2013HUMANDEVELOPMENT INBURUNDI REPORT

2013 HUMAN Delivering As One DEVELOPMENT REPORT IN BURUNDI

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » « Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment »

15/04/2014 United Nations system in Burundi and Government of Burundi 2014

The United Nations system in Burundi supported the national efforts for over the last 40 years to design and implement policies and sustainable development programs. The 2013 human development report in Burundi focuses on “Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment”. This report is the result of a frank and productive cooperation between the whole United Nations system in Burundi, led by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Government through the Ministry of Finance and Planning of Economic Development (MFPDE).

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Copyright ©2014 Ministry of Finance and Planning of United Nations system in Burundi Economic Development Compound du BINUB Avenue de l’Indépendance N°1 Chaussée d’Uvira P.O. Box 224, , Burundi Boite postale 1490, Bujumbura, Burundi Sites Web : www.bi.one.un.org www.bi.undp.org

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2013 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT IN BURUNDI

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment »

Table of Content

List of acronyms and abbreviations...... xiii

PREFACE...... xiv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... xvi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... xvii

GENERAL INTRODUCTION...... 1 I.1. Recent changes in the political and socio-economic situation in Burundi...... 1 I.1.1. Evolution of the political situation in Burundi...... 1 I.1.2. Changes in the socio-economic situation...... 1 I.2. The rationale for choice of the theme study...... 2 I.3. Objective and methodology of the study...... 3

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL LINKS BETWEEN GROWTH, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT: WHAT LESSONS CAN BURUNDI LEARN?...... 4 1.1. Promoting innovation makes a favorable contribution to economic growth...... 4 1.1.1. Definition and typology of innovation...... 4 1.1.2 The Role of innovation in economic growth...... 5 1.1.3 The role of the state in promoting innovation...... 6 1.2. Innovation and employment...... 6

CHAPTER 2: ’S ECONOMIC GROWTH...... 7 2.1. Overall trend in economic growth from 1960 to 2013...... 8 2.2. Main characteristics of economic growth...... 9 2.2.1. Volatile and unstable economic growth...... 9 2.2.2. Immiserizing economic growth...... 10 2.2.3. Job-poor economic growth...... 12 2.3. An unstable macroeconomic framework...... 12 2.3.1. A chronic budget deficit...... 12 2.3.2. The burden of public debt...... 12 2.3.3. High inflation...... 12 2.3.4. Current account in continual deficit...... 12 2.3.5. Low efficiency of official development assistance...... 13 2.3.6. The role of monetary policy...... 14

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » iii 2.4. Explanation of poor economic performance...... 15 2.4.1. Chronic energy deficit...... 15 2.4.2. Small contribution of the private sector and the business environment...... 20 2.5. Potential for growth in Burundi...... 21 2.5.1. High energy potential...... 22 2.5.2. as a pillar of growth...... 23 2.5.3. : “an exposed but growth-generating sector”...... 24 2.5.4. Regional integration...... 25 2.5.5. Promoting innovation in Burundi: “an inadequately supported sector”...... 27

CHAPTER 3. THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI...... 29 3.1. Main characteristics of the youth labor market in Burundi...... 30 3.1.1. Shortage of reliable and up-to-date statistics...... 30 3.1.2. Lack of a proper national employment policy...... 30 3.1.3. Wide disparities in the labor market...... 31 3.1.4. Imbalance between supply and demand for employment...... 36 3.2. Real employment potential in sectors offering potential for growth and sectors with high innovation potential...... 40 3.2.1. Agriculture...... 40 3.2.2. Tourisme...... 41 3.2.3. Mining of mineral resources and construction...... 43 3.2.4. Regional integration...... 43

CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED PILLARS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO GROWTH, PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND YOUTH EMPLOYMENT...... 44 4.1. Rethinking the economic growth model...... 45 Proposal 1: Resolving the issue of the energy deficit, a prerequisite...... 45 Proposal 2: Integrated management of water resources...... 45 Proposal 3: Strengthen the value chain in agriculture...... 45 Proposal 4: Encourage businesses in Burundi to create clusters or export consortia...... 46 Proposal 5: Develop the value chain in the tourism sector...... 46 Proposition 6: Restore the free zone...... 46 Proposal 7: Consolidate monetary policy and the banking and financial system to improve the financing of the economy...... 46 Proposal 8: Strengthen governance by promoting good practice...... 47 4.2. Reform the way the labor market works...... 47 Proposal 1: Improve the quality of information on the labor market...... 47

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Proposal 2: Implement a strategy to implement the National Employment Policy (NEP) which has just been validated...... 47 Proposal 3: Strengthen the Agence burundaise pour l’emploi des jeunes (ABEJ)...... 47 Proposal 4: Improve and diversify the supply of jobs...... 47 Proposal 5: Create a Guarantee Fund for young people who create employment...... 48 Proposal 6: Reform the education system so that it addresses the country’s development needs...... 48 Proposal 7: Encourage teacher and trainer capacity-building...... 48 Proposal 8: Implement a national family planning policy...... 48 Proposal 9: Encourage a change of attitudes and entrepreneurship...... 48 4.3. Promote the development of innovation...... 48 Proposal 1: Promote a national innovation policy...... 48 Proposal 2: Promote innovation in the agricultural sector...... 48

CONCLUSION...... 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 52

ANNEX I: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS INDICATORS TO BURUNDI WITH THOSE OF THE EAC COUNTRIES AND DR CONGO...... 54

ANNEX II: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT INDICATORS OF BURUNDI WITH ONE OF OTHER COMMUNITY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICAN (COMESA) COUNTRIES...... 94

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » v List of tables, figures and text boxes

Table 1: Percentage changes in the contributions of sectors to GDP...... 8 Table 2: Electricity production...... 17 Table 3: Electricity imports 2006-2012...... 18 Table 4: Breakdown of power consmption according to Studio Pietrangeli (SP)...... 19 Table 5: Comparison of certain economic performance indicators...... 20 Table 6: Hydroelectric power plants to be built at national level...... 22 Table 7: Hydroelectric power plants to be built at regional level...... 22 Table 8: Balance of trade (imports and exports within the EAC), amounts in millions of BIF...... 26 Table 9: Comparison of innovation indicators...... 28 Table 10: Support for research institutes to promote innovation...... 28 Table 11: Achievements of the ABEJ in 2013...... 31 Table 12: Employed workers by sector of economic activity...... 33 Table 13: Distribution of jobs by sector...... 34 Table 14: Changes in number of new public sector workers...... 37 Table 15: Active and inactive populations by age bracket in 2008...... 39 Table 16: Breakdown of the active population into «employed population” and “unemployed persons and other seeking their first job” in 2008...... 40

Table Annex 1-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age within the EAC countries and DR Congo...... 54 Table Annex 1-2: Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old within the EAC countries and DR Congo...... 54 Table Annex 1-3: Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over within the EAC countries and DR Congo...... 55 Table Annex 1-4: Crude birth rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants.)...... 56 Table Annex 1-5: Adolescent fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years)...... 56 Table Annex 1-6: Total fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman)...... 57 Table Annex 1-7: Crude death rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants)...... 58 Table Annex 1-8: Average growth rate population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants)...... 58 Table Annex 1-9: Total population life expectancy at birth within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (in years).....59 Table Annex 1-10: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-49 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %)...... 60 Table Annex 1-11: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-24 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (in %)...... 60 Table Annex 1-12: Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %)...... 61 Table Annex 1-13: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 2005 to 2013 (in %)...... 62 Table Annex 1-14: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other COMESA countries from 2005 to 2013 (in %)...... 62 Table Annex 1-15: Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (In %)...... 63 Table Annex 1-16: Under-five mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000)...... 64

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Table Annex 1-17: Infant mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 live births)...... 64 Table Annex 1-18: Neonatal mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2012 (per 1,000 births)...... 65 Table Annex 1-19: Woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (in %)...... 66 Table Annex 1-20: Maternal mortality ratio within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births)...... 66 Table Annex 1-21: The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2011 (in %)...... 67 Table Annex 1- 22: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population within Burundi and other EAC countries from 1990 to 2012...... 68 Table Annex 1-23: Government spending on health 1995-2012 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC (% of GDP)...... 68 Table Annex 1-24: Per capita expenditure on health within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1995 to 2012 (PPPs, 2005 Constant international dollars)...... 69 Table Annex 1-25: The consumer price index within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100)...... 70 Table Annex 1-26: Exports to EAC countries from 2003 to 2008 (in US$ million)...... 70 Table Annex 1- 27: Imports from EAC countries from 2003 to 2008 (in US$ million)...... 71 Table Annex 1- 28: The share of total exports (in %) of EAC countries and DRC from 1996 to 2011 (by main destinations)...... 71 Table Annex 1- 29: The share of total imports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %)...... 72 Table Annex 1-30: Commercial ratio/GDP of EAC countries and DRC 1996-2011...... 72 Table Annex 1-31: Foreign direct investment rate into Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (net inflows, % of GDP)...... 73 Table Annex 1-32: Human Development Index (HDI) of EAC countries and DRC (1980-2012)...... 74 Table Annex 1-33: Volume index of exports to EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)...... 75 Table Annex 1-34: Volume index of imports into EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)...... 76 Table Annex 1-35: Average annual real GDP growth rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1983 to 2015 (for 1 million people)...... 76 Table Annex 1-36: Real GDP per capita growth rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (annual %)...... 77 Table Annex 1-37: Consumer price inflation rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (annual %)...... 78 Table Annex 1-38: Rate of illiterates (in %) within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2015...... 78 Table Annex 1-39: Adult literacy rate (15 years and older) % within EAC countries and DRC from 1985 to 2015...... 79 Table Annex 1-40: Youth (15-24 years) literacy rates (%) within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1985-2015...... 80 Table Annex 1-41: School life expectancy within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (in years)...... 80 Table Annex 1-42: Net primary school enrolment rates in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)...... 81 Table Annex 1-43: Net primary school enrolment by gender in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)...... 82 Table Annex 1-44: Mobile cellular subscriptions in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1996-2012 (per 100 people)...... 82 Table Annex 1-45: Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 in EAC member states and DR Congo (per 100 people)...... 83 Table Annex 1-46: Average annual rate of Internet users in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1999-2012 (per 100 people)...... 84 Table Annex 1-47: Average annual rate of secure Internet servers in EAC member states and DR Congo, 2004-2013 (per 1 million people)...... 84 Table Annex 1-48: Average annual CO2 emissions in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2010 (%)...... 85 Table Annex 1-49: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)...... 86 Table Annex 1-50: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)...... 86 Table Annex 1-51: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)...... 87

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » vii Table Annex 1-52: Net ODA received per capita in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2013 (constant US $)...... 88 Table Annex 1-53: Average annual government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (% of GDP)...... 88 Table Annex 1-54: Average annual forest rents in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2012 (% of GDP)...... 89 Table Annex 1-55: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (%)...... 90 Table Annex 1- 56: Unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%)...... 90 Table Annex 1- 57: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%)...... 92 Table Annex 1- 58: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1976-2010 (millions of kWh)...... 93 Table Annex 2-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%)...... 94 Table Annex 2-2: Proportion of the total population of 15 to 64 years of age in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%)...... 95 Table Annex 2-3: Proportion of the total population of 65 years of age and over in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%)...... 96 Table Annex 2-4: Birth rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people)...... 97 Table Annex 2-5: Adolescent fertility rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (Births/1000 women aged of 15 to 19)...... 98 Table Annex 2-6: Total fertility rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman)...... 99 Table Annex 2-7: Crude death rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people)...... 100 Table Annex 2-8: Population growth in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people)...... 101 Table Annex 2-9: Life expectancy at birth for the total population in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (in years)...... 102 Table Annex 2-10: HIV prevalence rate for the total population aged 15 to 49 in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (%)...... 103 Table Annex 2-11: HIV prevalence rate among the population aged 15 to 24 by sex in the COMESA member states from 2000 to 2012 (%)...... 104 Table Annex 2-12: Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2011 (in %)...... 105 Table Annex 2-13: Rate of lifetime risk of maternal mortality in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2013 (in %)...... 106 Table Annex 2-14: Ratio de décès maternel in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation per 100,000 live births)...... 107 Table Annex 2-15: Government expenditure on and other COMESA member states from 1995 to 2012 (% of GDP)...... 108 Table Annex 2-16: Consumer price index in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100)...... 109 Table Annex 2-17: Share of total exports of COMESA member states by main destination from 1996 to 2011 (in %)...... 110 Table Annex 2-18: Share of total imports of COMESA member states by main destination from 1996 to 2011 (in %)...... 111 Table Annex 2-19: Commercial /GDP ratio of COMESA member states 1996-2011...... 112 Table Annex 2-20: Foreign direct investment rate, Net inflows in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1988 to 2012 (Net inflows, % of GDP)...... 113 Table Annex 2-21: Volume of exports index 1980-2012 in the COMESA member states (2000=100)...... 114 Table Annex 2-22: Human Development Index in Burundi and other COMESA member states (1980-2012) ...... 115 Table Annex 2-23: Volume of imports index 1980-2012 in the COMESA member states (2000=100)...... 116

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Table Annex 2-24: Annual average growth rate of real GDP in the COMESA member states 1983-2015 (for 1 million people)...... 117 Table Annex 2-25: Annual average growth rate of real GDP per Capita in the COMESA member states 1983-2015 (for 1 million people)...... 118 Table Annex 2-26: Consumer price inflation rate in EAC countries and DR Congo 1980-2012 (Annual %)...... 119 Table Annex 2-27: Proportion of under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1999-2011 (%)...... 120 Table Annex 2-28: Under-five mortality rate in COMESA member states 1970-2012 (per 1,000)...... 121 Table Annex 2-29: Neonatal mortality rate in COMESA member states 1990-2012 (per 1,000)...... 122 Table Annex 2-30: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population of Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012...... 123 Table Annex 2-31: Illiteracy rate (in %) in COMESA member states (1970-2015)...... 124 Table Annex 2-32: Adult literacy rate (15 and over) % in COMESA member states (1985-2015)...... 125 Table Annex 2-33: Youth literacy rate (15-24) % in the COMESA member states (1985-2015)...... 126 Table Annex 2-34: School life expectancy in the COMESA member states 1992-2011 (in years)...... 127 Table Annex 2-35: Net enrolment ratios at primary level in the COMESA member states 1990-2011 (in years)...... 128 Table Annex 2-36: Net enrolment rate by gender at primary level in the COMESA member states 1990-2011 (in years)...... 129 Table Annex 2-37: Mobile subscribers rate 1996-2012 in the COMESA member states 1996-2012 (per 100 people)...... 130 Table Annex 2-38: Internet subscribers using high-speed Fixed-line (per 100 people) in the COMESA member states from 2005 to 2012...... 131 Table Annex 2-39: Annual average rate of Internet users in COMESA member states 1999-2012 (per 100 people)...... 132 Table Annex 2-40: Annual average rate of secure Internet servers in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1999-2012 (per 1 million people)...... 133 Table Annex 2-41: Annual average in CO2 emissions in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2010 (%)...... 134 Table Annex 2-42: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%)...... 135 Table Annex 2-43: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%)...... 136 Table Annex 2-44: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%)...... 137 Table Annex 2-45: Net ODA received per Capita in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2013 (constant US$)...... 138 Table Annex 2-46: Annual average of government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2013 (% OF GDP)...... 139 Table Annex 2-47: Annual average of forest revenues in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2012 (% du PIB)...... 140 Table Annex 2-48: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2013 (%)...... 141 Table Annex 2-49: Unemployment rate in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1991-2012 (%)...... 142 Table Annex 2-50: Youth unemployment rate (15-24) in Burundi and other COMESA member states between 1991 and 2012 (%)...... 143 Table Annex 2-51: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC countries, and DR Congo 1976-2010 (Millions of kWh)...... 144

Figure 1: Economic growth in Burundi (1961-2012)...... 8 Figure 2: GDP per capita (1961-2012)...... 9 Figure 3: Green production per season (1964-2012)...... 10 Figure 4: Contributions of sectors to GDP (1970-2012)...... 10 Figure 5: Comparison of growth rates of GDP and the population (1981-2012)...... 11 Figure 6: Comparison of growth and inflation rates (1981-2012)...... 13

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » ix Figure 7: External balance of goods and services as a percentage of gDP (1961-2012)...... 13 Figure 8: Net official development assistance (ODA) received per capita in constant US dollars (1961-2012)...... 14 Figure 9: Exchange rate between the and the US dollar (1961-2012)...... 14 Figure 10: Ratio of net claims on government and claims on the economy to domestic credit...... 15 Figure 11: Electricity production by REGIDESO between 1996 and 2012...... 18 Figure 12: Electricity use by consumer category in 2007...... 18 Figure 13: Electricity use by consumer category in 2012...... 19 Figure 14: Imports from the EAC (Tanzania from July 2009)...... 26 Figure 15: Exports from Burundi to EAC countries...... 26 Figure 16: Workers employed in the formal and informal sectors...... 34

Figure Annex 1-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age within the EAC countries and DR Congo...... 54 Figure Annex 1-2: Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old within the EAC countries and DR Congo...... 55 Figure Annex 1-3: Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over within the EAC countries and DR Congo...... 55 Figure Annex 1-4: Crude birth rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants)...... 56 Figure Annex 1-5: Adolescent fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years) ...... 57 Figure Annex 1-6: Total fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman)...... 57 Figure Annex 1-7: Crude death rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants)...... 58 Figure Annex 1-8: Average growth rate population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants)...... 59 Figure Annex 1-9: Total population life expectancy at birth within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (in years)...... 59 Figure Annex 1-10: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-49 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %)...... 60 Figure Annex 1-11: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-24 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (in %)...... 61 Figure Annex 1-12: Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %)...... 61 Figure Annex 1-13: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 2005 to 2013 (in %)...... 62 Figure Annex 1-14: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other COMESA countries from 2005 to 2013 (in %)...... 63 Figure Annex 1-15: Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (In %)...... 63 Figure Annex 1-16: Under-five mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000)...... 64 Figure Annex 1-17: Infant mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 live births)...... 65 Figure Annex 1-18: Neonatal mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2012 (per 1,000 births)...... 65 Figure Annex 1-19: Woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (in %)...... 66 Figure Annex 1-20: Maternal mortality ratio within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births)...... 67 Figure Annex 1-21: The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2011 (in %)...... 67

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Figure Annex 1-22: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population within Burundi and other EAC countries from 1990 to 2012...... 68 Figure Annex 1- 23: Government spending on health 1995-2012 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC (% of GDP).....69 Figure Annex 1-24: Per capita expenditure on health within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1995 to 2012 (PPPs, 2005 Constant international dollars)...... 69 Figure Annex 1-25: The consumer price index within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100)...... 70 Figure Annex 1- 26: The share of total exports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %)...... 71 Figure Annex 1- 27: The share of total imports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %)...... 72 Figure Annex 1- 28: Commercial ratio/GDP of EAC countries and DRC 1996-2011...... 73 Figure Annex 1-29: Foreign direct investment rate into Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012...... 73 Figure Annex 1-30: Human Development Index (HDI) of EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012...... 74 Figure Annex 1- 31: HDI average annual growth of EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012...... 74 Figure Annex 1-32: Volume index of exports to EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)...... 75 Figure Annex 1-33: Volume index of imports into EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)...... 76 Figure Annex 1-34: Average annual real GDP growth rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1983 to 2015 (for 1 million people)...... 77 Figure Annex 1-35: Real GDP per capita growth rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (annual %)...... 77 Figure Annex 1-36: Consumer price inflation rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (annual %)...... 78 Figure Annex 1-37: Rate of Illiterates (in %) within EAC countries and DRC (1970-2015)...... 79 Figure Annex 1-38: Adult literacy rate (total, 15 years and older) % within EAC countries and DRC from 1985 to 2015...... 79 Figure Annex 1-39: Youth (15-24 years) literacy rates (%) within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1985-2015...... 80 Figure Annex 1-40: School life expectancy within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (in years)...... 81 Figure Annex 1-41: Net primary school enrolment rates in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)...... 81 Figure Annex 1-42: Net primary school enrolment by gender in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)...... 82 Figure Annex 1-43: Mobile cellular subscriptions in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1996-2012 (per 100 people)...... 83 Figure Annex 1-44: Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 in EAC member states and DR Congo (per 100 people)...... 83 Figure Annex 1-45: Average annual rate of Internet users in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1999-2012 (per 100 people)...... 84 Figure Annex 1-46: Average annual rate of secure Internet servers in EAC member states and DR Congo, 2004-2013 (per 1 million people)...... 85 Figure Annex 1-47: Average annual CO2 emissions in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2010 (%)...... 85 Figure Annex 1-48: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)...... 86 Figure Annex 1-49: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)...... 87 Figure Annex 1-50: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)...... 87 Figure Annex 1-51: Net ODA received per capita in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2013 (constant US $)...... 88 Figure Annex 1-52: Average annual government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (% of GDP)...... 89 Figure Annex 1-53: Average annual forest rents in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2012 (% of GDP)...... 89 Figure Annex 1-54: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (%)...... 90 Figure Annex 1-55: Unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (total, %)...... 91 Figure Annex 1-56: Unemployment rates by gender in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1991-2012 (total, %)...... 91

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » xi Figure Annex 1-57: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%)...... 92 Figure Annex 1-58: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates by gender in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%)...... 92 Figure Annex 1- 59: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1976-2010 (millions of kWh)...... 93

Text box 1: Immiserizing growth...... 11 Text box 2: The paramount importance of public policy, Mauritius an example of good practice...... 21

xii 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

List of acronyms and abbreviations

ABEJ Agence burundaise pour l’emploi des jeunes (Burun- HIPC Heavily indebted poor countries dian Youth Employment Agency) HLI High labor intensive AfDB African Development Bank HPP Hydro Power Plant API Agence pour la promotion des investissements IDA International Development Association (Agency for the Promotion of Investment) ILO International Labour Organization BIF Burundi International Franc INSS Institut national de sécurité sociale [National Social BNUB United Nations Office in Burundi Security Institute] BRB Banque de la République du Burundi [Bank of the ISABU Institut des sciences agronomiques du Burundi Republic of Burundi] [Burundian Institute of Agronomic Sciences] BuF Burundi franc ISGE Institut supérieur de gestion des entreprises [Higher CENAP Centre national d’alerte pour la prévention des con- Institute of Business Management] flits (Conflict Alert and Prevention Centre) ISTEEBU Institut des statistiques et d’études économiques CONFEJES Conférence des ministres de la Jeunesse et des du Burundi [Burundian Institute for Statistics and Sports (Conference of Youth and Sports Ministers) Economic Studies] CRDB Commercial Rural Development Bank Kabu16 Kaburantwa 16 CRUEA Centre de recherche universitaire sur les énergies Kagu006 Kagunuzi 006 alternatives (Centre for University Research on Alter- KCB Kenyan Commercial Bank native Energies) KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau CRUPHAMET Centre de recherche universitaire sur la pharmaco- kg kilogram pée et la médecine traditionnelle (Centre for Uni- km2 square kilometer versity Research on Pharmacopoeia and Traditional kV kilovolt Medicine) kWh kilowatt hour CRUST Centre de recherche universitaire en sciences de la MDG Millennium Development Goals terre (Centre for University Research on Earth Sci- MFPDE Ministry of Finances and Economic Development ences) Planning CURDES Centre universitaire de recherche pour le développe- MFPTSS Ministry of the Public Sector, Work and Social Security ment économique et social [University Research Mule034 Mulembwe 034 Centre for Economic and Social Develop ment] MUSD Million US dollars CURDIF Centre universitaire de recherche et de développe- MW Megawatt ment de l’informatique à la Faculté des sciences MWh Megawatt hour (University Centre for Computer Research and Devel- NELSAP Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program opment at the Faculty of Sciences) NEP National Employment Policy CURED Centre universitaire de recherche et d’étude de droit NGO Non-governmental organization (University Centre for Legal Research and Studies) OBR Office burundais des recettes [Burundian Revenue CURMES Centre universitaire de recherche médicale et Office] sanitaire (University Centre for Medical and Health OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Devel- Research) opment CURPEL Centre universitaire de recherche sur le petit élevage ONEF Observatoire national de l’emploi et de la formation (University Centre for Research on Small-scale Live- [National Monitoring Unit for Employment and Train- stock Farming) ing] CURSHUS Centre universitaire de recherche en sciences hu- ONPR Office national des pensions et des risques [National maines et sociales (University Centre for Research on Pensions and Risks Office] Human and Social Sciences) p. page CWIQ Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire PPP Public-private partnership DEMO Département de l’emploi et de la main-d’œuvre PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (Department for Employment and the Workforce) REGIDESO Régie de production de l’eau [State-owned water DGHER Direction générale de l’hydraulique et des énergies production company] rurales [Directorate-General for Water and Rural Ruvu167 Ruvubu 167 Energy] Ruvu216 Ruvubu 216 DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo Ruzb007 Ruzibazi 007 DTB Diamond Trust Bank SE4ALL Sustainable Energy For All EAC East African Community SINELAC Société international d’électricité des pays des ECGLC Economic Community of the Great Lake Countries Grands Lacs [International Electricity Company of EIB European Investment Bank the Great Lakes Countries] EPC Environmental Power Concept SME Small and medium-sized enterprises FDI Foreign direct investment SMI Small and medium-sized industries FEGE Forum des états généraux de l’emploi [Employment SNEL Société nationale d’électricité [National Electricity Forum] Company] GDP Gross Domestic Product UNDP United Nations Development Programme GLE Great Lakes Energy US$ US dollar GWh Gigawatt hour WTO World Tourism Organization GPRS 2 Second-Generation Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » xiii PREFACE

A number of studies have shown that since 2005, Burundi has ex- With regard to employment policy, fostering innovation is key, as perienced a level of economic growth that has at times outstripped the analyses in this report demonstrate, as well as increasing the global average growth rates. However, positive growth is a neces- productivity and revenues of the informal sector due to its size sary but not sufficient condition for ensuring the availability of pro- and contribution to employment in Burundi. To that end, several ductive employment for everyone. A significant proportion of the short-term and long-term policies can be implemented. In the population especially young people feel marginalized and frustrat- short term, expansionist and counter-cyclical budgetary and mon- ed. In the absence of a political process that enables young people etary policies, which are focused on increasing investment in infra- to express themselves and to have an impact on public policy, a structure and human capital development, can be implemented. return to the instability that plagued the 1990s is an ever-present In these investments, priority will be given to activities with high threat. With young people aged 20-24 comprising 65.3% of the la- labour intensity and employment of vulnerable groups. Given bour force; job creation should be a central concern for the Burun- the extent of its untapped human capital and historically prudent dian authorities. If non-violent policy instruments are not adapted budget policies, there is no danger that Burundi will destabilize its or are not sufficiently reactive, there is a danger that young people macroeconomic environment. The country can also expand public may express their grievances in a violent manner. These grievanc- services such as healthcare, education, water supply and sanitation es relate to unemployment and its repercussions on income and to create jobs in the short term. social cohesion. One in two of the young people who join a rebel movement cite unemployment as their main reason for doing so In the long term, it is important to allocate significant financial re- (World Bank, 2011b). Since 1989, Liberia for example, has seen two sources to priority sectors or to channel foreign direct investments civil wars, which were fuelled by an explosive mix of ethnic divisions, into key sectors. This should involve the promotion of services ex- predatory elites, corruption and the race to make profits from natu- ports, agro-industry, “green” industries such as renewable energies, ral resources. But today, as in Burundi, it is unemployment, which is in which Burundi could have a comparative advantage, and the seen as the biggest danger to the stability of this country. It is time creation of an environment that is conducive to private sector in- to reorient Burundi’s economic agenda towards a strategy of inclu- vestment and job creation. In addition, given the modest size of Bu- sive growth, which creates jobs and is sustainable, and its primary rundi’s economy, achieving a high level of growth capable of creat- objective must be to address the specific needs of young people. ing decent jobs is dependent on the extent to which Burundi has access to the international market, the pace of regional integration On a positive note, Burundi has weathered the 2008-2009 finan- within the sub-region and efforts to promote intra-African trade. cial crisis well, and has already returned to a pre-crisis average eco- nomic growth level. Barring any negative knock-on effects from Finally, since youth unemployment is persistent and high, targeted the continued turbulence in the markets of developed countries policies should be implemented to tackle inactivity so that this on Burundi’s economy, the outlook for the next few years appears phenomenon can be considerably reduced. Several studies indi- to be just as promising. According to the data in this report, Gross cate that a lack of training and work experience, spatial mismatch Domestic Product grew by 4.5 percent in 2013, an increase from and discrimination in the workplace are the reasons for the high 4.2 percent in 2012. To sustain this momentum and achieve higher level of youth unemployment. To remedy this situation, vocational levels of growth, structural reforms of economic sectors need to be training programmes and initiatives to decentralize job creation carried out along with a gradual reduction in sectors with low la- should be put in place in order to bring jobs closer to young peo- bour intensity. To this end, agro-industry, the manufacturing sector ple in the countryside and to take advantage of industrialization in (with its high labour intensity), and the services sector - especially rural areas. exported services - should be targeted and expanded.

xiv 2013 Human development Report in Burundi PREFACE

In focusing on the issue of economic growth and youth em- Objectively, there is no doubt that the analyses contained in this ployment through the promotion of innovations, this report has report can be a decisive catalyst for Burundi’s progress towards the brought the issues of technology transfer, research, the creation of goals of the 2025 Vision. We also extend our warm congratulations efficient and top-quality infrastructures and continuing improve- and thanks to the whole of the team that was involved in writing ment of economic management as well as management of macro- and publishing it. economic and political stability back to centre-stage. These are all interesting avenues, which should be pursued further as part of the sustainable, coherent and inclusive multi-sectoral policy responses that Burundi must develop.

His Excellency, Mr Tabu Mr Agostinho Zacarias Abdallah Manirakiza United Nations Minister of Finances and Resident Coordinator and Economic Development Planning UNDP Resident Representative

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The 2013 Human Development Report in Burundi is the output Committee which was put in place by the government under the of an open and fruitful collaboration between the United Nations coordination of Mrs Marie Jeanine HASHAZINKA, Director-General System in Burundi, led by the United Nations Development for Forecasting and National Strategic Planning at the Ministry of Programme (UNDP), and the government through the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Planning, and was made up Finance and Economic Development Planning. This collaboration of the following people: Balthazar Fengure, Onesphore Nduwayo, began with the choice of the theme for this report. After several Steve De Cliff, Pascasie Kana, Fabiola Nibizi, Ode Ndayisaba, meetings and lively but very cordial discussions, the theme of Donatien Kanyange, Marc Rwabahungu, Gélase Ndarirabe, Daniel “Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment” Gbenkom, Arthur Rushemeza, Gilbert Niyongabo, Zacharie Gahutu, was chosen, as it appeared to summarize the main challenges Elias Sentamba, Vital Nzobonimpa and Vénérand Nizigiyimana. facing the Burundi’s economy. The report was prepared under the The report also benefited from numerous consultations within general supervision of His Excellency Mr Tabu Abdallah Manirakiza, various national authorities (Central Bank, ISTEEBU, employers’ Minister of Finances and Economic Development Planning and Mr organizations, etc.) and representatives of international Agostinho Zacarias, Resident Coordinator of the United Nations organizations in Burundi (World Bank, AfDB, ILO, etc.). The members and Resident Representative of UNDP. of the drafting Committee extend their sincere thanks to all of these contributors. Daniel Gbetnkom, UNDP Senior Economist, and comprised Désiré Avom, Alexis Bizimungu and Boaz Nimpe coordinated the drafting Our thanks also go to the participants in the national validation team. Throughout the preparation process of the report, the workshop, whose comments and observations considerably review and monitoring were done by the members of the Steering helped improve the final version of the report.

xvi 2013 Human development Report in Burundi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The 2013 National Human Development Report in Burundi focuses one hand, and growth and employment on the other hand. With on “Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth em- respect to the first relationship, the report indicates that growth ployment”. Burundi is a post-conflict and fragile country located is driven by its traditional factors, namely capital and labor, but is in central Africa and has one of the highest population densities in regularly fuelled by innovations. However, innovations must be the world. Since the end of the civil conflict in 2003, the country has compatible with a certain level of development of human capital, experienced positive economic growth based on a few cash crops which determines the quality of growth. As for the second relation- including coffee, tea and an expanding service sector that is typi- ship, the report shows that economic growth is a necessary but not cal of a third-world tertiary sector in that it is based on small-scale sufficient condition for improvement of the labor market. The net trade activities. The country is also experiencing endemic unem- creation of new jobs depends on the process of creation/destruc- ployment of its young people, who make up the largest proportion tion that results from the introduction of new innovations and the of the total population. The aim of the report is to understand the creation that it gives rise to as a result of new capabilities. recent trend in Burundi’s economic growth and the small impact that this growth is having on employment. To this end, the report is The second chapter traces the history of Burundi’s economic structured into four chapters. growth from the beginning of the 1960s to the present day. The statistics concerning this growth show that it has three main char- The first chapter, which focuses on theory, gives a very brief over- acteristics: (i) it is fundamentally unstable and volatile; (ii) it is im- view of the relationships between growth and innovations on the miserizing in that it is, on average, lower than the rate of population

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » xvii growth and is therefore unable to meet basic needs; (iii) finally, it The fourth chapter presents recommendations that serve as gov- creates few jobs. The chapter goes on to show that its character- ernment advocacies to the donors. It proposes measures in three istics are having a negative effect on the macroeconomic frame- main areas. Firstly, that the entire economic growth strategy should work, which is amplified by lax monetary management despite be revisited so that it is inclusive of both the production process the regulations governing the activity of the Central Bank, which and also the way in which economic gains are distributed. This give it a certain degree of autonomy. In addition, the considerable growth should therefore be based on the potential in the energy, energy deficit also explains the low level of growth observed. The agricultural, tourism and industrial sectors, as well as innovations. chapter concludes that this deficit must be reduced if any strategy intended to improve economic growth is to succeed. Secondly, the report suggests that the way in which the labor mar- ket works should be reformed through a number of strong supply- The third chapter focuses on employment and youth employment side and demand-side actions. One of these actions is to improve in particular. It shows that there is a lack of data concerning the the quality of statistics on supply and demand. The government characteristics of employment. However, the available data and ob- should also implement a strategy to boost the agriculture and tour- servation of the facts reveal numerous disparities in terms of train- ism sectors, which appear to be potential sources of immediate job ing, gender and geography. These disparities explain the observed creation. inequalities in terms of access to employment. The chapter further highlights the imbalance within the labor market. On the one hand, Thirdly, the report suggests that a proactive innovation policy there is high employment demand due to population pressure. On should be implemented. The first few innovations must organ- the other hand, there is inadequate employment supply, which is ize the government’s institutional architecture in a way that gives greatly constrained by the low recruitment capacity of the public greater prominence to tourism. sector and an embryonic and informal private sector. Furthermore, the few jobs that are available are not always compatible with what candidates have to offer.

