CTCF – China Tunisia Cooperation Forum DCFTA – Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement ECI – Economic Complexity Index EODB – Ease of Doing Business ESC – Economic and Social Council EU – European Union FDI – Foreign Direct Index FTA – Free Trade Agreement GAFTA – Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement GDP – Gross Domestic Product GSP – Generalized System of Preference IMF – International Monetary Fund MFCPOLE – Monastir El Fejja Competitiveness Pole NM – Nautical miles OBOR – One Belt One Road OIC – Organization of Islamic Cooperation PBC – Pakistan Business Council PTA – Preferential Trade Agreement TCITF – Tunisia-China Investment and Trade Forum TFDA – Trade Facilitation and Development Agreement TND – Tunisian Dinar UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNO – United Nations Organization WEF – World Economic Forum xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1: Geographic and Key Social Indicators...... 01 Key Social Indicators...... 02 Country History ...... 09

Section 2: Economic Outlook...... 13 Economic Profile...... 14 Economic Overview ...... 14 Economic Indicators ...... 15 Sectors of the Economy ...... 19 The Belt and Road Initiative...... 21

Section 3: Tourism...... 23

Section 4: Trade...... 29 Trade Overview ...... 30 Trade Trends and Partners ...... 31 Trade Alliances ...... 38 Major Trade Partners ...... 40 Trade with European Union (EU) ...... 40 Trade with China ...... 45 Trade with India ...... 50

Section 5: Trade with Pakistan...... 57 Bilateral Trade...... 58 Trade Potential ...... 64 Pakistan-Tunisia Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) ...... 67

Section 6: Industrial Overview...... 69 Industry Snapshot ...... 70 Textile Industry ...... 70

Section 7: Ease of Doing Business...... 73 Ease of Doing Business ...... 74 Consulates & Business Forums...... 75

Section 8: Sources...... 77 Sources...... 77 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Population Distribution by Age...... 05 Table 2: Economic Indicators of Tunisia...... 14 Table 3: Tunisia’s Exports Product Wise (HS-02) ...... 31 Table 4: Tunisia’s Exports Product Wise (HS-06) ...... 33 Table 5: Top 10 Export Partners of Tunisia (USD Billion) ...... 33 Table 6: Tunisia’s Import Product Wise (HS-02) ...... 35 Table 7: Tunisia’s Imports Product Wise (HS-06) ...... 36 Table 8: Top 10 Import Partners of Tunisia...... 37 Table 9: Top 10 Exports to Tunisia (HS-02) ...... 41 Table 10: Top 25 Exports to EU (HS-06) ...... 42 Table 11: Top 10 Imports from EU (HS-02) ...... 43 Table 12: Top 25 Imports from EU (HS-06) ...... 44 Table 13: Top 10 Exports to China (HS-02) ...... 46 Table 14: Top 25 Exports to China (HS-06)...... 47 Table 15: Top 10 Imports from China (HS-02) ...... 48 Table 16: Top 25 Imports from China (HS-06) ...... 49 Table 17: Top 10 Exports to India (HS-02) ...... 51 Table 18: Top 25 Exports to India (HS-06) ...... 52 Table 19: Top 10 Imports from India (HS-02) ...... 53 Table 20: Top 25 Imports from India (HS-06) ...... 54 Table 21: Top 10 Exports to Pakistan (HS-02) ...... 59 Table 22: Top 25 Exports to Pakistan (HS-06) ...... 61 Table 23: Top 10 Imports from Pakistan (HS-02) ...... 61 Table 24: Top 25 Imports from Pakistan (HS-06) ...... 63 Table 25: Tunisia’s potential Exports to Pakistan...... 65 Table 26: Pakistan’s Potential Exports to Tunisia ...... 67 Table 27: Tunisia’s Major Industrial Sector...... 70 Table 28: Textile Industry Segments...... 71 Table 29: Ease of Doing Business in Tunisia...... 74 xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Flag of Tunisia...... 02 Figure 2: Map of Tunisia...... 03 Figure 3: Population Age Structure...... 05 Figure 4: Tunisia’s GDP...... 15 Figure 5: Tunisia’s GDP per Capita...... 15 Figure 6: Tunisia’s GDP Growth Rate...... 16 Figure 7: Tunisia’s Foreign Direct Investments, Net Inflows...... 17 Figure 8: Tunisia’s Inflation Rate...... 17 Figure 9: Tunisia’s Poverty Rate...... 18 Figure 10: Tunisia’s Unemployment Rate (% of total labor force)...... 18 Figure 11: GDP Composition by sectors for Tunisia...... 19 Figure 12: Medina of Tunis...... 24 Figure 13: Bardo Museum...... 25 Figure 14: Baths of Antonitnus...... 25 Figure 15: Sidi Bou Said...... 26 Figure 16: Amphitheatre Of El Jem...... 26 Figure 17: Map of Belt Road project...... 27 Figure 18: Tunisia’s Trade Balance with the World...... 30 Figure 19: Top Export Partners of Tunisia...... 34 Figure 20: Top 10 Import Partners of Tunisia...... 37 Figure 21:Tunisia’s Trade with Member of European Union...... 40 Figure 22: Tunisia’s Trade with China...... 45 Figure 23: Tunisia’s Trade with India...... 50 Figure 24: Tunisia’s Trade with Pakistan ...... 58 Figure 25: Country Partnership...... 71 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE xv xvi REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 01

SECTION 1

GEOGRAPHIC AND KEY SOCIAL INDICATORS 02

Key Social Indicators

Official Name Republic of Tunisia (Tunisia)

Date of Independence 20th March 1956

Time zone Figure 1: Flag of Tunisia GMT +1

Currency Tunisian dinar (TND)

Central Bank Central Bank of Tunisia (BCT)

Flag of Tunisia The star and crescent recalls the Ottoman flag and is an indication of Tunisia’s history as part of the Ottoman Empire. The red color represents the blood of the martyrs in the struggle against oppression, while the white stands for peace. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 03

Geography

Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the smallest country in North Africa. It is located between Algeria and Libya along the Mediterranean Sea. Tunisia has a varied topography, with mountains in the north, a center which features a dry plain, a semiarid southern part, while along its eastern Mediterranean coast it features a fertile coastal plain.

Continent Africa

Geographic Coordinates 33.8869° N, 9.5375° E

Area Total Total: 163,610 Km2 Land: 155,360 Km2 Water: 8,250 Km2 Figure 2: Map of Tunisia Land Boundaries Total border length: 1,495 km

Border Countries Algeria 1,034 km Libya 461 km

Coastline Total: 1,148 k m .

Maritime Claims Territorial Sea: 12 nautical miles (nm) Exclusive Economic Zone: 12 nm Contiguous Zone: 24 nm 04

General Terrain Mountains in the north; a hot, dry central plain; and, a semiarid south that merges into the Sahara Desert

Climate Temperate in the north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in the south.

Natural Resources Tunisia possesses deposits of petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc and salt. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 05

Demography

Total Population 11.51 Million (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate 0.95% (2018 est.)

Age Structure Age group % Male Female 0-14 years 25.25% 1,502,655 1,405,310 15-24 years 13.53% 787,178 770,929 25-54 years 43.25% 2,426,011 2,554,253 55-64 years 9.75% 560,233 562,436 65 years and over 8.22% 448,784 498,400

Table 1: Population Distribution by Age

Male Tunisia - 2017 Female 100+ 95 - 99 90 - 94 85 - 89 80 - 84 75 - 79 70 - 74 65 - 69 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5 - 9 0 - 4

485 388 291 194 97 0 0 97 194 291 388 485

Population (in thousands) Age Group Population (in thousands)

Figure 3: Population Age Structure, Source: CIA the World Factbook

Urbanization Urban population: 68.9% of total population (2018) Rate of urbanization: 1.53% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) 06

Language Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce) French (commerce) Berber (Tamazight)

Ethnic Groups Arab 98% European 1% Jewish and other 1%

Religious Groups Muslim (official; Sunni) 99.1% Other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha’i) 1%

Birth Rate 17.4 births / 1,000 population (2018 est.)

Death Rate 6.4 deaths / 1,000 population (2018 est.)

Life Expectancy Total population: 75.9 years (2018 est.) Male: 74.3 years (2018 est.) Female: 77.6 years (2018 est.)

Literacy Rate Using the universal definition of literacy which is defined as the population aged 15 and above having the ability to read and write. Literacy rate for Tunisia was 81.8%. Tunisia’s expenditure on education was 6.6% of its GDP in 2015. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 07

Government System

Government Type Parliamentary Republic

Government Hierarchy Chief of the State: President Beji Caid Essebi (since 31 December 2014) Head of the Government: Prime Minister Youssef Chahed (since 27 August 2016) Cabinet: It is selected by the Prime Minister and approved by the Assembly of the Representatives of the People Elections: President is directly elected by an absolute majority spread over 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 November, 2014 with a runoff on 21 December 2014 (next to be held in 2019); following legislative elections, the Prime Minister is selected by the majority party or majority coalition and appointed by the President

Legal System Mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in a joint session

Administrative Divisions 24 governorates

Connectivity

Transportation n Roads n Total: 2,173 km (2014) n Paved: 19,418 km (2010) n Unpaved: 19,418 km (2010) n Railway: 2,173 km (2014) n Merchant Marine n Total: 62 (2017) n By type: general cargo 13, oil tanker 1, other 48 (2017) n Airports n Total: 29 (2013) n Paved: 15 (2013) n Unpaved: 14 (2013) 08

n Major Seaports: n Bizerte n Gabes n Rades n Sfax n Skhira

Communication

Country Calling Code: +216

Telephones – fixed lines n Total subscriptions: 1,113,168 (2017 est.) n Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2017 est.)

Telephones – mobile cellular n Total: 14,334,080 (2017 est.) n Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2017 est.)

Internet Users n Total: 5,665,242 (July 2016 est.) n Percent of population: 50.9% (July 2016 est. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 09

Country History

Tunisia has a very rich history which dates back to about 1100 BC. It started with Phoenician settlement of the North African Coast. They founded the city of Carthage, which was the capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization in the 9th century BC. Carthage eventually grew into a great metropolis of the Phoenician World and became the main power in Western Mediterranean. They also influenced the locals with their culture and religion. However, war between Carthage and Rome ended with the Romans destroying the Carthaginians in The Third Punic War. Carthage was then conquered by Rome in 146 BC.

During the Roman period, the Tunisian economy boomed. The wheat growing plains of Medjerda Valley and Tell Plateau supplied more than 60% of the Roman Empire’s grain requirements. Tunisia exported olive oil, figs, and grapes to other parts of the Empire. In addition to cultivations, the Romans supplied wild animals used in colosseum shows, as well as slaves, ivory, and gold. The Romans also left some archeological sites like, Bulla Regia, Dougga, El Djem, Haidra, Sbeitla, and Thuburbo Majus that serve as Tunisia’s main tourist attractions today. However, towards the end of the 5th century the Roman Empire crumbled and the region was briefly ruled by the Vandals in 430 AD and the Byzantine Empire from 533 AD.

In 430 AD The Vandal king Gaiseric invaded Carthage. They did not built monuments and left few cultural or archeological traces of their rule, all of which hastened the economic decline of Tunisia. The rule of the Vandals was short-lived and by 533 AD the Vandals were defeated during the rule of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. Byzantine rule lasted for 150 years, and in this period, Tunisia remained in a state of instability and constant siege.

In the 8th century, Arab Muslims conquered Tunisia. In this period there were waves of migration from the Arab lands. Tunisia soon became a center of Arab culture and learning. Tunisia flourished under Arab rule, as systems were constructed to supply water for household use and irrigation that promoted agriculture. The Arabs also left heritage sites such as Al-Abassiya and Raqadda.

The Arabs were followed by the Ottoman Turks who ruled Tunisia the 16th to the 18th century. By early 18th century Tunisia had become an autonomous province though it was still officially an Ottoman province. During the rule of Ahmed Bey extensive modern reforms were initiated, but financial difficulties mounted for Tunisia resulting in international debt. In 1869, Tunisia declared itself bankrupt and an international commission took over the economy.