Delivering As One BURUNDI

xviii 2013 Human development Report in Burundi GENERAL INTRODUCTION

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

This general introduction is articulated around three main points. 90 percent of export revenues and employs over 90 percent of the Firstly, it presents a very brief overview of the recent evolution of active population. the political and socio-economic situation in Burundi. Then, an ex- planation of the relevance of the theme is given by highlighting Agricultural production is divided between products for export, the importance of employment as a national concern and the way such as coffee, tea and cotton, and food crops. Coffee alone ac- in which innovations can play a decisive role in supporting eco- counts for 81 percent of total export revenues despite the underly- nomic growth, which is crucial to job creation. Finally, a very brief ing decrease in production over the recent period. Tea accounts for outline of the objective, methodology and structure of the report just 7.7 percent, and cotton 2.2 percent. is presented. The remaining of the country’s export revenues come from man- I.1. Recent changes in the political and socio-­ ufactured products (6 percent), which illustrates the low level of economic situation in Burundi development of the industrial sector and its small contribution to national wealth, and primary commodities on the other hand. I.1.1. Evolution of the political situation in Burundi After more than ten years of civil war, the peace accords signed in The remaining of the country’s export revenues come from man- Arusha in 2000 and then the 2003 ceasefire contributed to a res- ufactured products (6 percent), which illustrates the low level of toration of political stability. These accords were bolstered in 2006 development of the industrial sector and its small contribution to by the ceasefire agreement between the government and the last national wealth, and primary commodities on the other hand. rebel movement, PALIPEHUTU-FNL. Since then, Burundi has experi- enced relative political stability. The service sector has contributed approximately 42.7 percent of GDP over the past few years. It is developed thanks to investments The Commission nationale de dialogue social (CNDS, National Social in modern information technologies. Over the past few years, these Dialogue Commission) set up by the government has helped to technologies have experienced growth of 6 percent to 8 percent1, strengthen the peace deal despite the disagreements between the while agro-food industries have contributed around 16.8 percent. government and the media over the amendment of the law gov- erning the press in Burundi. Some provisions are deemed contrary Burundi is a “price-taker”, and is therefore exposed to product price to the Constitution, especially the provision concerning the protec- shocks on the international markets, leading to instability of the tion of sources. In addition, the involvement of some civil society macroeconomic framework. Thanks to the introduction of impor- organizations -in coalition against the high cost of living and the tant economic reforms which were initiated after the peace ac- Ne touchez pas au consensus d’Arusha ! (“Don’t touch the Arusha cords were signed in 2003, the country has experienced positive, consensus!”) campaign- is not likely to compromise social stability. albeit unstable, economic growth. But it still falls far below the level of performance necessary to reduce poverty, create decent jobs I.1.2. Changes in the socio-economic situation and contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Develop- Burundi is one of the world’s poorest countries. After Rwanda, it is ment Goals (MDGs). Poverty thus remains a major concern in Bu- Africa’s second most densely populated country. Nearly 9 million rundi. Available official statistics show that it directly affects nearly people now inhabit its area of 27,834 km2 and 67 percent of the 94 percent of the population, which lives primarily in rural areas population lives below the monetary and non-monetary poverty characterized by particularly high under-employment at a level thresholds defined by the United Nations in 2007. of nearly 80 percent. This situation explains the low level of the

Burundi’s economy is disjointed and very poorly diversified. It is based in part on the primary sector, whose contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has averaged 33.7 percent over the past few years. This situation is due to the large proportion of this sec- tor, which is accounted for by agriculture. Predominantly rural, ag- 1 African Development Bank Group, “Environnement de l’investissement riculture is practiced on small-scale farms. It accounts for almost privé au Burundi”.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 1 Human Development Index (HDI), which fell from 0.394 (174th) in In the case of Burundi, the key challenge is to reduce poverty or suf- 2007 to 0.355 (178th) in 2013 out of a total of 187 countries. fer the consequences of the resurgence of a national conflict that could delay the development process further. I.2. The rationale for choice of the theme study This theme sums up the major problems affecting Burundi’s econ- Employment, and especially youth employment, which is regarded omy. It shows how economic growth and innovations can be used as a driver of social development, can be an important tool for the to boost job creation. Youth employment is a national concern; government of Burundi; particularly at a time when peace is matur- economic growth is regarded as a prerequisite for job creation, and ing and being consolidated. Employment enables an improvement innovation as a vital driver of economic growth. in people’s wellbeing, but also the achievement of a range of goals including poverty reduction, improved economic productivity and Employment,2 and especially youth employment, is a major con- social cohesion. cern which affects the entire society and necessitates urgent na- tionwide actions. It should also be pointed out, however, that this Recent studies3 show that employment is the main factor that de- issue is not specific to Burundi, as it affects most of African coun- termines living standards for the majority of the population, espe- tries at various degrees. cially in the poorest countries. Families escape poverty or remain in it when one or several of their members find or lose a job. Paid jobs, According to the 2013 World Development Report, some 200 mil- including agricultural activities or self-employment, enable house- lion people, including 75 million aged under 25, are unemployed. holds to increase their consumption and reduce their vulnerability Millions more, most of them women, are not even seeking work. to unforeseen events. According to international conventions, the youth population is typically defined as those aged between 14 and 24 years, with 14 Employment influences the way an individual sees himself, inter- being the legal age limit below which it is not permitted to work acts with other people and perceives his role in society, and it can and 24 being the age above which a person is regarded as an adult. also have collective consequences. It can determine the way in which societies manage collective decision-making processes and Though age limits vary around the world, according to standard tensions between groups, and the way in which they avoid and definitions, Africa has the youngest population in the world, which resolve conflicts. is now estimated at nearly 200 million. Assuming a constant rate of growth, this figure would double by 2045 with a remarkable in- Despite the importance of employment in society, its creation is crease in the level of education at the same time. On the basis of not spontaneous and it does not come out of nowhere. It stems available official statistics, this category makes up between 60 per- from an increase in production and policy on the redistribution of cent and 70 percent of the total population. In other words, three national revenue on the one hand, and from suitable direct and/or in five unemployed people are young people. They encounter indirect public policies concerning the labor market on the other numerous obstacles in finding employment, such as inadequate hand. It should be pointed out, however, that although the rela- technical skills, a lack of experience and finance for those who tionship between economic growth and job creation is established wish to become self-employed, information asymmetry or a lack of in the literature, it is extremely complex. This complexity is even ap- knowledge of opportunities for self-employment and the creation parent in the experience of countries and the direction of the caus- of individual businesses or cooperatives. Youth employment is also al link cannot be clearly identified. While it seems clear that there very sensitive to fluctuations in economic cycles. For this reason, can be no creation of new jobs unless economic growth occurs young people are generally the first to lose their jobs in times of beforehand, most often, there can be economic growth without economic contraction and the last to find another one when the creation of decent jobs. This is true in many developing countries economy recovers. faced with an economic growth, which depends on the exploita- tion of natural resources that most often are not linked to the rest of the economy. Economic growth then becomes exclusive in terms of both its generation and its distribution. Burundi has not avoided this situation.

2 According to statisticians, employment is “a set of tasks and duties which are performed, or supposed to be performed, either for an employer or as an independent worker”. People who are in employment are defined as those who produce goods and services for the market or for their own use. 3 UNCTAD (2012)

2 2013 Human development Report in Burundi GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Since at least 2003, the growth that Burundi has achieved has cre- between innovation and growth on the one hand, and economic ated little in the way of employment, despite the “Labor-Intensive growth and job creation on the other hand. The second chapter Programs” initiated by the government. In addition, the private analyzes the history of growth in Burundi from 1960 to 2013 in or- sector, which is the main driver of job creation, and the source of der to understand the trajectory and the sectors that contributed 90 percent of all jobs created in the world according to the World the most to it. The third chapter is devoted to understanding the Bank, is not only embryonic but also predominantly informal. Nor labor market with a focus on the youth labor market in particular. has the growth been driven by innovation, even though this factor The fourth chapter is devoted to recommendations for the pur- plays an important role in the growth seen in other countries. poses of advocacy aimed at drawing the attention of donors to Burundi. The concluding section summarizes the report’s findings I.3. Objective and methodology of the study and recommendations. The objective of this report is to suggest strategies to Burundian decision-makers for the creation and/or fostering of innovations, The remainder of the report is thus structured as follows. The first compatible with the country’s level of development, that are es- chapter gives a very concise overview of the theoretical links be- sential for achieving not only sustainable economic growth, but tween innovation and growth on the one hand, and economic also the creation of decent jobs for young people; the population growth and job creation on the other hand. The second chapter segment that is most affected by unemployment. analyzes the history of growth in Burundi from 1960 to 2013 in or- der to understand the trajectory and the sectors that contributed The methodology consisted of documentary research of the avail- the most to it. The third chapter is devoted to understanding the able studies on the Burundian economy, collection of statistical labor market with a focus on the youth labor market in particular. data and observation and analysis of the situation. The fourth chapter is devoted to recommendations for the pur- poses of advocacy aimed at drawing the attention of donors to The remainder of the report is thus structured as follows. The Burundi. The concluding section summarizes the report’s findings first chapter gives a very concise overview of the theoretical links and recommendations.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 3 Chapter 1

THEORETICAL LINKS BETWEEN GROWTH, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT: WHAT LESSONS CAN BURUNDI LEARN?

This chapter aims at giving a very brief overview of the concep- 1.1. Promoting innovation makes a favorable con- tual framework that highlights the links between innovation and tribution to economic growth growth on the one hand, and growth and employment on the Before we present a few theoretical links between economic other hand. In the literature on the drivers of economic growth, in- growth and innovation, we should first examine the latter’s defini- novation has had, at least since the time of the economist Schum- tion and various forms. peter (1911), an important role as a factor for the creation and dis- tribution of wealth. Neoclassical economists have demonstrated 1.1.1. Definition and typology of innovation the role of innovation in particular through endogenous growth models. Growth also appears to be a necessary but not sufficient 1.1.1.1. Definition condition for the creation of new jobs. Structural transformations Innovation is difficult to define. In general, it is a synonym for of the economy are regarded as vital prerequisites for job creation. change. In the Oslo Manual (OECD, 2005), the OECD defines

4 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THEORETICAL LINKS BETWEEN GROWTH, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT: WHAT LESSONS CAN BURUNDI LEARN?

innovation as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved Innovation can be radical or gradual (incremental). Product inno- product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method or a vation, for example is radical if the performance characteristics, new organizational method in business practices, workplace organiza- properties, design features or use of materials and components tion or external relations.” are significantly different from those that existed previously. It can therefore cause a major imbalance or even a threat to the business This definition shows that innovation does not consist merely of if it does not lead to an increase in market share that can compen- creating a “magic and revolutionary” product. It involves re-ex- sate the investments made. amining ways of doing things, working methods and production processes. In this context, it is in the interests of public and private Innovation is gradual when the performance of an existing prod- sector entities, business support services and even independent uct significantly increases or improves. Gradual innovation, in turn, workers to take an innovation-centred approach at all times in or- can take two forms. The performance of a simple product can be der to gain or retain market share. With that end in view, what con- improved by a reduction in its cost through the use of better com- stitutes an innovation in one sector of activity does not necessarily ponents or materials. A complex product, which comprises several constitute an innovation in others. It concerns not just technology, integrated technical sub-systems, can be improved by means of but also, and to a greater extent, a culture within a state, company partial changes to one of the sub-systems. or business, and takes the form of a set of good practices, which can be acquired and stimulated. As such, an innovation is generally 1.1.2 The Role of innovation in economic growth evaluated after the event, i.e. after it has been implemented and Innovation is regarded as the main driver of growth and produc- produced substantial improvements in the production of goods tivity. Economists generally divide economic growth into two es- and services, living conditions for populations or preservation of sential components: extensive and intensive growth. The former is competitiveness through the maintenance or seeking of new mar- achieved merely through the addition of work, capital and other re- ket share on the part of the business and, more generally, the state. sources. This happens when a country is able to increase its growth by mobilizing more labor. The second form of growth is fuelled by 1.1.1.2. Typology of innovation discoveries, which make it possible to use workers and resources According to the OECD’s Oslo Manual, there are four types of in- in an even more efficient way. This type of growth encourages the novation: process innovation, product innovation, organizational permanent improvement of revenue and wellbeing, and enables innovation and marketing innovation. an economy to grow even if its population stagnates or decreases. Economists have named “technology4” as the factor of improve- Process innovation ment responsible for such growth, and it includes not only tech- This is generally associated with the adoption of new production nological advances in the strict sense but also the improvement of methods or simply a significant improvement of existing ones. Ex- laws and rules; in other words, innovation. Initially, such technology amples include the transition from traditional agriculture to mod- is regarded as an international public good, access to which is virtu- ern mechanized agriculture, or the use of new high-productivity ally free and available to every business or nation without consid- seeds. ering the reasons for resource allocation to science and technol- ogy, which is supposed to depend on public rather than private Product innovation decisions. In the long term, all countries involved in the process This is intended to produce new or improved products, or products of catching up should naturally converge towards the same path which can no longer be made with old facilities or methods, or to of growth, because there would be a great amount of exchange increase output in the production of existing products. between scientists and engineers in all countries

Organizational innovation However, due to the wide disparities between development lev- This is the implementation of new organizational methods, such as els, the predictions resulting from this model have revealed some changes in business practices (use of ICT tools), workplace organi- significant gaps. These gaps have opened up new avenues of re- zation and a company’s external relations. search in relation to theories on so-called endogenous growth. In

Marketing innovation It refers to the implementation of a new marketing method, which involves significant changes in the design, packaging, placement, promotion or pricing of a product. 4 In this operation, the technique can be defined by what is left when the effects on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), labour, capital, education, etc. have been calculated.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 5 CHAPTER 1

these theories (Romer, 1986 and 1991; Lucas, 1993), innovation is economic policy. So, the government can: (i) encourage regular regarded as endogenous in those businesses assess opportunity and sustained formation of capital through productive investment, cost in terms of the return expected from the introduction of an organization of the financial markets and improvement of the busi- innovation as compared with traditional production, and therefore ness climate; (ii) improve the quality of the links between public weigh up the need to take on new operators responsible for cur- sector research and private companies in order to improve intangi- rent production against the need for well-trained scientists and ble capital; (iii) encourage the creation of new ideas from old ideas engineers to develop new processes and/or new products. This by promoting openness to the international community which is choice is in turn dependent on several factors, such as the interest favorable to researcher mobility; (iv) improve the skill level of the rate of return on financial capital, the greater or lesser probability of workforce by setting demanding professional or public standards achieving innovation, population size, and hence the existence of in relation to safety, the environment and labor organization; (v) a potential market. build major communication, land development and land integra- tion infrastructures. So, growth results from the positive externalities arising out of the interaction between decentralized innovation processes. Patents 1.1.3.2. The innovation system forms part of a net- and intellectual property rights make it possible to protect reve- work of educational, social and financial institutions nue earned from innovation for a sometimes-limited period while Since it is individuals who produce new ideas through their interac- facilitating the use of knowledge produced for research and the tions, it is clear that the development of human capital is ultimately discovery of new products or processes which make it possible to the key variable in innovation. This is why, in the very long term, it retain or acquire market share, which is a source of growth. At this is the quality of education and the volume of resources that are level, the role of economic policy is important and can take differ- allocated to it, as well as the attractiveness of science and tech- ent forms: legislation on patents, R&D grants or simply the creation nology careers that determine a nation’s capacity to innovate. The of public research institutes. importance of the role of public authorities stems from the fact that they can positively (or negatively) influence the four environmen- These theories thus recall Schumpeterian intuitions, which regard tal parameters: (i) factors of production (through training and basic innovation as the driver of growth and, all things being equal, of research); (ii) the form of competition (through legislation, compe- development. These intuitions were taken up again by the tech- tition policy, financing, etc.); (iii) the shaping of demand (through nical progress specialist (Freeman, 1979), according to whom; in- regulation and normalization); (iv) the competitiveness of other novations tend to be concentrated by technologies and comple- industries (through development policies). mentary forms of organization. So, most lengthy periods of growth stemmed from a radical breakthrough or failing this, from generic 1.2. Innovation and employment products and technologies: the steam engine, the electric motor, Innovation creates as much employment as it destroys, so unem- the car, the container, etc. and in the modern era, information and ployment can result either from inability to innovate (which leads communication technologies (Freeman and Soete, 1991). to a decline in employment) or from uncontrolled innovation, which destroys more old skills than it creates new jobs. 1.1.3 The role of the state in promoting innovation There is now a fairly broad consensus on the factors that can stim- So-called structural changes (McMillan and Rodrik, 2011) can then ulate or stifle innovation, which range from taxes and patents to arise: changes occur in the sectorial composition of economic ac- regulations and spending on research. The inequalities in terms of tivities and hence in specialization of production. Movements of technology and innovation, which are observed between devel- labor follow these developments and have a decisive impact on oped countries, are mainly linked to gross domestic expenditure the growth trajectory of countries through innovations. By leaving on research and development (GERD), which includes expenditure less productive sectors and moving to others which are more pro- on R&D by businesses, institutes of higher education and public ductive due to innovation, the workforce increases its overall labor and private not-for-profit organizations, and also human capital in productivity and stimulates growth of the economy as a whole by the country. On the one hand, innovation research is accompanied orienting the workforce towards rapidly developing sectors, espe- by structural supply-side action through an active economic policy, cially technology-based ones, which can boost overall labor pro- and on the other hand, it is pursued through a network of educa- ductivity. One such example is the New Information and Commu- tional, social and financial institutions. nications Technology (NICT) sector, which destroys labor-intensive jobs at the same time as creating skilled jobs. Other reasons why 1.1.3.1. Economic policy based on improving supply jobs may not be created are a low NICT penetration rate or a lack The formalizations of this process within the framework of endog- of skilled workers. enous growth (Aghion and Howitt, 1998) also provide guidance for

6 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

Chapter 2

HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

This chapter analyzes economic growth in Burundi in order to un- its manufacturing sector, and the sectors with growth prospects derstand its sources and the sectors that contribute the most to it. were significantly affected. The last period, from 2004 to 2014, cor- More emphasis is laid on general trends in economic growth, its responds to the post-conflict years after the signing of the peace main characteristics, the instability of the macroeconomic frame- and national reconciliation agreements in Burundi. This period co- work and the potential for real growth in Burundi. incides with the development of the first and second-generation of PRSPs and the Burundi 2025 Vision to guide the program. The With respect to the methodology, we consider three (3) main peri- analysis focuses as much on the breakdown of GDP and the contri- ods. The first period, from 1960 to 1992 highlights the behavior of butions of sectors to growth as it does on job creation. growth through the contribution of five-year economic and social development plans to the relaunch of economic growth in Burun- di. It was a period of relative economic stability, with public sector investment aiming to achieve the goals laid down in the five-year plans. The second period, from 1993 to 2003, is presented in order to separate the effects of the crisis due to the events of 1993 from the analysis. Burundi’s economy was hit hard by the destruction of

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 7 CHAPTER 2

2.1. Overall trend in economic growth from 1960 The data show a shift in the economy from the primary sector to- to 2013 wards services. However, the development of services is based not Three (3) main periods may be observed in the history of economic on the knowledge economy, as it is in developed countries, but growth in Burundi. This history reflects the difficulties associated on the development of trade activities. Figures 1 and 2 show Bu- with the transition from an agricultural economy to a service econ- rundi’s economic growth over the three periods and the changes in omy based on industrialization. For illustrative purposes, Table 1 GDP per capita. The advantage of these different figures is that they shows the percentage changes in the contributions of sectors to highlight the three main characteristics of this growth. GDP between two years.

Table 1: Percentage changes in the contributions of sectors to GDP

YEAR Services, value added (% of GDP) Industry, value added (% of GDP) Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)

1970 19.20 10.17 70.63

2012 42.53 16.89 40.58

Source: World Bank: World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files.

Figure 1: Economic growth in Burundi (1961-2012)

GDP growth (anual percentages) 5 4 3 2 1 Growth (%) 0 -1 -2 1961-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 Year

Source: World Bank: World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files.

8 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

Figure 2: GDP per capita (1961-2012)

GDP per capita (current US $) 300

250

200 t $ US

e n 150 ur r C 100

50

0 1961-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 Year

Source: World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files.

2.2. Main characteristics of economic growth the war ended, despite the government’s desire to do so, the coun- The figures 1 and 2 show three main characteristics of economic try has been having difficulties in achieving the production level growth from the beginning of the 1960s to the present day. It is seen in 1980, when production was close to fifty thousand tons. volatile and unstable, immiserizing5, and job-poor. The lesson comes from the changes in GDP per capita, which, after a period of relative stability until 1972, rose until 1991 before falling 2.2.1. Volatile and unstable economic growth again from 1993 to 2003. The period of progress was due to the One of the first characteristics of Burundi’s economic growth is that redistribution policies implemented by the government, to which it is volatile and highly unstable. This was especially true during the the crisis unfortunately put an end. Between 2003 and 2013, there first period. This instability is due to supply and demand shocks. was a slight increase. The supply shocks stem from the economy’s heavy reliance on an agricultural sector that uses rudimentary and poorly diversified Figure 4 shows the changes in the contributions of each sector to tools and whose food-producing component is not very commer- GDP. cialized. The volatility of growth is also affected by the variability in the production of a single export product: coffee. In 1964, Burundi The graphical analysis of contributions of sectors to GDP shows was in a position where a poor coffee harvest would have been that the support from industry was marginal. This explains the small sufficient for the country to go bankrupt, become unable to pay contribution of the secondary sector to GDP and, at the same time, for the minimum necessary level of imports and cover ordinary its small contribution to job creation. expenditures without massive foreign aid, which it could not by any means hope to receive6. On the demand side, the shocks were This trend also shows that economic growth has essentially been essentially variations in the prices of raw materials on the interna- led by the tertiary sector. One might think that the Burundian tional markets. economy is following the same trend as the one observed in in- dustrialized or emerging countries, but unfortunately this is not the Figure 3 shows coffee production from 1964 to 2012. The variations case. It is true that the tertiary sector is dominant in industrialized observed are reflected in the changes in growth. They were due and emerging countries, but this is due to the development of the firstly to climatic variations, and then to the combination of the ef- sector of services related to technology, the economy and knowl- fects of the war and the aging of crops and rural populations. Since edge industries. In Burundi’s case, however, it is a tertiary sector of the poor dominated by trade, informal and import/export activities without any real creation of wealth and employment.

The contraction or stagnation of the primary and secondary sec- 5 Immiserizing growth is a theoretical situation first proposed by Bhagwati tors is a clear reflection of the inadequacy of productive invest- (1958), where economic growth could result in a country being worse off than before the growth. ment. In other words, the economy is not generating enough of a 6 Annual report of the Banque du Royaume du Burundi (Bank of the surplus to enable it to respond and increase its capacity to produce ). 1964, p. 23. new wealth. There is no investment of capital stock or investment

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 9 CHAPTER 2

Figure 3: Green coffee production per season (1964-2012)

Green coffee production 1964-2012 (tons) 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000

Tons 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1961-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 Year

Source: BRB, annual reports from 1968 to 2012

Figure 4: Contributions of sectors to GDP (1970-2012)

Contributions of sectors to GDP, 1970-2012 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Added value (% of GDP) 10 0 1970-79 1980-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 Agrculture Services,etc Industry

Source: World Bank: World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files.

in increasing this stock. As a result, dilapidation and obsolescence 2.2.2. Immiserizing economic growth are now the major characteristics of the capital stock within the Bu- rundian economy. It should be noted that the development of the The second characteristic of economic growth in Burundi is more tertiary sector goes hand in hand with investment in R&D to pro- worrying and more serious. More detailed analysis of Burundi’s eco- mote innovation and the development of transport services, insur- nomic growth shows that it is immiserizing as defined by Bhagwati ance and ICT. The breakdown of Burundi’s service sector shows that (1958) (see Text box 1). non-market services and trade are the only things that account for a high proportion of services. First of all, the pace of growth since 1993 has never exceeded 6 percent. There is a sawtooth pattern, which gives the impression of a slowdown. Economic growth is meaningless unless it has the ca- pacity to improve the wellbeing of populations. If these economic growth results are compared with population growth (Figure 5), it

10 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

Figure 5: Comparison of growth rates of GDP and the population (1981-2012)

Growth rate of GDP and the population 1981-2012 5 4 3 2

Rate (%) 1 0 -1 -2 1981-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 GDP growth Population growth Year

Source: Real data from the Institute of statistics and economic studies in Burundi.

is clear that net wealth creation is low and does not make it pos- living conditions might have been expected, but this did not hap- sible to change the poverty level substantially. This is immiserizing pen. The greater the increase in population density, which is higher growth. (372 inhabitants per km²), the greater the increase in education, healthcare, infrastructure needs. Secondly, the observed growth is not inclusive. From 1994 onwards, growth exceeded population growth rates. An improvement in

Text box 1: Immiserizing growth

Where economic growth is more favorable to the production growth. However, the conditions in which immiserizing growth of one good over another, we talk about biased growth. There occurs are highly restrictive. For such an outcome to arise, the is an increase of the relative global supply of this good, which country would have to supply a significant quantity of exports has an impact on the terms of trade. If growth in one country at global level. This being the case, the price elasticity of global is biased towards an exported good, its terms of trade wors- supply and demand for the product has to be very low. In this en and the beneficial effect of growth is reduced as a result. case, the surplus supply must cause a reduction in the global Conversely, if growth is biased towards an import, the terms of price such that the increase in the volume of exports is no long- trade improve, and this further strengthens the improvement er sufficient to prevent the reduction in their value. Finally, the in prosperity. In the same way, growth, which is biased towards country has to experience growth that is heavily export-biased, imports in a foreign country, can have a detrimental effect on which implicitly assumes a very high degree of trade openness. the national economy. In the 1950s, several economists won- dered about the risks posed to growth by the worsening of the In reality, no country meets all of these conditions and immiser- terms of trade of poor countries that export raw materials. In izing growth remains a purely theoretical outcome. However, it 1958, Jagdish N. Bhagwati demonstrated theoretically that eco- is generally interpreted as growth that is not accompanied by nomic growth, which is heavily biased towards exporting, could an improvement in living conditions, either because it is insuf- worsen the terms of trade of an open economy to such an ex- ficient or because it is simply poorly distributed. tent that all gains would disappear and the initial conditions would be destroyed. This outcome is known as immiserizing

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 11 CHAPTER 2

2.2.3. Job-poor economic growth from an expansion of external debt resulting from reassessment The third characteristic of Burundi’s economic growth is that it cre- due to readjustments of the exchange rate of the national curren- ates few or no jobs. Economic growth is driven by the agricultural cy and the increase in drawings. The SAPs did not help to sustain sector, which relies on artisanal farming methods. The economic growth. The loans that were granted to support adjustment exacer- literature confirms “rapid transformations brought about by techni- bated the country’s debt situation, and in budgetary terms, raising cal progress have led to greater mobility of labor, as well as geo- the tax base had become a real challenge. Expenditure on routine graphical, occupational and sectoral mobility”7. Examination of the state administration increased, with the wages of public sector composition of GDP over five decades in Burundi shows the diffi- workers and public servants accounting for a high proportion. culty of transforming the economy. The major challenge is to bring about a structural change, which would make it possible for jobs In addition, more than 50 percent of the state budget is still sup- to be transferred from the primary sector to other sectors of the ported by foreign funds. Direct funding of projects has revealed its economy. limitations due to poor absorption capacities. Although it is sub- ject to conditionalities, direct support for the budget limits budget The stagnation of the secondary sector’s contribution to GDP over overruns in the state treasury. Furthermore, given that Burundi is a more than 40 years (1970-2013) demonstrates the difficulties as- post-conflict country, capacities to mobilize public funds for devel- sociated with transforming Burundi’s economy. opment are the only alternative means of consolidating the macro- economic framework. 2.3. An unstable macroeconomic framework The instability of economic growth affects other economic factors. Despite the substantial decreases in internal debt due to the coun- In taking advantage of its monetary autonomy to relaunch eco- try meeting the conditions of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries nomic growth, Burundi has increased the instability of the macro- (HIPC) Initiative, servicing of internal debt continues to exert strong economic framework through an expansion of public deficits (pub- pressure on routine spending. For instance, according to the figures lic and debt) and high inflation. Other macroeconomic variables in the BRB’s 2011 annual report, internal debt rose from 241,179.0 have also been affected, such as the rate of investment and the MBIF in 2007 to 511,105.1 MBIF in 2011. Over the same period, ex- balance of payments through the current account. In addition, the ternal debt decreased from 1,530,542.8 MBIF to 464,105.4 MBIF. To narrowness of the tax base forces the state to monetize its deficits remedy this situation, efforts must be made to mobilize domestic in the face of the growing demands of running the apparatus of revenues. However, the narrowness of the tax base and the instabil- the state. This results in high inflation, which coexists with a chronic ity of the macroeconomic framework make such a policy difficult structural budget deficit. in practice.

2.3.1. A chronic budget deficit 2.3.3. High inflation The instability of economic growth is exacerbated by the persis- The macroeconomic framework is characterized by high inflation tence of budget deficits, which have characterized the five decades rates, which exceed economic growth rates. Despite the efforts since independence. The scale of these deficits did not leave a suf- made by the government through monetary policy reform and ficient margin to build up public savings that could be used to fund central bank reform, inflation remains a concern within the Burun- large-scale investments. Economic growth driven by chronic budg- dian economy. In reality, monetary policy is still lax due to the regu- et deficits is not sustainable. Deficits make this growth volatile. For lar printing of money. example, Burundi’s budget deficits (on a commitment basis) ac- cording to the report of the National Bank of Burundi over the years 2.3.4. Current account in continual deficit 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 were, in billions of Burundian francs Another challenge is the current account balance. The balance of (MBIF), 40,541.5; -128,538.4; -42,294.3 and - 90,073.0 respectively8. trade has traditionally been in deficit, and export capacities are lim- ited. The financing of the balance of payments is worrying. Foreign 2.3.2. The burden of public debt currency reserves are constantly affected by the continuing deficit Government debt has risen sharply since Burundi became subject in the current account. to the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). This rise stemmed

7 OECD, Economic growth 1960-1970, Paris 1966, p.15. 8 Annual report of the BRB, 2011.

12 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

Figure 6: Comparison of growth and inflation rates (1981-2012)

Growth and inflation rates (1981-2012) 20

15

10

Rate (%) 5

0

-5 1981-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 In ation Growth

Source: Actual data from the Institut des statistiques et d’études économiques du Burundi.

Figure 7: External balance of goods and services as a percentage of GDP (1961-2012)

External balance of goods and services 1961-2012 (% of GDP) 0 -5 -10 -15

% of GDP -20 -25 -30 -35 1961-69 1970-79 1980-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012

Source: World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files.

Burundi received large loans during the period of the Structural Ad- the same trend. External debt is an important source of finance for justment Programmes (SAPs) to support the balance of payments. an economy characterized by a low level of internal savings, which This situation destabilized the macroeconomic framework. The fi- does not make it possible to fund all potential investments9. nancing of the balance of payments caused exchange rate vola- tility (see Figure 7). The repeated depreciations of the Burundian Although there is potential for growth in Burundi, official develop- franc increased the cost of debt in the national currency and had ment assistance has not been effective in supporting economic an impact on the level of the current account deficits; the primary growth. The poverty level has risen, monetary income has remained balance was no longer able to produce a surplus sufficient to cover the cost of debt.

2.3.5. Low efficiency of official development assistance Official development assistance per capita has risen constantly. It 9 Imed DRINE & Mahmoud Ami NABI, Public External Indebtedness and increased from 2.62 US $ per capita in 1961 to 52 US $ in 1992. Productive Efficiency in Developing Countries, Proceedings of the African Income per capita and the level of economic growth did not follow Economic Conference 2007, ADB & AEC.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 13 CHAPTER 2

Figure 8: Net official development assistance (ODA) received per capita in constant US dollars (1961-2012)

Net ODA per capita (constant US$ 80 70 60 50 40

constant US$ 30 20 10 0 1961-69 1970-79 1980-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011

Source: Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Report on Development Cooperation and International Development Statistics database. These data are available online at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline. The World Bank’s population estimates were used as the denominator.