The French took over Tunisia in 1881 to ostensibly protect their debts, Tunisia was a French protectorate from 1881 with the French taking control of economic and foreign affairs. This continued till Tunisia’s independence in 1956. Under the French, major developments were undertaken, including the creation of a transport infrastructure, improvements in public health and public administration. In the south, the discovery of large phosphate deposits created a large mining industry around Gasfa, the exports of which remain an important part of the Tunisian economy even today. 10

Independence from France in 1956 ended the protectorate status and the leader of the pro- independence Neo-Dustour Party Habib Bourguiba became the first President. Opposition parties were banned until 1981 and Bourguiba was named ‘President for life’ in 1974 by a constitutional amendment. During his tenure there was emphasis on education, creation of jobs and improving the status of women. These policies led to robust social progress, low population growth and high literacy rates. However, during Bourguiba’s long reign he neglected the issues of the common man and civil unrest in the country grew. In 1987, he was declared mentally unfit to rule and was replaced by Ben Ali as the new President.

Ben Ali was Tunisia’s second president from 1987 to 2011, he signed the ‘National Pact’, promising greater openness and respect for human rights. As president, he established a presidential term limit abolishing the concept of President for life and initiated economic recovery plans. Although, greater opposition participation in political life was allowed, Ben Ali was re-elected in 1994, 1999 and 2004 on the back of landslide victories.

Ben Ali’s tenure was marked by several human rights violations and a rise in unemployment. In December 2010, the Arab Spring led to a nationwide protest against unemployment, corruption and poverty. Unrest and political instability continued as a consequence of the Arab Spring and eventually led to Ben Ali’s resignation in early 2011 and subsequent exile to Saudi Arabia.

In January 2011, Fouad Mebazaa was sworn as Tunisia’s acting president and handed over the presidency to Moncef Marzouki in December 2011, Moncef was followed by Beji Caid Essebsi who defeated president Moncef Marzouki in the first free elections in Tunisia in 2014. Beji Caid Essebsi has been Tunisia’s president since. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 11 12 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 13

SECTION 2

ECONOMIC OUTLOOK 14

Economic Profile

Economic Overview

Tunisia has traditionally been the hub of trade between Africa and Europe for more than 2,000 years.

After independence in 1956, the monarchy in Tunisia was abolished and it became a Republic. Following an ill-fated experiment with socialist economic policies in the 1960s, Tunisia focused on foreign investment; bolstering exports and tourism.

According to the World Bank, up until the mid-1980s, Tunisia followed a state led economic development plan emphasizing on human resource development and gender equity. In 1986 the country faced a poor harvest, a collapse in oil prices and financial imbalance. In order to maintain a stable macroeconomic structure Ben Ali’s government began a series of economic reforms supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. This led to an improvement in resource allocation by gradually liberalizing trade, investments, and prices, and freeing up private-sector resources. State subsidies were reduced and reforms led to gradual, but steady improvements in the Tunisian economy.

The World Economic Forum declared Tunisia in 2011-2012 as the most economically competitive country in Africa and number 40 globally. However, promotion of inclusive economic growth remains a challenge for Tunisia, this has become even more challenging since the 2011 revolution. According to the World Bank, despite making significant changes on the political front Tunisia will require time for economic gains.

Economic Indicators 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Nominal GDP (current USD Billions) 46.25 47.59 43.16 42.06 40.26 Real GDP growth (annual %) 2.88 2.97 1.15 1.11 1.96 Total Population (Millions) 11.01 11.14 11.27 11.40 11.53 Annual Inflation % 5.80 4.94 4.86 3.71 5.33 Unemployment (% of total labor force) 15.93 15.06 15.22 15.51 15.24 Official Exchange Rate (KHR per USD) 1.62 1.70 1.96 2.15 2.41 Foreign Direct Investment (USD Millions) 1,058.62 1,024.75 970.52 622.57 809.70 Trade Balance (USD Millions) -7, 20 5.93 -8,033.59 -6,149.02 -5,912.08 -6,418.26

Table 2: Economic Indicators of Tunisia, Source: The World Bank

The table above summarizes the economic indicators of Tunisia for the period 2013-2017. Overall the trade balance has been negative in the past 5 years. During these years, the economy witnessed a slowdown, with the annual growth declining to 1.96% in 2017 from 2.88% in 2013. Following the Arab Spring, unemployment (15.00%) and inflation (5.00%) have remained high and both remain a challenge for the government. Moreover, FDI inflows have also declined from $1,058.62 Million in 2013 to $809.70 Million in 2017. Key exports include, apparel, food products, petroleum products, chemicals, phosphates and textiles. The EU is the main export partner of Tunisia, with 80.00% exports destined for the EU. Investments in education and infrastructure have boosted the annual GDP growth and improved living standards. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 15

Economic Indicators

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The nominal GDP of Tunisia has ranged between US$ 21.80 Billion in 1998 to US$47.59 Billion in 2014. It showed an upward trend starting in the late 1990s till it reached its peak in 2014, after which it declined to US$40.26 Billion in 2017.

Nominal GDP 47.59 50.00 44.86 40.26 40.00

30.00

20.00 21.80 USD BillionsUSD 10.00

-00 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year Figure 4: Tunisia’s GDP (1998-2017) (USD Billions)

GDP per Capita

According to World Bank’s definition, Tunisia is categorized as a lower middle-income country. GDP per capita reached its all-time high of $4,310.09 in 2008. However, since then GDP per capita has declined over the years falling to $3,490.83 in 2017.

GDP per capita 5000 4500 4,310.09 4000 3500 3,490.83 3000 D

S 2500 U 2000 2,295.24 1500 1000 500 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year

Figure 5: Tunisia’s GDP per Capita (1998-2017) (USD) 16

GDP Growth Rate (%)

Tunisia’s Real GDP growth rate has been volatile over the years. The economy’s growth rate went down from 4.78% in 1998 to 1.32% in 2002. However, it’s liberal trade policies, along with an increase in investments in education and infrastructure led to a rise in the GDP growth to 6.24% in 2004 ultimately peaking in 2007 at 6.71%. In 2011, after the Arab Spring the economy slumped and annual growth rate reached its lowest point of negative (- 1.92%). However, it recovered with a 4.00% GDP growth rate in 2012.

GDP Growth Rate (%) 8 7 6.24 6.71 6 5 4.00 4.78 e 4 g a t 3 n

e 1.96 c

r 2 e P 1 1.32 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 -1 -2 -1.92 -3 Year Figure 6: Tunisia’s GDP Growth Rate (1998-2017)

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Political, social stability, economic performance, numerous reforms initiated to improve the business environment, have all made Tunisia an important hub for foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment in Tunisia had been stable from 1998 to 2005, till it peaked in 2006. In 1993 the government adopted a unified investment code to attract foreign capital. Currently, more than 1,600 export-oriented joint venture firms operate in Tunisia to take advantage of relatively low labor costs and preferential access to the nearby European markets.

Since 2011, economic and political stability in Tunisia has remained fragile. FDI inflows declined steadily from 2012 onwards. In 2017 FDI amounted to USD809.7 Million, a decrease of 45.00% compared to 2012.

The main sectors that attract FDI are energy, electronics, tourism and mechanical manufacturing. France is by far the largest investor in the country, followed by Qatar, Italy and Germany. With an end to a period of political uncertainty, investor confidence is recovering, this can be seen in the growing number of international tourist arrivals. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 17

FDI Net Inﬂow 4,000.00 3,239.91

s 3,000.00 n o i l l i 2,000.00 M 1,554.27 D S

U 809.70 1,000.00 649.85

0.00 432.67 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year Figure 7: Tunisia’s Foreign Direct Investments, Net Inflows (1998-2017)

Inflation

The average inflation rate for Tunisia from the late 1990s to 2005 remained between 2.00% and 3.13%. Annual inflation however, rose to 5.80% in 2013 and continues to remain high at 5.33% in 2017. These inflationary pressures occurred in the aftermath of the economic slowdown resulting from the Arab Spring. Currently inflation is estimated at around 7.00%, however, the numbers have not been officially released.

Annual Inﬂation % 7 5.80 6 5.33

e 5 g a t 4 n

e 3.13 c

r 3 e P 2 2.02 1 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year

Figure 8: Tunisia’s Inflation Rate (1998-2017) 18

Poverty

The poverty rate has fallen over the years and continues to fall. Poverty headcount was at 25.40% in 2000 and 15.20% in 2015 showing a significant reduction over the last 15 years. Nonetheless, regional disparities exist with the North West and the Center West having a much higher poverty rate than the national average.

Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Line (% of Population)

30 25.40 25 23.10

e 20.50 g 20 a t n

e 15 15.20 c r

e 10 P 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year

Figure 9: Tunisia’s Poverty Rate (1998-2017)

Unemployment

Tunisia’s unemployment rate fell from 17.27% in 1998 to 12.36% in 2008 primarily due to an emphasis on job creation first by the Bourguiba government and later by the Ben Ali government. But as Ben Ali’s reign wore on unemployment rose among university graduates. It rose sharply from 13.05% to 18.33% in 2011. Tunisia’s government remains under pressure to curb the high levels of youth unemployment.

Unemployment Rate

20 18.33 18 17.27 16 14 15.24 e g

a 12 13.05 t 12.36 n

e 10 c r

e 8 P 6 4 2 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year

Figure 10: Tunisia’s Unemployment Rate (% of total labor force (1998-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 19

Sectors of the Economy

The figure below shows the share of each sector in the economy. The GDP composition by sectors represents the percentage contribution of agriculture, industry and services to the total GDP. As can be seen, on average the primary sector contributes 10.10%, the secondary sector 26.20%, and the tertiary sector 63.80%.

GDP Composition by Sectors

60 63.62 63.80

50 e g

a 40 t n e c r 30 e P

20 25.78 26.20

10 10.60 10.10 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year Primary Secondary Tertiary

Figure 11: GDP Composition by sectors for Tunisia

Primary Sector

Tunisia’s major natural resources are petroleum, zinc, lead, iron ore and phosphate. In 2010, Tunisia was the world’s fifth leading producer of phosphate contributing 4.30% to world output. Other than this, the country also produces cement, gypsum, aluminum fluoride and crude oil. Although Tunisia’s oil deposits are smaller than its larger neighbors, they are significant for the economy.

Agriculture is Tunisia’s most important primary industry where almost 20.00% of the country’s labor force is employed. The main agricultural products are grains, dates, olive oil, tomatoes, dairy products and almonds. Its main export markets are Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the EU. The fishing industry also contributes to the country’s economy, exports from the fishing industry include sardines, mackerels and cuttlefish. 20

Secondary Sector

Tunisia’s industrial sector comprises of 5,389 enterprises having 10 or more employees, of which 2,377 are totally export enterprises.

The manufacturing industry is dominated by the textiles and apparel sectors which account for approximately 30.00% of the sector, another 20.00% is contributed by the food products sector. Agribusiness, the second most important industry, includes flour milling, fish, fruit, and vegetable canning; olive oil processing; and sugar refining. Tunisia also manufacturers leather and footwear, chemicals and chemical products, basic metals, construction products, ceramics and glass.

Industrial enterprises with 10 or more employees account for 520,502 employees. The textile industry accounts for 31.10% of the work force, this is due to the skills of the Tunisian work force and their relatively low wages. Processed food sector employs 15.50% and electric and electronic equipment industry employs another 18.30% of the labor force.

Tertiary Sector

Tunisia’s tertiary sector contributes approximately 63.00% of the GDP. The Tunisian services sector is comprised of 3,007 enterprises of which 1,072 are totally export enterprises. Services provided to firms dominate the market with 39.40%. Other key sectors include, education and professional training, telecommunication services, maintenance and equipment repair and transport. Tourism revenues are also crucial to the Tunisian economy. However, after the Revolution there has been a decline in this industry.

In the mid-1990s Ben Ali’s government began to increase investment in infrastructure. The 2011- 2012 World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report ranked Tunisia 43 out of 142 in the quality of the country’s infrastructure. In recent years’ telecommunications have enjoyed a high and sustained growth and is one of Tunisia’s most promising sectors. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 21

The Belt and Road Initiative

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as One Belt One Road (OBOR) or the Silk Road Economic Belt is a development program initiated by the Chinese government. It aims to build a trade and infrastructure network connecting Asia with Africa along the ancient Silk Road routes.

Tunisia took its first steps to integrate into China’s Belt and Road initiative in 2018 by the signing of deals between the Tunisian and Chinese governments.

Tunisia and China have agreed to setup a car manufacturing plant in Tunisia, operated by the Chinese, this facility would build and export cars in the Mediterranean region. Furthermore, there are plans to open air links to encourage Chinese tourists to visit Tunisia. Other deals include projects to develop Tunisia’s southern port of Zarzis into an economic and trade hub, and to construct a bridge linking Djerba, to Djorf in the mineral-rich Medenine region.

BRI aims to ultimately link 65 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. the Tunisian government sees BRI as an opportunity to boost trade and investment ties with China, as well as to expand trade and business links with countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.

Figure 17: Map of Belt Road project 22 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 23

SECTION 3

TOURISM 24

Tourism

Tourism in Tunisia attracts around 8 Million visitors per year. The country has historical sites belonging to the ancient Carthage and Roman periods. Tunisia has been an attractive destination for tourists since the beginning of the 1960s. It is a small country that packs green hills in the North, the great Sahara Desert in the South and a wonderful Mediterranean coastline.

Tunis is the capital of Tunisia and is built along the banks of Lake Tunis.

Medina of Tunis

The Medina of Tunis has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. It contains some 700 monuments with souks and small roads.

Figure 12: Medina of Tunis, Source: Wikimedia REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 25

Bardo Museum

The National Bardo Museum is a jewel of Tunisian heritage and is one of the most important museums in the Mediterranean region. It has countless displays from the excavations undertaken in the country since the 19 th century.

Figure 13: Bardo Museum, Source: Wikimedia Baths of Antoninus

Baths of Antoninus or Carthage, are located in Carthage, Tunisia. These baths were built during the reign of Roman Emperor Antonius Pius and are one of the three largest Thermae built in the Roman Empire.

Figure 14: Baths of Antonitnus, Source: Wikimedia 26

Sidi Bou Said

Sidi Bou Said is a town in northern Tunisia. The entire town is located on top of a steep cliff which overlooks the Mediterranean Sea. The town is said to have inspired the famous artist Paul Klee, and the renowned writer Andre Gide.

Figure 15: Sidi Bou Said, Source: Wikimedia

Amphitheatre of El Jem

The Roman Amphitheater of El Jem is the 3rd largest arena in the world, after the Colosseum in Rome and the ruined Capua Amphitheatre.

Figure 16: Amphitheatre Of El Jem, Source: Wikimedia REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 27 28 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 29

SECTION 4

TRADE 30

Trade Overview

Tunisia is the 72nd largest export economy in the world and the 69th most complex economy according to the Economic Complexity Index (ECI). In 2017, Tunisia exported USD14.20 Billion worth of goods and imported goods worth USD20.62 resulting in negative trade balance of USD6.42 Billion.

The following figure shows Tunisia’s trade balance with the world. Over the past ten years, Tunisia has had a trade deficit with the world which reached $6.42 Billion in 2017. Between 2008-2017, Tunisia’s imports from the world fell by 16.31% compared to a decline in its exports to the world of 25.98%. This led to an overall increase of 20.68% in Tunisia’s trade deficit during the ten-year review period.

Tunisia's Trade Balance with the World 30

24.64 24.47 24.27 24.79 25 23.95 22.22 20.62 20.22 19.49 20 19.10 s n o i l l i 15 B D S U 10

-00 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

(5) -5.32 -6.42

(10)

Tunisia's Exports to the world Tunisia's Imports from the world Trade Balance

Figure 18: Tunisia’s Trade Balance with the World (2008-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 31

Trade Trends and Partners

Major Exports of Tunisia

The table below lists the top 10 exports of Tunisia at HS-02 Level for the last 5 years. Exports from Tunisia mainly comprise of electrical machinery and equipment, apparel and clothing, and mineral fuels.

Major Exports of Tunisia at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 17.06 16.76 14.07 13.58 14.20 Code Product Description Electrical machinery and equipment 85 4.01 4.19 3.66 3.74 4.04 and parts. Articles of apparel and clothing 62 2.04 2.01 1.55 1.58 1.61 accessories, not knitted or crocheted Mineral fuels, mineral oils and 27 products of their distillation; 2.60 2.21 1.01 0.77 0.85 bituminous substances; mineral . . . Articles of apparel and clothing 61 0.73 0.73 0.60 0.56 0.62 accessories, knitted or crocheted Machinery, mechanical appliances, 84 0.57 0.66 0.56 0.64 0.57 nuclear reactors, boilers; parts thereof Animal or vegetable fats and oils and 15 their cleavage products; prepared 0.67 0.39 1.07 0.51 0.53 edible fats; animal . . . Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, 90 0.36 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.52 checking, precision, medical or surgical . . . Vehicles other than railway or 87 tramway rolling stock, and parts and 0.41 0.49 0.41 0.50 0.52 accessories thereof 39 Plastics and articles thereof 0.43 0.44 0.37 0.40 0.46 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of 64 0.47 0.47 0.38 0.38 0.39 such articles

Table 3: Tunisia’s exports Product Wise (HS-02) (USD Billions) 32

The following table lists the top 25 exports of Tunisia at HS-06 level for the last 5 years. The breakup at six digits shows that electrical equipment is the leading export product of Tunisia.

Major Exports of Tunisia at HS 06 Level *All values at USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 17.06 16.76 14.07 13.58 14.20 Code Product Description 854442 Electric conductors for a voltage <= 1.000 V, 1.02 1.11 0.95 0.87 1.02 insulated, fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 270900 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 1.75 1.44 0.63 0.56 0.51 bituminous minerals, crude 620342 Mens or boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls, 0.54 0.52 0.39 0.45 0.47 breeches and shorts, of cotton (excluding ... 150910 Virgin olive oil and its fractions obtained from 0.48 0.25 0.88 0.37 0.37 the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical ... 853690 Electrical apparatus for switching electrical 0.29 0.35 0.27 0.33 0.36 circuits, or for making connections to or in ... 852871 Reception apparatus for television, whether or 0.49 0.42 0.34 0.41 0.35 not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers ... 854449 Electric conductors, for a voltage <= 1.000 V, 0.33 0.31 0.33 0.30 0.35 insulated, not fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 854430 Ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets for 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.28 0.35 vehicles, aircraft or ships 271019 Medium oils and preparations, of petroleum or 0.80 0.73 0.29 0.19 0.31 bituminous minerals, not containing biodiesel, ... 880330 Parts of aeroplanes or helicopters, n.e.s. 0.33 0.39 0.27 0.27 0.30 (excluding those for gliders) 851762 Machines for the reception, conversion and 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.18 0.23 transmission or regeneration of voice, images or ... 080410 Fresh or dried dates 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 392690 Articles of plastics and articles of other 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.17 0.21 materials of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s (excluding ... 610910 T-shirts, singlets and other vests of cotton, 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.16 0.20 knitted or crocheted 870894 Steering wheels, steering columns and steering 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.21 0.19 boxes, and parts thereof, for tractors, motor ... 621139 Mens or boys tracksuits and other garments, 0.36 0.33 0.26 0.28 0.19 n.e.s. of textile materials (excluding of cotton ... 902830 Electricity supply or production meters, incl. 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.19 calibrating meters therefor 310530 Diammonium hydrogenorthophosphate 0.30 0.25 0.12 0.18 0.18 “diammonium phosphate” (excluding that in tablets or similar ... 280920 Phosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acids, whether 0.24 0.26 0.16 0.23 0.18 or not chemically defined 850140 AC motors, single-phase, of an output > 37,5 W 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.16 853890 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with 0.15 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.16 the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537, ... REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 33

*All values at USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 621010 Garments made up of felt or nonwovens, 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.14 whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or laminated ... 170199 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.13 sucrose, in solid form (excluding cane and beet sugar ... 999999 Commodities not elsewhere specified 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 901890 Instruments and appliances used in medical, 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.12 surgical or veterinary sciences, n.e.s.

Table 4: Tunisia’s Exports Product Wise (HS-06) (USD Billions)

Major Export Partners

The following table shows Tunisia’s top 10 export partners in 2017. Tunisia’s top export partner in 2017 was France contributing 30.58% to Tunisia’s total exports. The European Union (EU) is Tunisia’s most important export destination and Tunisia exported $10.56 Billion (74.37%) worth of goods to the EU in 2017. Moreover, five out of the ten countries listed in the table below are part of the EU (including the UK). This is partly because Tunisia enjoys concessional tariff rates on its exports to the EU due to its GSP status.

Share in Tunisia’s CAGR Countries 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total (2008-17) Exports 2017 *All values in USD Billion Total 17.06 16.76 14.07 13.58 14.2 France 4.5 4.75 4.13 4.34 4.34 30.58% -2.61% Italy 3.15 3.2 2.6 2.36 2.34 16.47% -5.77% Germany 1.53 1.71 1.48 1.43 1.65 11.59% 2.33% Area Nes 0.71 0.75 0.63 0.68 0.67 4.74% 2.13% Spain 0.8 0.59 0.7 0.47 0.54 3.79% -6.07% Algeria 0.49 0.62 0.56 0.66 0.47 3.29% 1.50% State of Libya 0.87 0.67 0.54 0.44 0.39 2.77% -8.45% United Kingdom 0.64 0.71 0.44 0.24 0.33 2.29% -10.68% United States of America 0.4 0.24 0.35 0.25 0.31 2.22% -0.29% Switzerland 0.68 0.28 0.13 0.18 0.31 2.16% -4.33%

Table 5: Top 10 Export Partners of Tunisia (USD Billion) (2013-2017) 34

Major Export Partners of Tunisia 25

10 USD BillionsUSD

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year Total France Italy Germany Area Nes Spain Algeria Libya, State of United Kingdom

Figure 19: Top Export Partners of Tunisia (USD Billions) (2008-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 35

Major Imports of Tunisia

The table below shows the major imports of Tunisia at HS-02 Level for the last 5 years. The major imports of Tunisia include, electrical machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, mineral oils and mechanical appliances.

Major Imports of Tunisia at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 24.27 24.79 20.22 19.49 20.62 Code Product Description 85 Electrical machinery and equipment 2.73 2.82 2.54 2.76 2.91 and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television . . . 27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of 4.32 4.54 2.87 2.14 2.68 their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral . . . 84 Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear 2.52 2.55 1.89 2.12 1.94 reactors, boilers; parts thereof 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway 1.75 1.84 1.58 1.61 1.57 rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof 39 Plastics and articles thereof 1.29 1.28 1.12 1.16 1.22 10 Cereals 0.99 0.88 0.94 0.82 0.73 72 Iron and steel 0.66 0.69 0.53 0.47 0.65 52 Cotton 0.76 0.77 0.61 0.60 0.62 30 Pharmaceutical products 0.60 0.57 0.50 0.46 0.51 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, 0.43 0.49 0.41 0.47 0.43 measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical . . .

Table 6: Tunisia’s Import Product Wise (HS-02) (USD Billions)

The following table lists the top 25 imports of Tunisia at HS-06 level. Imports at six-digit level show that imports of some goods such as mineral fuels, mineral oils etc., have decreased over the years as well as a decrease in the imports of cars.