Figure 9: Exchange rate between the Burundian franc and the US dollar (1961-2012)

Exchange rate between the US$ and the BIF (1961-2014) 2,000

1,500

1,000

500 Burundian Franc for US$ 1

0 1961-69 1970-79 1980-83 1984-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Source: Institute of statistics and economic in Burundi ( IDEC) at a derisory level, public saving has consequently not increased, For instance, the general trend of depreciation of the Burundian and Burundi’s capacities to finance development remain limited. Franc shows the difficulty of stabilizing the macroeconomic frame- work, and the pressure exerted on foreign currency reserves were 2.3.6. The role of monetary policy significant and affected the balance of payments and its financing. Monetary policy is controlled by the Banque de la République du Burundi (BRB), which is responsible for price stability and manage- Domestic state debt is another factor, which is destabilizing the ment of the exchange rate. An economy with low and stable infla- macroeconomic framework. Analysis of the trend in claims on gov- tion is proof of a solid macroeconomic framework. The history of ernment and claims on the economy shows a trend of increasing Burundi’s economy is characterized by inflationary trends, which loans to the government to finance budget deficits. The private have exceeded economic growth rates and affected the exchange sector lacks substantial resources to finance development. rate.

14 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

Figure 10: Ratio of net claims on government and claims on the economy to domestic credit

120 100 80 60 % 40 20 0

-20 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Ratio of net claims to domestic credit Ratio Claims on the economy to domestic credit

Source: Bank of the Republic of Burundi.

2.4. Explanation of poor economic performance electricity is 29.7 percent in urban centers and 0.47 percent in rural Without being exhaustive, there are two main explanations for the areas. poor performance of Burundi’s economy: (i) the chronic energy defi- cit, (ii) the small contribution of the private sector and the unfavora- These figures show that electricity contributes very little to eco- ble business environment, despite the efforts witnessed recently. nomic growth and improvements in living conditions for the popu- lation. Less than 3.5 percent of the population has access to elec- 2.4.1. Chronic energy deficit tricity and many public infrastructures in rural areas lack it. The poor According to an analysis of energy supply and potential in Burundi capacity to supply electricity forces families in rural areas to use (Ir SahiliAloys, 2013), 96.6 percent of the energy supply comes from candles or oil lamps for lighting purposes. As a result, the propor- traditional biomass fuels such as firewood, charcoal and agricul- tion of household income that spend on energy is very high when tural wastes. All petroleum products are imported, and they only one considers what they would spend if they were connected to account for 2.7 percent of national energy consumption. Hydro- the power grid. electric energy makes up just 0.6 percent of the energy supply, and only 2 percent of the population has access to electricity. Other 2.4.1.1. Changes in supply and demand for electricity forms of energy appear to be marginal as they account for less than In 2012, electricity is generated in the Republic of Burundi by hy- 0.1 percent of total energy consumption in Burundi. droelectric and thermal power plants with a combined national installed generating capacity of 39.29 MW. National generation is Over 95 percent of families use wood and wood derivatives for supplemented by electricity imports from the Ruzizi I (3 MW) hy- cooking and heating. This is an indicator of the low level of use of droelectric power plant which belongs to the DRC and the Ruzizi II modern energy, and hence of poverty. It should be pointed out community hydroelectric power plant (13.3 MW). The supply avail- that annual consumption of electricity per capita in Burundi was 25 able to Burundi is thus 55.59 MW, and it breaks down as follows: kWh in 200810 (Ir SahiliAloys, 2013) whereas in 1980 it was 12 kWh per year per capita. It is assessed at 27 kWh per capita per year in The installed capacity of existing power plants in Burundi, which 2012. The African average is over 500 kWh. In addition, the electrifi- was 30.25 MW in 2005, improved slightly after the rehabilitation of cation rate, which was estimated at 2.5 percent in 2008, increased the Ruvyironza and Gikonge power plants and the doubling of the to 4.3 percent in 201011 (UNDP/MEM, 2013) The rate of access to capacity of the Nyemanga hydroelectric power plant, which took place between 2005 and 2009.

10 Ir SahiliAloys, Idem. 11 Ministry of Energy and Mines/UNDP, Stratégie nationale de développement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables au Burundi à l’horizon 2030, Volume 1: résumé synthétique, Bujumbura, October 2013.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 15 CHAPTER 2

Figure 11 shows the trend in power generation (domestic and generation, with 56.53 percent of hydroelectricity being generated ­imports) between 1996 and 2012. in Burundi. Energy imports from Ruzizi II totaled 82 GWh in 2012 and 22.3 GWh was imported from Ruzizi I, so total imports account- The output of the interconnected network rose to 245.975 GWh ed for 42.4 percent of the available generating capacity. As shown in 2012 from 245.406 GWh the previous year, a small increase of in Table 3, the proportion accounted for by imports from the Ruzizi 0.23 percent. The grid peaked at 47.76 MW on 28/06/2012 at 20:00. Hydroelectric power generation accounts for 98.83 percent of total

16 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

Table 2: Electricity production

Province Year of Operated by Installed commissioning capacity, Mw

1. Hydroelectric power plants

RWEGURA Kayanza 1986 REGIDESO 18

MUGERE Bujumbura Rural 1982 REGIDESO 8

RUVYIRONZA Gitega 1982/1984 REGIDESO 1.5

GIKONGE Muramvya 1982 REGIDESO 1

NYEMANGA Bururi 1988 REGIDESO 2.8

KAYENZI Muyinga 1988 REGIDESO 0.85

MARANGARA Ngozi 1986 REGIDESO 0.28

BUHIGA Karuzi 1984 REGIDESO 0.24

ABER hydro power plants ABER 0.47

Hydro power plants Private operators 0.65

2. Buja thermal power plants Bujumbura REGIDESO 5.5

TOTAL 1 39.29

RUZIZI I (SNEL) 1957 SNEL 3

RUZIZI II (SINELAC) 1989 SINELAC 13.3

TOTAL 55.59 Source: REGIDESO

II12 community power plant exceeded the import quota of 33.3 per- Industry accounted for 15 percent and 13 percent of the sector in cent from 2008 onwards and peaked at 37.3 percent in 2011 due to 2007 and 2012 respectively. This is an immediate indicator of the rainfall problems and the low purchase price of this energy (33 USD downturn in economic activity due to the unstable social and polit- per MWh from 2007 onwards).13 Imports are relatively high because ical situation that prevailed in the country between 1993 and 2003, Burundi has been very slow to invest in generation. but it was exacerbated by the lack of electricity during the years of peace. According to the Etude de la demande du Burundi14, the The electricity that is available to Burundi is transferred to con- breakdown of consumers remained stable for three years between sumption centers via a power transmission grid, which is mainly 2008 and 2010: made up of 110 kV, 70 kV and 30 kV transmission lines (35 kV for the Mugere-Ozone substation line). The main supply lines are as Burundi also has a relatively high rate of loss, which ranged be- follows: (i) the 110 kV line between Rwegura and Bujumbura via tween 18 percent and 25 percent between 2006 and 2012. Efforts Bubanza; (ii) the 110 kV line between Mururu II and Bubanza; (iii) must therefore be made to reduce technical and non-technical the 110 kV line between Bujumbura and Gitega; (vi) the 70 kV line losses to power consumption as much as possible. between the Mururu I substation and Bujumbura (owned by SNEL).

12 Situation actuelle de la SINELAC, présentation de la SINELAC à la réunion 14 Studio Pietrangeli, Lot 1A Poste et centre de dispatching à Kamanyola, des experts de la CEPGL, Bujumbura, 11-14 February 2014. lignes d’interconnexion et ligne de raccordement: Rapport de l’étude de la 13 Ibid. demande, énergie des Grands Lacs (EGL), March 2013.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 17 CHAPTER 2

Figure 11: Electricity production by REGIDESO between 1996 and 2012

Electricity generation by REGIDESO between 1996 and 2012 250

200

150

100 Generation, GWh 50

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Source: REGIDESO

Table 3: Electricity imports 2006-2012

Production by Ruzizi II (MWh) REGIDESO imports (MWh) Percentage %

2006 132,640.13 42,077 31.7%

2007 184,522.96 52,277 28.3%

2008 209,062.00 72,024 34.5%

2009 177,287.10 63,161 35.6%

2010 208,659.00 73,499 35.2%

2011 213,526.90 79,612 37.3%

2012 227,176.41 82,017 36.1%

Source: REGIDESO

Figure 12: Electricity use by consumer category in 2007

Electricity use by consumer category in 2007

1% Government 5% 7% 5% 3% Religious organization 7% 1% Town halls + communes General + business Industry 14% Households State-owned companies Administration with personalized management 42% 15% Diplomatic and consular missions Comsumption by REGIDESO Prepayment meter customers

Source: REGIDESO

18 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

Figure 13: Electricity use by consumer category in 2012

Electricity use by consumer category in 2012

1% Government 5% 6% Religious organization 4% Town halls + communes 33% General + business Industry 20% Households State-owned companies Administration with personalized management Diplomatic and consular missions 3% 13% 3% Consumption by REGIDESO 12% Prepayment meter customers

Source: REGIDESO

Table 4: Breakdown of power consmption according to Studio Pietrangeli (SP)

Year 2008 2009 2010 Average SP category Households and prepayment 52.10% 50.40% 48.50% 50% Industry and business 35% 37.70% 39.60% 37% Public services and other 12.90% 11.90% 11.90% 12% Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100%

Source: Studio Pietrangeli, Lot 1A poste et centre de dispatching à Kamanyola, Lignes d’interconnexion et ligne de raccordement: rapport de l’étude de la demande, Énergie des Grands Lacs (EGL), March 2013

2.4.1.2 Impact of the electricity deficit transactions depends on the availability, stability and quality Currently, power consumption is restricted by the limits on genera- of voltage and frequency; tion by existing power plants and imports from the Ruzizi hydro- (iv) the significant losses of revenue suffered by restaurant own- electric power plants. The impact of the energy deficit on growth ers, hairdressing salons, mechanical workshops, garage own- and the standard of living of populations can be gauged through ers, welding workshops and various craftsmen due to numer- the contraction of certain activities: ous power outages; (v) the harm suffered by hospitals, maternity units and intensive (i) the decline in the industrial sector, which requires a sufficient care centers; quantity and quality of energy. For instance, the Musongati (vi) the obligation for some services to resort to expensive gen- nickel plant which requires nearly 200 MW cannot be set up erators which have extremely high running costs. due to the lack of an adequate electricity supply; (ii) the inadequate presence of agri-food processing industries, which require refrigeration systems that do not suffer from interruptions in the energy supply; (iii) the difficulties in the operation of certain high-tech services such as telecommunications, aviation, computer systems, tourism and various other services where the success of

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 19 CHAPTER 2

Table 5: Comparison of certain economic performance indicators

INDICATORS BURUNDI RWANDA MAURITIUS

1 « Doing Business »rankings

2009 177 143 24

2010 176 67 17

2011 177 50 21

2012 169 45 23

2013 159 52 19

2014 140 32 20

2 Rate of economic growth (GDP) in 2012 4% 7.9% 3.2%

3 Net inflows of foreign direct investment (2012) 604,000 USD 160 millions USD 361 millions USD

4 Crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,123 kg 2,169 kg 3,901 kg

5 Area (km²) 25,680 km² 26,340 km² 2,040 km²

Source: World Bank

2.4.2. Small contribution of the private sector and the the past few years. The table below shows how improvement in business environment the business climate is generally accompanied by high economic The private sector is a key driver of growth in many countries. Its growth rates. Rwanda is a spectacular example. This country has emergence depends on improvement of the business climate and made a qualitative and quantitative leap within the space of five specific incentives. In Burundi, however, the private sector is at years. It rose from 143th in 2009 to 32nd in 2014 with a growth rate an embryonic stage due to a business climate that is not very fa- of almost 8 percent. Mauritius, a small island nation, is also perform- vorable despite the improvements made by the government over ing well.

20 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

Text box 2: the paramount importance of public policy, Mauritius an example of good practice

Although the size of a country can be a handicap and create human development indicators and governance indicators, problems, these problems can be overcome by well-designed Mauritius is among the highest-ranked African countries. public policies. The example of Mauritius illustrates this situa- Thanks to the implementation of prudent macroeconomic tion quite well. During the 1960s, the Nobel economics laure- policies, the country has been able to accelerate the transfor- ate James Meade was especially pessimistic about the future mation of its economy by attracting foreign direct investment of Mauritius, a small isolated island off the east coast of Africa. and encouraging the creation of robust institutions to support Mauritius depended on a single crop (sugar cane) and suffered growth. This example shows that the best remedy for macro- destabilizing jolts in the terms of trade, with high unemploy- economic instability is prevention through sound policies. This ment, and had no natural resources. But the country proved is also what the micro-states in the Caribbean have done. De- Meade wrong. It was rapidly transformed into a well-diversified spite its small size, Samoa was able to diversify its output and medium-income country and earned revenue from tourism, its export markets after an attack of leaf blight during the the financial sector, textiles and advanced technologies as well 1990s highlighted the importance of not relying on a single as sugar. In terms of economic reforms, income per capita, crop. Vulnerability is not inevitability for small states.

2.5. Potential for growth in Burundi capacity to innovate. In addition, agricultural development and the The potential for growth is based on a number of pillars, which promotion of tourism must occur at a sub-regional level. can only be built if the energy deficit is reduced. Without being exhaustive, we will choose five pillars, two of which are based on the development of agriculture and the promotion of tourism. The contribution of these two sectors to growth is centered on the

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 21 CHAPTER 2

Table 6: Hydroelectric power plants to be built at national level

HPP Capacity (in MW) Sponsor (s)

Mpanda 10.4 Government of Burundi

Kabu16 20 India

Jiji003 31.5 AfDB, WB, EU, EIB

Mule034 16.5 AfDB, WB, EU, EIB

Ruzb007 17 China

Kagu 006 8 Study in progress

Ruvu216 15 Study in progress

Ruvu169 20 Study in progress

Ruvu167 15 Study in progress

Source: MFPDE, Direction générale de la programmation, PIP 2014-2016.

Table 7: Hydroelectric power plants to be built at regional level

HPP Capacity (in MW) Sponsor (s)

Ruzizi III 147 PPP

Rusumo Falls 80 WB

Source: MFPDE, Direction générale de la programmation, PIP 2014-2016.

2.5.1. High energy potential the former DGHER, or around 11 percent of exploitable potential Energy potential can be analyzed at the national level as well as at with annual generation of 245 GWh per year. sub-regional level. Burundi also needs to exploit the hydropower potential that is 2.5.1.1. National potential already known about by placing into operation the hydroelectric There is considerable national generation potential. Without being power plants currently under development for which the studies exhaustive, we will limit ourselves mainly to hydroelectric resourc- are now finished or being prepared. Table 6 gives a summary of all es. In terms of sites with a generating capacity of more than 1 MW, hydroelectric power plants due to be built in the country. Burundi has the potential to generate 1,700 MW of hydro power, which equates to average output of 6,000 GWh per year; of this, The Mpanda power plant has been under construction for one a potential 300 MW (1,500 GWh) is regarded as economically ex- year with funding from the Burundian State Budget. Action is ploitable. According to the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Burundi being taken to fund the Kabu16 and JIJI003 & MULE034 projects (2011), the potential could be even greater because Burundi has through financial packages involving public-private partnership 159 potential hydropower sites and 29 sites, which are already in arrangements. use15 (MEM/UNDP, 2013). The installed generating capacity of the country’s hydroelectric power plants was only 33.75 MW in 2012 At regional level, Burundi, in partnership with the other countries including private sector hydroelectric power plants and those of in the sub-region, plans to build two hydroelectric power plants:

In addition to this main source, there is also solar and wind po- tential with solar radiation ranging between 4.6 and 5.1 kWh per square meter per day on the plains, as compared with 3.3 to 4 kWh per square meter per day at high altitudes. Proven peat reserves 15 Ministry of Energy and Mines/UNDP, Stratégie nationale de développement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables au Burundi à l’horizon 2030, Volume 1: are estimated at around 100 million tons, including 50 million tons résumé synthétique, Bujumbura, October 2013. of peat with a moisture content of 30 percent which are regarded

22 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

as exploitable. Exploitable peat reserves in Burundi could yield 2.5.2. Agriculture as a pillar of growth 200,000 tons per year over a period of 275 years. The peat bog Agriculture and economic development are closely linked. It has stretching from Gitanga to Matana alone could provide 20,000 tons justifiably been pointed out that no country has ever achieved of peat per year for 28 years. Wood resources, hydrocarbon reserves rapid economic productivity without first overcoming the chal- and geothermal resources are also available. lenge of food security. Data from industrialized countries show that agriculture has stimulated growth in non-agricultural sectors and 2.5.1.2. Community electricity potential fully supported the welfare of populations. Economic growth of Among the regional projects that are currently being developed, agricultural origin can make a significant contribution to the reduc- the most advanced are those involving the development of the Ru- tion of poverty and hunger. Therefore, investment in agriculture zizi III hydroelectric power plant16, which is shared between Burun- is a decision that is in step with the concerns of the international di, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the ongo- community in response to food security problems. The theme for ing development of the Rusumo Falls hydroelectric power plant by the 22nd summit of the African Union which took place in Addis the ECGLC for Great Lakes Energy (GLE), which is acting as sponsor, Ababa on 30 and 31 January 2014, which was “Transforming Af- and by the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NEL- rica’s agriculture for shared prosperity, inclusive growth and SAP). The financial package for these two projects was designed to sustainable development”, was selected in order to demonstrate take advantage of the various mechanisms of competition in the the importance of agriculture for development in Africa. financing, construction and management of hydroelectric power plants. The development process for these regional projects may The momentum in Burundi’s economy still lies in its agriculture be lengthy on the whole, but Burundi must keep a close eye on all sector. The first five-year economic and social development plan, project transactions until the agreements are signed. which dates from 1967, and all other plans have always focused on the agricultural sector as a means of promoting economic growth. Burundi’s development and economic growth model is still based on this sector. However, the trend observed over time shows the difficulty faced by an economy, which is struggling to improve due to the low level of GDP per capita, which has remained below 400 USD for five decades. The agricultural sector must continue to be 16 FICHTNER, Études de faisabilité, d’avant projet détaillé et rédaction des a central pillar of Burundi’s development model in order to ensure documents d’appel d’offres d’une centrale hydroélectrique sur la rivière Ruzizi- that food security does not become another source of social ten- Site RD: Avant-projet détaillé de l’aménagement hydroélectrique de Ruzizi III, sions in addition to the problem of youth unemployment. Rapport final, EGL, Bujumbura, May 2011.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 23 CHAPTER 2

The entire architecture of our analysis is based on identification A strategy of dividing up areas of land reserved exclusively for agri- of innovations derived from this sector for which Burundi has a culture could be considered. Burundi has immense potential in its comparative advantage. Burundi chose its development strategy marshland and plains, which could be put, to use in order to ad- through the PRSP II. This strategic planning document emphasizes dress the issue of agricultural productivity. The drainage basins that the agricultural sector productivity in the context of the rural econ- make up most of Burundi’s physical geography are another asset omy development. Other promising niches exist in the mining, ser- that could be used to boost the agricultural sector further. vice and tourism sectors. Agriculture and industry can only be coordinated if the whole of In agriculture, there is potential to promote innovations if they are the agricultural value chain is considered and if interventions are geared towards development of the value chain. There is also high supported. The question of agricultural diversification is very rel- domestic demand for innovations, which would increase productiv- evant. At the same time, low productivity is beginning to emerge ity and result in the emergence of a middle class, which would ben- as the contribution of the service sector to GDP rises. The cyclical efit from the consequences of the innovations and the jobs created. pattern observed in the coffee production figures makes agricul- tural diversification important. The success stories observed elsewhere show that neither the size of a country nor the arable area per capita impedes development 2.5.3. Tourism: “an exposed but growth-generating of the agricultural sector. The example of Mauritius shows that pro- sector” ductivity can be increased by gearing production towards sectors According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism has in which there is a comparative advantage. become the first service industry and the second largest in the world after the oil industry. It accounts for nearly 12 percent of Burundi’s land area, which is 0.5 ha per farm, is approaching its lim- global GDP and employs more than 200 million people, i.e. 8 per- its as the most important factor and source of income. Food crops cent of all working people. The number of tourists rose from 25 occupy around 30 percent of the country’s land area, cash crops million in 1950 to nearly 900 million in 2007. With a growth rate around 4 percent, cultivated marshland 3 percent, pasture 28 per- estimated at 5 percent per year, the number of tourists passed the cent, and the rest is made up of a variety of natural areas (afforesta- one billion mark in 2000 and will reach 1.6 billion in 2020. It has tion 5 percent, fallow land, uncultivated marshland, etc.)17. thus become a vital economic sector for some countries in both the North and the South. Tourism is regarded as a major factor for both development and poverty reduction.

However, the godsend that is tourism is very unevenly distributed. 17 Stratégie agricole nationale 2008-2015, May 2008 Today, Africa receives just 4 percent of visitor arrivals, and only a few

24 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

countries such as South Africa, Morocco, Kenya, Senegal, Egypt and exports more expensive, especially heavy goods such as petroleum Tunisia receive a significant proportion. Countries in the North are products, cement, steel reinforcement bars and salt. These costs thus the main beneficiaries, and they earn nearly 80 percent of the can increase prices by 25 percent to 300 percent depending on colossal revenues derived from tourism. In addition, tourism has the nature and origin of the goods18. Burundi stands to gain a com- negative social and environmental impacts. Over the past decade, parative advantage by becoming more fully integrated into sub- several new forms of tourism have emerged as alternatives to so- regional groups. It must expand points of entry and exit in order to called “mass” tourism, and they bring negative consequences due boost trade with its partners. In this context, development of road to their seasonal nature. These new forms of tourism include green infrastructures facilitates regional integration by having at least two tourism, social tourism, sustainable tourism, responsible tourism, positive effects: better accessibility and a reduction in transport solidarity tourism, ethical tourism, equitable tourism, environmen- costs19. There is, therefore, a link between the role of infrastructural tal tourism and ecotourism. The latter form of tourism seeks to take development and attractiveness for Foreign Direct Investment advantage of the natural and cultural heritage of the countries vis- (FDI). The latter can be a relevant response to the challenge of the ited to the benefit of populations living close to this heritage. It imbalance in Burundi’s balance of trade amid the EAC nations. Ta- contributes more effectively to poverty reduction. This means that ble 8 provides a good illustration of this situation. agricultural engineers have a role to play in the development of this virtuous form of tourism, as the populations affected by its de- Burundi has been a member of the East African Community (EAC) velopment are primarily rural populations for whom it can provide since 1 July 2007 and now benefits from the advantages of all pro- an additional source of income and a concrete incentive to protect jects and programs that help to resolve problems associated with natural areas. The global environment and efforts to deal with cli- remoteness from the sea. mate change will thus receive a boost. Burundi’s net exports to all EAC member states are negative. Im- In Burundi, tourism is an extremely fragile and competitive sector ports enter without customs duties being paid. Given the low level whose development can be envisaged within a sub-regional con- of foreign direct investment, Burundi would benefit more from of- text. The selection of this pillar is justified by its capacity and its po- fering incentives to attract investment through the concessions tential to boost economic growth through the strengthening of its offered for the free zone. Burundi’s isolation from the countries in contribution to the tertiary sector, the increase in foreign currency the sub-region makes imported raw materials more expensive. For reserves from tourism and the improvement of the country’s exter- businesses established in partner countries, it is economically justi- nal position in terms of its current account balance. fied to produce finished goods on the periphery and export them to Burundi as their products enter freely. If this trend continues, the The link between the development of tourism and economic free zone would be an alternative solution to reverse the trend in growth is viewed in terms of its potential to improve Burundi’s bal- the movement of imports and exports. ance of payments, which is structurally in deficit, with the entry of foreign currency. The tourism sector can thus reduce the instability of the macroeconomic framework and be a better alternative to the coffee sector in order to diversify the sources of foreign cur- rency that the country needs.

Burundi occupies a geostrategic position that could make it an im- portant hub at the sub-regional, regional and international levels. This explains why the country has decided to join various regional political and economic unions. Closer integration into the East Afri- can Community (EAC) can enable Burundi to boost its tourism sec- tor and benefit from its proximity to the countries in the sub-region.

2.5.4. Regional integration 18 World Bank, Economic Report no. 4784-BU, 198. Burundi’s isolated location causes serious problems for its econo- 19 Boopen SEETANAH & Jameel KHADAROO, Le rôle de l’infrastructure de my. For instance, it makes imports more expensive. The long dis- transport dans la capacité d’attirer l’IDE en Afrique, Proceedings of the 2007 tance between it and the sea pushes up transport costs, making African Economic Conference, AfDB & EAC.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 25 CHAPTER 2

Table 8: Balance of trade (imports and exports within the EAC), amounts in millions of BIF

Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

-13,759 -19,485 1,459

-13,786 -30,526 1,647

-21,151 -31,181 3,400 -4,051

-12,767 -23,284 172 -19,659

-21,695 -34,640 -707 -31,839

-22,692 -39,792 -26,504 -37,533

Source: Office burundais des recettes, Commissariat des douanes (SYDONIA).

Figure 14: Imports from the EAC (Tanzania from July 2009)

Imports to Burundi from the EAC (2007-2012) 50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000 Customs value (in millions)

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 KENYA UGANDA RWANDA TANZANIA

Source: Office burundais des recettes, Commissariat des douanes (SYDONIA).

Figure 15: Exports from Burundi to EAC countries

Exports from Burundi to EAC countries (2007-2013) 1,000,000,000

800,000,000

600,000,000

400,000,000

Customs value (millions) 200,000,000

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 KENYA UGANDA RWANDA TANZANIA

Source: Office burundais des recettes, Commissariat des douanes (SYDONIA).

26 2013 Human development Report in Burundi HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

2.5.5. Promoting innovation in Burundi: “an inadequately financial resources20. The budgets allocated to research centers and supported sector” to the promotion of innovation are too small for good results to Innovation is essential for growth. The 2007 Africa Competitiveness be expected. Table 10 presents the data on the budgets allocated Report measured the competitiveness profiles of each country. to research at the University of Burundi to support and promote One of the nine pillars chosen was innovation. This pillar gauges innovation. the potential of each country to promote innovation. The assess- ment criteria are shown in Table 9. Of the 128 countries that were assessed, Burundi lags far behind the other countries in the sub-re- gion, such as Kenya and Tanzania, which scored better. Burundi was 126th of 128 countries in terms of innovation capacity and 120th in 20 At the institutional level, nine (9) research centres within the University of Burundi were listed: (1) Centre universitaire de recherche pour le développement terms of government procurement of advanced technology prod- économique et social (CURDES) [University Research Centre for Economic and ucts, whereas Kenya was 52nd and 46th respectively. Social Development], (2) Centre de recherche universitaire sur la pharmacopée et la médecine traditionnelle (CRUPHAMET) [Centre for University Research on Pharmacopoeia and Traditional Medicine], (3) Centre de recherche universitaire It should be highlighted that innovation is one of the ten main ob- sur les énergies alternatives (CRUEA) [Centre for University Research on stacles identified by company bosses to improving the investment Alternative Energies], (4) Centre universitaire de recherche et de développement climate in countries. The other obstacles cited are: bureaucracy, de l’informatique à la Faculté des sciences (CURDIF) [University Centre for Computer Research and Development at the Faculty of Sciences], (5) Centre corruption, the courts, crime, non-declaration, finance, infrastruc- universitaire de recherche sur le petit élevage (CURPEL) [University Centre for ture, employment, tax administration and trade. Research on Small-scale Livestock Farming], (6) Centre universitaire de recherche médicale et sanitaire (CURMES) [University Centre for Medical and Health Research], (7) Centre universitaire de recherche en sciences humaines et sociales The promotion of innovation in Burundi is still a challenge and a (CURSHUS) [University Centre for Research on Human and Social Sciences], (8) major task. Consultations with officials in charge of coordinating Centre universitaire de recherche et d’étude de droit (CURED) [University Centre for Legal Research and Studies], (9) Centre de recherche universitaire en sciences research have highlighted the lack of a budget to support research de la terre (CRUST) [Centre for University Research on Earth Sciences]. Note that centers, and some of them exist only on paper due to the lack of there are other research centres, including ISABU and IRAZ.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 27 CHAPTER 2

Table 9: Comparison of innovation indicators

BURUNDI KENYA UGANDA TANZANIA INDICATORS SCORE RANK/128 SCORE RANK/128 SCORE RANK/128 SCORE RANK/128

Quality of scientific research institutions 2.4 124 4.5 31 4.3 34 4.2 40

Company spending on R&D 2.2 120 3.8 34 3.0 72 3.4 41

University-industryresearch collaboration 2.1 119 3.3 50 3.1 59 3.5 41

Govt. procurement of advanced technology products 2.9 120 3.9 46 3.9 47 4.1 36

Scientists and engineersworking in the country 3.8 102 4.6 57 4.1 85 4.4 70

Utility patents 0.0 80 0.3 60 0.0 80 0.0 80

Intellectual property protection 2.0 126 3.0 86 2.5 109 3.2 79

Capacity for innovation 2.2 126 3.3 52 2.8 87 2.6 99

Source: World Economic Forum, 2007 Africa Competitiveness Report.

Table 10: Support for research institutes to promote innovation

Academic year Subsidies to the Studies & research Laboratory equipment University of Burundi (Millions of BIF) and products (Millions of BIF) (Millions of BIF)

2010-2011 10,655.2 120 80

2011-2012 18,927.4 250 450

2012-2013 21,572.0 350 504

2013-2014 21,317.8 350 21 250 Source: University of Burundi, Department of Research.

21 This amount represents less than 250,000 USD.

28 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

Chapter 3

THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

As in some other developed and developing countries, Burundi is among young people than it is among people aged between 25 experiencing endemic unemployment, which is having a lasting, and 6423. More specifically, according to the 1-2-3 Survey, the un- effect on the youngest population category. In its World Develop- employment rate varies by age and is highest among those aged ment Report 2013, which is wholly devoted to the issue of em- 15-29, especially in the towns of Bujumbura (17.1 percent), Gitega ployment, the World Bank now regards youth unemployment as (10.9 percent) and Kirundo (7 percent24). Furthermore, according to a significant challenge. It estimates the number of young people ISTEEBU projections, young people aged between 15 and 29 will around the world who are not in work or education at nearly 621 make up the largest proportion of those that will enter the labor million22. market over the next few years. First-time job seekers, who make up nearly 56 percent, are at greater risk of unemployment than people In Burundi, according to the results of the 2008 census as quoted in the PRSP II, the unemployment rate is about three times higher

23 See also: Rapport final sur les travaux du FEGE, p. 27. 24 ISTEEBU, Enquête 1-2-3, phase 1: Enquête emploi-2008, Rapport final 22 World Bank, World Development Report (2013), p. 4. d’analyse, Bujumbura, November 2008, p. 8.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 29 CHAPTER 3

who are seeking work but have already worked in the past (44 per- 3.1. Main characteristics of the youth labor market cent). In addition, long-term unemployment (5 years on average) in Burundi affects 93 percent of first-time job seekers and 76 percent of job In Burundi, the youth labor market is characterized by: (i) a short- seekers who have worked in the past25. age of reliable and up-to-date statistics; (ii) the absence of a real national employment policy; (iii) wide disparities in terms of sectors As in other countries, the causes of youth employment in Burundi of activity: geography, training and gender; and (iv) imbalance be- are varied and complex. They relate to both supply-side and de- tween supply and demand. However, Burundi’s economy has real mand-side factors. With regard to supply, the factors include the employment potential in sectors and segments with high innova- weakness of growth due primarily to an embryonic private sector, tion potential. which creates essentially no or few jobs, a public sector which is in- creasingly constrained by Structural Adjustment Policies, and high 3.1.1. Shortage of reliable and up-to-date statistics population growth. On the demand side, training is generally not In Burundi, as in several developing countries, the issue of the avail- in line with the needs of the labor market and is often too theo- ability of statistics arises in almost all sectors of economic activity. retical and does not encourage an approach based on enterprise Analysis of the labor market is no exception. Where statistics exist, and creativity. Young people prefer having a salaried job to creating they are inadequate in terms of quality and quantity. their own business, especially since the task of starting up a small business is fraught with difficulties26 (MFPDE/UNDP, 2012). In relation to employment, and youth employment in particular, there is a glaring lack of statistics over a long period that would The issue of youth employment should therefore be regarded make it possible to track the development of the phenomenon. as a real concern by the government of Burundi. However, the ­responses to date have been emergency measures, such as27 (i) The most recent statistics available date back to 2008, are often in- temporary work schemes for demobilized soldiers and a number of complete and come from a few sources which include the 2008 pilot projects to stimulate local economic activity or the reintegra- General Population and Housing Census, the phase 1 report on the tion of groups affected by the crisis; (ii) the organization of first job 1-2-3 employment survey which was carried out in the towns of training schemes for young graduates; (iii) assistance with access to Bujumbura, Gitega, Makamba and Kirundo in 2008, and the results microcredit and the creation of centers for young people at com- of the 2006 survey on core population welfare indicators known mune level; (vi) the development of labor-intensive employment as CWIQ (Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire). The employment strategies (MFPDE/UNDP, 2013). survey that is currently being carried out by ISTEEBU will provide viable data. These emergency measures and targeted interventions have led the government to set out a genuine national employment policy 3.1.2. Lack of a proper national employment policy that can foster the creation of decent and sustainable jobs. The issue of employment features prominently in statements made by the Burundian authorities. This concern features regularly in the This third chapter is devoted to employment and structured main planning documents, namely: the “Burundi 2025 Vision”, the around two main aspects. First, it presents the main characteristics Second-Generation Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP II) and of the youth labor market in Burundi. It then demonstrates that the National Strategy for Good Governance and the Prevention of despite the significant imbalance observed between supply and Corruption (2011-2015). These statements have been reflected in, demand in the labor market, there is significant employment po- for instance, the creation of the Agence burundaise pour l’emploi tential which merely needs to be tapped into. des jeunes (ABEJ) (Burundian Youth Employment Agency),28 which is becoming the government’s task force for the promotion of youth employment. Over the first two years of its existence, the ABEJ has already received 2,500 cases. It provides entrepreneur- ship training jointly with the Agence de promotion des investisse-

25 The first-time job seekers identified as young people are those whose age does not exceed 25. 26 République du Burundi, Rapport sur les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le 28 Initially, the project was led by the United Nations Office in Burundi (BNUB) développement au Burundi, 2012. and focused on the issue of youth employment as part of its Peace building 27 République du Burundi, ministère des Finances et de la Planification du programme. At the end of the project, due to its relevance and in order to make développement économique (MFPDE), Agenda pour le développement Post- its achievements last, the government of Burundi, acting through the Ministry 2015, Rapport sur les consultations nationales au Burundi, May 2013. of Young People, Sports and Culture, created the ABEJ.