Major Imports of Tunisia at HS 06 Level *All Values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 24.27 24.79 20.22 19.49 20.62 Code Product Description 271019 Medium oils and preparations, of petroleum 1.45 1.42 1.14 0.73 1.08 or bituminous minerals, not containing biodiesel, ... 271129 Hydrocarbons in gaseous state, n.e.s. 1.03 1.34 0.69 0.63 0.64 (excluding natural gas) 870322 Motor cars and other motor vehicles 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.36 0.36 principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. ... 36

*All Values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 270900 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 0.96 0.90 0.33 0.30 0.33 bituminous minerals, crude 853690 Electrical apparatus for switching electrical 0.31 0.33 0.26 0.27 0.32 circuits, or for making connections to or in ... 271012 Light oils and preparations, of petroleum 0.47 0.41 0.39 0.24 0.30 or bituminous minerals which >= 90% by volume “incl. ... 740811 Wire of refined copper, with a maximum 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.25 0.29 cross-sectional dimension of > 6 mm 853890 Parts suitable for use solely or principally 0.35 0.37 0.27 0.24 0.27 with the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537, ... 100199 Wheat and meslin (excluding seed for 0.30 0.31 0.25 0.23 0.23 sowing, and durum wheat) 392690 Articles of plastics and articles of other 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.23 materials of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s (excluding ... 100590 Maize (excluding seed for sowing) 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.21 300490 Medicaments consisting of mixed or 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.21 unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, ... 520942 Denim, containing >= 85% cotton by weight 0.20 0.23 0.18 0.19 0.21 and weighing > 200 g/m², made of yarn of different ... 120190 Soya beans, whether or not broken 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.21 (excluding seed for sowing) 870421 Motor vehicles for the transport of 0.38 0.41 0.29 0.27 0.20 goods, with compression-ignition internal combustion piston ... 271113 Butanes, liquefied (excluding of a purity of 0.28 0.30 0.20 0.14 0.19 >= 95% of N-butane or isobutane) 100119 Durum wheat (excluding seed for sowing) 0.21 0.22 0.36 0.26 0.18 854290 Parts of electronic integrated circuits, n.e.s. 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.14 0.18 621790 Parts of garments or clothing accessories, of 0.18 0.20 0.16 0.16 0.17 all types of textile materials, n.e.s. (excluding ... 300390 Medicaments consisting of two or more 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.17 constituents mixed together for therapeutic or prophylactic ... 854720 Insulating fittings for electrical purposes, of 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.17 0.16 plastics 854430 Ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets for 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.15 vehicles, aircraft or ships 851712 Telephones for cellular networks “mobile 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.14 telephones” or for other wireless networks 880330 Parts of aeroplanes or helicopters, n.e.s. 0.21 0.24 0.15 0.11 0.13 (excluding those for gliders) 720719 Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy 0.15 0.21 0.16 0.09 0.13 steel containing, by weight, < 0,25% of carbon, ...

Table 7: Tunisia’s Imports Product Wise (HS-06) (USD Billions) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 37

Major Import Partners

Tunisia’s top 3 import partners in 2017 were Italy $3.21 Billion with 15.58% share, France $3.11 Billion with 15.06% share, and China $1.85 Billion with 8.98% share. Over the last 5 years, Tunisia’s imports have decreased from $24.27 Billion in 2013 to $20.62 Billion in 2017.

Share in Tunisia’s CAGR Countries 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total (2008-17) Imports 2017 (%) *All values in USD Billion Total 24.27 24.79 20.22 19.49 20.62 Italy 3.52 3.63 3.01 2.83 3.21 15.58% -3.05% France 4.44 4.04 3.6 3.01 3.11 15.06% -4.15% China 1.53 1.78 1.69 1.82 1.85 8.98% 8.08% Germany 1.74 1.74 1.48 1.5 1.66 8.04% -0.40% Turkey 0.82 0.93 0.79 0.86 0.94 4.54% 2.77% Spain 1.12 1.01 0.85 0.82 0.93 4.52% -0.22% Algeria 1.19 1.57 0.8 0.71 0.75 3.63% 0.36% United States of America 0.8 0.72 0.62 0.69 0.69 3.36% -0.85% Area Nes 0.54 0.47 0.42 0.49 0.55 2.69% 6.11% Russian Federation 0.65 1.05 0.82 0.66 0.48 2.32% -13.97%

Table 8: Top 10 Import Partners of Tunisia (USD Billion)

Major Import Partners of Tunisia 5

4.5

3.5 s

n 3 o i l l i

B 2.5 D S

U 2

1.5

0.5

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year

Italy France China Germany Turkey Spain

Figure 20: Top 10 Import Partners of Tunisia (USD Billion) 38

Trade Alliances

European Union (EU)

In 1995, the first Mediterranean country to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) was Tunisia. This agreement established a Free Trade Area under which, two-way trade in industrial products could take place free of tariffs. The removal of custom duties set out in the agreement was completed in 2008. The Association Agreement contains provisions under which EU and Tunisia agreed to a right to establish businesses and provide services in the domestic market as well as other territories, to allow current payments and movement of capital, and to have rules on the use of non-tariff-based trade measures such as quotas and product standards.

In 2015, the EU opened negotiations in Tunis on a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA), building on the existing free trade area. The aim is to support market access, investment opportunities and to support ongoing economic reforms in Tunisia.

Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)

GAFTA is one of the most important economic achievements in the area of Arab cooperation. It was declared as an executive program to activate the Trade Facilitation and Development Agreement (TFDA) by the Economic and Social Council (ESC) of the Arab League. It came into force in 1998 and by 2005, the agreement reached full trade liberalization of goods through full exemption of customs duties and charges having equivalent effect between all Arab country members of the GAFTA, except Sudan and Yemen.

The 17 states that are members of GAFTA are:

1. Jordon 2. United Arab Emirates 3. Morocco 4. Bahrain 5. Saudi Arabia 6. Syria 7. Iraq 8. Oman 9. Lebanon 10. Egypt 11. Qatar 12. Palestine 13. Libya 14. Tunis 15. Kuwait 16. Sudan 17. Yemen

Arab countries are currently engaged in negotiations to liberalize services and investments in order to promote further economic integration amongst themselves. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 39

Agadir Agreement

The Agadir Agreement is a free trade agreement between four Mediterranean partner countries, Jordon, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia. The project is backed by the EU. It came into force in 2007, to facilitate integration between Arab states and the EU under the broader EU-Mediterranean process. It is open to future membership of all Arab countries that are members of the Arab League and the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, and linked to the EU through an Association Agreement or an FTA.

All agricultural and industrial products are traded freely since 2007 and are exempt from customs duties. The Agadir Agreement adopts the Euro-Mediterranean rules of origin and there is freedom of movement of goods through the Euro-Med certificate in all countries of the Euro -Med area.

Tunisia’s Other Free Trade Agreements

1. Free Trade Area between Tunisia and Jordan (1999) 2. Free trade area between Tunisia and Morocco (1999) 3. Free Trade Area between Tunisia and Libya (2002) 4. Turkey (2005) 5. Egypt (1998) 6. Syria (2005)

Preferential Agreements

1. Algeria 2. Mauritania 3. Iran 4. Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Generalized System of Preference (GSP)

1. Australia 2. Canada 3. European Community 4. United States of America 5. Japan 6. New Zealand 7. Nor way 8. Russia 9. Swiss 10. Turkey 40

Major Trade Partners

Trade with European Union (EU)

In 1996, the EU and Tunisia signed an Association Agreement establishing a Free Trade Area under which two-way trade takes place free of tariffs. Along with the removal of tariffs, the EU and Tunisia have agreed to common rules on competition and intellectual property, an agreement to allow the establishment of businesses and to provide services in the other territory, and finally rules and disciplines on the use of non-tariff-based trade measures such as quotas and product standards.

EU is Tunisia’s main trading partner accounting for approximately 63.00% of overall trade. The trade balance over the last 10 years for Tunisia has been negative. The highest deficit was in 2009 at USD 1.57 Billion, following the global financial crisis.

European Union 16.00 14.13 13.60 13.83 13.55 14.00 13.20 13.15 11.94 12.00 11.28 11.14

10.33

s 10.00 n o i

l 8.00 l i

B 6.00

D 4.00 S

U 2.00 0 -2.00 -0.21 -0.58 -4.00 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year Exports Imports Trade balance

Figure 21:Tunisia’s Trade with Member of European Union (2008-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 41

Exports to EU

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 10 exports to EU at HS-02 level. Exports to EU mainly comprise of electrical machinery and equipment, articles of apparel and clothing, mineral fuels and mineral oils. Overall exports to EU in the last 5 years have declined. Exports fell from $12.17 Billion in 2013 to $10.55 Billion in 2017.

Tunisia’s Top 10 Exports to EU at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 12.17 12.45 10.50 10.01 10.55 Code Product Description 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts 3.57 3.72 3.27 3.35 3.60 thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television ... 62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not 1.97 1.97 1.53 1.54 1.57 knitted or crocheted 61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, 0.70 0.70 0.58 0.54 0.60 knitted or crocheted 27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their 1.71 1.82 0.87 0.57 0.53 distillation; bituminous substances; mineral ... 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, 0.29 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.43 measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical ... 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling 0.31 0.38 0.35 0.41 0.42 stock, and parts and accessories thereof 84 Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear 0.37 0.42 0.36 0.34 0.35 reactors, boilers; parts thereof 64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such 0.43 0.41 0.32 0.31 0.32 articles 88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 0.31 0.37 0.26 0.27 0.29 39 Plastics and articles thereof 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.25 0.29

Table 9: Top 10 Exports to Tunisia (HS-02) (USD Billion) (2013-2017)

The table below shows top 25 exports to EU at six-digit level.

Tunisia’s Top 25 Exports to EU at HS 06 Level *All values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 12.17 12.45 10.50 10.01 10.55 Code Product Description 854442 Electric conductors for a voltage <= 1.000 V, 1.01 1.10 0.94 0.86 1.02 insulated, fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 620342 Mens or boys trousers, bib and brace overalls, 0.51 0.51 0.38 0.43 0.45 breeches and shorts, of cotton (excluding ... 270900 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 1.60 1.40 0.61 0.53 0.44 bituminous minerals, crude 42

*All values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 853690 Electrical apparatus for switching electrical 0.28 0.34 0.26 0.32 0.34 circuits, or for making connections to or in ... 854430 Ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets for 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.28 0.34 vehicles, aircraft or ships 852871 Reception apparatus for television, whether or 0.48 0.42 0.33 0.40 0.31 not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers ... 880330 Parts of aeroplanes or helicopters, n.e.s. 0.31 0.37 0.26 0.26 0.28 (excluding those for gliders) 150910 Virgin olive oil and its fractions obtained from 0.35 0.16 0.65 0.27 0.26 the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical ... 851762 Machines for the reception, conversion and 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.22 transmission or regeneration of voice, images or ... 610910 T-shirts, singlets and other vests of cotton, 0.22 0.22 0.20 0.16 0.20 knitted or crocheted 621139 Mens or boys tracksuits and other garments, 0.34 0.32 0.26 0.27 0.19 n.e.s. of textile materials (excluding of cotton ... 870894 Steering wheels, steering columns and steering 0.08 0.12 0.13 0.20 0.19 boxes, and parts thereof, for tractors, motor ... 902830 Electricity supply or production meters, incl. 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.18 calibrating meters therefor 854449 Electric conductors, for a voltage <= 1.000 V, 0.13 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.17 insulated, not fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 850140 AC motors, single-phase, of an output > 37,5 W 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.15 853890 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.15 the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537, ... 392690 Articles of plastics and articles of other 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.14 materials of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s (excluding ... 621010 Garments made up of felt or nonwovens, 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or laminated ... 640399 Footwear with outer soles of rubber, plastics or 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.12 composition leather, with uppers of leather ... 853710 Boards, cabinets and similar combinations of 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.14 0.12 apparatus for electric control or the distribution ... 621133 Mens or boys tracksuits and other garments, 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.11 n.e.s. of man-made fibres (excluding knitted ... 620462 Womens or girls trousers, bib and brace 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.11 overalls, breeches and shorts of cotton (excluding ... 630790 Made-up articles of textile materials, incl. dress 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 patterns, n.e.s. 940190 Parts of seats, n.e.s. 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.12 0.10 640610 Uppers and parts thereof (excluding stiffeners 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.10 and general parts made of asbestos)

Table 10: Top 25 Exports to EU (HS-06) (USD Billion) (2013-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 43

Imports from the EU

Tunisia’s imports from the EU have increased over the years. The table below shows Tunisia’s top 10 imports from EU at HS-02 level. Imports from EU mainly comprised of electrical machinery and equipment parts, mineral fuels and mineral oils, vehicles and plastics.