30 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

Table 11: Achievements of the ABEJ in 2013

Project Activities carried out Outcomes achieved Period

First job training scheme Placing and monitoring young trainees 250 young people placed and monitored March-November

Entrepreneurship training Training seminar held jointly with API and ISGE 30 young university graduates trained September

Computer skills training Continuous training of students during the summer holidays 20 young people trained July-August Training 11 employees of the Renouveau du Burundi newspaper 11 managers being trained November-December

Continuous computer skills and Sessions organized by American Corner 10 young people per day on average Continuous English training

Source: ABEJ, Rapport des réalisations en 2013.

ments (API) [Investment Promotion Agency] and CONFEJES. The (i) trends in the labor market and macroeconomic policies that outcomes of its activities in 2013 are shown in Table 11. may influence the level of employment; (ii) sectors with job crea- tion prospects and sector-wide investment strategies that can pro- The ABEJ’s activities are limited by the small amounts of funding mote economic development for businesses, including SMRs; (iii) and its staffing, which is still highly inadequate. Alongside the ABEJ, vocational training; (iv) financing mechanisms;(v) the institutional the Observatoire national de l’emploi et de la formation (ONEF) framework for governance and dialogue between unions and em- (National Monitoring Unit for Employment and Training) was cre- ployers for job creation; (vi) the incorporation of gender into na- ated in 2009 by order of the minister whose responsibilities include tional policies and employment promotion schemes, and (vii) the employment and advanced vocational training, but it did not im- incorporation of social welfare into employment policy. mediately begin work due to a lack of funding. The ONEF does have a legal and institutional framework, however. Other initiatives 3.1.3. Wide disparities in the labor market have been implemented, such as the Observatoire de l’emploi et The labor market in Burundi is characterized in particular by numer- de la formation to replace the Département de l’emploi et de la ous disparities in terms of sectors of activity, geography, training main-d’œuvre (DEMO) (Department of Employment and Labor), and gender. which identified job and placement opportunities for beneficiaries. It should also be noted that the replacement of this Department 3.1.3.1. Disparities related to sectors of activity by the Inspection du travail (Labor Inspectorate) has not helped In Burundi, disparities related to sectors of activity are very clear. A improve the situation29. large number of working people are employed in the primary sec- tor and the informal private sector. These multiple initiatives show not only that employment is a mat- ter of national concern, but also, in particular, that there is a lack of a consistent strategy in the form of a National Employment Policy (NEP). Fortunately, the government, with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the African Development Bank (AfDB), has just finished devising the National Employment Policy (NEP). This document, which is currently await- ing implementation, was designed on the basis of seven themes:30

29 Note: Details of the roles of the Observatoire de l’emploi et de la formation and the employment and training promotion service or agency may be found in: Rapport de synthèse des études thématiques présenté au FEGE en vue de la formulation de la PNE, Bujumbura, August 2013. 30 République du Burundi, Rapport de synthèse des études thématiques présenté au FEGE en vue de la formulation de la PNE, Bujumbura, August 2013.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 31 CHAPTER 3

3.1.3.1.1. A large proportion of workers are in the primary As Table 12 shows, the vast majority of Burundi’s population is sector employed in agriculture on a daily basis. 99.41 percent of people The statistics provided by the 2008 General Population and Hous- employed in the primary sector are in the subsistence-farming seg- ing Census show that Burundi’s economic activity is dominated ment. The statistics also show that subsistence farming employs by primary sector jobs (90 percent), followed by the tertiary sec- more women (1,433,665) than men (1,204,109), or 54.35 percent as tor, which only employs 8 percent of the workforce; the majority of compared with 45.65 percent. these jobs are concentrated within trade and the public sector. The secondary sector, which employs just 2 percent of the workforce, is mainly concentrated in construction, and is absent in rural areas.31 According to figures published by ISTEEBU in 2010, the breakdown by sector of activity shows that 88.57 percent of workers are in the primary sector, 1.80 percent is in the secondary sector and 9.63 per- cent are in the tertiary sector.

31 République du Burundi, Note d’orientation pour l’intégration de l’emploi, en particulier des jeunes, dans le CSLP II, Bujumbura, May 2011, p. 5.

32 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

Table 12: Employed workers by sector of economic activity

Branch of economic activity Men Women Both sexes

Workers % Workers % Workers %

Subsistence farming 1,204,109 99.02% 1 433,665 99.74% 2,637,774 99.41%

Export agriculture 2,898 0.24% 2,334 0.16% 5,232 0.20%

Forestry, logging, related services, gathering 601 0.05% 390 0.03% 991 0.04%

Livestock rearing and hunting 4,706 0.39% 838 0.06% 5,544 0.21%

Fishing, fish farming, aquaculture 3,674 0.30% 133 0.01% 3,807 0.14%

Primary sector 1,215,988 100% 1,437,360 100% 2,653,348 100%

Proportion of primary sector 84.34% 92.48% 88.57%

Extractive activities 1,604 3.69% 203 1.93% 1,807 3.35%

Agri-food industries 1,641 3.78% 334 3.18% 1,975 3.66%

Other manufacturing industries 15,009 34.54% 7,295 69.44% 22,304 41.34%

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 1,537 3.54% 267 2.54% 1,804 3.34%

Construction 23,658 54.45% 2,406 22.90% 26,064 48.31%

Secondary sector 43,449 100% 10,505 100% 53,954 100%

Proportion of secondary sector Trading, repair of vehicles 3.01% 0.68% 1.80%

Transport, auxiliary transport activities and Communication 39,026 21.41% 17,417 16.39% 56,443 19.56%

Financial activities 15,023 8.24% 1,049 0.99% 16,072 5.57%

Other market services 3,762 2.06% 3,468 3.26% 7,230 2.51%

Government administration activities 2,929 1.61% 793 0.75% 3,722 1.29%

Education 15,664 8.59% 3,833 3.61% 19,497 6.76%

Healthcare and social work 18,569 10.19% 14,430 13.58% 32,999 11.44%

Collective or individual Activities 4,743 2.60% 3,950 3.72% 8,693 3.01%

Activities of households as employers of domestic Staff 7,451 4.09% 1,817 1.71% 9,268 3.21%

Branch of activity not specified 27,411 15.04% 13,842 13.02% 41,253 14.30%

Tertiary sector 47,680 26.16% 45,691 42.99% 93,371 32.36%

Proportion of tertiary sector 182,258 100% 106,290 100% 288,548 100%

Total 12.64% 6.84% 9.63%

Total 1,441,695 100.00% 1,554,155 100.00% 2,995,850 100.00%

Source: Composed of data from Annuaire statistique du Burundi 2010, p. 20 and Revue des statistiques de la sécurité sociale, No. 24, p. 4-5.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 33 CHAPTER 3

3.1.3.1.2. High numbers of jobs in the informal private sector Table 13: Distribution of jobs by sector According to the policy brief on the incorporation of employment into the PRSP II produced by the MFPTSS, the informal sector ac- Sector Proportion of jobs counts for the bulk of Burundi’s labor market. 2006 2007

The statistics in Table 13, which date back to 2007, show that the in- Administration 10.1% 10.0% formal private sector was the country’s biggest employer with 78.8 Public enterprises 5.4% 7.5% percent of active workers in 2006 and 76.3 percent in 2007. Only 10 Formal private sector 1.2% 2.5% percent of active workers were employed in administration, while public enterprises employed 5.4 percent in 2006 and 7.5 percent Informal private sector 78.8% 76.3% in 2007. The statistics produced by ISTEEBU in 2010 and by INSS in Community enterprises 4.5% 3.7% 2011 confirm that the informal sector employs the largest majority of workers of any sector of activity (see Figure 16). 100% 100% Source: MFPTSS/Note d’orientation pour l’intégration de l’emploi dans le CSLP II.

Figure 16: Workers employed in the formal and informal sectors

100

80

60 % 40

20

0 Primary Secondary Tertiary Total Formal Informal

Source: drawn up using data produced by ISTEEBU

34 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

3.1.3.2. Geographical disparities around 11 percent in rural areas37. According to the 1-2-3 employ- Geographical disparities show that unemployment is an urban ment survey that was conducted in four cities (Bujumbura City Hall, phenomenon, while under-employment is a rural phenomenon. Gitega, Kirundo and Makamba), unemployment within the mean- ing of the BIT is essentially urban. In 2008, it affected 11.7 percent 3.1.3.2.1. Predominance of under-employment in rural areas of people of working age in all urban areas combined38. Unemploy- The structure of Burundi’s agriculture-dominated economy is such ment is high in urban areas because the levels of economic ac- that a large proportion of the population is clustered in rural ar- tivity and pay in rural areas are low; this explains the rural exodus eas. Burundi’s rural population is estimated at 93.7 percent as com- of young people. The opportunities offered by cities attract many pared with 6.3 percent in urban areas32 with a population density young people, especially the most educated. of 310 inhabitants per square kilometer, which puts the country second after Rwanda (Refes/UNDP, 2009). The area of land farmed According to ISTEEBU, the high unemployment rate in Burundi’s by each Burundian household is estimated at 0.5 ha for an aver- towns is also due to the weak propensity of young people to create age of 4.52 persons per household33. This explains the scale of their own informal production unit (IPU)39. Young people are not under-employment. sufficiently prepared to adopt a spirit of creativity. The statistics produced by the 2006 CWIQ survey34 clearly illustrate the issue of under-employment, which is directly linked to subsist- 3.1.3.3. Training-related unemployment disparities ence agriculture and the pressure exerted by a high population. For Wide disparities exist among unemployed young people in terms example, the land area owned by the majority of rural households of training. The available statistics show that unemployment in- (83.5 percent) is less than 3 hectares, and more than half of house- creases with a person’s level of education. In other words, the more holds (57.2 percent) own less than one hectare. Just 2.2 percent35 educated a person is, the less chance he has of easily finding a job. of households own 6 hectares or more. Furthermore, eight in ten households (82.7 percent) said that there had been no changes in In rural areas, despite the under-employment, the majority of em- the land area that they owned over the year preceding the survey. ployed persons work in agriculture (95.3 percent of the workforce). However, more than one in ten households (11.5 percent) said that Among these workers, the proportion that has completed second- there had been a decrease in the area of land that they farmed. ary education is lower than the proportion of those who have only Under-employment in rural areas is also clearly illustrated by a completed primary education. The proportion of those who have study carried out by the Centre national d’alerte et de prévention des completed higher education is even lower. According to the statis- conflits (CENAP) [National Conflict Alert and Prevention Centre].36 tics, over 85 percent of the workforce employed in agriculture, the This study shows that the statutory number of working hours in public buildings and works sector and extractive industry sectors is Burundi is 40 hours per week. In some areas, however, farmers who made up of people who have only completed primary education, have to rely on working their own land, work for less than a week in as compared with 1.4 percent of employees who have completed a whole year and have to ask neighbors for work so that they can secondary or higher education40. try to meet their own essential needs, without success. Above, we stated that unemployment is more of an urban than 3.1.3.2.2. Prédominance du chômage en milieu urbain a rural phenomenon. Analyses show that unemployment af- With young people making up nearly to 73.2 percent of its pop- fects 10.7 percent of people of working age who did not go to ulation as of 30 August 2008, Burundi has an extremely high un- school, 13.7 percent of those who attended primary school, 18.9 employment rate: 14.6 percent in urban areas as compared with percent of those who completed general secondary education,

32 République du Burundi, “Cadre stratégique de croissance et de lutte contre 37 République du Burundi, ministère des Finances et de la Planification la pauvreté, Rapport de la première année de mise en œuvre”, November 2009. Développement économique (MFPDE), Agenda pour le développement Post- 33 CENAP, “Défis à la paix durable: autoportrait du Burundi”, Bujumbura, 2015, Rapport sur les consultations nationales au Burundi, May 2013, p.48. November 2008. 38 ISTEEBU, Rapport final d’analyse sur l’Enquête emploi 1-2-3, Bujumbura, 34 République du Burundi, Rapport final de l’enquête QUIBB 2006, Bujumbura, November 2008, p.8. June 2006, p.42. 39 ISTEEBU, “Les statistiques, un outil pour piloter l’économie”, Bujumbura, p. 35 Ibid 35. 36 CENAP, “Défis à la paix durable: autoportrait du Burundi”, Bujumbura, 40 CENAP, “Défis à la paix durable: autoportrait du Burundi”, Bujumbura, November 2008. November 2008.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 35 CHAPTER 3

and 12 percent of people of working age who completed higher compared with 85.7 percent of men, which deprives women of the education41. benefit of another productive form of capital: cattle.43

3.1.3.4. Gender-related unemployment disparities In addition, a study carried out by the Observatoire de l’action In Burundi, despite certain significant advances towards a reduc- gouvernementale (OAG) (Government Action Monitoring Unit) on tion of gender-related disparities, the labor market is characterized women’s involvement in decision-making bodies in March 2012 by the following gender disparities and inequalities in terms of ac- shows that they are poorly represented. For example, according cess to employment: (i) unemployment is higher among women to this study, women make up just 8 percent of senior persons in than among men; (ii) women find it difficult to access certain charge within para-public institutions, 31.1 percent of persons who economic sectors; (iii) women find it difficult to access resources hold managerial positions and 13.1 percent of persons who man- and factors of production; and (iv) women find it difficult to access age branches or offices of financial institutions, making an overall decision-making posts. average of 20.1 percent in positions of responsibility within these para-public institutions.44 In relation to the high unemployment rate, the 1-2-3 survey carried out in 2008 in four cities (Bujumbura City Hall, Gitega, Kirundo and Another reason for gender disparities is the way in which recruit- Makamba) shows that women are more affected by unemploy- ment procedures are organized. According to interviews with trade ment than men, with a rate of 13.5 percent as compared with 10 union leaders, appointments and internal promotions occur on the percent for men42. basis of political rather than objective criteria. However, despite the gender disparities, the government of the Republic of Burundi has As for the difficulty in accessing certain economic sectors, the Gen- taken many decisions, such as the enactment of Law no. 1/22 of 18 eral Population and Housing Census indicates that women make September 2009 to amend the Electoral Code, which guarantees up just 2 percent of the workforce in the secondary sector and 4 positive discrimination in favour of women to encourage their ac- percent of workers in the tertiary sector. Women are more strongly cess to political decision-making bodies. represented in domestic work, especially subsistence farming (54.35 percent), but less so in so-called male professions such as 3.1.4. Imbalance between supply and demand for fishing and fish farming (3.9 percent), extractive activities (11.9 per- employment cent), construction (9.3 percent) and transport and telecommuni- The imbalance between supply and demand within the labor mar- cations (6.33 percent). The allocation of domestic and family tasks is ket has increased over the years. When it gained independence, very unequal and makes it harder for women to access paid jobs or Burundi, like several other developing countries in south of the to invest or participate in income-generating activities. Sahara, did not have enough native managers to make up for the departure of colonial managers. Very few Burundians had been to As for the difficulty that women have in accessing resources and university. The imbalance within the market was due to an abun- factors of production, it should be noted that the volume of re- dant supply of work. Graduates of any level could be certain of find- sources allocated to the agricultural sector is still small, and most of ing a job. The situation has changed considerably. The SAPs created the female population works in this sector. by Bretton Woods institutions caused considerable reductions in the numbers of jobs in the public and private sectors. Today, the Land tenure is dominated by patriarchal management, which pre- public sector, which is the biggest provider of jobs in the formal vents women from becoming landowners easily. Privately-owned sector, is allowed to recruit subject to certain restrictions and only land is governed by customary law and passed down from father within social sectors such as healthcare, education and justice, to son, which prevents women from becoming landowners. Ac- without fully absorbing the demand. But public sector employ- cording to the 2008 General Population and Housing Census, of ment is a long way from being able to satisfy the current overall the 80.2 percent of Burundians who owned land, only 17.1 percent level of demand given the number of people who have completed were women, while 62.5 percent were men. According to the same secondary and higher education, which is estimated at between survey, only 15.2 percent of women practiced livestock farming as

43 République du Burundi, MFPTSS, Rapport de synthèse des études thématiques présenté au FEGE en vue de la formulation de la PNE, Bujumbura, 41 Ibid 25 August 2013, p. 73. 42 ISTEEBU, Rapport final sur l’enquête 1-2-3 sur l’emploi, p. 8. 44 Ibid.

36 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

25,000 and 30,000 per year, and the limited capacity of the public necessary to diversify the agricultural sector; (ii) the creation of ru- sector, which is estimated at 8,000 jobs. ral small enterprises to preserve and process agricultural produce would be another innovation to deal with the challenge of the 3.1.4.1. Inadequate supply of employment shortage of land; (iii) the introduction of new irrigation methods. Inadequate supply of employment in general and youth employ- ment in particular, is a reality in Burundi. It is due to the following Continuation of the policy of decentralization and innovation with- factors in particular: (i) weak economic activity; (ii) a low level of job in the agricultural sector will be a prerequisite for the development creation in the public and para-public sectors; (iii) an undeveloped of Burundi’s rural areas. private sector; (iv) a lack of innovation; (v) a level of savings, and hence low capital formation capacity. 3.1.4.1.2. Low job creation in the public and para-public sectors 3.1.4.1.1. Weak economic activity After the civil war, and in particular due to the implementation of The weakness of economic activity is due to the energy deficit re- the SAP, the thrust of the country’s policy was to reduce public ferred to above (see Chapter 2), which affects (i) the level of indus- spending further and boost the implementation of policies of lib- trialization of Burundian companies; this is exacerbated by (ii) the eralization and the privatization of public enterprises. These strate- shortage of land, etc. gies reduced the supply of public sector employment and geared it towards certain social sectors such as education, healthcare and a. Low level of industrialization justice. For the other ministries, the government merely replaces With regard to the industrial sector, it must be said that in general, those who retire. it is not very developed. Its contribution to GDP is around 5 per- cent. It faces several constraints, including: (i) the dilapidated state Table 14: Changes in number of new public sector workers of equipment; (ii) the use of obsolete technologies; (iii) under-use of installed capacities; (iv) the low level of competitiveness; (v) the Ministry 2009 2010 shortage of energy; and (vi) high fiscal pressure. The combination Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education, Vocational 5,566 6,482 of these factors explains the weak level of economic activity. Education and Literacy

Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control 858 1021 b. Shortage and gradual loss of fertility of land The availability of arable land is a crucial issue in Burundi. The coun- Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Farming 571 115 2 try has a land area of 27,834 km and according to the 2008 general Ministry of Justice 238 222 census; the population was 8,053,574, with an average density of 310 inhabitants per square kilometer45. Burundi is therefore consid- Total for all ministries 7,719 8,077 ered as being among the most densely populated countries, with population growth estimated at 2.4 percent46. Burundi’s population Source: MFPTSS-CENAP / Workshop on 19 and 20 April 2011. will probably pass the 10 million mark in 2016.47 On the basis of these figures, it becomes clear, especially for a country where the majority of the population lives in rural areas (90 percent of the population) and where 97 percent of inhabitants mainly live of ag- The public sector, which is regarded as the main provider of jobs in riculture and livestock farming, that the shortage of land is a weak- the formal sector48, now employs less than 1 percent of Burundi’s ness in terms of economic activity. total population and less than 2 percent of the working population.

However, this problem can be overcome through innovation: (i) 3.1.4.1.3. Undeveloped private sector urbanization of rural areas could free up the additional arable land The private sector is the main driver of job creation and the source of 90 percent of all jobs in the developing world49. In Burundi, the contribution made by the private sector to the supply of employ- ment is still small. The proportion of jobs in urban areas account-

45 République du Burundi, CSLP II, Note d’orientation pour les consultations sectorielles – Secteur agriculture et développement du monde rural, Bujumbura, April 2011, p. 8. 46 Burundi, Rapport sur les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement 2012, August, 2013, p.7 48 MFPTSS-CENAP / Workshop of 19 and 20 April 2011. 47 Ibid. 49 World Bank, World Development Report: Jobs, p. 3.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 37 CHAPTER 3

ed for by the private sector is 6.5 percent50. Although the Doing from tree branches. However, innovation can cause job losses. For Business 2014 report published on 29 October 2013 classed Bu- instance, the introduction of new beer brewing methods with au- rundi as one of the ten economies out of 189 that had made the tomation at Brarudi caused a reduction in staff numbers from 1,600 most progress since the previous year, in terms of improvement of to around 400. the business climate51, a positive impact on employment is not yet clearly visible. This shows the extent to which current efforts must 3.1.4.1.5. Low level of savings and capital formation continue in order to attract FDI to all economic sectors. The low level of savings due to the high rate of financial poverty is having a big impact on the labor market. A large proportion 3.1.4.1.4. Lack of innovation of household income is spent on consumption, and this reduces Innovation plays a dominant role in the creation and sustainability saving. This situation stems from the fact that the majority of the of employment on the one hand, and support for economic growth primary sector, which makes the biggest contribution to GDP, is on the other hand. The first major innovation is a shift in attitudes. dominated by subsistence farming. This does not allow people to Its importance was recognized a few years ago by 78 countries in produce surpluses that they can sell and hence does not generate Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) including Burundi with incomes, which could be partly spent on investment. This gives rise the creation of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co- to a vicious circle of under-development: small incomes, the major- operation ACP-EU (CTA), the role of which is to facilitate access to ity of which are spent on consumption result in low levels of sav- and distribution of information in the agricultural sector and the ings, which in turn result in a low level of capital formation. This lack development of rural areas. of capital does not facilitate the creation of businesses and jobs.

The technological environment in Burundi is archaic. The financial 3.1.4.2. High and inadequately qualified demand for poverty of the great majority of the population, the low level of lo- employment cal innovation capacity, the slow adoption of modern technologies The issue of the abundant and poorly qualified demand for em- and the non-adapted training system are among the main handi- ployment in Burundi becomes particularly clear when one consid- caps identified in the 2025 Vision as causes of the poor technologi- ers the statistics provided by the population and housing census cal progress. In addition to these identified handicaps, there is also concerning the proportions of the active and inactive populations, the low rate of penetration of new information and communication and the proportion of the employed working population and the technologies; it has been indicated that this rate is around 5.6 per- population of job seekers. cent for telephones and 0.1 percent for Internet access52. This lack of innovation is another reason for the imbalance between supply and demand for employment in Burundi. With a view to develop- ing innovation in sectors offering potential for economic growth, the 2025 Vision envisages, for example, promotion and diversifica- tion of agriculture and livestock farming through the introduction of new cash crops and the development of livestock production.

Despite the low level of innovation, some Burundians understand its importance and especially the fact that innovation is possible even with limited resources and through a prior change in at- titudes rather than a move towards cutting-edge technology. In the province of Kayanza, for example, as a result of the shortage of land, some inhabitants have implemented innovations in farming methods by planting in bags full of soil, which are hung

50 ISTEEBU, “Burundi, les chiffres-clés de l’économie”, May 2008, p. 33. 51 The report mentions, in ascending order, Ukraine, Rwanda, Russia, the Philippines, Kosovo, Djibouti, Côte d’Ivoire, Burundi, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Guatemala. 52 République du Burundi, MFPDE, Rapport des consultations nationales au Burundi, p. 24.

38 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

Table 15: Active and inactive populations by age bracket in 2008

Age Active population Inactive population Total population aged 10 + Numbers % Numbers %

10-14 120,059 12.1 869,991 87.9 990,050

15-19 361,488 37.6 600,849 62.4 962,337

20-24 492,475 65.3 261,358 34.7 753,833

25-29 455,301 88.2 126,904 21.8 582,205

30-34 330,193 83.0 67,672 17.0 397,865

35-39 314,153 86.0 51,306 14.0 365,459

40-44 260,379 87.0 39,000 13.0 299,379

45-49 248,235 89.0 30,662 11.0 278,897

50-54 202,529 89.1 24,855 10.9 227384

55-59 124,306 88.0 16,944 12.0 141,250

60-64 90,528 84.5 16,559 15.5 107,087

65-69 54,255 80.8 12,923 19.2 67,178

70 et + 102,493 66.6 51,503 33.4 153,996

ND 2,813 51.2 2,683 48.8 5,496

Total 3,159,207 59.2 2,173,209 40.8 5,332,416

Source: République du Burundi, ministère de l’Intérieur, Bureau central du recensement, Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat du Burundi 2008, volume 1: Tableaux statistiques, Bujumbura, 2011, p. 67.

3.1.4.2.1. Active and inactive populations Table 16 shows that the rate of employment among the active The active and inactive populations are broken down by age brack- population is 98.36 percent. The unemployment rate is just 1.63 et, as shown in Table 15. percent of the active population. A number of observers believe that the 98.36 percent employment rate is highly overestimated. The statistics in Table 15 show that the active population before The PRSP II gives explanations for this overestimated employment adjustment is estimated at 3,159,207 inhabitants. As per the rules rate. In reality, people living in the countryside often say that they of the International Labour Organization (ILO), the under-15 age are employed in agricultural activities when in actual fact they are category and the over-65 category are not counted as being part under-employed. So the statistics hide several forms of disguised of the active population. To comply with these ILO rules, the ac- forms of unemployment. Furthermore, this abundant demand for tive population is brought down to 2,832,639 inhabitants. The em- work is inadequately skilled. Burundi’s labor market suffers from ployed active population and the active population that is seeking a lack of skilled and able workers, and this spurs businesses to resort first employment, i.e. the unemployed, can be found in the table to foreign labor. below. 3.1.4.2.3. High levels of migration to the cities (rural exodus) 3.1.4.2.2. Employed active population and number of job Migratory movements are caused by the high population growth seekers and are resulting in an increase in the urban population. Studies Table 16 analyzes the structure of the active population after ad- show that the rate of increase is 8 percent per annum; this is higher justment in greater detail. It shows both the numbers of active peo- than the average rate across Africa as a whole, which is estimated ple who are employed and the number of active people who are at 5 percent. However, these same studies show that Burundi is one seeking work. of Africa’s least urbanized countries. This migration to the cities is

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 39 CHAPTER 3

Table 16: Breakdown of the active population into “employed population” and “unemployed persons and other seeking their first job” in 2008

Category Employed population Population seeking a first job Total

Number Rate Number Rate

15-19 355,030 98.2 6,458 1.8 361,488

20-24 483,010 98.1 9,465 1.9 492,475

25-29 444,855 97.7 10,446 2.3 455,301

30-34 323,611 98.0 6,582 2.0 330,193

35-39 309,583 98.5 4,570 1.5 314,153

40-44 257,296 98.8 3,083 1.2 260,379

45-49 245,614 98.9 2,621 1.1 248,235

50-54 200,614 99.1 1,915 0.9 202,529

55-59 123,206 99.1 1,100 0.9 124,306

60-64 89,820 99.2 708 0.8 90,528

Total 2,832,639 98.36 46,948 1.63 2,879,587

Source: Drawn up using data from: Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat du Burundi 2008, volume 1: tableaux statistiques, Bujumbura, 2011, p. 67.

causing Burundi’s small cities to be overpopulated and is exacer- 3.2. Real employment potential in sectors offering bating the problem of youth unemployment. potential for growth and sectors with high innovation potential 3.1.4.2.4. Inadequacy of training for employment Burundi has many sectors that offer potential for growth and great The inadequacy of training for employment is a real problem in potential for innovation, but these innovations have differential Burundi. Burundi’s education system is, to some extent, ill-suited timescale impacts. Some can have an impact in the short term (ag- to the needs of the country’s labor market. While the needs of the riculture and tourism) and others may have an impact in the long Burundian labor market are greatest in technical and professional term (such as mining, construction and regional integration). Given fields (applied science, physics, computing, etc.) and life sciences the urgency of the problem of unemployment, we have chosen to (medicine, pharmacy, biology, chemistry, etc.), Burundi’s education highlight agriculture and tourism, two sectors, which can have an system focuses heavily on general school/university education. impact in the short term.

This situation affects both supply and demand. On the demand 3.2.1. Agriculture side, young people say they find it very difficult to meet the re- There are opportunities for Burundi to create jobs in its agricultural quirements of the labor market, primarily because of the nature of sector given what has been achieved over the past few years, new their skills and their lack of experience. On the supply side, employ- innovation techniques and also factors that foster economic activ- ers say that it is difficult to find the skills they need within the avail- ity. With regard to achievements, civil society organizations say that able workforce. In addition, for employers, the cost is doubling, in the biggest achievement in this field is the increase in the budget terms of wages and the cost of in-company training. allocated to the agriculture sector. They also point out that with

40 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

its partners, the Burundian government has devised the National The Burundi 2025 Vision states that Burundi will use its geographi- Agricultural Investment Programme and developed industries (, cal location within the Great Lakes region to develop its tourism, , potatoes, beans, etc.). These achievements could make a and that a policy designed to complement those of neighbouring partial contribution to solving the problem of under-employment. countries will be developed with Burundi’s specific circumstances in mind. In terms of factors favorable to agriculture, Burundi has a plenti- ful supply of arable land and labor. Rational policies could increase However, a sound tourism development policy will require the pro- production and revenues and guarantee food security. Burundi motion of Burundi through “the use of new information and com- also has another asset: the climate is generally rainy for about munications technologies, the rehabilitation and development of nine months of the year, so it allows for favorable and long-term tourism infrastructures and tourist attractions, which were ravaged agriculture. by conflicts, and the strengthening of human capacities and pro- fessional skills to raise the quality of tourism-related products and As for new innovation techniques, the Burundian government services”57. The available statistics show that the number of tourist committed itself firmly in the Burundi 2025 Vision to the adoption stays in Burundi is low. The country does have tourist attractions, of a decentralization policy, one of the priority goals of which is though little use is made of them: 126 km of shoreline around Lake to promote strong rural development53. This goal is central to the Tanganyika, national parks, drainage basins, etc. modernization of the agricultural sector and increased productivity and yields so that food self-sufficiency can be achieved and so that In terms of institutions, a National Tourism Office (Office national du producer revenues can be increased54. According to the Burundi tourisme, ONT) has been created but lacks the necessary visibility, 2025 Vision, agricultural modernization will involve: (i) improved due to its position within other departments, to act as an influence supply and a reduction in the costs of agricultural inputs; (ii) the on the development of the tourism sector. Other countries have a identification and mainstreaming of efficient cultivation methods; ministry that is entirely devoted to tourism instead of including this (iii) the development of technologies to preserve, process and sector within the remit of other ministries, which obstructs access market agricultural produce; (iv) widespread introduction of high- to funding and institutional visibility. quality seeds; and (v) mastery of water Management55. The general idea here is to gradually transform subsistence farming into fam- In Burundi, the tourism sector can create jobs, especially for young ily agriculture, which is organized and geared towards commercial people. For example, when a tourist spends four nights in Burundi, agriculture56. he creates an annual job58. To make tourism a pillar of economic growth and job creation in Burundi, three types of tourism can be 3.2.2. Tourisme pursued: conference tourism, business tourism and leisure and en- The government of Burundi is aware that tourism is a potential vironmental tourism. growth sector. It is also aware that this sector offers real potential to create jobs, especially for young people. Conference tourism involves selling Bujumbura as a venue for sub- regional and even international conferences. This type of tourism is generally followed by business tourism, the aim of which is to present Burundi’s potential to businessmen who wish to invest

53 Burundi 2025 Vision, p.35 54 Ibid. 55 Ibid. 57 Burundi 2025 Vision, p. 37. 56 Economic Commission for Africa (African Union), Economic Report on 58 Field interview with the chief executive officer of the Office national du Africa 2006, pp. 131-137. tourisme (ONT).