Tunisia’s Top 10 Imports from EU at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 13.55 13.15 11.28 10.33 11.14 Code Product Description 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts 1.67 1.70 1.40 1.43 1.54 thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television ... 27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their 1.39 1.33 1.28 0.67 1.14 distillation; bituminous substances; mineral ... 84 Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear 1.57 1.58 1.13 1.23 1.09 reactors, boilers; parts thereof 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling 1.19 1.20 1.02 1.01 1.00 stock, and parts and accessories thereof 39 Plastics and articles thereof 0.75 0.73 0.65 0.69 0.75 30 Pharmaceutical products 0.45 0.41 0.35 0.33 0.38 74 Copper and articles thereof 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.31 0.37 52 Cotton 0.46 0.46 0.35 0.33 0.35 72 Iron and steel 0.30 0.23 0.15 0.20 0.29 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, 0.25 0.28 0.23 0.26 0.26 measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical ...

Table 11: Top 10 imports from EU (HS-02) (USD Billions) (2013-2017)

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 25 imports from EU at HS-06 level. At this level it can be seen that the import of medium and light oils has been the biggest imports of Tunisia from the EU.

Tunisia’s Top 25 Imports from EU at HS 06 Level *All values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 13.55 13.15 11.28 10.33 11.14 271019 Medium oils and preparations, of petroleum or 0.72 0.67 0.69 0.26 0.59 bituminous minerals, not containing biodiesel, ... 271012 Light oils and preparations, of petroleum or 0.47 0.39 0.39 0.22 0.30 bituminous minerals which >= 90% by volume “incl. ... 740811 Wire of refined copper, with a maximum cross- 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.25 0.29 sectional dimension of > 6 mm 853690 Electrical apparatus for switching electrical 0.26 0.27 0.21 0.22 0.25 circuits, or for making connections to or in ... 853890 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with 0.26 0.26 0.21 0.20 0.22 the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537, ... 44

*All values in USD Billions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 870322 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.20 designed for the transport of persons, incl. ... 392690 Articles of plastics and articles of other 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.20 materials of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s (excluding ... 300490 Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.15 products for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, ... 100119 Durum wheat (excluding seed for sowing) 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.14 0.15 854720 Insulating fittings for electrical purposes, of 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.15 0.13 plastics 880330 Parts of aeroplanes or helicopters, n.e.s. 0.19 0.22 0.14 0.11 0.12 (excluding those for gliders) 621790 Parts of garments or clothing accessories, of all 0.14 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.12 types of textile materials, n.e.s. (excluding ... 300390 Medicaments consisting of two or more 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.12 constituents mixed together for therapeutic or prophylactic ... 870421 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, 0.21 0.22 0.17 0.16 0.12 with compression-ignition internal combustion piston ... 271113 Butanes, liquefied (excluding of a purity of >= 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.12 95% of N-butane or isobutane) 870332 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 0.19 0.19 0.14 0.11 0.10 designed for the transport of persons, incl. ... 854430 Ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets for 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.10 vehicles, aircraft or ships 854290 Parts of electronic integrated circuits, n.e.s. 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.10 870323 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.09 designed for the transport of persons, incl. ... 520942 Denim, containing >= 85% cotton by weight and 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.08 weighing > 200 g/m², made of yarn of different ... 720719 Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steel 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.08 containing, by weight, < 0,25% of carbon, ... 870899 Parts and accessories, for tractors, motor 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.08 vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, ... 630900 Worn clothing and clothing accessories, 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 blankets and travelling rugs, household linen and articles ... 100390 Barley (excluding seed for sowing) 0.19 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.07 999999 Commodities not elsewhere specified 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07

Table 12: Top 25 Imports from EU (HS-06) (USD Billions) (2013-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 45

Trade with China

The two countries signed their first trade deal in 1958, making Tunisia one of the first Arab countries to establish trade ties with China. A number of trade agreements have since been signed between Beijing and Tunis. The Sino-Tunisian Joint Committee of Economic, Trade, and Technological Cooperation was setup in 1983. Also, efforts have been made by the two countries to strengthen bilateral relations, by holding conferences such as, the China-Tunisia Cooperation Forum (CTCF) and the Tunisia-China Investment and Trade Forum (TCITF). Trade volume over the years has increased between the two countries. China’s footprint in Tunisia is more pronounced in the development and construction sectors.

The following figure shows Tunisia’s trade with China over the last 10 years, Tunisia has had a trade deficit with China which has increased in the past 10 years. In 2017, the trade deficit stood at $1.82 Billion.

Tunisia's Bilateral Trade with China 2500

2000 1,782.59 1,819.97 1,850.71 1,685.83 1,692.09 1,456.13 1,533.20 1500 1,344.08 956.64 1000 919.56

500

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 -500

USD MillionsUSD -860.42 -1000

-1500 -1,720.87 -1,819.78 -2000 Year -2500 Exports Imports Trade balance

Figure 22: Tunisia’s Trade with China (2008-2017) 46

Exports to China

The table below show’s Tunisia’s Top 10 exports to China at HS-02 level. Exports mainly comprise of electrical machinery and equipment, plastics, mechanical appliances, salt and sulfur. Overall exports to China in the past 5 years have declined. Exports fell from $41.39 Million in 2013 to $30.93 Million in 2017. This fall was primarily due to reduced exports of plastics, animals or vegetable fats, oil and raw hides.

Tunisia’s Top 10 Exports to China at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 41.39 61.73 28.31 28.84 30.93 Code Product Description 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts 3.24 7.61 3.77 4.79 9.01 thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television . . . 39 Plastics and articles thereof 9.82 12.02 10.98 10.80 7.6 4 84 Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear 1.85 3.04 2.41 1.47 3.28 reactors, boilers; parts thereof 25 Salt; Sulphur; earths and stone; plastering 2.66 2.64 1.64 1.69 2.95 materials, lime and cement 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, 1.89 1.07 1.73 1.24 1.91 measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical . . . 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their 4.29 4.70 1.00 1.03 1.14 cleavage products; prepared edible fats; animal . . . 61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, 0.49 0.23 0.41 0.34 0.61 knitted or crocheted 62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not 0.55 1.05 1.42 1.83 0.57 knitted or crocheted 51 Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.52 and woven fabric 41 Raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and 0.60 0.23 1.06 0.43 0.51 leather

Table 13: Top 10 Exports to China (HS-02) (USD Million) (2013-2017)

This table below shows the top 25 exports to China by Tunisia at the six-digit level.

Tunisia’s Top 25 Exports to China at HS 06 Level *All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 41.39 61.73 28.31 28.84 30.93 Code Product Description 391739 Flexible tubes, pipes and hoses, of plastics, 0.00 2.63 4.59 7.6 6 5.29 reinforced or otherwise combined with other materials ... REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 47

*All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 251512 Marble and travertine, merely cut, by sawing or 2.62 2.64 1.63 1.64 2.95 otherwise, into blocks or slabs of a square ... 840999 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.00 1.98 compression-ignition internal combustion ... 851180 Electrical ignition or starting equipment, incl. 0.40 1.46 0.77 1.30 1.63 cut-outs, of a kind used for spark-ignition ... 853690 Electrical apparatus for switching electrical 0.03 0.23 0.04 0.47 1.54 circuits, or for making connections to or in ... 392690 Articles of plastics and articles of other 1.30 0.89 0.70 0.78 1.21 materials of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s (excluding ... 853650 Switches for a voltage <= 1.000 V (excluding 0.02 0.47 0.12 0.13 1.14 relays and automatic circuit breakers) 150910 Virgin olive oil and its fractions obtained from 4.23 4.67 0.93 0.89 1.13 the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical ... 903210 Thermostats 1.18 0.95 0.96 0.62 1.13 853890 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with 0.01 0.88 0.06 0.15 1.04 the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537, ... 853720 Boards, cabinets and similar combinations of 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.79 apparatus for electric control or the distribution ... 851220 Electrical lighting or visual signalling equipment 0.00 0.09 0.57 0.79 0.75 for motor vehicles (excluding lamps of heading ... 391590 Waste, parings and scrap of plastics (excluding 5.32 8.01 5.27 1.50 0.60 that of polymers of ethylene, styrene and vinyl ... 852871 Reception apparatus for television, whether or 0.00 1.05 0.02 0.01 0.57 not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers ... 510119 Greasy wool, incl. fleece-washed wool, neither 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.52 carded nor combed (excluding shorn wool) 391510 Waste, parings and scrap, of polymers of 2.57 0.39 0.34 0.45 0.46 ethylene 903120 Test benches for motors, generators, pumps, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 etc. 961390 Parts of lighters, n.e.s. 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.42 840910 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with 0.58 0.38 1.16 0.30 0.35 internal combustion piston engine for aircraft, ... 852990 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.85 0.35 transmission and reception apparatus for ... 730429 Casing and tubing, seamless, of iron or steel, of 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 a kind used in drilling for oil or gas (excluding ... 854449 Electric conductors, for a voltage <= 1.000 V, 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.33 insulated, not fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 854442 Electric conductors for a voltage <= 1.000 V, 0.15 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.32 insulated, fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 611249 Womens or girl’s swimwear of textile materials, 0.02 0.03 0.16 0.10 0.31 knitted or crocheted (excluding synthetic ... 610910 T-shirts, singlets and other vests of cotton, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.29 knitted or crocheted

Table 14: Top 25 Exports to China (HS-06) (USD Million) (2013-2017) 48

Imports from China

Tunisia’s imports from China have increased over the years. The table below shows Tunisia’s top 10 imports from China at HS-02 level. In 2013 total imports were $1,533.20 Million and these increased to $1,850.71 Million in 2017. Imports from China are mainly electrical machinery and equipment, mechanical appliances, vehicles and iron & steel.

Tunisia’s Top 10 Imports from China at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 1,533.20 1,782.59 1,692.09 1,819.97 1,850.71 Code Product Description 85 Electrical machinery and equipment 474.24 574.28 644.53 691.18 678.74 and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television . . . 84 Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear 400.94 378.47 314.91 334.22 338.93 reactors, boilers; parts thereof 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling 40.31 47.67 70.93 67.39 101.11 stock, and parts and accessories thereof 72 Iron and steel 36.64 94.97 63.26 82.16 67.5 6 39 Plastics and articles thereof 65.19 66.78 50.59 60.16 63.83 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, 36.61 56.45 54.73 57.4 8 53.57 measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical . . . 29 Organic chemicals 22.65 25.50 27. 2 2 39.21 43.92 95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and 9.71 44.38 39.02 32.96 37.6 3 accessories thereof 73 Articles of iron or steel 48.42 55.88 50.85 50.64 35.90 54 Man-made filaments; strip and the like of 29.83 33.15 28.88 29.73 33.60 man-made textile materials

Table 15: Top 10 imports from China (HS-02) (USD Millions) (2013-2017)

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 25 imports from China at HS-06 level. At this level it can be seen that imports of mobile telephones and fixed electrical resistors have been the highest imports of Tunisia from China over the past 5 years showing a strong and steady growth.