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 41 CHAPTER 3

through participation in trade fairs held at international level and the region and create products tailored to this category. It must be even within the country. Leisure and environmental tourism is the borne in mind here that Burundi is a post-conflict country which final link in the chain, which follows from the other two types. does not lend itself in the short term to the type of leisure or mass tourism found in countries with major tourist destinations. More specifically, with regard to leisure and environmental tourism, Burundi can make use of the tourist products available to it, such as As for business tourism, Burundi’s geographical location means the banks of Lake Tanganyika, the natural forests of Kibira and Kig- that it can act as, for instance, a pivot point in business transactions wena, the spa waters of Munini and Mugara, and so on. It should be for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Republic noted that leisure and environmental tourism would be targeted of Tanzania. at the middle class, which is developing in the countries within the sub-region (such as Kenya and South Africa). To that end, the strategies to be implemented must target the middle class within

42 2013 Human development Report in Burundi THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI

Burundi can develop its tourism sector by implementing the Burundi has already implemented the policy to boost the sector by ­following two innovations: enacting the Mining Code (Code minier). In parallel, exploration has been stepped up at locations where traces have been identified. (i) The first innovation is an organizational innovation to make In the medium and long term, young Burundians can thus hope tourism visible within the governmental structure. To this for decent jobs to be created in this sector provided that Burundi end, in institutional terms, it is essential to position the man- increases its energy capacity. agement and coordination of this sector at a higher level in order to make it more visible within the government’s organ- 3.2.4. Regional integration izational structure; Sub-regional integration can be an asset for a country such as Bu- (ii) The second innovation would be to prioritize the sequence rundi due to the trade creation and diversion that it causes. Inte- of actions leading to a framework for a tourism develop- gration expands the market and becomes a source of economic ment plan in Burundi. To this end, the first stage would be growth. It makes capital and people within the community more to promote the capture of conference tourism, for which the mobile, and can thus be beneficial for young people who are seek- targets would take the form of numbers of conferences to ing work. The country also benefits from inputs of capital from for- be held during the year. Burundi is a member of over fifty eign businesses in all economic sectors, especially the service sec- international organizations, and its budgeted annual con- tor. In its 2025 Vision, Burundi plans to build on the results achieved tributions amount to over BIF 12 billion (USD 9 million) on by its education system by exporting expertise and skilled labor to average. The promotion of conference tourism would make the regional labor market and addressing the challenge of unem- it possible to derive benefits from this budgetary effort as a ployment60. However, Burundians should improve their knowledge return on the contributions to these international organiza- of English. They should take a proactive attitude and seek work tions. Conference tourism will have the knock-on effect of at- within the East African Community. For example, they should seek tracting business tourism and leisure tourism. to teach French in other countries within the Community.

The government of the Republic of Burundi has already demon- strated its political will to develop the tourism sector by drawing up the National Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Tourism (Stratégie nationale de développement durable du tourisme) (SNDDT). However, the ONT does not have enough funding to comfortably implement actions that could develop . The government, with the support of technical and financial partners, should make much greater efforts to develop this sector by allocat- ing a substantial budget and funding to it. Some of its concerns have been taken into account in the SNDDT.

As stated above, in addition to the tourism and agricultural sectors, other sectors with significant long-term growth potential can be developed. These are mining and regional integration.

3.2.3. Mining of mineral resources and construction Burundi’s mining sector faces economic and structural constraints but harbors remarkable potential with significant deposits that have already been explored, such as bauxite, cassiterite, phos- phates and limestone. The mining sector thus offers good potential for diversification of economic activities, higher incomes, job crea- tion and technological development59.

59 République du Burundi, Vision 2025, April 2010, p. 37. 60 République du Burundi, Vision 2025, April 2010, p. 43.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 43 Chapter 4

PROPOSED PILLARS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO GROWTH, PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND YOUTH EMPLOYMENT

The 2013 Human Development Report in Burundi provided an op- capacities. The Human Development Report also showed that the portunity, if one was still needed, to highlight the problems faced form of economic growth witnessed in Burundi has not met these by Burundi’s economy. These problems are not unique to Burundi conditions. On the contrary, it appears to have been weak and thus as many developed and developing countries also face them, and inadequate in terms of youth job creation. This weakness stems in some cases they are much more serious in those countries than from the fact that the economic growth has been driven by just in Burundi. The successes achieved by countries, which have im- one exported commodity (coffee) rather than an increase in inno- plemented courageous policies, show that nothing is inevitable. vation capacity. The recommendations that we propose, therefore, Strong and sustainable economic growth is widely acknowledged focus on three aspects. They are: (i) rethinking the growth model of in the literature as a necessary, but not sufficient condition for fos- Burundi’s economy; (ii) reforming the way the labor market works; tering development. In order to generate employment, this growth and (iii) promoting innovation in two sectors in particular, agricul- must also be inclusive and driven by the full use of production ture and tourism, which will fuel economic growth and create jobs.

44 2013 Human development Report in Burundi PROPOSED PILLARS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO GROWTH, PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND YOUTH EM

4.1. Rethinking the economic growth model - Action 2: Implement photovoltaic solar energy projects for which Changing the growth model is a priority for Burundi’s economy. the technology is already well tested around the world This change of direction must be based on better channeling of and which will take less than two years to implement; savings and investment towards sectors which have potential, high - Action 3: Import electricity through the development of inter- value added and a real knock-on effect. Innovation should now be connection networks; turned into an essential tool to improve the productivity of Burun- - Action 4: Make use of different forms of public-private partner- dian businesses. Burundi must build a strong and balanced growth ship (PPP) to mobilize the necessary finance to over- model, which is capable of creating a large amount of high-quality come the financing constraint; employment so that the wealth that is generated can be distrib- - Action 5: Use thermal power plants that run on peat as fuel; uted in a better way. This model should also tap into the potential - Action 6: Use other sources of alternative energy; of entrepreneurship and make use of the social economy. Burundi - Action 7: Increase reforestation; has considerable assets: human and natural resources, a privileged - Action 8: Increase prospecting for oil and other mineral reserves geographical position, immense potential in its marshland which with transparent management. can be used to develop integrated agriculture, renewable energy deposits, large-scale sector-wide strategies, and so on. These as- Proposal 2: Integrated management of water resources sets should be harnessed to strengthen the national economy’s - Action 1: Harvest rainwater at household level; ­potential for growth. - Action 2: Build dams to retain run-off water for small-scale hill- side irrigation; For growth to be sustainable, it is critical that its outcomes are dis- - Action 3: Use water from rivers and lakes rationally tributed in a better way. Better distribution of the wealth that is generated would make it possible to speed up the development Proposal 3: Strengthen the value chain in agriculture of a middle class that is capable of revitalizing the internal market Analysis of economic growth has highlighted the lack of coordi- and generating positive economic knock-on effects. It would also nation between agriculture and industry as a source of instability make it possible to boost social cohesion and the mobilization of and volatility in Burundi’s economic growth. Within our framework all components of society due to its impact on people’s sense of of analysis, we recommend that the value chains in agriculture be social justice. strengthened through the following actions:

Eight major proposals lie at the heart of this model, and one of - Action 1: Rational use of marshland. them is regarded as a prerequisite without which the other pro- posals cannot be implemented swiftly: (i) reduction of the energy Burundi has huge potential in its marshes, which are not being deficit, a prerequisite; (ii) integrated management of water; (iii) used rationally. Using them could offer a solution to soil infertility strengthening the value chain in agriculture; (iv) encouraging busi- and problems associated with the shortage of arable land, thereby nesses in Burundi to create clusters; (v) developing the value chain making it possible to develop integrated agriculture on a large in the tourism sector; (vi) restoring the free zone; (vii) consolidating scale. In addition, plains are not being used rationally. If agriculture monetary policy and the banking and financial system; and finally is identified as one of the pillars of economic growth, optimal use (viii) strengthening governance. of plains is one of the tools that could help to create increased add- ed value within the agricultural sector.

Proposal 1: Resolving the issue of the energy deficit, a The new Land Code has highlighted the importance of marshland prerequisite by incorporating specific legislation. At this stage: The government of Burundi must make energy its number one priority. Internal and external funds must be mobilized in order to This report recommends to the government a four-stage rehabilitate existing energy sources and, in particular, make use of course of action: (i) a comprehensive study to classify and protect those that are not yet being used in order to guarantee the supply Burundi’s wetlands in order to conserve biodiversity and combat of electricity to businesses and households. The government must desertification and climate change; (ii) a specific study to identify, strike a balance between emergency solutions to avoid social un- develop and optimize marshland set aside for the development of rest and permanent solutions. With this aim in mind, several actions integrated agriculture; (iii) developing specific projects with a view must be considered. to the optimal use of marshland; (iv) preparing a national policy and a regulatory framework for sustainable management of marsh- - Action 1: Rehabilitate existing hydroelectric power plants and land with a view to developing integrated agriculture that takes build new dams; regional differences into account.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 45 CHAPTER 4

This report recommends to development partners that they: Downstream, investments to create tourist itineraries will be neces- (i) help the government to develop integrated agriculture by fi- sary for mass or leisure tourism. If all of these actions are to be better nancing projects arising out of the identified studies in the develop- coordinated, they must be coordinated at a hierarchical level that is ment of plains and marshland; (ii) support all projects intended to higher than that of a mere national tourism office, which lacks any develop drainage basins in order to develop crops specific to each apparent visibility within the Ministry of Trade and Industry. region within them, taking local geomorphology into account. It is recommended that a department geared towards the develop- ment of tourism be created so that the entire tourism value chain - Action 2: Encourage processing of cash crops and diversification can be better coordinated. of products with high added value. Proposition 6: Restore the free zone Like many developing countries south of the Sahara, Burundi pro- Burundi’s location among the countries of the Great Lakes region is cesses a tiny proportion of what it produces in situ. This strategy an asset that may justify the creation of a dynamic free zone. The in- explains the low level of development of the industrial sector and stability of the macroeconomic framework has highlighted the cost the economy’s poor ability to create jobs. The best jobs are ex- of imports, which is a major weak point for the competitiveness ported. The government should implement a national economic of Burundian businesses. Analysis of international trade within the diversification strategy based on processing of cash crops (coffee countries of the East African Community has shown that Burundi is and cotton). a net importer of products from the sub-region. The creation of a free zone would correct this trade imbalance and, at the same time, - Action 3: Raise people’s awareness of the use of fertilizers and create a development and distribution hub within the Great Lakes composts. region. This is why reinstating the free zone is the recommended option for fostering employment and improving Burundi’s export Yields per hectare are very low. For improved productivity, fertilizer potential, which would have an impact on growth. will have to be used and communities will have to be taught how to calculate fertilizer application rates according to the intrinsic Proposal 7: Consolidate monetary policy and the banking and properties of the soil. financial system to improve the financing of the economy Unlike the countries that are members of the free zone, Burundi has Proposal 4: Encourage businesses in Burundi to create clusters monetary autonomy. Like several other countries such as Angola, or export consortia Kenya and Rwanda, it therefore has all the tools it needs to support In relation to promoting innovation, clusters are viewed as one of its own development process endogenously. However, monetary the best ways of stimulating innovation. A cluster is defined as a management also brings with it strong constraints which, if they geographical location with a large concentration of industrial com- are not respected, may lead to deviations (such as the issuing of panies and research and higher education organizations, which large amounts of money resulting in high inflation) and compro- generally work within the same sector, with the support of gov- mise growth, and more generally development. Burundi’s central ernment authorities and the presence of risk capital. Burundi does bank must be turned into a modern central bank by clarifying its not yet have experience of different actors working together to objective and giving it a greater degree of autonomy. Some meas- ­promote the development of a particular sector. ures have been taken to this end and must be encouraged. How- ever, the government should implement a number of actions to With this end in view, it is recommended that the government strengthen the banking system, namely: should strongly support the efforts of research centers, allocate considerable budgets and implement strategies to encourage con- - Action 1: Strengthen the autonomy of the Banque centrale du sumption of local products. Burundi (BCB) [Central Bank of Burundi] in order to guarantee macroeconomic stability; Proposal 5: Develop the value chain in the tourism sector - Action 2: Create the conditions for better mobilization of domes- Tourism is one of the sectors whose development can be struc- tic resources by diversifying financial instruments and tured around organizational aspects. Burundi is a post-conflict by improving terms of remuneration; country. Mass tourism still requires a great deal of investment - Action 3: Expand and consolidate the tax base by incorporating along the entire tourism value chain. A step-by-step approach is activities in the informal sector as much as possible and recommended. First, Burundi’s image could be promoted by hold- consolidate the tax base. ing conferences. Upstream, economic operators in certain sectors such as crafts need to be adequately supported, as do university institutions, which provide training in tourism and hotel services.

46 2013 Human development Report in Burundi PROPOSED PILLARS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO GROWTH, PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND YOUTH EM

Proposal 8: Strengthen governance by promoting good - Action 2: Create and launch the Office national de l’emploi et de practice la formation (ONEF) [National Office for Employment Empirical studies of economic growth show that a key factor in the and Training]. growth differential observed between Asian and African countries is the difference between the quality of institutions, and hence This body should maintain an employment statistics file without governance. These same studies have shown that improving the which no policy can be effectively considered. quality of governance could increase growth by one or two per- centage points without new investment. Improved governance Proposal 2: Implement a strategy to implement the National creates the conditions for sustainable and inclusive economic Employment Policy (NEP) which has just been validated growth. Two actions­ are recommended: The responses made to the issue of youth employment to date have consisted of emergency measures, including temporary work - Action 1: The government is encouraged to strengthen adminis- schemes for demobilized soldiers and a number of pilot projects to trative and financial governance in order to consolidate stimulate local economic activity or the reintegration of groups af- the macroeconomic framework and limit its instability; fected by the crisis. The interventions targeted at certain categories - Action 2: Development partners are invited to support action now need to be reconsidered in order to move beyond the emer- plans arising out of the implementation of programs gency stage and promote sustainable jobs through a proper na- to strengthen public administrative and financial man- tional employment policy. To this end, synergies and partnerships agement, and to provide sector-specific support to with international donors should continue so that the national sectors in which there are deficits, especially the energy ­employment policy can be put into effect. sector. Proposal 3: Strengthen the Agence burundaise pour l’emploi 4.2. Reform the way the labor market works des jeunes (ABEJ) Employment policy is generally difficult to define. In its broad sense, The ABEJ, whose role is to support government policy in relation to it means all policies intended to guarantee full employment. But decentralization, reducing youth poverty, promoting employment in a narrow sense, it means measures to support the unemployed of young people and encouraging their recruitment, suffers from a and stimulate the creation of jobs and has two components: (i) lack of technical and financial resources. We therefore recommend so-called passive policies, which concern unemployment benefits to the government of Burundi that it allocate sufficient financial and subsidies for cessations of activity; (ii) so-called active policies, and human resources to enable the ABEJ to achieve its objectives. which concern measures to support the creation of jobs in the TFPs and donors could provide technical and financial assistance in market sector or the non-market sector, vocational training, sup- order to strengthen this body. port for unemployed people and finding employment for them, and so on. All of the proposed measures are aimed at the govern- Proposal 4: Improve and diversify the supply of jobs ment and donors first and foremost, and are more concerned with - Action 1: Promote and optimize the significant job creation active policies. potential offered by agriculture (development of new industries) and tourism (promote regional tourism and Proposal 1: Improve the quality of information on the labor make use of tourism potential); market - Action 2: Continue to promote high labor-intensive (HLI) Improving statistical information on the labor market will involve projects; the following actions: - Action 3: Continue with work to improve the business climate in order to encourage development of the private sector; - Action 1: Produce statistics regularly at national and local level. - Action 4: Encourage investors to establish their economic ac- tivities within the country by implementing a policy of The lack of reliable and up-to-date statistics is a major obstacle to ­infrastructure development and substantial tax breaks; the successful implementation of a proper employment policy. - Action 5: Encourage and help businesses to move from the in- Unemployment statistics should address the country’s needs and formal to the formal sector through a carrot-and-stick make reference to ILO standards. ISTEEBU, as the government body approach of appropriate regulatory measures and responsible for collecting, centralizing, processing and disseminat- ­associated penalties. ing the statistics necessary to manage economic policies, should make reliable and up-to-date employment statistics available. The work of decentralized data collection bodies should be visible through regular and reliable statistics concerning their regions.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 47 CHAPTER 4

Proposal 5: Create a Guarantee Fund for young people who entrepreneurship as testing grounds where they can put their per- create employment sonal abilities to good use. Young people say it is extremely difficult for them to create their own production facilities due to a lack of funds. The government - Action 1: Promote self-employment, private sector employment should therefore create a guarantee fund to support young peo- and entrepreneurship as testing grounds where they ple in their efforts to seek funding from financial institutions. can put their personal abilities to good use.

4.3. Promote the development of innovation Proposal 6: Reform the education system so that it addresses Innovation plays an important role in growth and job creation. In- the country’s development needs novation can result directly from government activity or private - Action 1: Reform technical and vocational education and train- sector initiatives. Innovation within the private sector is dependent ing programs so that they address the real needs of the on the regulatory framework created by the government. In any labor market; case, the government should invest in equipment that facilitates - Action 2: Identify job-oriented training courses which offer con- creativity in schools. siderable growth potential, especially in the field of ­science and technology. Proposal 1: Promote a national innovation policy - Action 1: Make innovation one of the major pillars of sector Certain sectors, such as tourism, hotel services and agriculture, offer development policies with particular focus on or- high growth potential but the associated training courses are not ganizational innovations, especially in the agricultural well developed. The creation of colleges and institutes geared to- sector; wards these sectors would compensate for the failings of Burundi’s - Action 2: Encourage universities and research institutes and cen- education system and address market needs. tres to get involved in innovation research through the establishment of research programmes by agreement - Action 3: Involve the private sector in the development of aca- with the government; demic curricula and training for students; - Action 3: Guarantee funding for research programmes aimed at - Action 4: Consider training courses that combine time spent at promoting innovation; college with work experience; - Action 4: Encourage private sector research by protecting prop- - Action 5: Facilitate access for young people with no experience erty rights for research that leads to innovations; to their first work placement; the government can - Action 5: Develop a framework for partnership with public sec- grant tax breaks to businesses that commit themselves tor institutions involved in promoting innovation in to this scheme. industry; - Action 6: Create a fund to promote innovation. Proposal 7: Encourage teacher and trainer capacity-building The inadequate skills of teachers and trainers are another obsta- Proposal 2: Promote innovation in the agricultural sector cle to the emergence of adequately skilled graduates. The fact that - Action 1: Processing and storage of agricultural produce. knowledge is advancing so quickly means that there is a constant need to build capacities. Methods of processing and storing agricultural produce must be the basis of the technological innovation of the Burundian Proposal 8: Implement a national family planning policy ­agricultural sector. A decrease in population growth will make it possible, in time, to reduce the demand pressure on the labor market and improve the - Action 2: Implement rainwater harvesting mechanisms. quality of training for human resources. This action is intended to create water reserves in order to over- Proposal 9: Encourage a change of attitudes and come the challenge posed by the drought period, especially in entrepreneurship the province of Kirundo, which has historically been the country’s A larger proportion of young people, especially those enrolled in breadbasket. schools, plan to apply for government jobs due to the security that they offer. However, the public sector cannot continue to ab- -Action 3: Implement a rigorous land development policy. sorb all of this labor as it did just after independence. It is there- fore crucially important that young people change their attitudes To promote urbanization of rural areas and the integration of and consider self-employment, private sector employment and agriculture with a view to the development of the agricultural

48 2013 Human development Report in Burundi PROPOSED PILLARS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO GROWTH, PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND YOUTH EM

sector, the government must implement a policy aimed at mak- In addition, the government and donors can help to provide lines ing available additional arable land, which is needed for sustained of credit on easy terms and loan guarantees to banks. productivity. - Action 6: Encourage young people to participate in agricultural - Action 4: Promote agricultural diversification and rational activities. ­management of arable land. Agriculture is one of the main economic sectors in Africa in general has always been characterized by crops and Burundi in particular. However, it attracts few young people, which often fall prey to fluctuations in the global commodity mar- who regard it as a livelihood of inferior status. The policy intended kets. It is therefore vital to correct this situation by promoting agri- to involve young people in agricultural activities through innova- culture through the introduction and widespread use of new crops tion could reduce the disparities between urban and rural living in order to increase supply for national consumption and exporta- standards, and hence reduce the rural exodus and the imbalance tion. It is also necessary to promote urbanization of rural areas in between the supply and demand for employment. order to make available additional arable land, which is needed for diversification. - Proposal 1: Support the research programs developed by centers of research; - Action 5: Facilitate farmers’ access to financing. - Proposal 2: Support sponsors of innovative projects that can Making it easier for farmers to access credit may make it possible to have an impact on economic growth; solve the serious challenge posed by the creation of a value chain. For example, suppliers of seeds and fertilizers can advance these - Proposal 3: Implement mechanisms to protect flood-prone inputs to farmers. and fertile areas.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 49 CONCLUSION

The 2013 Human Development Report in Burundi focuses on The conceptual discussion in the report shows that innovation economic growth, the promotion of innovation and youth results in growth through increased productivity. However, in- employment. Although the issues raised by these themes are not novation can also lead to the destruction of employment where unique to Burundi, they are more pronounced due to the circum- the local workforce does not master the technology that it intro- stances of the country, in particular that: (i) Burundi is a post-con- duces. The report has also shown that the economic growth wit- flict country and the consequences in terms of hysteresis (a situa- nessed in Burundi since 1960 falls well short of its potential, and is tion where the causes of a phenomenon have disappeared but the consequently inadequate to guarantee a supply of public goods consequences continue to be felt) are still very marked; (ii) it is the that is sufficient to improve the wellbeing of populations through second most densely populated country after Rwanda. ­providing access to decent jobs.

The report highlighted the links between innovation and econom- Burundi’s growth can be further characterized by its volatility, which ic growth on the one hand, and economic growth and employ- impacts on other macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, the ment on the other hand. Innovation is seen as a source of econom- high level of public debt, and the country’s balance of payments. ic growth, and is determined by a country’s level of development The report has also highlighted the energy deficit as a major handi- and must be underpinned by the appropriate development of cap for the national economy. In addition, in the face of increasing human capital. Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient population pressure, the economy continues to suffer from weak condition for the creation of employment, and is also dependent job supply, especially in terms of youth employment, which brings on other factors such as training. real risks in terms of social instability.

50 2013 Human development Report in Burundi CONCLUSION

The report puts forward two major proposals. Firstly, rethinking the To this end, a strategy to implement the recommendations made growth model on which Burundi’s economy is based, drawing on should be adopted. According to the participants in the workshop the various sectoral studies that have been carried out and whose during which this report was validated, this should entail: (i) making results are therefore available. Secondly, rethinking the model ac- the report accessible and available after it has been adopted; (ii) cording to which the labor market operates by introducing meas- fostering ownership of the recommendations by holding seminars ures to make information on both demand and supply available. with the government; (iii) action taken by ministries and other stra- The report identifies two strategic sectors - agriculture and tourism tegic institutions in order to implement the recommendations that - in which the government, through organizational innovations, concern them (for example, the Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture can intervene and make an impact in the short term. No country should take ownership of the recommendations concerning youth has achieved sustainable development without guaranteeing food employment); (iv) the creation of an ad-hoc team to implement security and, above all, food sovereignty. In most cases, agriculture these recommendations; (v) TFP support for the implementation has fuelled the development of activities in the secondary and of the recommendations (for example, UNDP can provide technical­ tertiary sectors. However, to fully guarantee performance in these and financial support to the team responsible forimplementing ­ strategic and other sectors, it is vital for the government to resolve the recommendations). the issue of the energy deficit by making use of the country’s huge potential in this sector.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 53 ANNEX I: Comparison of various indicators to Burundi with those of the EAC countries and DR CONGO

Table Annex 1-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (%) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 45.1 45.7 49 46.1 43.9 44.0 44.2

Kenya 49.5 49.9 46.7 43.1 42.6 42.5 42.4

Uganda 47.1 47.6 48.6 49.3 48.9 48.7 48.5

Rwanda 47.4 49.4 45.9 45.1 44.7 44.2 43.6

Tanzania 46.4 46.4 45.4 44.7 44.8 44.9 44.9

DR Congo 44.3 45 46.1 46.2 45.5 45.3 45.1 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (%) Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age 1970-2012 (%) 52 50 48 46 % 44 42 40 38 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-2: Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (%) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 51.7 51.1 48.1 51.2 53.5 53.5 53.4

Kenya 47.2 47.3 50.6 54.2 54.8 54.9 55.0

Uganda 50.2 49.8 48.7 48.2 48.7 48.9 49.0

Rwanda 50 48.4 51.7 52.3 53.0 53.5 54.1

Tanzania 51.1 51 51.8 52.3 52.0 52.0 52.0

DR Congo 52.9 52.1 51 51 51.7 51.9 52.0 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

54 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-2: Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (%)

Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old 1970-2012 (%) 56 54 52 50 % 48 46 44 42 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-3: Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (%) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 3.21 3.15 2.89 2.74 2.5 2.5 2.4

Kenya 3.27 2.86 2.71 2.71 2.6 2.6 2.6

Uganda 2.62 2.65 2.69 2.54 2.4 2.4 2.4

Rwanda 2.59 2.22 2.38 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3

Tanzania 2.56 2.66 2.78 2.99 3.1 3.1 3.2

DR Congo 2.86 2.91 2.88 2.82 2.8 2.8 2.8 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-3: Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (%)

Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over 1970-2012 (%) 4

3

% 2

1

0 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 55 Table Annex 1-4: Crude birth rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants.) COUNTRY 1970-73 1974-84 1985-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12

Burundi 47.51 50.17 49.71 43.94 42.67 44.4 45.11

Kenya 50.75 49.46 42.81 38.31 38.72 38.03 36.1

Uganda 48.73 48.99 49.66 48.93 47.73 45.99 44.15

Rwanda 50.62 53.08 48.19 42.81 39.7 37.94 36.35

Tanzania 48.16 46.89 44.13 41.98 41.78 41.55 40.16

DR Congo 46.52 46.62 48.18 48.37 46.96 45.22 43.58 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-4: Crude birth rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants)

Annual average crude birth rate from 1970 to 2012 (‰) 60 50 40

% 30 20 10 0 1970-73 1974-84 1985-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-5: Adolescent fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2000 2001 2002

Burundi 48.85 49.52 47.65 47.65 31.6 30.9 30.3

Kenya 176.2 153.9 111.6 111.6 96.3 94.9 93.6

Uganda 181.8 184.6 194.1 194.1 136.0 131.3 126.6

Rwanda 75.65 73.12 57.11 57.11 37.3 35.4 33.6

Tanzania 155 148.4 136.7 136.7 125.8 124.3 122.7

DR Congo 151.4 139.7 134.1 134.1 134.0 134.6 135.3 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

56 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-5: Adolescent fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years)

Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years) 250 200

150

100

50

0 1970-1975 1976-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991 1992-1996 1997-2006 2007-2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-6: Total fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman) COUNTRY 1970-75 1976-1981 1982-86 1987-1991 1992-96 1997-2006 2007-12

Burundi 7.36 7.45 7.5 7.55 7.37 6.95 6.35

Kenya 7.98 7.57 7.03 6.23 5.39 4.99 4.65

Uganda 7.11 7.1 7.1 7.09 7.04 6.77 6.2

Rwanda 8.3 8.43 8.33 7.52 6.46 5.73 4.89

Tanzania 6.76 6.69 6.5 6.27 5.95 5.68 5.45

DR Congo 6.29 6.51 6.79 7.07 7.25 6.97 6.3 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-6: Total fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman)

Total fertility rate (births per woman) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1970-1975 1976-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991 1992-1996 1997-2006 2007-2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 57 Table Annex 1-7: Crude death rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants) COUNTRY 1970-73 1974-84 1985-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-02

Burundi 20.6 18.9 18.1 16.9 15.4 14.3 13.3

Kenya 14.8 11.9 10.1 11.5 12.1 10.5 8.81

Uganda 16.7 16.5 17.1 16.9 14.4 11.6 9.88

Rwanda 20.3 18.2 29.5 23.3 13 9.86 7.56

Tanzania 17.8 15.7 15.0 15.1 13.6 11.1 9.2

DR Congo 20 18.9 18.2 19 18.1 16.9 16 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-7: Crude death rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants)

Annual average death birth rate from 1970 to 2012 (‰) 35 30 25 20 15

%o 10 5 0 1970-73 1974-1984 1985-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-02 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-8: Average growth rate population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants) COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-012 1970-012

Burundi 1.69 3.04 1.83 2.75 3.45 3.28 2.48

Kenya 3.65 3.7 2.96 2.67 2.68 2.69 3.21

Uganda 2.85 3.29 3.29 3.33 3.37 3.36 3.2

Rwanda 3.11 3.74 0.84 3.28 2.58 2.82 2.67

Tanzania 3.17 3.1 2.96 2.59 2.89 3.02 2.99

DR Congo 2.76 2.74 3.08 2.69 2.84 2.76 2.83 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

58 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-8: Average growth rate population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants)

4 Average growth rate of population from 1970 to 2012 (%)

3

2 %

1

0 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12 1970-2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Congo (RD) Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-9: Total population life expectancy at birth within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (in years) COUNTRY 1970 1981-82 1987 1992 1997 2002-09 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 43.8 47.8 48.5 46.6 47.3 50.3 52.6 53.1 53.6

Kenya 52.2 58.5 59.6 58.2 54.3 55.4 59.5 60.4 61.1

Uganda 48.8 49.4 48.7 46.6 46.3 53.3 57.3 58.0 58.6

Rwanda 44.3 49 45.0 27.1 39.2 56 62.2 62.9 63.5

Tanzania 46.7 50.7 51.1 49.8 49.2 54.5 59.2 60.1 60.8

DR Congo 43.8 46.4 47.2 47.3 46.0 47.9 49.0 49.3 49.6 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-9: Total population life expectancy at birth within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (in years)

Total population life expectancy at birth from 1970 to 2012 (in years) 70 60 50 40 30

Yearss 20 10 0 1970 1981-82 1987 1992 1997 2002-09 2010 2011 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 59 Table Annex 1-10: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-49 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %) COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 2.98 4.22 2.58 1.56 1.3 1.3 1.3

Kenya 5.36 9.56 8.06 6.46 6.2 6.2 6.1

Uganda 12.7 9.4 6.6 6.54 7 7.2 7.2

Rwanda 5.88 5.56 4.06 3.12 3 2.9 2.9

Tanzania 6.5 8.18 7.2 5.86 5.4 5.3 5.1

DR Congo 1.34 1.48 1.5 1.32 1.2 1.1 1.1 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-10: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-49 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %)

HIV prevalence rate among population of the 15-49 age group from 1990 to 2012 (in %) 15

10

5

0 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010 2011 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-11: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-24 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (in %) COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2011

Burundi 4.86 5.72 4.56 3.32 2.1

DR Congo 1.2 1.12 1.1 1.2 ..

Kenya 5.74 9.52 7.66 6.18 2.6

Uganda 9.4 7.72 6.24 5.9 3.8

Tanzania 5.81 7.22 6.5 5.44 2.9

Rwanda 4.2 3.84 3.24 2.62 1.3 Source: Based on the data from the 2102 Millennium Development Goal report; African Statistical Yearbook, 2014.

60 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-11: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-24 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (in %)

HIV prevalence among population of the 15-24 age group from 1990 to 2011 (in %) 10

8

6

% 4

2

0 BURUNDI DR CONGO KENYA UGANDA TANZANIA RWANDA 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2011

Source: Based on the data from the 2102 Millennium Development Goal report; African Statistical Yearbook, 2014.

Table Annex 1-12: Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %) COUNTRY 2000-2004 2005 2009 2011 2012

H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE

Burundi 1.6 3.6 0.8 2.3 1 2.1 6.3 14.1 0.4 0.6

DR Congo .. .. 0.8 2.2 ...... 0.4 0.8

Kenya 1.3 5.9 1.3 5.9 1.8 4.1 7.2 18.7 1.8 3.6

Uganda 2 5.1 1.1 4.3 2.3 4.8 2.4 5.6 2.3 4

Rwanda .. .. 0.4 1.5 1.3 1.9 5.9 13.4 1 1.3

Tanzania 3.1 4.1 3.0 4.0 1.7 3.9 4.3 9.7 1.8 3.6

Source: Based on the data from Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; UNESCO, Education for All, The quality imperative.

Figure Annex 1-12: Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %)

20 Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population - 1990-2012 (in %) 18 16 14 12 % 10 8 6 4 2 0 H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE 2000-2004 2005 2009 2011 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the data from Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; UNESCO, Education for All, The quality imperative.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 61 Table Annex 1-13: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 2005 to 2013 (in %) COUNTRY 2005-2012 2013

DR Congo 18 21.9

Burundi 22 25.6

Uganda 30 32.9

Tanzania 34 38.4

Kenya 46 50.7

Rwanda 52 52.3 Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013; African statistical yearbook 2014.

Figure Annex 1-13: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 2005 to 2013 (in %)

Contraceptive prevalence rates 2005-2013 (% of women aged 15-49) 60 50 40 30

% 20 10 0 DR Congo Burundi Uganda Tanzania Kenya Rwanda 2005-2012 2013

Source: Based on the data from UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013; African statistical yearbook 2014.

Table Annex 1-14: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other COMESA countries from 2005 to 2013 (in %) COUNTRY 2005-2012 2013 COUNTRY 2005-2012 2013 COUNTRY 2005-2012 2013

Erythrea 8 18.4 Uganda 30 32.9 Rwanda 52 52.3

Sudan 9 14.3 Madagascar 40 44 Zimbabwe 59 60.6

DR Congo 18 21.9 Zambia 41 47.1 Egypt 60 62.7

Djibouti 18 28.8 Libya 45 57.8 Swaziland 65 64.1

Burundi 22 25.6 Kenya 46 50.7 Mauritius 76 76

Comoros 26 43.5 Malawi 46 49.1 Seychelles … ..

Ethiopia 29 32.4

Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013.

62 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-14: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other COMESA countries from 2005 to 2013 (in %)

Contraceptive prevalence rates 2005-2013 (of women aged 15-49) 80 within Burundi and other COMESA countries

60

% 40

20

0 Libya Egypt Kenya Sudan Malawi Zambia Uganda Djibouti Burundi Rwanda Ethiopia Erythrea Comoros Mauritius DR Congo Swaziland Zimbabwe Madagascar 2005-2012 2013

*Data for The Seychelles are not available Source: Based on the data from: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013.

Table Annex 1-15: Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (In %) COUNTRY 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2009-2011

Burundi .. 25.2 34 60.3

Uganda 37.8 39 42 57.4

Tanzania 35.8 .. 43 48.9

Kenya 44.3 41.6 44 43.8

Rwanda 25.8 31.3 52 69

DR Congo .. 60.7 74 80.4 Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; African statistical yearbook 2014.

Figure Annex 1-15: Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (In %)

Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel 1990-2011 (%) 100

80

60

% 40

20

0 Burundi Uganda Tanzania Kenya Rwanda DR Congo 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2009-2011

Source: Based on the data from: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; African statistical yearbook 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 63 Table Annex 1-16: Under-five mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000) COUNTRY 1970-1975 1976-1985 1986-1994 1995-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 245.12 213.44 164.27 141.33 107.97

DR Congo 241.68 201.01 171.70 169.65 150.40

Kenya 136.95 107.04 99.84 102.64 75.80

Uganda 184.23 202.32 176.43 129.05 73.73

Rwanda 225.97 203.13 170.76 151.88 59.23

Tanzania 202.60 178.53 167.36 114.24 57.63 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-16: Under-five mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000)

Under-five mortality rate 1970-2012 (per 1000) 250

200

150

100 Rate (per 1000) 50

0 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1970-1975 1976-1985 1986-1994 1995-2009 2010-2012

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-17: Infant mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 live births) COUNTRY 1970-75 1976-85 1986-90 1991-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12

Burundi 144.92 138.18 101.38 98.10 94.54 89.42 78.44 68.97

DR Congo 146.03 132.88 112.76 112.30 112.30 112.30 110.10 102.20

Kenya 85.08 72.84 62.28 67.13 70.16 65.78 57.28 50.07

Uganda 110.57 122.08 108.68 102.38 95.76 81.10 60.78 48.50

Rwanda 133.58 137.54 92.14 105.73 117.26 91.76 56.04 41.10

Tanzania 120.53 108.90 103.26 99.05 91.52 70.66 50.38 39.50 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

64 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-17: Infant mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 live births)

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 160 140 120 100 80 60 Per 1,000 livebirths 40 20 0 1970-75 1976-85 1986-90 1991-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12 DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest, data 2014.

Table Annex 1-18: Neonatal mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2012 (per 1,000 births) COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2012

Burundi 45.22 44.16 42.07 37.35

DR Congo 47.30 47.30 47.29 45.22

Kenya 32.94 33.10 31.34 28.12

Uganda 38.24 36.96 32.26 24.92

Rwanda 40.70 43.98 35.81 23.77

Tanzania 42.16 39.52 31.76 23.53 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-18: Neonatal mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2012 (per 1,000 births)

Neonatal mortality rate 1990-2012 (per 1,000 births) 50

40

30

20 Rate (per 1,000 births) 10

0 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2012

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 65 Table Annex 1-19: Woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (in %) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Burundi 8.76 8.05 6.13 5.31 4.86 4.45

Kenya 3.11 2.81 2.72 2.57 2.18 1.89

Uganda 5.43 4.83 4.22 3.39 2.61 2.28

Rwanda 8.70 8.02 5.14 3.06 1.96 1.52

Tanzania 5.59 4.99 4.17 3.39 2.64 2.28

DR Congo 7.05 7.59 7.34 5.99 4.94 4.32 Source: World Bank 2014.

Figure Annex 1-19: Woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (in %)

Woman's lifetime risk of maternal death 1990-2013 (%) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-20: Maternal mortality ratio within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Burundi 1,300 1,300 1,000 910 820 740

Kenya 490 530 570 550 460 400

Uganda 780 740 650 510 410 360

Rwanda 1,400 1,400 1,000 610 390 320

Tanzania 910 890 770 610 460 410

DR Congo 1,000 1,100 1,100 930 810 730 Source: World Bank 2014.

66 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-20: Maternal mortality ratio within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births)

Maternal mortality ratio (model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births ) 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-21: The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2011 (in %) COUNTRY 1999-2002 2003-2006 2007-2011

Burundi 1.3 8 45.3

Kenya 2.9 5 46.7

Uganda 0.2 10 42.8

DR Congo 0.6 1 38.1

Tanzania 2.1 16 63.6

Rwanda 5 13 69.6 Source: UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children Report 2012; World Bank 2014; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013.

Figure Annex 1-21: The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2011 (in %)

The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net 1999-2011 (%) 80

60

40 % 20

0 Burundi KENYA Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda 1999-2002 2003-2006 2007-2011

Source: UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children Report 2012; World Bank 2014; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 67 Table Annex 1- 22: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population within Burundi and other EAC countries from 1990 to 2012 COUNTRY 1990-1992 2010-2012

Burundi 49 73.4

Kenya 35.6 30.4

Rwanda 52.6 28.9

Tanzania 29.4 38.8

Uganda 26.6 34.6

Source: African statistical yearbook 2014.

Figure Annex 1-22: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population within Burundi and other EAC countries from 1990 to 2012

Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population - 1990-2012 80 70 60 50 40

% 30 20 10 0 BURUNDI KENYA RWANDA TANZANIA UGANDA 1990-1992 2010-2012

Source: African statistical yearbook 2014.

Table Annex 1-23: Government spending on health 1995-2012 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC (% of GDP) COUNTRY 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 5.44 7.40 9.31 8.64

DR Congo 4.03 4.75 6.64 6.23

Kenya 4.24 4.52 4.42 4.50

Uganda 5.76 7.37 9.25 8.81

Rwanda 4.55 4.99 9.24 10.80

Tanzania 3.59 3.50 5.44 7.18 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

68 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1- 23: Government spending on health 1995-2012 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC (% of GDP)

Government spending on health 1995-2012 (% of GDP) 12 10 8 6 % of GDP 4 2 0 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-24: Per capita expenditure on health within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1995 to 2012 (PPPs, 2005 Constant international dollars) COUNTRY 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 23,0486937 24,641001 45,6382668 45,9948006

DR Congo 11,4263087 11,9578553 22,0608574 24,5889929

Kenya 46,9377632 53,5629701 65,6449783 75,8938168

Uganda 35,2716279 56,3549961 98,6747786 115,115515

Rwanda 23,8133835 32,854553 91,027198 136,302029

Tanzania 24,1174811 297,155778 64,9199294 105,506296 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-24: Per capita expenditure on health within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1995 to 2012 (PPPs, 2005 Constant international dollars)

Per capita expenditure on health 1995-2012 (2005 Constant international dollars ) 160 140 120 100 80

constant US $ 60 40 20 0 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 69 Table Annex 1-25: The consumer price index within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100) COUNTRY 1980-84 1985-90 1991-93 1995-00 2001-04 2006-09 2010-13

Burundi 9.78 14.08 19.50 48.12 79.57 126.46 195.49

Kenya 6.59 11.63 25.82 56.74 79.59 142.97 211.87

Uganda 0.14 13.15 49.83 72.86 86.24 123.27 186.25

Rwanda 14.64 17.79 25.22 65.88 81.02 129.02 168.38

Tanzania 1.56 7.20 20.61 62.56 88.60 122.64 182.57

DR Congo 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 71.33 139.94 200.81 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-25: The consumer price index within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100)

Consumer price index 1980-2013 (2005=100) 250

200

150

100

50

0 1980-84 1985-90 1991-93 1995-00 2001-04 2006-09 2010-13 Kenya Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-26: Exports to EAC countries from 2003 to 2008 (in US$ million) Exports 2003-2005 2006-2008 (in US$ million) Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

Burundi .. 0,26 0,79 3,06 0,13 .. 1,41 2,08 3,58 0,10

Kenya 40,99 .. 481,09 84,66 228,87 38,90 .. 498,60 427,45 336,39

Uganda 21,43 75,92 .. 22,09 11,14 36,22 120,94 .. 83,58 24,96

Rwanda 1,65 25,66 17,96 .. 5,49 5,57 31,86 3,58 .. 0,70

Tanzania 11,51 89,28 47,68 6,74 .. 43,11 159,63 49,49 15,13 ..

Source: The African Community Trade Report 2006; The African Community Trade Report 2008.

70 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Table Annex 1- 27: Imports from EAC countries from 2003 to 2008 (in US$ million) Exports 2003-2005 2006-2008 (in US$ million) Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

Burundi .. 28,04 13,59 0,79 12,35 .. 31,70 30,03 1,95 11,40

Kenya 0,11 .. 15,66 0,60 28,57 2,70 .. 59,42 1,54 89,16

Uganda 0,09 425,74 .. 0,56 18,89 1,23 469,33 .. 1,73 38,33

Rwanda 0,32 39,43 25,48 .. 6,22 1,99 94,69 101,81 .. 16,52

Tanzania 0,22 471,69 7,52 0,32 .. 7,42 333,67 29,24 7,00 ..

Source: The African Community Trade Report 2006, The African Community Trade Report 2008.

Table Annex 1- 28: The share of total exports (in %) of EAC countries and DRC from 1996 to 2011 (by main destinations) COUNTRY Africa Developed European countries Developed American countries Developed Asian countries

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Burundi 6.7 20.8 78.7 48.7 8.0 2.7 5.6 25.4

Kenya 38.3 42.6 39.3 30.8 4.8 7.0 13.6 15.0

Uganda 14.2 44.5 70.9 35.1 5.0 2.7 6.0 15.2

DR Congo 3.8 15.4 69.3 23.9 18.8 10.4 4.6 47.6

Tanzania 15.0 26.0 41.4 28.9 3.4 2.3 29.0 34.3

Rwanda 12.1 43.3 65.2 19.8 7.2 5.9 13.8 28.7

Source: UNCTAD, Report 2013.

Figure Annex 1- 26: The share of total exports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %)

100 The share of total exports (in %)

80

60

40 Exports (%) 20

0 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 Africa Developed European Developed American Developed Asian countries countries countries Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the UNCTAD’s latest data, Report 2013.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 71 Table Annex 1- 29: The share of total imports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %) COUNTRY Africa Developed European countries Developed American countries Developed Asian countries

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Burundi 22.9 35.4 49.7 26.9 2.9 3.5 19.7 30.5

Kenya 11.3 12.9 34.9 18.4 7.3 5.4 35.4 53.8

Uganda 41.9 25.8 28.5 20.9 4.4 3.6 17.8 40.4

DR Congo 22.6 16.8 27.0 18.9 5.5 3.4 33.6 52.5

Tanzania 35.3 46.5 31.6 23.2 13.3 4.7 12.6 22.5

Rwanda 35.3 46.5 31.6 23.2 13.3 4.7 12.6 22.5

Source: UNCTAD, Report 2013.

Figure Annex 1-27: The share of total imports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %)

60 The share of total imports 1996-2011 (in %) 50 40 30

Imports (%) 20 10 0 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 Africa Developed European Developed American Developed Asian countries countries contries Kenya Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda Burundi

Source: Based on the UNCTAD’s latest data, Report 2013.

Table Annex 1-30: Commercial ratio/GDP of EAC countries and DRC 1996-2011 COUNTRY 1996-2000 2001-2006 2007-2011

Burundi 4.1 8.3 10.0

Kenya 8.0 9.9 11.6

Uganda 10.4 11.6 15.0

DR Congo 7.0 14.3 23.5

Tanzania 5.0 7.0 10.2

Rwanda 5.5 7.3 13.4 Source: UNCTAD, Report 2013.

72 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1- 28: Commercial ratio/GDP of EAC countries and DRC 1996-2011

Commercial ratio 1996-2011 25

20

15

% 10

5

0 Burundi KENYA Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda 1996-2000 2001-2006 2007-2011

Source: Based on the UNCTAD’s latest data, Report 2013.

Table Annex 1-31: Foreign direct investment rate into Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (net inflows, % of GDP) COUNTRY 1988-1991 1992-1995 1996-2001 2002-2007 2008-2012

Burundi 0.087 0.076 0.266 0.016 0.093

DR Congo -0.033 -0.092 0.718 6.442 11.918

Kenya 0.413 0.795 0.480 0.677 0.576

Uganda -0.017 1.529 2.585 4.506 5.710

Rwanda 0.515 0.144 0.251 0.711 1.825

Tanzania 0.052 1.034 3.305 3.574 6.072 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-29: Foreign direct investment rate into Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (net inflows, % of GDP)

Foreign direct investment , net inflows, 1988-2012 (% of GDP) 14 12 10 8

% 6 4 2 0 -2 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1998-1991 1992-1995 1996-2001 2002-2007 2008-2012

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 73 Table Annex 1-32: Human Development Index (HDI) of EAC countries and DRC (1980-2012) Rang2012 COUNTRY Value HDI average annual growth (%)

1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2010 2011 2012 1980/1990 1990/2000 2000/2010 2000/2012

145 Kenya 0.42 0.46 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.88 -0.33 1.34 1.24

152 Tanzania .. 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.47 0.47 0.48 .. 0.43 2.36 2.15

161 Uganda .. 0.31 0.37 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.46 .. 2.06 1.84 1.65

167 Rwanda 0.28 0.23 0.31 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.43 -1.74 3.05 3.07 2.73

178 Burundi 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.35 2.26 -0.07 2.59 2.31

186 DR Congo 0.29 0.30 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.37 -2.34 2.35 2.19

Source: World Bank 2014

Figure Annex 1-30: Human Development Index (HDI) of EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012

Human Development Index (1980-2012) 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 Indice 0,2 0,1 0,0 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2010 2011 2012 Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda DR Congo Burundi

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-31: HDI average annual growth of EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012

HDI average annual growth - 1980-2012 (%) 4 3 2 1 % 0 -1 -2

-3 Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda Burundi DR Congo

1980/ 1990 1990/ 2000 2000/ 2010 2000/ 2012

NB: For details please see table 32 above

74 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Table Annex 1-33: Volume index of exports to EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100) COUNTRY 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2001 2005 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 18.6 37.2 34.0 48.0 82.9 92.0 84.5 85.7 80.3 98.7

DR Congo 84.1 156.3 136.0 81.0 110.6 108.7 210.7 300.0 309.0 304.7

Kenya 51.7 54.1 63.3 101.3 98.8 121.8 162.5 179.7 172.4 186.2

Uganda .. 27.7 19.6 47.9 96.3 123.9 165.8 221.0 243.5 296.3

Rwanda 232.2 309.6 297.0 90.8 137.6 168.1 118.8 152.8 219.1 237.0

Tanzania .. .. 49.4 106.0 75.8 122.0 177.1 229.7 215.0 260.6 Source: World Bank 2014.

Figure Annex 1-32: Volume index of exports to EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)

Volume index of exports 1980-2012 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2001 2005 2010 2011 2012 DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi

Source: Figure prepared by the author using data from the World Bank.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 75 Table Annex 1-34: Volume index of imports into EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100) COUNTRY 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2005 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 37.4 50.7 45.5 58.9 89.7 148.8 222.4 285.0 298.8

DR Congo 34.8 65.5 64.4 30.1 162.7 318.7 414.3 447.6 498.8

Kenya 49.6 34.8 53.4 93.5 107.1 139.6 216.7 223.6 248.5

Uganda .. 22.2 16.1 64.8 71.4 105.4 189.0 199.1 210.6

Rwanda 71.4 106.4 78.1 113.8 120.6 164.2 430.8 469.0 538.6

Tanzania .. .. 95.2 111.0 111.6 165.9 292.0 343.6 368.3 Source: World Bank 2014.

Figure Annex 1-33: Volume index of imports into EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)

Volume index of imports 1980-2012 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2005 2010 2011 2012 DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi

Source: Figure prepared by the author using data from the World Bank.

Table Annex 1-35: Average annual real GDP growth rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1983 to 2015 (for 1 million people) COUNTRY 1983-1992 1993-1999 2000–2012 2013-2015

Burundi 4.029 -3.406 3.6 4.633

DR Congo -1.147 -4.172 5.7 8.333

Kenya 3.62 2.5156 4.4 5.4

Uganda 3.652 7.6264 7.5 6.433

Rwanda 1.701 2.8432 7.9 7.233

Tanzania 3.087 3.2803 7 7.133 Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, World Development indicators 2014; World Bank; The World Bank, World Tables 199; Banque africaine de développement, Statistiques choisies sur les pays africains, Vol XIX, 260p.; Annuaire statistique pour l’Afrique 2012; http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fr/pays/afrique-de-lest/seychelles/

76 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-34: Average annual real GDP growth rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1983 to 2015 (for 1 million people)

Real GDP growth 1983-2015 (% annual) 10 8 6 4

% 2 0 -2 -4

-6 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

1983-1992 1993-1999 2000–12 2013-2015

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, World Development indicators 2014; World Bank; The World Bank, World Tables 199; African Development Bank, (1999), Selected Statistics on African Countries, Vol XIX, 260p.; African statistical yearbook 2012; http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fr/pays/afrique-de-lest/seychelles/

Table Annex 1-36: Real GDP per capita growth rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (annual %) 1970-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012

Burundi 1.1 -1.6 0.8 0.8

DR Congo -2.3 -3.1 4.0 4.3

Kenya 1.2 0.3 1.6 1.8

Uganda .. 3.6 3.1 0.0

Rwanda 1.2 2.3 5.3 5.0

Tanzania .. 2.4 3.3 3.7 Source: World Bank 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world.

Figure Annex 1-35: Real GDP per capita growth rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (annual %)

Real GDP per capita growth rate 1970-2012 ( annual %) 6

4

2

Rate (%) 0

-2

-4 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

1970-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 77 Table Annex 1-37: Consumer price inflation rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (annual %) COUNTRY 1980-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi 7.19 12.0 9.74 18.01 7.95

DR Congo 59.17 234.0 15.32 9.72 1.63

Kenya 12.35 10.0 14.02 9.38 5.72

Uganda 96.76 8.0 18.69 14.02 5.46

Rwanda 4.65 10.0 5.67 6.27 4.24

Tanzania 30.59 14.0 12.69 16.0 7.87 Source: World Bank 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; African Development Bank, (1999), Selected Statistics on African Countries, Vol XIX, 260p.; ADB, African Union AU, Economic Commission for Africa, (2011), African statistical yearbook, 344p.; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; African statistical yearbook 2012.

Figure Annex 1-36: Consumer price inflation rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (annual %)

Inflation rate in % (1980-2013) 250

200

150

Rate (%) 100

50

0 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1980-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012 2013

Source: World Bank 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; African Development Bank, (1999), Selected Statistics on African Countries, Vol XIX, 260p.; ADB, African Union AU, Economic Commission for Africa, (2011), African statistical yearbook, 344p.; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; African statistical yearbook 2012.

Table Annex 1-38: Rate of illiterates (in %) within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2015 COUNTRY 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Burundi 79.76 76.48 72.26 67.76 63.01 57.75 52.03 46.07 40.65 35.96

DR Congo 30.29 26.97 23.85 21.16 18.79 16.68 14.76 12.88 11.19 9.76

Kenya 59.38 51.82 43.85 36.24 29.24 22.98 17.58 13.14 9.91 7.54

Uganda 63.62 58.97 54.13 49.11 43.85 38.22 32.97 28.42 24.35 20.75

Rwanda 72.23 66.57 60.17 53.45 46.72 39.8 33.15 27.27 22.42 18.39

Tanzania 64.36 57.85 50.97 43.83 37.05 30.84 24.99 19.89 15.65 12.29 Source: http://www-958.ibm.com/software/analytics/manyeyes/datasets/world-illiteracy-rates-1970-2015/versions/1

78 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-37: Rate of Illiterates (in %) within EAC countries and DRC (1970-2015)

Rate of Illiterates 1970-2015 100

80

60

40

20 Number of illiterate people (%)

0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi

Source: http://www-958.ibm.com/software/analytics/manyeyes/datasets/world-illiteracy-rates-1970-2015/versions/1

Table Annex 1-39: Adult literacy rate (15 years and older) % within EAC countries and DRC from 1985 to 2015 COUNTRY 1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

TOT M F TOT M F TOT M F

Burundi 37 48 28 66 72 60 70 74 66

DR Congo ...... 67 78 56 65 72 59

Kenya ...... 87 90 83 89 91 87

Uganda 56 68 45 75 82 67 81 86 75

Rwanda 58 .. .. 70 75 66 73 76 70

Tanzania 59 71 48 73 79 66 74 79 70

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2011.

Figure Annex 1-38: Adult literacy rate (total, 15 years and older) % within EAC countries and DRC from 1985 to 2015

Adult literacy rate 1985-2015 total, % 100

80

60

% 40

20

0 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2011.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 79 Table Annex 1-40: Youth (15-24 years) literacy rates (%) within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1985-2015 COUNTRY 1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

TOT M F TOT M F TOT M F

Burundi 54 59 48 76 77 75 79 78 81

DR Congo ...... 65 69 62 60 59 61

Kenya ...... 92 92 93 92 90 94

Uganda 70 77 63 87 89 86 92 92 91

Rwanda 75 .. .. 77 77 77 77 76 78

Tanzania 82 86 78 78 79 76 77 76 77

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011.

Figure Annex 1-39: Youth (15-24 years) literacy rates (%) within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1985-2015

Youth literacy (15-24 years), 1985-2015 Total % 100

80

60

% 40

20

0 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

Source: Data available in the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011.

Table Annex 1-41: School life expectancy within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (in years) Country 1992-1998 1999-2001 2008 2011

Burundi 3,7 5,2 9,6 11,3

Kenya .. 8,5 .. 11,1

Uganda 11,9 11,5 10,4 11,1

DR Congo 5,6 4,3 7,8 8,5

Tanzania 5 5,3 .. 9,2

Rwanda 7,9 8,2 10,6 11,1 Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2011 and 2013; The Human Development Report 2013, World Education Report 1998; UNESCO, EFA Global monitoring report 2005.

80 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-40: School life expectancy within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (in years)

School life expectancy 1992-2011 (in years) 15

10 Years (%) 5

0 Burundi Kenya Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda

1992-1998 1999-2001 2008 2011

Source: Data available in the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 and 2013; Human Development Report 2013, World Education Report 1998; UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005.

Table Annex 1-42: Net primary school enrolment rates in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%) Country 1999 2007-2009 2010 2011

Burundi 38 99 99,1 96,1

DR Congo 33

Kenya 63 83 84 84

Uganda .. 92 91 94

Rwanda 78 96 90,6 99

Tanzania 49 97 92,1 98 Source: UNICEF, Report, The State of the World’s Children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, OECD; UNDP Report 2013.

Figure Annex 1-41: Net primary school enrolment rates in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)

Net primary school enrolment rates 1999-2011 (%) 120 100 80 60 Rate (%) 40 20 0 Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania 1999 2007-2009 2010 2011

Source: UNICEF, Report, The State of the World’s Children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, OECD; UNDP Report 2013.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 81 Table Annex 1-43: Net primary school enrolment by gender in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%) Country 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2009 2010 2011

H F H F H F H F M F M F

Burundi 57 49 .. .. 61 55 100 99 98,3 99,8 .. .

DR Congo 60 47 ......

Kenya .. .. 63 64 76 76 81 82 83,5 84,5 84 85

Uganda ...... 94 97 89,7 92,3 94 95

Rwanda 69 65 .. .. 72 75 95 97 94,6 89,4 .. ..

Tanzania 50 51 49 50 98 97 100 99 91,3 92,9 .. ..

Source: UNICEF, Report, The State of the World’s Children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, OECD; UNDP Report 2013.

Figure Annex 1-42: Net primary school enrolment by gender in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)

Net primary school enrolment by gender 1990-2011 (%) 120 100 80

% 60 40 20 0 H F H F H F H F M F M F 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2009 2010 2011

Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

Source: UNICEF, Report, The State of the World’s Children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, OECD; UNDP Report 2013.

Table Annex 1-44: Mobile cellular subscriptions in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1996-2012 (per 100 people) Country 1996-2005 2006-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 0,41 4,72 18,17 20,07 18,17

Kenya 2,00 30,72 61,03 66,81 61,03

Uganda 1,19 16,09 37,74 47,50 37,74

Rwanda 0,58 9,60 32,75 39,90 32,75

Tanzania 1,32 22,50 46,66 55,37 46,66

DR Congo 0,87 11,42 19,01 24,47 19,01 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

82 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-43: Mobile cellular subscriptions in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1996-2012 (per 100 people)

Mobile cellular subscriptions 1996-2012 (per 100 people) 80

60

% 40

20

0 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo 1996-2005 2006-2009 2010 2011 2012

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-45: Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 in EAC member states and DR Congo (per 100 people) COUNTRY 2005 2008 2010 2012

Burundi 0,000 0,002 0,004 0,005

Kenya 0,015 0,008 0,010 0,099

Uganda 0,003 0,015 0,041 0,106

Rwanda 0,013 0,011 0,024 0,024

Tanzania 0,004 0,006 0,007 0,008

DR Congo 0,003 0,008 .. .. Source: World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-44: Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 in EAC member states and DR Congo (per 100 people)

Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 (per 100 people) 0,12 0,10 0,08

% 0,06 0,04 0,02 0,00 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo 2005 2008 2010 2012

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 83 Table Annex 1-46: Average annual rate of Internet users in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1999-2012 (per 100 people) COUNTRY 1999-2002 2003-2005 2007 2010-2012

Burundi 0,09 0,36 0,70 1,11

Kenya 0,56 3,02 7,95 24,70

Uganda 0,22 0,98 3,67 13,40

Rwanda 0,17 0,45 2,12 7,67

Tanzania 0,15 0,88 1,60 3,45

DR Congo 0,03 0,19 0,37 1,20 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-45: Average annual rate of Internet users in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1999-2012 (per 100 people)

Average annual rate of Internet users 1999-2012 (per 100 people) 30 25 20 15 % 10 5 0 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo 1999-2002 2003-2005 2007 2010-2012

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-47: Average annual rate of secure Internet servers in EAC member states and DR Congo, 2004-2013 (per 1 million people) COUNTRY 2004-2007 2008-2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi 0,19 0,19 0,10 0,30 0,30

Kenya 0,44 1,64 3,14 4,17 4,78

Uganda 0,06 0,46 1,48 1,46 1,17

Rwanda 0,00 0,50 0,90 2,01 2,55

Tanzania 0,27 0,50 0,75 1,08

DR Congo 0,04 0,13 0,19 0,26 0,34 Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

84 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-46: Average annual rate of secure Internet servers in EAC member states and DR Congo, 2004-2013 (per 1 million people)

Secure Internet servers, 2004-2013 (per 1 million people) 6 5 4 3 2 Per 1,000,000 people 1 0 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo 2004-2007 2008-2010 2011 2012 2013

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-48: Average annual CO2 emissions in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2010 (%) COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010

Burundi 0,023 0,046 0,053 0,027 0,033

Kenya 0,333 0,261 0,272 0,262 0,304

Uganda 0,105 0,046 0,049 0,08 0,111

Rwanda 0,036 0,103 0,099 0,066 0,055

Tanzania 0,149 0,104 0,093 0,123 0,152

DR Congo 0,144 0,127 0,078 0,039 0,049 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-47: Average annual CO2 emissions in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2010 (%)

Annual average CO2 emissions, 1970-2010 (metric tonnes per capita) 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 CO2 (metric tonnes) 0,05 0,00 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 85 Table Annex 1-49: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 68,80 70,31 71,80 73,26 74,69 75,25

Kenya 42,74 47,36 51,81 56,08 60,13 61,68

Uganda 41,64 49,11 56,49 64,06 71,73 74,77

Rwanda 60,33 63,07 66,16 68,46 70,08 70,71

Tanzania 55,00 54,70 54,34 53,91 53,44 53,24

DR Congo 43,16 43,40 43,98 44,88 46,02 46,46 Source: World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-48: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)

Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source 1990-2012 (%) 80 70 60 50 40 % 30 20 10 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-50: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 66,99 68,40 69,81 71,23 72,64 73,20

Kenya 32,90 37,93 42,97 48,01 53,04 55,05

Uganda 37,18 44,86 52,54 60,22 67,89 70,96

Rwanda 58,63 60,83 63,03 65,23 67,42 68,30

Tanzania 45,98 45,53 45,09 44,64 44,20 44,02

DR Congo 25,75 26,10 26,96 27,83 28,69 29,04 Source: World Bank data.

86 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-49: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)

Rural population with access to an improved source of water - 1990-2012 (%) 80

60

40 %

20

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-51: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 95,87 94,89 93,90 92,92 91,94 91,54

Kenya 91,68 89,54 87,39 85,25 83,11 82,26

Uganda 77,39 81,34 85,29 89,24 93,18 94,76

Rwanda 90,02 87,90 85,78 83,66 81,54 80,70

Tanzania 93,72 90,14 86,55 82,97 79,38 77,95

DR Congo 88,49 87,50 85,02 82,55 80,07 79,08 Source: World Bank data.

Figure Annex 1-50: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)

Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source 1990-2012 (%) 120 100 80 60 % 40 20 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 87 Table Annex 1-52: Net ODA received per capita in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2013 (constant US $) COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010-12 2013

Burundi 11,58 32,76 32,58 41,99 60,52 54,5

Kenya 10,32 27,62 27,17 23,93 53,45 130,1

Uganda 3,001 14,91 34,46 43,42 47,05 36,1

Rwanda 15,45 30,25 66,03 57,96 95,13 168,8

Tanzania 14,03 32,95 35 47,38 59,27 34

DR Congo 8,896 14,81 7,42 34,25 62,05 198 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; African Statistical Yearbook 2014.

Figure Annex 1-51: Net ODA received per capita in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2013 (constant US $)

Net ODA received per capita in 1970-2012 (constant US $) 250

200

150

100 Amount (in US $) 50

0 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo

1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010-12 2013

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; African Statistical Yearbook 2014.

Table Annex 1-53: Average annual government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (% of GDP) COUNTRY 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-13

Burundi 15,7 18,2 16,4 25,2 28,91

Kenya 16,1 15,5 16,8 17,1 20,95

Uganda 9,78 12,4 15,3 12,6 11,46

Rwanda 12,4 11,1 13,1 9,85 13,61

Tanzania 18,6 11 13,8 17,9 19,03

DR Congo 13,3 6,59 6,71 11,8 15,22 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/ weodata/weoseladv.aspx

88 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-52: Average annual government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (% of GDP)

Average annual government final consumption expenditure 1990-2013 (% du PIB) 35 30 25 20 % 15 10 5 0 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-13

Source: Compiled using World Bank data; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weoseladv.aspx

Table Annex 1-54: Average annual forest rents in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2012 (% of GDP) COUNTRY 1970-87 1981-87 1988-91 1992-99 2000-07 2008-12

Burundi 7,24 6,65 11,86 17,99 21,99 26,47

Kenya 3,31 3,59 4,60 4,84 3,27 4,11

Uganda 12,59 15,78 14,12 16,49 12,33 14,69

Rwanda 7,55 4,75 5,19 9,20 5,96 6,38

Tanzania .. .. 9,44 8,75 4,64 5,72

DR Congo 2,90 6,17 10,54 22,40 26,52 31,45 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-53: Average annual forest rents in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2012 (% of GDP)

Annual forest rents 1970-2012 (% of GDP) 35 30 25 20

% 15 10 5 0 1970-87 1981-87 1988-91 1992-99 2000-07 2008-12 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Compiled using World Bank data.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 89 Table Annex 1-55: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (%) COUNTRY 1990 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi .. 14,4 30,5 32,1 30,5 30,5 30,5

Kenya 1,1 3,6 7,1 9,8 9,8 9,8 18,6

Uganda 12,2 17,8 23,9 31,3 35 35 35

Rwanda 17,1 25,7 48,8 56,3 56,3 56,3 63,8

Tanzania .. .. 30,4 30,7 36 36 36

DR Congo 5,4 .. 12 8,4 .. 8,9 8,9 Source: World Bank, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-54: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (%)

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments 1990-2013 (%) 70 60 50 40

% 30 20 10 0 1990 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Table Annex 1- 56: Unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F

Burundi 7,86 7,4 8,34 7,98 7,54 8,4 8,06 7,68 8,46 7,843 7,414 8,24

Kenya 10,06 8,86 11,4 9,84 8,7 11,1 9,62 8,56 10,9 9,371 8,3 10,6

Uganda 2,42 2,02 2,8 2,48 2,1 2,86 2,9 2,48 3,34 3,4 2,9 3,91

Rwanda 0,6 0,82 0,4 0,6 0,82 0,4 0,6 0,8 0,4 0,6 0,8 0,39

Tanzania 3,88 2,88 4,9 4,82 3,42 6,28 3,5 2,58 4,44 3,043 2,171 3,91

DR Congo 7,4 6,64 8,14 7,36 6,7 8 7,22 6,78 7,66 7,214 6,8 7,57

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

90 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-55: Unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (total, %)

Unemployment rates between 1991-2012 (Total, %) 12 10 8 6 Ratio (%) 4 2 0 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-56: Unemployment rates by gender in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1991-2012 (total, %)

Unemployment rates by gender between 1991 and 2012 (Total, %) 12 10 8 6 (%) 4 2 0 H F H F H F H F 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 91 Table Annex 1- 57: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F

Burundi 15,74 12,36 13,78 13,04 12,4 13,68 12,92 12,4 13,38 12,9 12,43 13,29

Kenya 20,64 16,86 17,58 17,14 16,86 17,5 17,08 16,88 17,32 17,03 16,86 17,23

Uganda 4,98 3,88 4,46 4,26 3,98 4,5 4,96 4,64 5,24 5,857 5,5 6,243

Rwanda 0,86 0,96 0,54 0,7 1 0,5 0,7 1 0,5 0,7 1 0,5

Tanzania 9,02 6,32 8,14 8,64 7,4 9,86 6,42 5,64 7,22 5,543 4,729 6,371

DR Congo 15,92 12,28 14,12 13,18 12,34 13,88 12,9 12,46 13,28 12,83 12,49 13,16

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-57: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%)

Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates, 1991-2012 (Total, %) 25

20

15 % 10

5

0 Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-58: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates by gender in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%)

Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates by gender, 1991-2012 (%) 20 18 16 14 12 % 10 8 6 4 2 0 H F H F H F H F 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

92 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX I

Table Annex 1- 58: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1976-2010 (millions of kWh) COUNTRY 1976 1980 1985 1990 2000 2005 2010

Burundi 1 1 2 106 101 102 239

DR Congo 4088 4445 5171 5650 5999 7399 7888

Kenya 1279 1630 2324 3235 4194 5990 7501

Uganda 711 615 653 776 1582 1880 2061

Rwanda 148 118 163 176 113 113 27

Tanzania 666 792 1015 1628 2480 3555 5106 Source: United Nations (1983), Energy Statistics Yearbook 198; Industrial Statistics Yearbook 1985; Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, edition no. 1085, and 2006, Vol. LX, No. 10; African Statistical Yearbook, Part III; Statistical Yearbook 2009; AfDB, African Union, Economic Commission for Africa (2011), African Statistical Yearbook, 344 p.; United Nations (2007), Statistical Yearbook, 51st edition.