Tunisia’s Top 25 Imports from China at HS 06 Level *All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 1,533.20 1,782.59 1,692.09 1,819.97 1,850.71 Code Product Description 851712 Telephones for cellular networks “mobile 55.03 78.63 94.53 115.60 99.49 telephones” or for other wireless networks 853321 Fixed electrical resistors for a power 2.23 2.72 40.82 54.46 58.77 handling capacity <= 20 W (excluding heating resistors) 851762 Machines for the reception, conversion 38.37 32.43 49.31 63.70 57.0 5 and transmission or regeneration of voice, images or ... REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 49

*All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 847130 Data-processing machines, automatic, 86.78 84.26 70.20 62.97 51.39 portable, weighing <= 10 kg, consisting of at least a ... 853690 Electrical apparatus for switching electrical 25.62 23.63 27.42 28.32 27.0 9 circuits, or for making connections to or in ... 853890 Parts suitable for use solely or principally 28.34 50.10 26.78 25.31 26.71 with the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537, ... 854430 Ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets for 24.91 34.63 21.94 29.92 26.61 vehicles, aircraft or ships 950450 Video game consoles and machines 0.13 33.18 29.57 20.12 24.55 (excluding operated by any means of payment) 999999 Commodities not elsewhere specified 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.55 854231 Electronic integrated circuits as processors 4.62 2.70 7. 24 12.64 21.75 and controllers, whether or not combined with ... 854239 Electronic integrated circuits (excluding 6.76 10.60 17. 28 25.91 19.15 such as processors, controllers, memories and amplifiers) 850490 Parts of electrical transformers and 14.60 13.44 15.71 16.93 18.70 inductors, n.e.s. 721012 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy 13.16 22.14 13.77 14.90 16.28 steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled ... 853400 Printed circuits 14.71 12.51 14.80 9.95 15.64 853720 Boards, cabinets and similar combinations 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.13 15.44 of apparatus for electric control or the distribution ... 854442 Electric conductors for a voltage <= 1.000 V, 15.73 16.72 22.73 12.12 15.38 insulated, fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 721391 Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly 2.39 31.06 14.39 24.03 14.30 wound coils, of iron or non-alloy steel, of circular ... 854290 Parts of electronic integrated circuits, n.e.s. 16.12 16.30 15.04 15.37 13.70 847141 Data-processing machines, automatic, 11.23 15.53 11.59 11.31 13.60 comprising in the same housing at least a central processing ... 871499 Parts and accessories, for bicycles, n.e.s. 10.52 14.95 14.97 15.23 12.85 853120 Indicator panels with liquid crystal devices 20.81 22.80 14.18 15.30 12.39 “LCD” or light emitting diodes “LED” (excluding ... 721070 Flat products of iron or non-alloy steel, of 6.09 13.66 6.16 9.13 12.39 a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold- rolled ... 842920 Self-propelled graders and levellers 12.70 14.29 7.3 8 7.69 12.20 851770 Parts of telephone sets, telephones for 11.22 19.19 50.41 22.90 12.10 cellular networks or for other wireless networks and ... 842951 Self-propelled front-end shovel loaders 10.51 9.80 6.84 17.49 11.87

Table 16: Top 25 Imports from China (HS-06) (USD Millions) (2013-2017) 50

Trade with India

Tunisia has traditionally maintained friendly and cordial relations with India starting with the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1958. In 1981, the Tunisian embassy in New Delhi was established. Historically, Tunisian leaders have praised India’s democracy and have openly acknowledged India’s support for Tunisian Independence.

The figure below shows Tunisia’s bilateral trade with India over the last 10 years. Over the years, Tunisia’s exports to India have been declining, particularly after 2008. In 2008, Tunisia enjoyed a trade surplus of $376.87 Million in its trade with India which in 2017 converted into a trade deficit of $194.15 Million.

Tunisia's Bilateral Trade with India 700 600 500 376.87 380.25 400 350.88 s

n 313.02 290.30 297.50 o 300 279.72 268.80 i

l 244.28 l 218.37 223.93 i 200 M D

S 100 U 0 14.39 -100 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 -200 -194.15 -300 -227.25 Year

Exports Imports Trade balance

Figure 23: Tunisia’s Trade with India (2008-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 51

Exports to India

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 10 exports to India at HS-02 level. Exports to India are mainly inorganic chemicals, organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, made up textile articles, raw hides and skins. Exports of these main items has risen in the last 5 years.

Tunisia’s Top 10 Exports to India at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 85.76 149.45 102.71 130.98 103.36 Code Product Description 28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic 72.31 131.93 85.28 109.94 78.65 compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, . . . 63 Other made-up textile articles; sets; worn clothing 1.31 1.54 1.32 3.97 5.31 and worn textile articles; rags 41 Raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and 2.55 3.81 2.31 3.40 4.07 leather 05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified 0.33 1.06 1.77 2.64 3.03 or included 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts 2.57 3.92 2.29 2.41 2.38 thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television . . . 51 Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn and 0.89 1.31 2.70 2.62 2.24 woven fabric 25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, 0.13 0.33 0.28 0.58 1.53 lime and cement 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 3.08 2.29 2.17 2.13 1.40 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage 0.14 0.62 - 0.50 1.21 products; prepared edible fats; animal . . . 96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles - - 0.02 - 0.81

Table 17: Top 10 Exports to India (HS-02) (USD Millions) (2013-2017)

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 25 exports to India at HS-06 level. At this level it can be seen that, Tunisia’s major exports to India are phosphoric acid, sodium triphosphate and worn clothing and clothing accessories. In 2017 export of phosphoric acid stood at $64.82 Million.

Tunisia’s Top 25 Exports to India at HS 06 Level *All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 85.76 149.45 102.71 130.98 103.36 Code Product Description 280920 Phosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acids, whether 43.44 103.83 62.50 99.83 64.82 or not chemically defined 283531 Sodium triphosphate “sodium 28.87 28.10 22.78 10.11 13.83 tripolyphosphate”, whether or not chemically defined 630900 Worn clothing and clothing accessories, 0.99 1.16 0.55 3.56 4.47 blankets and travelling rugs, household linen and articles ... 52

*All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 410712 Grain splits leather “incl. parchment-dressed 0.00 0.00 0.53 3.18 3.68 leather”, of the whole hides and skins of bovine ... 50800 Coral and similar materials, shells of molluscs, 0.33 1.06 1.77 2.64 3.03 crustaceans or echinoderms, cuttle-bone, powder ... 510119 Greasy wool, incl. fleece-washed wool, neither 0.84 1.31 2.68 2.57 2.06 carded nor combed (excluding shorn wool) 853400 Printed circuits 1.14 2.17 1.72 1.77 1.87 251512 Marble and travertine, merely cut, by sawing or 0.13 0.33 0.28 0.58 1.42 otherwise, into blocks or slabs of a square ... 080410 Fresh or dried dates 3.08 2.29 2.17 2.13 1.39 151000 Other oils and their fractions, obtained solely 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.48 1.21 from olives, whether or not refined, but not ... 631010 Used or new rags, scrap twine, cordage, rope 0.31 0.38 0.75 0.41 0.84 and cables and worn-out articles thereof, of textile ... 960190 Worked bone, tortoiseshell, horn, antlers, coral, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 mother-of-pearl and other animal carving ... 620342 Mens or boys trousers, bib and brace overalls, 0.21 0.24 0.12 1.00 0.73 breeches and shorts, of cotton (excluding ... 854449 Electric conductors, for a voltage <= 1.000 V, 0.95 1.50 0.37 0.34 0.35 insulated, not fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 411420 Patent leather and patent laminated leather; 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.35 metallised leather (excluding lacquered or metallised ... 520942 Denim, containing >= 85% cotton by weight and 0.07 0.26 0.04 0.24 0.24 weighing > 200 g/m², made of yarn of different ... 847990 Parts of machines and mechanical appliances, 0.07 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.20 n.e.s. 510111 Greasy shorn wool, incl. fleece-washed wool, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.18 neither carded nor combed 730539 Tubes and pipes having circular cross-sections 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 and an external diameter of > 406,4 mm, of iron ... 853690 Electrical apparatus for switching electrical 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 circuits, or for making connections to or in ... 903180 Instruments, appliances and machines for 0.02 0.00 0.09 0.11 0.12 measuring or checking, not elsewhere specified in ... 392690 Articles of plastics and articles of other 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.10 0.12 materials of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s (excluding ... 251511 Marble and travertine, crude or roughly 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 trimmed 760200 Waste and scrap, of aluminium (excluding 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.12 slags, scale and the like from iron and steel production, ... 841490 Parts of : air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 compressors, fans and ventilating or recycling ...

Table 18: Top 25 Exports to India (HS-06) (USD Millions) (2013-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 53

Imports from India

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 10 imports from India at HS-02 level. It can be seen that imports over the past 5 years have declined slightly. The total imports in 2013 were $313.02 Million which were $297.50 Million in 2017. The major Tunisian imports from India are vehicles, organic chemicals, machinery and electrical machinery.

Tunisia’s Top 10 Imports from India at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 313.02 290.30 244.28 268.80 297.50 Code Product Description 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling 50.92 76.71 66.95 79.96 77.65 stock, and parts and accessories thereof 29 Organic chemicals 22.13 16.90 18.39 20.28 23.02 84 Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear 21.19 18.63 16.05 16.73 20.86 reactors, boilers; parts thereof 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts 45.88 26.15 16.25 17.53 19.71 thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television . . . 09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 8.84 8.89 8.56 13.50 19.21 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other 8.99 8.71 3.22 4.69 15.88 aquatic invertebrates 52 Cotton 22.27 22.67 15.77 15.31 14.08 05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere 14.30 7.65 1.70 9.84 12.22 specified or included 39 Plastics and articles thereof 20.98 18.41 11.58 10.65 10.99 10 Cereals 5.94 6.75 8.86 7.77 10.99

Table 19: Top 10 Imports from India (HS-02) (USD Millions) (2013-2017)

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 25 imports from India at HS 06 level. It can be seen that the largest import from India is that of motor cars, which was $50.48 Million in 2017. Import of human hair has declined from $14.30 Million in 2013 and $12.22 Million in 2017.

Tunisia’s Top 25 Imports from India at HS 06 Level *All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 313.02 290.30 244.28 268.80 297.50 Code Product Description 870322 Motor cars and other motor vehicles 33.78 35.66 41.36 43.77 50.48 principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. ... 030343 Frozen skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito 5.22 7.8 0 2.62 4.11 14.47 “Euthynnus -Katsuwonus- pelamis” 050100 Human hair, unworked, whether or not 14.30 7.47 1.20 9.80 12.22 washed or scoured; waste of human hair 999999 Commodities not elsewhere specified 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.72 54

*All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 100630 Semi-milled or wholly milled rice, whether or 4.96 6.04 8.12 6.70 9.81 not polished or glazed 090240 Black fermented tea and partly fermented 7.33 6.83 4.39 3.70 9.68 tea, whether or not flavoured, in immediate packings ... 090111 Coffee (excluding roasted and 0.00 0.00 2.36 6.34 6.46 decaffeinated) 300220 Vaccines for human medicine 2.08 1.79 4.34 4.35 5.04 870421 Motor vehicles for the transport of 2.40 10.04 1.60 10.40 4.77 goods, with compression-ignition internal combustion piston ... 870190 Tractors (excluding those of heading 8709, 8.66 12.33 8.57 10.26 4.14 pedestrian-controlled tractors, road tractors for ... 721012 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy 0.62 0.12 1.16 0.50 3.97 steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled ... 520522 Single cotton yarn, of combed fibres, 7.73 5.46 2.87 3.77 3.87 containing >= 85% cotton by weight and with a linear ... 520523 Single cotton yarn, of combed fibres, 4.61 5.76 4.26 3.04 3.77 containing >= 85% cotton by weight and with a linear ... 870331 Motor cars and other motor vehicles 0.00 0.00 4.19 3.01 3.52 principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. ... 842951 Self-propelled front-end shovel loaders 0.00 0.09 0.63 1.47 3.27 701610 Glass cubes and other glass smallwares, 3.57 3.79 3.59 4.05 3.08 whether or not on a backing, for mosaics or similar ... 850431 Transformers having a power handling 1.86 1.84 1.69 1.56 2.67 capacity <= 1 kVA (excluding liquid dielectric transformers) 842121 Machinery and apparatus for filtering or 1.29 1.42 0.10 0.09 2.55 purifying water 294110 Penicillins and their derivatives with a 3.75 2.23 2.97 0.72 2.29 penicillanic acid structure; salts thereof 390760 Poly”ethylene terephthalate”, in primary 12.80 11.81 7.6 8 6.84 2.25 forms 640610 Uppers and parts thereof (excluding 2.69 2.35 2.77 2.74 2.16 stiffeners and general parts made of asbestos) 870899 Parts and accessories, for tractors, motor 0.48 1.46 1.46 2.32 2.10 vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, ... 853890 Parts suitable for use solely or principally 1.45 1.44 1.23 0.88 2.04 with the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537, ... 120991 Vegetable seeds, for sowing 0.13 0.35 0.92 1.70 2.04 540233 Textured filament yarn of polyester 4.63 4.52 3.07 2.63 2.01 (excluding that put up for retail sale)

Table 20: Top 25 Imports from India (HS-06) (USD Millions) (2013-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 55 56 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 57

SECTION 5

TRADE WITH PAKISTAN 58

Trade with Pakistan

Bilateral Trade

Relations between Pakistan and Tunisia have generally been cordial. There have been a number of agreements between Pakistan and Tunisia in the areas of tourism, culture, trade and industry. Relations between the two countries were established in 1957, and Pakistan opened its embassy in Tunisia in 1958 at Charge d’ Affaires level which was later upgraded to Ambassador level in 1964. There has been a long tradition of collaboration between the two countries in international organizations, such as the United Nations Organization (UNO) and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

The figure below shows bilateral trade between Tunisia and Pakistan for the past 10 years. There have been some fluctuations in the trade balance. In 2008, the highest level of exports to Pakistan were recorded, trade balance was positive and stood at $16.36 Million. It declined sharply in 2009 to negative $20.80 Million and became positive again in 2010 at $12.78 Million. The trade balance continued to worsen for Tunisia as imports from Pakistan have been higher in the following years. In 2017, Tunisia had a trade deficit of $21.93 Million with Pakistan.