Figure Annex 1- 59: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1976-2010 (millions of kWh)

Electricity generation, 1976-2010 (millions of kWh) 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 Millions of kWh 3000 2000 1000 0 1976 1980 1985 1990 2000 2005 2010 DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi

Source: United Nations (1983), Energy Statistics Yearbook 198; Industrial Statistics Yearbook 1985; Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, edition no. 1085, and 2006, Vol. LX, No. 10; African Statistical Yearbook, Part III; Statistical Yearbook 2009; AfDB, African Union, Economic Commission for Africa (2011), African Statistical Yearbook, 344 p.; United Nations (2007), Statistical Yearbook, 51st edition.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 93 ANNEX II: Comparison of different indicators of Burundi with one of other Community of Eastern and Southern African (COMESA) countries

Table Annex 2-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 45.1 45.7 49 46.1 43.9 44.0 44.2

DR Congo 44.3 45 46.1 46.2 45.5 45.3 45.1

Kenya 49.5 49.9 46.7 43.1 42.6 42.5 42.4

Libya 46.1 44.4 38.2 31 29.4 29.4 29.5

Mauritius 40.1 32.4 27.6 24.1 21.2 20.6 20.2

Uganda 47.1 47.6 48.6 49.3 48.9 48.7 48.5

Rwanda 47.4 49.4 45.9 45.1 44.7 44.2 43.6

Seychelles 41.7 35.4 31.3 25 22.3 22.2 22.1

Swaziland 48 48.7 47.2 42 38.8 38.4 38.0

Zambia 47 46.7 45.6 46.5 46.9 46.8 46.7

Zimbabwe 48.4 47.9 44.4 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.2

Egypt 41.1 39.9 37.9 33.1 31.5 31.4 31.2

Eritrea 45.7 46.2 48.4 44.3 43.0 43.1 43.1

Ethiopia 44.7 45.9 46.5 46.1 44.4 43.9 43.3

Comoros 44.9 45.5 43.5 41.6 42.2 42.2 42.2

Djibouti 46.5 45.4 43.6 37.8 34.1 33.9 33.7

Madagascar 45.9 45.7 45 44.8 43.4 43.1 42.7

Malawi 46.8 47.1 45.1 46 45.8 45.6 45.4

Sudan 46.6 46.5 44.6 43.2 42.1 41.8 41.5 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

94 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-2: Proportion of the total population of 15 to 64 years of age in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 51.7 51.1 48.1 51.2 53.5 53.5 53.4

Comoros 51.9 51.3 53.3 55.4 54.9 54.9 55.0

DR Congo 52.9 52.1 51 51 51.7 51.9 52.0

Djibouti 51 52.1 53.6 58.9 62.2 62.3 62.4

Egypt 54.5 55.5 57 61.5 63.0 63.1 63.1

Eritrea 52.7 52.2 49.9 53.8 54.9 54.8 54.7

Ethiopia 52.5 51 50.4 50.8 52.3 52.8 53.3

Kenya 47.2 47.3 50.6 54.2 54.8 54.9 55.0

Libya 50.9 52.6 58.3 64.7 66.0 65.9 65.8

Madagascar 50.5 51.1 52 52.3 53.7 54.1 54.5

Malawi 50.8 50.3 51.9 50.9 51.1 51.2 51.4

Mauritius 57 63.5 67.2 69.2 71.1 71.3 71.5

Uganda 50.2 49.8 48.7 48.2 48.7 48.9 49.0

Rwanda 50 48.4 51.7 52.3 53.0 53.5 54.1

Seychelles 52 57.6 61.4 67.3 70.1 70.2 70.2

Sudan 50.4 50.6 52.5 53.8 54.8 55.1 55.3

Swaziland 49.3 48.5 50 54.8 57.8 58.2 58.5

Zambia 50.3 50.5 51.6 50.8 50.4 50.5 50.6

Zimbabwe 48.5 49.1 52.4 54.7 54.8 55.2 55.8 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 95 Table Annex 2-3: Proportion of the total population of 65 years of age and over in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 3.21 3.15 2.89 2.74 2.5 2.5 2.4

DR Congo 2.86 2.91 2.88 2.82 2.8 2.8 2.8

Kenya 3.27 2.86 2.71 2.71 2.6 2.6 2.6

Libya 2.97 2.95 3.52 4.22 4.6 4.6 4.7

Mauritius 2.86 4.09 5.24 6.68 7.7 8.0 8.4

Uganda 2.62 2.65 2.69 2.54 2.4 2.4 2.4

Rwanda 2.59 2.22 2.38 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3

Seychelles 6.34 6.96 7.27 7.69 7.6 7.6 7.7

Swaziland 2.71 2.75 2.79 3.13 3.3 3.4 3.4

Zambia 2.7 2.77 2.78 2.71 2.7 2.6 2.6

Zimbabwe 3.08 2.98 3.15 3.66 4.0 4.0 3.9

Egypt 4.38 4.63 5.06 5.42 5.5 5.6 5.6

Eritrea 1.69 1.61 1.67 1.95 2.1 2.2 2.2

Ethiopia 2.84 3.09 3.1 3.13 3.3 3.3 3.4

Comoros 3.16 3.22 3.15 3.01 2.9 2.9 2.9

Djibouti 2.42 2.48 2.76 3.32 3.7 3.8 3.9

Madagascar 3.55 3.18 3.01 2.92 2.8 2.8 2.8

Malawi 2.47 2.55 2.98 3.05 3.1 3.1 3.1

Sudan 2.98 2.94 2.96 3.04 3.1 3.2 3.2 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

96 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-4: Birth rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people) COUNTRY 1970-1973 1974-1984 1985-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 47.51 50.17 49.71 43.94 42.67 44.4 45.11

Comoros 44.77 45.37 39.19 37.94 39.29 38.48 36.47

DR Congo 46.52 46.62 48.18 48.37 46.96 45.22 43.58

Djibouti 44.89 41.64 39.7 33.21 29.53 28.82 28.11

Egypt 40.04 37.75 31.56 25.74 24.5 24.38 23.81

Eritrea 46.93 46.28 44.46 40.59 39.93 39.52 37.92

Ethiopia 48.29 48.86 47.69 45.39 41.72 36.98 34.11

Kenya 50.75 49.46 42.81 38.31 38.72 38.03 36.1

Libya 46.22 41.72 29.55 23.18 22.53 22.54 21.53

Madagascar 48.51 45.7 44.7 43.05 39.65 36.63 35.18

Malawi 53.05 54.44 50.54 46.88 44.02 41.85 40.5

Mauritius 25.48 25.04 20.08 17.6 16.26 13.52 11.5

Uganda 48.73 48.99 49.66 48.93 47.73 45.99 44.15

Rwanda 50.62 53.08 48.19 42.81 39.7 37.94 36.35

Seychelles .. 27.77 24.01 19.46 17.9 17.86 18

Sudan 46.92 45.39 41.94 40.54 39 36.46 34.39

Swaziland 49.27 48.32 43.36 34.76 31.96 31.31 30.52

Zambia 48.84 46.68 44.15 45.27 45.01 43.68 43.11

Zimbabwe 47.6 46.51 37.93 33 32.08 32.41 31.89 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 97 Table Annex 2-5: Adolescent fertility rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (Births/1000 women aged of 15 to 19) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2000 2001 2002

Burundi 48.85 49.52 47.65 47.65 31.6 30.9 30.3

Comoros 93.06 85.51 68.08 68.08 53.9 52.5 51.1

DR Congo 151.4 139.7 134.1 134.1 134.0 134.6 135.3

Djibouti 59.75 65.2 48.54 48.54 20.0 19.3 18.6

Egypt 125.7 96.31 67.1 67.1 45.3 44.1 43.0

Eritrea 115.1 114.6 112.9 112.9 69.9 67.6 65.3

Ethiopia 119.8 120.4 117 117 83.0 80.7 78.4

Kenya 176.2 153.9 111.6 111.6 96.3 94.9 93.6

Libya 17.28 12.71 6.71 6.71 2.8 2.6 2.5

Madagascar 160.2 147.7 152.3 152.3 127.4 125.1 122.8

Malawi 161 173.6 162.9 162.9 149.8 147.3 144.8

Mauritius 63.58 44.83 39.57 39.57 31.8 31.3 30.9

Uganda 181.8 184.6 194.1 194.1 136.0 131.3 126.6

Rwanda 75.65 73.12 57.11 57.11 37.3 35.4 33.6

Seychelles 130 77.85 62.97 62.97 57.7 57.0 56.3

Sudan 138.8 108.3 109.4 109.4 93.0 88.5 84.0

Swaziland 150.4 144.5 117.7 117.7 78.4 75.2 72.0

Zambia 103.4 97.11 128.5 128.5 131.1 128.3 125.4

Zimbabwe 170.3 121.4 108.6 108.6 65.2 62.7 60.3 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

98 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-6: total fertility rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman) COUNTRY 1970-1975 1976-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991 1992-1996 1997-2006 2007-2012

Burundi 7.36 7.45 7.5 7.55 7.37 6.95 6.35

Comoros 7.06 7.1 6.73 5.76 5.28 5.27 4.95

DR Congo 6.29 6.51 6.79 7.07 7.25 6.97 6.3

Djibouti 6.82 6.56 6.25 6.12 5.53 4.35 3.64

Egypt 5.74 5.44 5.11 4.51 3.78 3.24 2.9

Eritrea 6.63 6.62 6.59 6.5 6.34 5.79 5.02

Ethiopia 7.07 7.26 7.42 7.29 7.04 6.25 4.98

Kenya 7.98 7.57 7.03 6.23 5.39 4.99 4.65

Libya 7.94 7.86 6.87 5.28 3.97 3 2.55

Madagascar 7.29 6.76 6.17 6.25 6.06 5.39 4.69

Malawi 7.41 7.6 7.57 7.14 6.56 6.16 5.67

Mauritius 3.55 2.87 2.18 2.21 2.22 1.92 1.52

Uganda 7.11 7.1 7.1 7.09 7.04 6.77 6.2

Rwanda 8.3 8.43 8.33 7.52 6.46 5.73 4.89

Seychelles .. 4.5* 3.5* 3* 2.7* 2.07 2.31

Sudan 6.91 6.86 6.54 6.21 5.89 5.32 4.68

Swaziland 6.86 6.71 6.45 5.89 5.04 4.13 3.59

Zambia 7.44 7.28 6.87 6.54 6.25 6.04 5.83

Zimbabwe 7.41 7.21 6.42 5.38 4.57 4.05 3.75 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014. * are not averages,but successive datas from 1976, 1982, 1987, 1992

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 99 Table Annex 2-7: Crude death rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people) COUNTRY 1970-1973 1974-1984 1985-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 20.6 18.9 18.1 16.9 15.4 14.3 13.3

Comoros 17.2 15.0 12.0 10.8 10.3 9.63 9.04

DR Congo 20 18.9 18.2 19 18.1 16.9 16

Djibouti 14.5 12.2 10.8 10.4 10.2 9.72 9.07

Egypt 15.4 12.4 8.7 7.17 6.87 6.77 6.59

Eritrea 21 18.8 15.2 11 9.04 8.07 7.21

Ethiopia 21 21.0 18.5 15.4 12.7 9.84 8.14

Kenya 14.8 11.9 10.1 11.5 12.1 10.5 8.81

Libya 11.7 8.0 5.4 4.61 4.36 4.2 4.18

Madagascar 20.1 17.4 15.1 11.7 9.45 8.03 7.2

Malawi 23.6 21.9 18.7 18.2 16.7 13.9 12

Mauritius 7.83 7.2 6.7 6.82 6.84 7.06 7.1

Uganda 16.7 16.5 17.1 16.9 14.4 11.6 9.88

Rwanda 20.3 18.2 29.5 23.3 13 9.86 7.56

Seychelles 0 7.4 7.3 7.28 7.32 7.74 7.57

Sudan 14.4 13.3 12.1 11 10.1 9.07 8.53

Swaziland 16.9 13.6 10.0 11.8 15.1 15.2 14.3

Zambia 16.3 15.2 18.5 20.6 18.4 14.2 11.3

Zimbabwe 12.9 10.7 9.6 14.7 17.3 14.8 10.6 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

100 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-8: Population growth in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people) COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012 1970-2012

Burundi 1.69 3.04 1.83 2.75 3.45 3.28 2.48

Comoros 2.88 2.86 2.46 2.56 2.58 2.48 2.68

DR Congo 2.76 2.74 3.08 2.69 2.84 2.76 2.83

Djibouti 8.09 5.1 2.39 1.47 1.41 1.5 4.06

Egypt 2.13 2.28 1.65 1.62 1.68 1.67 1.91

Eritrea 2.88 3.17 1.68 4.13 3.5 3.27 2.91

Ethiopia 2.23 2.95 3.23 2.87 2.72 2.6 2.79

Kenya 3.65 3.7 2.96 2.67 2.68 2.69 3.21

Libya 3.93 3.41 2.02 1.56 1.6 1.05 2.62

Madagascar 2.85 2.75 3.09 3.03 2.86 2.8 2.9

Malawi 3.18 4.08 1.9 2.64 2.96 2.92 2.99

Mauritius 1.58 0.98 1.14 0.97 0.66 0.43 1.08

Uganda 2.85 3.29 3.29 3.33 3.37 3.36 3.2

Rwanda 3.11 3.74 0.84 3.28 2.58 2.82 2.67

Seychelles 1.94 0.87 1.47 0.51 1.13 0.38 1.22

Sudan 3.4 3.27 3.39 2.56 2.49 2.17 3.08

Swaziland 3 3.54 2.29 0.87 1.39 1.59 2.43

Zambia 3.33 3.01 2.52 2.55 2.76 3.1 2.89

Zimbabwe 3.34 3.69 1.97 0.49 0.31 2.09 2.33 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 101 Table Annex 2-9: Life expectancy at birth for the total population in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (in years) COUNTRY 1970 1981-1982 1987 1992 1997 2002-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 43.8 47.8 48.5 46.6 47.3 50.3 52.6 53.1 53.6

Comoros 47.7 52.6 54.7 56.0 57.2 59.2 60.2 60.4 60.6

DR Congo 43.8 46.4 47.2 47.3 46.0 47.9 49.0 49.3 49.6

Djibouti 49.1 54.2 56.0 56.9 57.0 58.3 60.3 60.8 61.3

Egypt 52.1 59.3 63.1 65.4 67.7 69.6 70.5 70.7 70.9

Eritrea 40.5 43.7 46.2 49.8 54.0 58.9 61.2 61.7 62.2

Ethiopia 42.9 43.7 45.6 47.8 50.4 57.1 61.5 62.3 63.0

Kenya 52.2 58.5 59.6 58.2 54.3 55.4 59.5 60.4 61.1

Libya 56.1 65.1 67.5 69.3 71.0 73.7 74.8 75.0 75.2

Madagascar 44.8 49.4 49.9 52.3 56.2 61.4 63.3 63.8 64.2

Malawi 40.6 44.9 46.6 47.1 46.2 49.5 53.5 54.1 54.7

Mauritius 63.1 67.6 68.7 70.1 70.4 72.4 73.0 73.3 73.6

Uganda 48.8 49.4 48.7 46.6 46.3 53.3 57.3 58.0 58.6

Rwanda 44.3 49 45.0 27.1 39.2 56 62.2 62.9 63.5

Seychelles .. 67.3 69.7 70.7 71.4 72.5 73.2 72.7 72.7

Sudan 52.2 54.4 55.0 55.9 57.1 60.1 61.5 61.7 61.9

Swaziland 48.0 55.2 58.4 59.0 53.4 46.5 48.3 48.7 48.9

Zambia 49.0 50.6 46.5 42.3 40.8 48 54.5 55.8 57.0

Zimbabwe 54.9 60.2 61.1 56.5 47.8 45.6 53.6 55.9 58.0 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

102 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-10: HIV prevalence rate for the total population aged 15 to 49 in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (%) COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 2.98 4.22 2.58 1.56 1.3 1.3 1.3

Comoros 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 2.1

DR Congo 1.34 1.48 1.5 1.32 1.2 1.1 1.1

Djibouti 0.26 1.3 2.38 2.04 1.5 1.4 1.2

Egypt 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Eritrea 1.72 2.44 1.8 1.02 0.8 0.7 0.7

Ethiopia 2.02 3.46 3.36 2.14 1.6 1.4 1.3

Kenya 5.36 9.56 8.06 6.46 6.2 6.2 6.1

Libya ......

Madagascar 0.42 0.7 0.7 0.64 0.6 0.5 0.5

Malawi 13.38 15.9 15 12.42 11.2 11 10.8

Mauritius 0.18 0.6 1.02 1.18 1.2 1.2 1.2

Uganda 12.7 9.4 6.6 6.54 7 7.2 7.2

Rwanda 5.88 5.56 4.06 3.12 3 2.9 2.9

Seychelles ......

Sudan 0.48 2.16 3.18 3.08 2.9 2.8 2.7

Swaziland 4.64 19.14 25.04 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.5

Zambia 12.68 15.46 14.72 13.46 13.1 13 12.7

Zimbabwe 17.46 26.96 22.78 16.6 15 14.9 14.7 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 103 Table Annex 2-11: HIV prevalence rate among the population aged 15 to 24 by sex in the COMESA member states from 2000 to 2012 (%) COUNTRY 2000-2004 2005 2009 2011 2012

M F M F M F M F M F

Burundi 1.6 3.6 0.8 2.3 1 2.1 6.3 14.1 0.4 0.6

DR Congo .. .. 0.8 2.2 ...... 0.4 0.8

Kenya 1.3 5.9 1.3 5.9 1.8 4.1 7.2 18.7 1.8 3.6

Libya ......

Mauritius ...... 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3

Uganda 2 5.1 1.1 4.3 2.3 4.8 2.4 5.6 2.3 4

Rwanda .. .. 0.4 1.5 1.3 1.9 5.9 13.4 1 1.3

Seychelles ......

Swaziland .. 7.7 22.7 6.5 15.6 18.3 47.4 10.3 20

Zambia 3 12 3.0 11.1 4.2 8.9 9.7 25.2 3.5 4.6

Zimbabwe 5 18 4.2 11.0 3.3 6.9 14.9 39.6 3.9 6.3

Egypt ...... <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.1

Eritrea .. .. 0.6 1.6 0.4 0.3 1.9 3.7 0.2 0.2

Ethiopia .. .. 0.3 1.2 .. .. 3.6 5.5 0.3 0.5

Comoros .. .. <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 2.8 1.6

Djibouti .. .. 0.7 2.1 0.8 1.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3

Madagascar .. .. 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.28 0.3 0.3

Malawi .. .. 2.1 9.1 3.1 6.8 7.6 17.9 2.7 4.5

Sudan ...... 0.5 1.3 1.5 4.2 0.6 1.2

Source: Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; UNESCO, Education for All, The quality imperative; African Statistical Yearbook 2014.

104 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-12: Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2011 ( in %) COUNTRY 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2009-2011

Ethiopia .. 5.6 6 10

Eritrea 20.6 28.3 28 ..

Burundi .. 25.2 34 60.3

Uganda 37.8 39 42 57.4

Kenya 44.3 41.6 44 43.8

Madagascar 47.3 51.3 44 43.9

Zambia 47.1 43.4 47 ..

Sudan 69.4 .. 49 23.1

Rwanda 25.8 31.3 52 69

Malawi 54.8 56.1 54 71.4

Zimbabwe 72.5 .. 60 66.2

Comoros 51.6 61.8 62 ..

Swaziland 56 74 69 82

DR Congo .. 60.7 74 80.4

Egypt 55.2 69.4 79 ..

Djibouti .. 60.6 93 ..

Libya 99 94

Mauritius 98.5 98.4 98 ..

Seychelles ...... Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011, African Statistical Yearbook 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 105 Table Annex 2-13: Rate of lifetime risk of maternal mortality in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2013 (in %) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Burundi 8.76 8.05 6.13 5.31 4.86 4.45

Comoros 3.50 2.90 2.54 2.25 1.95 1.71

DR Congo 7.05 7.59 7.34 5.99 4.94 4.32

Djibouti 2.27 1.92 1.47 1.13 0.87 0.77

Egypt 0.55 0.37 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.14

Eritrea 9.68 6.32 3.79 2.81 2.33 1.91

Ethiopia 9.16 7.94 6.05 4.05 2.48 1.93

Kenya 3.11 2.81 2.72 2.57 2.18 1.89

Libya 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Madagascar 4.69 3.95 3.20 2.85 2.38 2.11

Malawi 6.93 5.24 4.23 3.15 3.10 2.92

Mauritius 0.18 0.16 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.11

Uganda 5.43 4.83 4.22 3.39 2.61 2.28

Rwanda 8.70 8.02 5.14 3.06 1.96 1.52

Seychelles ......

Sudan 4.38 3.70 3.04 2.40 1.89 1.65

Swaziland 3.19 2.39 1.94 1.60 1.22 1.06

Zambia 3.40 3.55 3.35 2.45 1.88 1.69

Zimbabwe 2.78 2.30 2.30 2.53 2.43 1.87 Source: World Bank, 2014.

106 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-14: Ratio de décès maternel in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation per 100,000 live births) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Burundi 1300 1300 1000 910 820 740

Comoros 630 560 480 430 380 350

DR Congo 1000 1100 1100 930 810 730

Djibouti 400 390 360 310 250 230

Egypt 120 96 75 62 50 45

Eritrea 1700 1000 670 530 450 380

Ethiopia 1400 1200 990 740 500 420

Kenya 490 530 570 550 460 400

Libya 31 25 21 17 15 15

Madagascar 740 640 550 530 480 440

Malawi 1100 870 750 570 540 510

Mauritius 70 68 28 35 72 73

Uganda 780 740 650 510 410 360

Rwanda 1400 1400 1000 610 390 320

Seychelles ......

Sudan 720 640 540 460 390 360

Swaziland 550 480 520 480 350 310

Zambia 580 630 610 430 320 280

Zimbabwe 520 550 680 740 610 470 Source: World Bank, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 107 Table Annex 2-15: Government expenditure on health in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1995 to 2012 (% of GDP) COUNTRY 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 23.05 24.64 45.64 45.99

DR Congo 11.43 11.96 22.06 24.59

Kenya 46.94 53.56 65.64 75.89

Libya 435.77 495.24 416.39 397.51

Mauritius 236.42 361.38 579.80 781.67

Uganda 35.27 56.35 98.67 115.12

Rwanda 23.81 32.85 91.03 136.30

Seychelles 765.64 749.82 657.94 974.50

Swaziland 183.83 217.62 367.94 442.11

Zambia 53.22 63.71 84.48 101.51

Zimbabwe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Egypt 148.22 221.90 262.09 308.51

Eritrea 23.05 19.27 16.65 15.69

Ethiopia 14.08 23.01 33.67 44.14

Comoros 40.81 36.10 52.47 46.31

Djibouti 73.55 97.08 157.99 218.77

Madagascar 32.26 38.79 44.08 40.18

Malawi 29.84 35.42 58.35 76.36

Sudan 46.98 59.47 138.30 162.62 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

108 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-16: Consumer price index in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100) COUNTRY 1980-1984 1985-1990 1991-1993 1995-2000 2001-2004 2006-2009 2010-2013

Burundi 9.78 14.08 19.50 48.12 79.57 126.46 195.49

DR Congo 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 71.33 139.94 200.81

Kenya 6.59 11.63 25.82 56.74 79.59 142.97 211.87

Libya 43.08 64.13 89.55 120.36 102.94 112.53 147.24

Mauritius 23.11 32.69 46.75 67.94 89.03 122.72 148.11

Uganda 0.14 13.15 49.83 72.86 86.24 123.27 186.25

Rwanda 14.64 17.79 25.22 65.88 81.02 129.02 168.38

Seychelles 57.56 65.58 72.88 78.49 94.77 134.44 197.34

Swaziland 10.34 22.19 35.08 59.36 87.62 121.27 159.74

Zambia 135.80 0.12 2.67 23.92 65.86 129.78 184.10

Zimbabwe 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.14 8.28 .. ..

Egypt 9.13 22.48 45.13 71.65 85.72 130.04 197.81

Eritrea ...... 154.63 342.55 ..

Ethiopia 29.59 37.45 60.76 74.03 79.68 160.08 319.76

Comoros 60.13 71.04 68.97 90.29 91.49 108.95 121.81

Djibouti 95.84 .. 78.09 94.59 93.73 114.34 137.16

Madagascar 4.29 9.62 16.11 48.61 74.58 127.95 178.37

Malawi 0.94 2.27 4.60 28.27 74.30 128.95 196.37

Sudan 0.02 0.16 2.20 47.11 82.23 125.61 238.43 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 109 Table Annex 2-17: Share of total exports of COMESA member states by main destination from 1996 to 2011 (in %) COUNTRY Africa Developed countries of Europe Developed countries of America Developed countries of Asia

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Burundi 6.7 20.8 78.7 48.7 8 2.7 5.6 25.4

Comoros 3.4 1 64.2 35.9 17.9 2.6 8.7 59.5

Djibouti 27.8 40.4 20.5 9.2 0.4 2.5 500 46

Egypt 4.8 12.2 42 32.2 11.8 5.9 21.6 36.6

Eritrea 22.3 13.8 53.9 29.5 2.6 20.9 10.7 25.9

Ethiopia 16 19.4 43.7 38.5 8.5 6.1 15.5 29.4

Kenya 38.3 42.6 39.3 30.8 4.8 7 13.6 15

Libya 5.1 2.6 85.8 78 0 5.7 6.7 11.9

Madagascar 6.8 6 67.4 55.4 10.6 18.8 7.1 17.9

Malawi 22.5 29.8 46.3 34.2 14.1 10.6 5.6 13.2

Mauritius 6.2 12.7 73.7 61.4 17.2 8 1.6 5.5

Uganda 14.2 44.5 70.9 35.1 5 2.7 6 15.2

DR Congo 3.8 15.4 69.3 23.9 18.8 10.4 4.6 47.6

Rwanda 12.1 43.3 65.2 19.8 7.2 5.9 13.8 28.7

Seychelles 3.1 10.1 68.9 65.7 6.5 2 17.9 10.3

Sudan 6.8 1.8 26.9 1.8 0.7 3 54.8 78.7

Swaziland 69.6 39.5 10 20.2 7.5 11.2 9.9 20.8

Zambia 21.7 26.3 31.6 32.9 4.7 0.6 31.9 38.9

Zimbabwe 27.6 51.3 41.8 21 15.4 19.3 12.9 18.6

Source: UNCTAD, Report 2013

110 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-18: Share of total imports of COMESA member states by main destination from 1996 to 2011 (in %) COUNTRY Africa Developed countries of Europe Developed countries of America Developed countries of Asia

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Burundi 22.9 35.4 49.7 26.9 2.9 3.5 19.7 30.5

Comoros 21.9 20.8 59.1 29.5 0.4 0.4 15.6 47

Djibouti 13.1 6.3 40.7 12.3 3.6 6.3 36.7 68.2

Egypt 2 3.2 41.6 30 15.7 11 19.2 34.2

Eritrea 4.1 18.6 44.6 21.8 6.5 2.6 33.8 48.4

Ethiopia 4.1 4.7 35.2 17.9 5.7 5.5 40.6 61.4

Kenya 11.3 12.9 34.9 18.4 7.3 5.4 35.4 53.8

Libya 8.6 10.9 65.3 47.4 2.4 4.5 15.4 27.8

Madagascar 13 12.9 42.7 23.7 3.7 5.5 30.5 53.6

Malawi 66.7 55.9 15.2 14.9 3.2 4.1 10 22.3

Mauritius 15.7 12.1 33.4 25.6 3.3 2.5 36.1 49.8

Uganda 41.9 25.8 28.5 20.9 4.4 3.6 17.8 40.4

DR Congo 39.9 51.4 40.4 28.3 4.6 3.7 13 12.6

Rwanda 35.3 46.5 31.6 23.2 13.3 4.7 12.6 22.5

Seychelles 15.6 10.8 41.6 32.3 7.6 1.6 30.1 51.3

Sudan 11.5 9.2 34.4 17.9 3.3 3.5 43 59

Swaziland 89.8 70.4 2.5 4.4 1.6 3.2 5 19.7

Zambia 59.2 63.5 19.2 10.7 4.1 2.3 13.6 21.1

Zimbabwe 54.6 73.8 23.2 6.9 4.9 3.3 9.5 14.6

Source: UNCTA, Report 2013

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 111 Table Annex 2-19: Commercial /GDP ratio of COMESA member states 1996-2011 COUNTRY 1996-2000 2001-2006 2007-2011

Burundi 4.1 8.3 10

Comoros 5.4 6.1 7.9

Djibouti 6.4 8.1 6

Egypt 0.6 1.3 2.5

Eritrea 3.9 4.6 6.3

Ethiopia 1.7 3 2.9

Kenya 8 9.9 11.6

Libya 2.8 3 2.4

Madagascar 3.6 5 5.2

Malawi 26 27.4 30.6

Mauritius 10.3 10 8.6

Uganda 10.4 11.6 15

DR Congo 7 14.3 23.5

Rwanda 5.5 7.3 13.4

Seychelles 10.6 10.9 13.8

Sudan 2.2 1.9 1.9

Swaziland 102.4 100.6 63

Zambia 22.2 31.7 31.9

Zimbabwe 27.7 36.8 58.7 Source: UNCTAD, Report 2013

112 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-20: Foreign direct investment rate, Net inflows in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1988 to 2012 (Net inflows, % of GDP) COUNTRY 1998-1991 1992-1995 1996-2001 2002-2007 2008-2012

Burundi 0.0872 0.0761 0.2661 0.0162 0.0927

DR Congo -0.033 -0.092 0.7181 6.4415 11.918

Kenya 0.4131 0.7953 0.4801 0.6766 0.5759

Libya -0.03 -0.261 2.4897 ..

Mauritius 1.2241 0.4831 1.463 1.4385 3.4239

Uganda -0.017 1.5291 2.5847 4.5064 5.7105

Rwanda 0.5149 0.1439 0.2514 0.7115 1.8253

Seychelles 6.5638 5.3721 7.8816 7.6529 3.7873

Swaziland 6.6887 4.8996 4.1028 1.778 2.7999

Zambia 3.445 3.7507 4.6472 7.5636 6.6935

Zimbabwe -0.115 0.7013 1.7888 0.7413 2.7106

Egypt 2.2337 1.3923 1.0463 4.4705 2.632

Eritrea .. .. 8.1398 1.6857 3.1807

Ethiopia .. 0.1208 2.3321 3.5441 1.0137

Comoros 1.158 0.002 0.183 0.4338 2.3228

Djibouti 0.1238 0.4302 0.6138 8.1517 ..

Madagascar 0.4686 0.4135 1.1431 3.2247 10.228

Malawi 0.4461 0.6276 1.3089 3.0356 2.5343

Sudan -0,055 0,2154 2,5271 8,8525 8,1361 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 113 Table Annex 2-21: Volume of exports index 1980-2012 in the COMESA member states (2000=100) COUNTRY 1980 1985 1993 1999 2002 2006 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 18.62 37.21 41.95 82.92 70.81 75.55 85.66 80.26 98.74

DR Congo 84.10 156.29 66.90 110.60 145.20 199.28 299.96 308.99 304.69

Kenya 51.67 54.14 107.12 98.79 136.15 156.23 179.73 172.42 186.24

Libya 144.50 97.04 .. .. 87.53 141.04 141.00 38.60 123.47

Mauritius 37.73 49.57 86.87 107.34 119.28 167.69 160.34 163.33 168.81

Uganda .. 27.74 32.90 96.30 127.72 177.16 221.02 243.47 296.30

Rwanda 232.24 309.60 175.56 137.56 132.92 128.87 152.82 219.14 236.96

Seychelles .. 12.42 27.50 67.53 135.33 177.63 150.02 155.41 151.29

Swaziland 41.80 33.98 77.96 101.98 108.23 138.07 102.08 94.87 97.84

Tanzania .. .. 67.19 75.82 138.53 163.55 229.75 214.98 260.65

Zambia 99.06 97.35 70.93 181.47 119.60 162.92 260.37 274.61 282.81

Zimbabwe 30.37 36.68 56.06 98.08 110.09 66.38 73.65 70.38 84.36

Egypt 60.71 80.83 48.02 81.62 113.83 171.15 203.58 189.78 183.37

Eritrea .. .. 184.50 92.68 150.02 29.69 20.68 539.57 606.43

Ethiopia .. .. 40.14 80.17 108.82 149.82 233.19 233.17 256.46

Comoros 117.35 265.00 265.53 58.97 238.58 99.18 122.46 123.72 117.22

Djibouti ...... 118.17 128.41 175.45 167.53 170.24

Madagascar 88.62 59.44 64.47 80.56 70.73 120.96 105.34 127.86 120.76

Malawi 79.43 78.94 86.97 114.74 118.62 161.77 174.91 205.17 196.77

Sudan 20.86 11.25 32.08 47.44 121.84 145.94 220.73 139.44 ..