Tunisia's Bilateral Trade with Pakistan 50

40 37.07 38.96 34.51 30 28.74 29.72 28.97 26.48 26.24 25.06 22.55

s 20 16.36 n 12.78 o i l

l 10 i M 0 D S 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 U -10

-20 -20.80 -21.93 -30 -28.64 -40 Year

Exports Imports Trade balance

Figure 24: Tunisia’s Trade with Pakistan (2008-2017) REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 59

Exports to Pakistan

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 10 exports to Pakistan at HS-02 level. Exports by Tunisia have traditionally been dominated by inorganic chemicals and textile articles, worn clothing and worn textile. Exports to Pakistan of textiles has declined, in 2013 it was $3.77 Million which in 2017 went down to $0.46 Million. However, export value of vehicles in 2017 was $1.61 Million which was previously nil.

Tunisia’s Top 10 Exports to Pakistan at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 10.04 10.32 7.41 6.75 7.05 Code Product Description 28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic 4.72 4.60 3.51 4.12 4.02 compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, . . . 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling - - - - 1.61 stock, and parts and accessories thereof 63 Other made-up textile articles; sets; worn 3.77 3.97 2.88 1.93 0.46 clothing and worn textile articles; rags 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their 0.30 0.28 0.17 0.20 0.39 cleavage products; prepared edible fats; animal . . . 84 Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear 0.34 0.42 0.21 0.06 0.23 reactors, boilers; parts thereof 39 Plastics and articles thereof 0.35 0.36 0.26 0.12 0.07 33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, - - - 0.08 0.06 cosmetic or toilet preparations 69 Ceramic products - - - - 0.05 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, 0.23 0.01 0.01 - 0.05 measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical . . . 29 Organic chemicals - - 0.04 0.00 0.04

Table 21: Top 10 Exports to Pakistan (HS-02) (USD Millions) (2013-2017)

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 25 exports to Pakistan at HS-06 level. At this level it can be seen that major exports over the past five years has been Sodium triphosphate and worn clothing and clothing accessories. Export in worn clothing fell in 2017 and was recorded at $0.37 Million. 60

Tunisia’s Top 25 Exports to Pakistan at HS 06 Level *All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 10.04 10.32 7.41 6.75 7.05 Code Product Description 283531 Sodium triphosphate “sodium 4.72 4.60 3.51 4.12 4.02 tripolyphosphate”, whether or not chemically defined 871640 Trailers and semi-trailers, not designed for 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 running on rails (excluding trailers and semi- trailers ... 870590 Special purpose motor vehicles (other than 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 those principally designed for the transport of ... 630900 Worn clothing and clothing accessories, 3.69 3.32 2.46 1.83 0.37 blankets and travelling rugs, household linen and articles ... 151000 Other oils and their fractions, obtained solely 0.23 0.23 0.17 0.19 0.33 from olives, whether or not refined, but not ... 843143 Parts for boring or sinking machinery of 0.33 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.20 subheading 8430.41 or 8430.49, n.e.s. 631010 Used or new rags, scrap twine, cordage, rope 0.08 0.65 0.41 0.10 0.09 and cables and worn-out articles thereof, of textile ... 330129 Essential oils, whether or not terpeneless, incl. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.06 concretes and absolutes (excluding those ... 690390 Retorts, crucibles, mufflers, nozzles, plugs, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 supports, cupels, tubes, pipes, sheaths, rods ... 150910 Virgin olive oil and its fractions obtained from 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.05 the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical ... 392010 Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of non-cellular 0.35 0.36 0.26 0.12 0.04 polymers of ethylene, not reinforced, ... 293499 Nucleic acids and their salts, whether or not 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 chemically defined; heterocyclic compounds (excluding ... 902710 Gas or smoke analysis apparatus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 843149 Parts of machinery of heading 8426, 8429 and 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 8430, n.e.s. 510119 Greasy wool, incl. fleece-washed wool, neither 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.03 carded nor combed (excluding shorn wool) 390799 Saturated polyesters in primary forms (excluding 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 polycarbonates, alkyd resins, poly”ethylene ... 040630 Processed cheese, not grated or powdered 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 400941 Tubes, pipes and hoses, of vulcanised rubber 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 (excluding hard rubber), reinforced or otherwise ... 902690 Parts and accessories for instruments and 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 apparatus for measuring or checking the flow, level, ... 151800 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 fractions, boiled, oxidised, dehydrated, sulphurised, ... 060220 Edible fruit or nut trees, shrubs and bushes, 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 whether or not grafted REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 61

*All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 640320 Footwear with outer soles of leather, and 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 uppers which consist of leather straps across the ... 300320 Medicaments containing antibiotics, not 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 in measured doses or put up for retail sale (excluding ... 551311 Plain woven fabrics containing predominantly, 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 but < 85% polyester staple fibres by weight, ... 848180 Appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 the like (excluding pressure-reducing valves, ...

Table 22: Top 25 Exports to Pakistan (HS-06) (USD Millions) (2013-2017)

Imports from Pakistan

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 10 imports from Pakistan at HS-02 level. Tunisia majorly imports cotton, man-made staple fibers, beverages and cereals from Pakistan. Imports of cereals and beverages over the last 5 years have increased while imports of cotton have declined. In 2013 cotton imports were recorded at $17.99 Million which in 2017 fell to $13.74 Million.

Tunisia’s Top 10 Imports from Pakistan at HS 02 Level *All values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All Products 34.51 38.96 26.24 25.06 28.97 Code Product Description 52 Cotton 17.9 9 21.31 16.25 14.10 13.74 55 Man-made staple fibers 4.13 4.83 3.13 3.84 3.89 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 2.01 2.71 0.58 - 2.57 10 Cereals 0.74 2.28 0.94 1.14 2.36 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling 0.40 0.18 0.11 0.73 1.36 stock, and parts and accessories thereof 62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not 1.51 1.48 0.66 0.99 1.14 knitted or crocheted 54 Man-made filaments; strip and the like of man- 3.13 1.72 1.41 1.50 1.10 made textile materials 41 Raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and 1.68 1.23 0.60 0.76 0.77 leather 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, 0.43 0.45 0.29 0.25 0.31 measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical . . . 95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and 0.30 0.40 0.16 0.30 0.29 accessories thereof

Table 23: Top 10 Imports from Pakistan (HS-02) (USD Millions) (2013-2017) 62

The table below shows Tunisia’s top 25 imports from Pakistan at HS-06 level. As can be seen, major imports at this level are of ethyl alcohol. The second and third largest Tunisian imports are semi milled or wholly milled rice and woven fabrics respectively.

Tunisia’s Top 25 Imports from Pakistan at HS 06 Level *All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 TOTAL All products 34.51 38.96 26.24 25.06 28.97 Code Product Description 220710 Undenatured ethyl alcohol, of actual alcoholic 2.01 2.71 0.58 0.00 2.57 strength of >= 80% 100630 Semi-milled or wholly milled rice, whether or not 0.74 2.28 0.94 1.14 2.30 polished or glazed 551412 Woven fabrics containing predominantly, but < 0.00 0.00 0.89 1.32 2.15 85% polyester staple fibres by weight, mixed ... 520942 Denim, containing >= 85% cotton by weight and 0.99 1.09 2.02 1.56 1.20 weighing > 200 g/m², made of yarn of different ... 870190 Tractors (excluding those of heading 8709, 2.29 3.56 0.11 0.72 1.18 pedestrian-controlled tractors, road tractors for ... 520912 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% 0.36 0.15 1.94 2.25 1.11 cotton by weight and weighing > 200 g/m², in three-thread ... 520832 Plain woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 1.59 2.02 0.21 0.21 1.08 85% cotton by weight and weighing > 100 g to 200 ... 520819 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% 0.35 0.14 1.90 0.59 0.99 cotton by weight and weighing <= 200 g/m², unbleached ... 621790 Parts of garments or clothing accessories, of all 1.15 2.28 0.25 0.39 0.91 types of textile materials, n.e.s. (excluding ... 520813 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% 0.75 0.36 0.51 1.02 0.85 cotton by weight and weighing <= 200 g/m², in three-thread ... 520932 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% 0.64 0.82 0.78 0.76 0.82 cotton by weight and weighing > 200 g/m², in three-thread ... 520919 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% 0.64 0.42 0.63 0.56 0.78 cotton by weight and weighing > 200 g/m², unbleached ... 520812 Plain woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 0.43 0.17 0.94 1.14 0.72 85% cotton by weight and weighing > 100 g to 200 ... 540752 Woven fabrics of yarn containing >= 85% by 0.52 1.42 0.61 0.92 0.71 weight of textured polyester filaments, incl. monofilament ... 520822 Plain woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 0.78 0.71 0.25 0.27 0.68 85% cotton by weight and weighing > 100 g to 200 ... 520522 Single cotton yarn, of combed fibres, containing 0.05 0.04 1.13 0.64 0.66 >= 85% cotton by weight and with a linear ... 551329 Woven fabrics containing predominantly, but < 0.78 1.45 0.41 0.63 0.50 85% synthetic staple fibres by weight, mixed ... REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 63

*All Values in USD Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 521112 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing 0.26 0.40 0.08 0.30 0.40 predominantly, but < 85% cotton by weight, mixed principally ... 520831 Plain woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 0.00 0.42 1.42 0.86 0.39 85% cotton by weight and weighing <= 100 g/ m², ... 411420 Patent leather and patent laminated leather; 2.55 2.98 0.18 0.40 0.39 metallised leather (excluding lacquered or metallised ... 520523 Single cotton yarn, of combed fibres, containing 0.58 0.40 1.08 0.53 0.37 >= 85% cotton by weight and with a linear ... 520829 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% 0.04 0.77 0.38 0.25 0.33 cotton by weight and weighing <= 200 g/m², bleached ... 520852 Plain woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 85% cotton by weight and weighing > 100 g to 200 ... 551313 Woven fabrics containing predominantly, but < 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.39 0.29 85% polyester staple fibres by weight, mixed ... 521119 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing 0.38 0.61 0.00 0.05 0.27 predominantly, but < 85% cotton by weight, mixed principally ...

Table 24: Top 25 Imports from Pakistan (HS-06) (USD Millions) (2013-2017) 64

Trade Potential

Tunisia’s Export potential with Pakistan

The table shows the top 25 high potential Tunisian exports to Pakistan. Using data from 2017, we can estimate that Tunisia had an export potential of $1,699.89 Million worth of products as shown below. However, amongst these high potential items, only parts of boring or sinking machinery are currently being exported by Tunisia to Pakistan. High potential items include, machines for the reception, phosphoric acid, boards and cabinets.

Tunisia’s Potential Exports to Pakistan at HS 06 Level *All values in USD Millions Product Product Description Tunisia’s Pakistan’s Tunisia’s Indicative Code exports to imports exports trade Pakistan, from to world, potential, 2017 world, 2017 2017 2017 851762 Machines for the reception, conversion - 285.47 232.55 232.55 and transmission or regeneration of voice, images or ... 310530 Diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate - 6 47.8 8 175.73 175.73 “diammonium phosphate” (excluding that in tablets or similar ... 280920 Phosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acids, - 224.72 175.17 175.17 whether or not chemically defined 853710 Boards, cabinets and similar combinations - 132.21 121.76 121.76 of apparatus for electric control or the distribution ... 901890 Instruments and appliances used in 0.00 115.69 122.25 115.69 medical, surgical or veterinary sciences, n.e.s. 854449 Electric conductors, for a voltage <= 1.000 - 85.38 350.58 85.38 V, insulated, not fitted with connectors, n.e.s. 870899 Parts and accessories, for tractors, motor - 81.53 94.90 81.53 vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, ... 840999 Parts suitable for use solely or principally - 95.28 80.92 80.92 with compression-ignition internal combustion ... 961900 Sanitary towels (pads) and tampons, - 105.25 62.99 62.99 napkins and napkin liners for babies, and similar articles, ... 732690 Articles of iron or steel, n.e.s. (excluding - 67.82 60.22 60.22 cast articles or articles of iron or steel wire) 870829 Parts and accessories of bodies for - 109.34 54.49 54.49 tractors, motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more ... 392690 Articles of plastics and articles of other - 53.77 206.33 53.77 materials of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s (excluding ... 999999 Commodities not elsewhere specified - 37.11 123.68 37.11 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 65

852352 Cards incorporating one or more electronic - 45.10 36.35 36.35 integrated circuits “smart cards” 854460 Electric conductors, for a voltage > 1.000 V, - 34.17 49.99 34.17 insulated, n.e.s. 850300 Parts suitable for use solely or principally - 53.01 34.15 34.15 with electric motors and generators, electric ... 843143 Parts for boring or sinking machinery of 0.20 34.11 55.98 33.91 subheading 8430.41 or 8430.49, n.e.s. 940190 Parts of seats, n.e.s. - 31.87 103.98 31.87 853890 Parts suitable for use solely or principally - 31.49 159.94 31.49 with the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537, ... 850140 AC motors, single-phase, of an output > - 28.77 163.07 28.77 37, 5 W 300490 Medicaments consisting of mixed or - 368.14 27.96 27.96 unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, ... 950300 Tricycles, scooters, pedal cars and similar - 57.75 26.96 26.96 wheeled toys; dolls’ carriages; dolls; other toys; ... 730890 Structures and parts of structures, of iron - 109.34 26.56 26.56 or steel, n.e.s. (excluding bridges and bridge-sections, ... 848180 Appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, 0.00 89.09 26.13 26.13 vats or the like (excluding pressure- reducing valves, ... 070200 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled - 29.43 24.27 24.27 Trade Potential for the Top 25 Products 0.20 1,699.89

Table 25: Tunisia’s potential Exports to Pakistan (HS-06) (USD Millions) 66

Pakistan’s potential Exports to Tunisia

If we analyze Tunisia’s market for Pakistani sellers, we find that in 2017, Pakistan had a potential to export $1,343.34 Million worth of goods. It can be seen that Pakistan has a very high potential for exporting denim to Tunisia.

Pakistan’s Potential Exports to Tunisia at HS 06 Level *All values in USD Millions Product Product Description Pakistan Tunisia’s Pakistan’s Indicative Code ‘s exports imports exports trade to Tunisia, from to world, potential, 2017 world, 2017 2017 2017 520942 Denim, containing >= 85% cotton by 1.51 208.46 482.49 206.95 weight and weighing > 200 g/m², made of yarn of different ... 390761 Poly”ethylene terephthalate”, in primary - 134.58 134.58 forms, having a viscosity number of >= 78 ml/g 970500 Collections and collector’s pieces of - 106.20 106.20 zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, historical, ... 080529 Fresh or dried wilkings and similar citrus - 105.42 105.42 hybrids 170199 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure - 86.45 342.90 86.45 sucrose, in solid form (excluding cane and beet sugar ... 030319 Frozen salmonidae (excluding trout and - 75.90 75.90 Pacific, Atlantic and Danube salmon) 300490 Medicaments consisting of mixed or 0.12 209.01 70.79 70.67 unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, ... 901890 Instruments and appliances used in 0.32 68.33 360.58 68.00 medical, surgical or veterinary sciences, n.e.s. 410712 Grain splits leather “incl. parchment- 0.03 56.01 114.40 55.98 dressed leather”, of the whole hides and skins of bovine ... 520831 Plain woven fabrics of cotton, containing 0.13 54.03 45.33 45.20 >= 85% cotton by weight and weighing <= 100 g/m², ... 841199 Parts of gas turbines, n.e.s. - 46.58 43.86 43.86 390769 Poly”ethylene terephthalate”, in primary - 37.5 4 37.5 4 forms, having a viscosity number of < 78 ml/g 520932 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 0.42 34.27 155.86 33.85 85% cotton by weight and weighing > 200 g/m², in three-thread ... 721049 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy - 33.50 31.18 31.18 steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled ... 851712 Telephones for cellular networks “mobile - 137.11 30.75 30.75 telephones” or for other wireless networks 020210 Frozen bovine carcases and half-carcases - 26.55 26.55 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 67

240120 Tobacco, partly or wholly stemmed or - 31.34 26.39 26.39 stripped, otherwise unmanufactured 520819 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 0.01 25.16 64.48 25.15 85% cotton by weight and weighing <= 200 g/m², unbleached ... 030329 Frozen, Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and - 21.82 21.82 snakeheads (Channa spp.) 611020 Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats - 20.81 37.59 20.81 and similar articles, of cotton, knitted or crocheted ... 520939 Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= - 51.60 19.01 19.01 85% cotton by weight and weighing > 200 g/m², dyed (excluding ... 080521 Fresh or dried mandarins incl. tangerines - 18.84 18.84 and satsumas (excl. clementines) 210690 Food preparations, n.e.s. - 39.29 18.52 18.52 080390 Fresh or dried bananas (excluding - 19.11 16.87 16.87 plantains) 730890 Structures and parts of structures, of iron - 20.71 16.85 16.85 or steel, n.e.s. (excluding bridges and bridge-sections, ... Trade Potential for the Top 25 Products 2.54 1,343.34

Table 26: Pakistan’s Potential Exports to Tunisia (HS-06) (USD Millions)

Pakistan-Tunisia Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)

Currently, Tunisia and Pakistan are in the process of negotiating a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) which was expected to be signed in the first quarter of 2019 as reported by the Tunisian Ambassador to Pakistan Adel Elarbi.

A PTA could be potentially beneficial for both countries. Pakistan can gain better access to large markets like North Africa, the Middle East and Europe while Tunisia could gain access to Asia. The identified potential areas of cooperation between the two countries are agriculture, textiles, electronics, tourism and services. Pakistan could also export rice, surgical, pharmaceutical, leather and sports products to Tunisia. 68 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 69

SECTION 6

INDUSTRIAL OVERVIEW 70

Industrial Overview

Industry Snapshot

Tunisia’s industry has a variety of sectors. The biggest industrial sector is the textile and wearing apparel industry with a total of 1,088 enterprises and this sector accounts for 29.70% of industry share. The second largest industrial sector is that of food products accounting for 20.20% of the industry sector share, food products industries include, cereals, vegetable oils and animal fat industries, cold storage and seafood industries.

Sectors Total Totally Other than Total % Enterprises Exporting totally exporting. Number of Enterprises Manufacture of food products 1,088 214 874 20.20% Manufacture of construction products, 414 19 395 7.70 % ceramic and glass Manufacture of mechanicals and basic 644 180 464 12.00% metals Manufacture of electric and electronic 344 228 116 6.40% equipment Manufacture of chemicals and chemical 575 141 434 10.70% products Manufacture of textile and wearing apparel 1,601 1,322 279 29.70% Manufacture of wood and wood products 194 21 173 3.60% Manufacture of leather and footwear 239 176 63 4.40% Other manufacturing 290 76 214 5.40% Total 5,389 2,377 3,012 100%

Table 27: Tunisia’s Major Industrial Sector, Source: Ministry of Industry and SME’s

Textile Industry

As a labor intensive and export-oriented industry, textiles were the first manufacturing segment to benefit from the creation of an offshore regime in 1972. In 2005, Tunisia was the 5th most important supplier of textiles to the European countries. Benefiting from a competitive workforce and easy access to the European markets, the sector has been one of the main engines of GDP growth for the past 35 years.

The industry is large with over 1,600 firms competing and providing employment to over 200,000 people.

The tables below show the main segments of the textile industry and the distribution of partnership enterprises by country. The sector mostly exports to the EU countries as can be seen in the figure below, major portion of exports is to France, followed by Italy and Germany as the other leading markets. REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 71

Activity Totally Other Total Breakdown of partnership Exporting than enterprises by country Totally Exporting Thread 5 16 21 Fabric making 12 15 27 120 Finishes 30 13 43 253 Hosiery 118 36 154 73 Manufacture 1,071 158 1,229 66 of fabric and knitted wear 167 Other textile 201 83 284 industries France Italy Germany Table 28: Textile Industry Segments Belgium Other

Figure 25: Country Partnership

Industry Support

To foster innovation and business planning, the authorities established Monastir El Fejja Competitiveness Pole (MFCPOLE) in 2006, this includes a business incubator, a technological resource center, a fashion institute and two industrial parks. It is also designed to foster start-ups. The sector relies on a number of training institution, which include, The National Engineering School of Monastir, the Higher Institute of Technological Studies of Ksar Hellal and 11 training centers for specialized workers.

Recently in order for the entire industrial sector to recover, the government has allocated Euro 85.80 Million in financial support for companies in difficulty.

Assets/Advantages

The industrial activity in El Fejja and Technopole in Monastir makes investment in Tunisian textile industry very beneficial. Tunisia has some extremely competitive production costs compared to other nations, there is just in time production because of close proximity to Europe. It is also easy to obtain skilled workforce. Most Tunisian factories employ multi-linguistic skilled workers, who speak French, English, Italian and German along with Arabic. Workers are familiar with European work culture.

Tunisia is also the main supplier of worldwide brands of jeans and sporting clothes. Some of the world’s biggest clothing brands like, Lacoste, Esprit, Gap, Yves Saint Laurent, Reebok, Ralph Laurent, Balmain and Triumph are main clients or are based in Tunisia. 72 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 73

SECTION 7

EASE OF DOING BUSINESS 74

Ease of Doing Business

Ease of doing business is an economic indicator published annually by the World Bank to rank economies based on how the regulatory environment is for business operations. According to the table below, Tunisia ranked 80 among economies in 2019. Tunisia was up by 8 places, as compared to previous year. Tunisia’s rank in dealing with starting a business, dealing with construction permits protecting minority investors and paying taxes has significantly improved in 2019 as compared to last year.

DB 2019 Rank DB 2018 Rank Overall 80 88 Starting a Business 63 100 Dealing with Construction Permits 77 95 Getting Electricity 51 48 Registering Property 87 93 Getting Credit 99 105 Protecting Minority Investors 83 119 Paying Taxes 133 140 Trading across Borders 101 96 Enforcing Contracts 80 76 Resolving Insolvency 67 63

Table 29: Ease of Doing Business in Tunisia REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 75

Consulates & Business Forums

Pakistan’s Embassy in Tunisia Address: No. 35, Rue Ali Ayari, El-Menzah 9A, Tunis, Tunisa Telephone: (+216) 71 871 330 / 1 Fax: (+216) 71 871 410

Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Head of Mission: Zaheer Pervaiz Khan, Ambassador

Tunisia’s Embassy in Pakistan Address: House 221 Street N° 21, E-7, P. O. Box 1913, Islamabad, Pakistan Telephone: (+92) 51 265 23 87 (+92) 51 265 27 81 Fax: (+92) 51 265 35 64

Email: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.atunisia-pk.org

Head of Mission: Mr. Adel Elarbi, Ambassador 76 REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE 77

SECTION 8

SOURCES 78

Sources

The World Bank https://www.worldbank.org/

Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/tunisia#DB_tax

Republic of Tunisia http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/en/home.asp

CIA Fact Book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

Trade Map https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA n COUNTRY PROFILE C D