Source: World Bank, 2014.

114 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table 2-22: Human Development Index in Burundi and other COMESA member states (1980-2012)

Rank Value HDI Average annual growth COUNTRY 2012 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2010 2011 2012 1980/1990 1990/2000 2000/2010 2000/2012

46 Seychelles .. .. 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 .. .. 0.31 0.33

64 Libya ...... 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.73 0.77 ......

80 Mauritius 0.55 0.63 0.68 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 1.28 0.77 0.81 0.73

112 Egypt 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.66 2.12 1.68 1.08 0.92

141 Swaziland .. 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.54 .. -0.59 0.58 0.55

145 Kenya 0.42 0.46 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.88 -0.33 1.34 1.24

151 Madagascar .. .. 0.43 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 .. .. 1.24 1.02

152 Tanzania .. 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.47 0.47 0.48 .. 0.43 2.36 2.15

161 Uganda .. 0.31 0.37 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.46 .. 2.06 1.84 1.65

163 Zambia 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.45 -0.18 -0.56 1.52 1.46

164 Djibouti ...... 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44 ......

167 Rwanda 0.28 0.23 0.31 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.43 -1.74 3.05 3.07 2.73

169 Comoros ...... 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 ......

170 Malawi 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.83 1.78 1.61 1.44

171 Sudan 0.27 0.30 0.36 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.41 1.15 1.89 1.22 1.08

172 Zimbabwe 0.37 0.43 0.38 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.40 1.53 -1.26 -0.04 0.46

173 Ethiopia .. .. 0.27 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.39 0.40 .. .. 3.49 3.09

178 Burundi 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.35 2.26 -0.07 2.59 2.31

181 Eritrea ...... 0.34 0.35 0.35 ......

186 DR Congo 0.29 0.30 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.37 -2.34 2.35 2.19

Source: World Bank, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 115 Table Annex 2-23: Volume of imports index 1980-2012 in the COMESA member states (2000=100) COUNTRY 1980 1990 1995 1999 2002 2006 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 37.36 45.47 58.86 70.66 89.69 226 222.4 285 298.8

DR Congo 34.78 64.38 30.08 100 162.7 323 414.3 447.6 498.8

Kenya 49.58 53.42 93.5 87.7 107.1 158.6 216.7 223.6 248.5

Libya .. 111.8 129.1 91.14 118.3 121.3 290.6 114.7 330.5

Mauritius 36.69 81.39 83.57 109.6 98.97 160 160.5 165.3 165.6

Uganda .. 16.14 64.85 90.05 71.36 121.5 189 199.1 210.6

Rwanda 71.44 78.1 113.8 133 120.6 200.6 430.8 469 538.6

Seychelles .. 46.3 63.6 116.4 123.3 147.7 104.3 102.8 108

Swaziland 60.92 73.76 83.8 101.1 92.07 139 110.2 94.71 96.15

Zambia 123.1 120.4 60.74 81.94 125.5 260.5 368.4 431.7 488.3

Zimbabwe 28.19 50.55 95.47 114.1 93.1 76.52 102.4 104.3 106

Egypt 69.38 146.1 97.61 119.1 88.42 138.2 212.4 203.2 246.2

Eritrea .. .. 105.3 97.54 113.6 80.06 77.94 87.76 94.78

Ethiopia .. .. 87.27 127 130 308.8 427.9 379.2 516

Comoros 32.36 40.28 54.68 93.29 126.8 209.1 310.9 325.9 355.5

Djibouti ...... 99.05 106 93.79 111.4 130.4

Madagascar 116.1 67.61 61.14 75.19 59.88 124.7 144.6 138.9 147.9

Malawi 137.6 127.3 84.21 129.2 133.7 180.4 251.6 248.1 243

Sudan 64.26 30.41 72.68 100.1 159.1 419.3 449.1 375.9 .. Source: World Bank, 2014.

116 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-24: Annual average growth rate of real GDP in the COMESA member states 1983-2015 (for 1 million people) COUNTRY 1983-1992 1993-1999 2000–12 2013-2015

Burundi 4.029 -3.406 3.600 4.633

DR Congo -1.147 -4.172 5.700 8.333

Kenya 3.620 2.516 4.400 5.400

Libya 0.000 5.400 3.900

Mauritius 6.006 4.780 3.900 3.567

Uganda 3.652 7.626 7.500 6.433

Rwanda 1.701 2.843 7.900 7.233

Seychelles 5.264 4.536 3.100 3.333

Swaziland 8.351 3.262 2.200 1.367

Zambia 0.572 0.852 5.900 7.667

Zimbabwe 2.613 3.650 -4.100 2.367

Egypt 4.675 4.591 4.900 2.500

Eritrea 0.000 8.070 0.900 5.867

Ethiopia 0.482 5.675 8.900 6.600

Comoros 2.245 1.041 1.900 3.767

Djibouti -1.947 3.500 5.833

Madagascar 1.239 2.596 3.000 3.400

Malawi 2.667 4.890 3.700 4.367

Sudan 2.763 5.067 5.200 2.600 Source: Drawn up using WORLD Development indicators 2014 data; World Bank 2014; The World Bank, World Tables 199; AfDB, Selected Statistics on African Countries; African Statistical Yearbook 2012. http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fr/pays/afrique-de-lest/

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 117 Table 2-25: Annual average growth rate of real GDP per Capita in the COMESA member states 1983-2015 (for 1 million people) COUNTRY 1970-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012

Burundi 1.1 -1.6 0.8 0.8

DR Congo -2.3 -3.1 4.0 4.3

Kenya 1.2 0.3 1.6 1.8

Libya .. 2.9 .. ..

Mauritius 3.2 3.5 3.4 2.8

Uganda .. 3.6 3.1 0.0

Rwanda 1.2 2.3 5.3 5.0

Seychelles 2.9 1.8 10.8 1.8

Swaziland 3 1.6 -1.3 -3.0

Zambia -2.3 0.6 3.6 3.9

Zimbabwe -0.4 -3.2 8.2 1.6

Egypt 4.1 2.7 0.1 0.5

Eritrea .. -1.5 5.2 3.6

Ethiopia .. 2.9 8.3 6.0

Comoros 0.1 -0.4 -0.3 0.5

Djibouti .. -1.4 .. ..

Madagascar -2.3 -0.2 -1.0 0.3

Malawi -0.1 1 1.4 -1.0

Sudan 0.1 3.6 5.9 0.6 Source: Drawn up using WORLD Development indicators 2014 data; World Bank 2014; The World Bank, World Tables 199; AfDB, Selected Statistics on African Countries; African Statistical Yearbook 2012. http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fr/pays/afrique-de-lest/

118 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-26: Consumer price inflation rate in EAC countries and DR Congo 1980-2012 (Annual %) COUNTRY 1980-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi 7.19 12.00 9.74 18.01 7.95

Comoros 4.00 1.77 1.77 2.30

DR Congo 59.17 234.00 15.32 9.72 1.63

Djibouti 3.00 5.07 3.73 3.47

Egypt 7.00 10.05 7.12 9.48

Eritrea 14.00 13.10 .. ..

Ethiopia 7.00 33.22 22.77 8.08

Kenya 12.35 10.00 14.02 9.38 5.72

Libya 18.00 15.52 6.07 ..

Madagascar 13.00 9.48 6.36 5.83

Malawi 36.00 7.62 21.27 27.28

Mauritius 6.00 6.53 3.85 3.54

Uganda 96.76 8.00 18.69 14.02 5.46

Rwanda 4.65 10.00 5.67 6.27 4.24

Seychelles 5.00 2.56 7.11 4.34

Sudan 28.00 22.11 37.39 ..

Swaziland 8.00 6.11 8.94 5.62

Zambia 29.00 6.43 6.58 6.97

Zimbabwe 0.00 ...... Source: World Bank 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries of the world. AfDB (1999), Selected Statistics on Countries, AfDB, African Union, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, (2011), African Statistical Yearbook; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008. htm; African Statistical Yearbook 2012

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 119 Table Annex 2-27: Proportion of under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1999-2011 (%) COUNTRY 1999-2002 2003-2006 2007-2011

Burundi 1.3 8 45.3

Comoros 9.3 9 ..

Djibouti 1 19.9

Egypt ......

Eritrea 4.2 4 48.9

Ethiopia .. 2 30.1

KENYA 2.9 5 46.7

Libya .. ..

Madagascar 0.2 0 76.5

Malawi 2.9 23 39.4

Mauritius .. ..

Uganda 0.2 10 42.8

DR Congo 0.6 1 38.1

Rwanda 5 13 69.6

Seychelles .. ..

Sudan 0.4 30 25.3

Swaziland 0.1 0 1.5

Zambia 7.3 23 49.9

Zimbabwe .. 3 9.7 Source: UNICEF, The Situation of the world children 2012, World Bank, 2014; WHO, World Health Statistics 2013

120 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-28: Under-five mortality rate in COMESA member states 1970-2012 (per 1,000) COUNTRY 1970-75 1976-85 1986-94 1995-2009 2010-12

Burundi 245.12 213.44 164.27 141.33 107.97

DR Congo 241.68 201.01 171.70 169.65 150.40

Kenya 136.95 107.04 99.84 102.64 75.80

Libya 117.87 72.99 43.48 26.15 16.13

Mauritius 76.35 39.77 24.34 18.06 14.97

Uganda 184.23 202.32 176.43 129.05 73.73

Rwanda 225.97 203.13 170.76 151.88 59.23

Seychelles 60.72 30.88 16.82 13.93 13.33

Swaziland 155.10 109.84 75.39 115.35 85.50

Zambia 168.05 161.12 188.78 149.63 94.63

Zimbabwe 108.95 97.27 77.88 98.68 94.03

Egypt 226.45 159.77 86.70 40.89 22.00

Eritrea 209.42 187.60 148.53 83.29 53.83

Ethiopia 237.35 234.69 202.08 129.82 72.13

Comoros 211.03 170.27 124.47 96.72 80.10

Djibouti 0.00 149.45 120.20 103.30 83.33

Madagascar 160.02 171.79 158.98 98.75 60.57

Malawi 321.42 261.09 240.67 151.47 77.00

Sudan 149.08 140.08 128.04 99.83 75.50 Source: World Bank, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 121 Table Annex 2-29: Neonatal mortality rate in COMESA member states 1990-2012 (per 1,000) COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2012

Burundi 45.22 44.16 42.07 37.35

DR Congo 47.30 47.30 47.29 45.22

Kenya 32.94 33.10 31.34 28.12

Libya 19.74 16.86 14.16 10.47

Mauritius 14.58 14.64 10.27 9.47

Uganda 38.24 36.96 32.26 24.92

Rwanda 40.70 43.98 35.81 23.77

Seychelles 9.66 8.82 8.70 8.53

Swaziland 28.96 32.44 33.91 31.27

Zambia 43.06 41.16 35.37 30.37

Zimbabwe 30.60 30.18 29.99 37.07

Egypt 30.48 24.72 18.20 13.10

Eritrea 33.28 28.62 23.73 19.53

Ethiopia 52.80 48.18 41.71 32.02

Comoros 39.56 36.82 35.39 32.47

Djibouti 39.06 38.08 36.34 32.90

Madagascar 39.00 35.48 29.49 23.65

Malawi 48.46 44.06 35.10 26.78

Sudan 39.54 37.60 34.04 30.07 Source: World Bank, 2014.

122 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-30: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population of Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 COUNTRY 1990-1992 2010-2012

Burundi 49 73.4

Comoros 43.5 70

DR Congo .. ..

Djibouti 68 19.8

Egypte < 5 < 5

Erythree 72.4 65.4

Ethiopie 68 40.2

Kenya 35.6 30.4

Libya < 5 < 5

Madagascar 24.8 33.4

Malawi 44.8 23.1

Mauritius 8.6 5.7

Rwanda 52.6 28.9

Seychelles 14.6 8.6

Sudan .. ..

Swaziland 16.1 27

Uganda 26.6 34.6

Zambia 34.3 47.4

Zimbabwe 44.1 32.8 Source: African Statistical Yearbook 2014

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 123 Table Annex 2-31: Illiteracy rate (in %) in COMESAmember states (1970-2015) COUNTRY 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Burundi 79.76 76.48 72.26 67.76 63.01 57.75 52.03 46.07 40.65 35.96

Comoros 50.48 49.52 48.31 47.31 46.22 45.19 44.14 43.21 42.35 41.54

DR Congo 30.29 26.97 23.85 21.16 18.79 16.68 14.76 12.88 11.19 9.76

Djibouti 69.78 65.05 59.51 53.31 47.02 41.11 35.4 29.7 24.9 20.77

Egypt 68.41 64.64 60.71 56.77 52.9 48.88 44.7 40.75 37.33 34.09

Eritrea 71.03 67.04 62.72 58.14 53.56 48.95 44.26 39.52 35.13 31.04

Ethiopia 87.12 83.82 80.12 75.96 71.4 66.41 60.9 54.83 49.04 43.61

Kenya 59.38 51.82 43.85 36.24 29.24 22.98 17.58 13.14 9.91 7.54

Libya 64.64 55.35 47.27 39.21 31.95 25.54 20.06 15.87 12.8 10.13

Madagascar 61.51 56.8 52.45 47.17 42.04 37.69 33.5 29.48 25.37 21.97

Malawi 62.07 58.78 55.47 51.82 48.17 44.11 39.85 35.68 31.84 28.43

Mauritius 33 29.48 25.99 22.87 20.18 17.68 15.52 13.62 11.72 10.22

Uganda 63.62 58.97 54.13 49.11 43.85 38.22 32.97 28.42 24.35 20.75

Rwanda 72.23 66.57 60.17 53.45 46.72 39.8 33.15 27.27 22.42 18.39

Seychelles ......

Sudan 75.22 70.86 65.79 60.25 54.23 48.45 42.33 36.87 32.06 27.61

Swaziland 51.23 45.35 39.93 33.86 28.38 24.04 20.37 17.12 14.29 11.97

Zambia 52.35 47.17 41.43 36.73 31.85 26.72 21.81 17.78 14.61 12.1

Zimbabwe 42.42 35.8 29.9 24.23 19.3 15.25 11.33 8.09 5.87 4.39 Source: http://www-958.ibm.com/software/analytics/manyeyes/datasets/world-illiteracy-rates-1970-2015/versions/1

124 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-32: Adult literacy rate (15 and over) % in COMESA member states (1985-2015) COUNTRY 1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

TOT M F TOT M F TOT M F

Burundi 37 48 28 66 72 60 70 74 66

Comoros ...... 76 84 68 80 86 74

DR Congo ...... 67 78 56 65 72 59

Djibouti ......

Egypt ......

Eritrea ...... 65 77 55 73 83 65

Ethiopia 27 36 19 36 50 23 ......

Kenya ...... 87 90 83 89 91 87

Libya ......

Madagascar ...... 71 77 65 ......

Malawi 49 65 34 73 80 66 79 83 74

Mauritius 80 85 75 88 90 85 90 92 88

Uganda 56 68 45 75 82 67 81 86 75

Rwanda 58 .. .. 70 75 66 73 76 70

Seychelles 88 87 89 92 91 92 ......

Sudan ......

Swaziland 67 70 65 87 87 86 89 90 89

Zambia 65 73 57 71 81 61 72 81 63

Zimbabwe 84 89 79 91 94 89 94 96 93

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 125 Table Annex 2-33: Youth literacy rate (15-24) % in the COMESA member states (1985-2015) COUNTRY 1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

TOT M F TOT M F TOT M F

Burundi 54 59 48 76 77 75 79 78 81

Comoros ...... 85 86 84 88 87 88

DR Congo ...... 65 69 62 60 59 61

Djibouti

Egypt ......

Eritrea ...... 88 91 84 93 95 92

Ethiopia ...... 34 39 28 50 62 39

Kenya ...... 92 92 93 92 90 94

Libya ......

Madagascar ...... 70 73 68 ......

Malawi 59 70 49 86 87 85 90 89 91

Mauritius 91 91 92 96 95 97 97 96 98

Uganda 70 77 63 87 89 86 92 92 91

Rwanda 75 .. .. 77 77 77 77 76 78

Seychelles 99 98 99 99 99 99 ......

Sudan ......

Swaziland 84 83 84 93 92 95 94 93 96

Zambia 66 67 66 75 82 68 74 82 66

Zimbabwe ......

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011.

126 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-34: School life expectancy in the COMESA member states 1992-2011 (in years) COUNTRY 1992-1998 1999-2001 2008 2011

Burundi 3.7 5.2 9.6 11.3

Comoros 6.5 6.9 .. ..

Eritrea 4.4 5 .. 4.6

Ethiopia 4 5.2 8.3 9.1

Kenya .. 8.5 .. 11.1

Madagascar 6.2 .. 10.2 10.4

Malawi 11.5 10.9 8.9 10.8

Mauritius 11.8 12.4 14 ..

Uganda 11.9 11.5 10.4 11.1

DR Congo 5.6 4.3 7.8 8.5

Rwanda 7.9 8.2 10.6 11.1

Seychelles 13.4 13.7 15 13.2

Swaziland 10.3 9.8 10.3 11.3

Zambia 6.9 6.9 .. ..

Zimbabwe .. 9.8 .. ..

Libya .. 16.5 .. ..

Egypt 12.4 ..

Djibouti 3.5 3.9 .. ..

Sudan 5.1 ...... Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 and 2013; The Human Development Report 2013, The World Education Report 1998; UNESCO, EFA Global monitoring report 2005.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 127 Table Annex 2-35: Net enrolment ratios at primary level in the COMESA member states 1990-2011 (in years) COUNTRY 1990 1999 2007-2009 2010 2011

Burundi .. 38 99 99.1 96.1

Comoros .. 66 87 77.8 ..

DR Congo .. 33 ......

Djibouti 29.1 45 52

Egypt .. 95

Eritrea .. 33 37 34.9 37

Ethiopia .. 37 84 82.2 87

Kenya .. 63 83 84 84

Libya .. ..

Madagascar 69.1 66 99 .. ..

Malawi .. 99 91 94.3 97

Mauritius 99.5 .. 94 93.4 98

Uganda .. .. 92 91 94

Rwanda .. 78 96 90.6 99

Seychelles .. 92 94 95.1 ..

Sudan ......

Swaziland 74.3 71 83 85.6 ..

Zambia .. 71 92 92.7 97

Zimbabwe ...... Source: UNICEF, The Situation of the world children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, OECD Library; UNDP Report 2013.

128 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-36: net enrolment rate by gender at primary level in the COMESA member states 1990-2011 (in years) COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2009 2010 2011

H F H F h F h F M F M F

Burundi 57 49 .. .. 61 55 100 99 98.3 99.8 .. .

Comoros 66 48 54 48 60 50 79 67 80.7 74.8 .. ..

Congo 60 47 ......

Djibouti 33 24 32 23 38 31 48 43 54.9 49.1

Egypt 94 79 97 90 96 91 95 92

Eritrea 15 15 36 31 52 45 45 40 37.2 32.5 40 34

Ethiopia 25 19 37 28 69 64 81 75 84.8 79.5 90 84

Kenya .. .. 63 64 76 76 81 82 83.5 84.5 84 85

Libya ......

Madagascar 64 64 63 63 93 93 98 99 ......

Malawi 50 47 99 97 91 95 88 93 91 97.6 .. ..

Mauritius 91 92 90 91 94 96 93 94 92.4 94.4 97 98

Uganda ...... 94 97 89.7 92.3 94 95

Rwanda 69 65 .. .. 72 75 95 97 94.6 89.4 .. ..

Seychelles ...... 99 100 99 100 96.3 94 .. .

Sudan 46 34 .. .. 45 37 43 36 .. ..

Swaziland 73 76 73 75 76 77 82 84 86.1 85.1 .. ..

Zambia .. .. 69 67 91 93 95 96 91.4 93.9 96 98

Zimbabwe .. .. 83 83 81 82 89 91 ......

Source: UNICEF, The Situation of the world children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, OECD Library; UNDP Report 2013.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 129 Table Annex 2-37: Mobile subscribers rate 1996-2012 in the COMESA member states 1996-2012 (per 100 people) COUNTRY 1996-2005 2006-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 0.41 4.72 18.17 20.07 18.17

Comoros 0.20 10.18 24.20 30.91 24.20

DR Congo 0.87 11.42 19.01 24.47 19.01

Djibouti 1.12 9.93 19.86 22.80 19.86

Egypt 3.66 42.20 90.50 105.08 90.50

Eritrea 0.05 1.65 3.23 4.08 3.23

Ethiopia 0.05 2.06 7.87 15.80 7.87

Kenya 2.00 30.72 61.03 66.81 61.03

Libya 1.74 93.61 180.45 163.85 180.45

Madagascar 0.69 14.94 36.58 40.04 36.58

Malawi 0.55 8.66 20.76 25.56 20.76

Mauritius 18.90 73.36 96.77 104.79 96.77

Uganda 1.19 16.09 37.74 47.50 37.74

Rwanda 0.58 9.60 32.75 39.90 32.75

Seychelles 31.72 92.02 128.92 137.90 128.92

Sudan 0.58 20.42 41.54 68.78 41.54

Swaziland 4.15 35.33 60.83 63.24 60.83

Zambia 1.14 21.39 41.21 59.88 41.21

Zimbabwe 1.68 13.06 58.88 68.87 58.88 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

130 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-38: Internet subscribers using high-speed Fixed-line (per 100 people) in the COMESA member states from 2005 to 2012 COUNTRY 2005 2008 2010 2012

Burundi 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.005

Comoros 0.001 0.017 0.048 0.172

DR Congo 0.003 0.008 .. ..

Djibouti 0.005 0.303 0.966 1.734

Egypt 0.196 1.020 1.857 2.833

Eritrea 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002

Ethiopia 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.007

Kenya 0.015 0.008 0.010 0.099

Libya .. 0.787 1.205 1.093

Madagascar 0.000 0.018 0.025 0.039

Malawi 0.003 0.007 0.007 0.008

Mauritius 0.445 3.822 7.557 11.214

Uganda 0.003 0.015 0.041 0.106

Rwanda 0.013 0.011 0.024 0.024

Seychelles 1.088 3.048 6.883 11.034

Sudan 0.003 0.108 0.031 0.067

Swaziland 0.000 0.067 0.165 0.279

Zambia 0.002 0.046 0.078 0.105

Zimbabwe 0.080 0.141 0.252 0.521 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 131 Table Annex 2-39: Annual average rate of Internet users in COMESA member states 1999-2012 (per 100 people) COUNTRY 1999-2002 2003-2005 2007 2010-2012

Burundi 0.09 0.36 0.70 1.11

Comoros 0.35 1.39 2.50 5.53

DR Congo 0.03 0.19 0.37 1.2

Djibouti 0.28 0.79 1.62 7.26

Egypt 1.12 9.57 16.03 38.4

Eritrea 0.14 0 0.41 0.7

Ethiopia 0.03 0.16 0.37 1.11

Kenya 0.56 3.02 7.95 24.7

Libya 0.73 3.42 4.72 16

Madagascar 0.23 0.51 0.65 1.88

Malawi 0.15 0.34 0.97 3.31

Mauritius 7.74 13.7 20.22 34.9

Uganda 0.22 0.98 3.67 13.4

Rwanda 0.17 0.45 2.12 7.67

Seychelles 9.74 21.4 38.38 43.7

Sudan 0.15 0.87 8.66 18.9

Swaziland 1.12 3.12 4.10 16.7

Zambia 0.26 1.95 4.87 11.7

Zimbabwe 1.34 6.99 10.85 14.8 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

132 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-40: Annual average rate of secure Internet servers in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1999-2012 (per 1 million people) COUNTRY 2004-2007 2008-2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi 0.19 0.19 0.10 0.30 0.30

Comoros 2.88 1.50 4.28 1.39 1.36

DR Congo 0.04 0.13 0.19 0.26 0.34

Djibouti 0.64 4.03 5.91 4.65 4.58

Egypt 0.63 1.67 3.12 3.70 3.47

Eritrea 0.00 0.00 ......

Ethiopia 0.01 0.07 0.17 0.20 0.17

Kenya 0.44 1.64 3.14 4.17 4.78

Libya 0.13 1.06 1.47 1.79 3.39

Madagascar 0.15 0.36 0.51 0.54 0.65

Malawi 0.13 0.23 0.39 0.88 0.92

Mauritius 23.58 69.51 116.64 134.73 127.31

Uganda 0.06 0.46 1.48 1.46 1.17

Rwanda 0.00 0.50 0.90 2.01 2.55

Seychelles 437.41 876.29 1326.61 1121.14 604.40

Sudan 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.04

Swaziland 3.13 6.51 13.20 6.50 8.80

Zambia 0.13 0.74 1.54 2.34 2.75

Zimbabwe 0.33 0.72 1.27 2.99 3.18 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 133 Table Annex 2-41: Annual average in CO2 emissions in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2010 (%) COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010

Burundi 0.023 0.046 0.053 0.027 0.033

Comoros 0.12 0.147 0.164 0.179 0.204

DR Congo 0.144 0.127 0.078 0.039 0.049

Djibouti 0.89 0.841 0.646 0.589 0.646

Egypt 0.756 1.263 1.586 2.269 2.623

Eritrea .. .. 0.071 0.133 0.089

Ethiopia 0.048 0.051 0.062 0.072 0.075

Kenya 0.333 0.261 0.272 0.262 0.304

Libya 7.745 8.698 9.064 9.519 9.773

Madagascar 0.151 0.113 0.101 0.097 0.096

Malawi 0.109 0.081 0.073 0.075 0.083

Mauritius 0.687 0.709 1.654 2.742 3.215

Uganda 0.105 0.046 0.049 0.08 0.111

Rwanda 0.036 0.103 0.099 0.066 0.055

Seychelles 1.052 2.113 3.315 7.877 7.843

Sudan 0.287 0.177 0.161 0.256 0.311

Swaziland 0.732 0.594 0.618 0.971 0.857

Zambia 0.813 0.461 0.262 0.177 0.184

Zimbabwe 1.497 1.354 1.369 0.845 0.721 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

134 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-42: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 68.80 70.31 71.80 73.26 74.69 75.25

Comoros 86.99 89.55 92.03 94.55 95.05 ..

DR Congo 43.16 43.40 43.98 44.88 46.02 46.46

Djibouti 76.60 77.66 82.35 87.05 91.78 92.10

Egypt 92.95 94.51 96.11 97.72 99.31 99.32

Eritrea 42.64 45.86 53.67 59.97 .. ..

Ethiopia 13.22 19.47 28.97 38.39 47.76 51.51

Kenya 42.74 47.36 51.81 56.08 60.13 61.68

Libya 54.37 54.37 54.37 ......

Madagascar 28.65 33.68 38.10 42.60 47.61 49.57

Malawi 42.14 52.55 62.50 71.94 81.30 85.02

Mauritius 99.16 99.16 99.24 99.48 99.72 99.81

Uganda 41.64 49.11 56.49 64.06 71.73 74.77

Rwanda 60.33 63.07 66.16 68.46 70.08 70.71

Seychelles 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25

Sudan 67.47 65.54 61.98 58.44 54.88 55.46

Swaziland 38.90 42.73 51.90 61.03 70.33 74.11

Zambia 49.06 50.93 53.12 57.48 61.71 63.33

Zimbabwe 79.16 79.46 79.55 79.66 79.82 79.89 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data. 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 135 Table Annex 2-43: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 66.99 68.40 69.81 71.23 72.64 73.20

Comoros 82.85 87.19 91.53 95.86 96.73 96.73

DR Congo 25.75 26.10 26.96 27.83 28.69 29.04

Djibouti 60.33 60.63 62.14 63.65 65.16 65.46

Egypt 90.24 92.38 94.51 96.65 98.79 98.79

Eritrea 38.95 42.18 50.27 56.73 .. ..

Ethiopia 3.48 9.26 18.91 28.56 38.20 42.06

Kenya 32.90 37.93 42.97 48.01 53.04 55.05

Libya 54.90 54.90 54.90 ......

Madagascar 15.03 19.65 24.27 28.89 33.51 35.35

Malawi 35.67 46.48 57.29 68.09 78.90 83.22

Mauritius 98.72 98.72 98.87 99.23 99.60 99.74

Uganda 37.18 44.86 52.54 60.22 67.89 70.96

Rwanda 58.63 60.83 63.03 65.23 67.42 68.30

Seychelles 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25

Sudan 61.29 58.95 56.03 53.11 50.18 50.18

Swaziland 24.92 29.54 41.11 52.67 64.23 68.86

Zambia 23.11 29.05 34.99 40.93 46.87 49.25

Zimbabwe 70.79 70.32 69.84 69.36 68.89 68.70 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.

136 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-44: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 95.87 94.89 93.90 92.92 91.94 91.54

Comoros 97.70 95.52 93.34 91.16 90.72 ..

DR Congo 88.49 87.50 85.02 82.55 80.07 79.08

Djibouti 81.83 82.95 88.55 94.14 99.73 100.00

Egypt 96.47 97.36 98.25 99.14 100.00 100.00

Eritrea 62.31 64.38 69.57 73.73 .. ..

Ethiopia 80.68 83.11 87.15 91.19 95.23 96.85

Kenya 91.68 89.54 87.39 85.25 83.11 82.26

Libya 54.20 54.20 54.20 ......

Madagascar 72.83 74.04 75.26 76.47 77.69 78.18

Malawi 91.60 92.28 92.96 93.64 94.32 94.60

Mauritius 99.73 99.73 99.75 99.82 99.88 99.90

Uganda 77.39 81.34 85.29 89.24 93.18 94.76

Rwanda 90.02 87.90 85.78 83.66 81.54 80.70

Seychelles 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25

Sudan 85.62 81.49 76.33 71.17 66.01 66.01

Swaziland 85.95 86.76 88.78 90.79 92.81 93.61

Zambia 88.95 88.01 87.08 86.14 85.20 84.82

Zimbabwe 99.66 99.13 98.60 98.07 97.54 97.33 Source: World Bank data, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 137 Table Annex 2-45: Net ODA received per Capita in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2013 (constant US$) COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010-12 2013

Burundi 11.58 32.76 32.58 41.99 60.52 54.5

Comoros 62.29 125.9 91.6 52.45 89.38 38.3

DR Congo 8.896 14.81 7.42 34.25 62.05 198

Djibouti 129.6 191.9 175.8 122.9 165.5 172.7

Egypt 35.37 31.46 50.88 17.44 11.75 2.3

Eritrea ...... 47.43 23.89 29.4

Ethiopia 3.167 12.02 16.44 26.12 38.54 41.2

Kenya 10.32 27.62 27.17 23.93 53.45 130.1

Libya 2.525 4.983 1.074 .. 40.26 6E+05

Madagascar 9.127 25.1 31.47 36.98 19.91 13.7

Malawi 11.36 26.94 47.36 46.01 64.57 29.7

Mauritius 23.03 46.73 36.8 37.54 126.5 338.8

Uganda 3.001 14.91 34.46 43.42 47.05 36.1

Rwanda 15.45 30.25 66.03 57.96 95.13 168.8

Seychelles 173.7 300.5 263.7 228.2 425.7 37.2

Sudan 13.15 37.23 14.82 32.21 34.27 7.3

Swaziland 34.86 48.82 48.63 34.59 83.76 210.8

Zambia 16.67 49.28 94.26 88.08 71.05 103.4

Zimbabwe 0.658 26.68 37.53 26.58 60.85 52.6 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; African Statistical Yearbook 2014

138 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-46: Annual average of government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2013 (% OF GDP) COUNTRY 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-13

Burundi 15.7 18.2 16.4 25.2 28.91

Comoros 22.7 17.9 14.9 14.5 18.06

DR Congo 13.3 6.59 6.71 11.8 15.22

Djibouti 40.7 30.3 28.8 32.5 36.14

Egypt 10.7 11 12.1 11.7 17.77

Eritrea .. 46.9 44.1 26.7 26.29

Ethiopia 10.2 11.4 15.8 11.5 10.58

Kenya 16.1 15.5 16.8 17.1 20.95

Libya 25 23.6 17.3 18.5 ..

Madagascar 7.96 7.86 8.49 10.5 11.6

Malawi 17.1 16.1 13.8 15.7 29.1

Mauritius 13.8 14.1 14.1 13.6 16.42

Uganda 9.78 12.4 15.3 12.6 11.46

Rwanda 12.4 11.1 13.1 9.85 13.61

Seychelles 54.7 57.5 49.7 38.1 27.23

Sudan 6.43 5.83 11.5 13.4 11.36

Swaziland 15.5 18.7 16.3 14.1 26.42

Zambia 19.5 16 12.5 18.1 19.85

Zimbabwe 18.3 17 19.8 7.81 24.71 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/ weodata/weoseladv.aspx

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 139 Table Annex 2-47: Annual average of forest revenues in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2012 (% du PIB) COUNTRY 1970-1987 1981-1987 1988-1991 1992-1999 2000-2007 2008-2012

Burundi 7.24 6.65 11.86 17.99 21.99 26.47

Comoros .. 1.09 1.15 2.02 1.97 2.78

DR Congo 2.90 6.17 10.54 22.40 26.52 31.45

Djibouti .. 0.20 1.13 1.26 1.07 ..

Egypt 0.99 0.77 0.92 0.67 0.43 0.45

Eritrea ...... 5.40 3.24 3.03

Ethiopia .. 8.70 10.62 21.05 19.93 17.97

Kenya 3.31 3.59 4.60 4.84 3.27 4.11

Libya ...... 0.10 0.09 ..

Madagascar 2.35 3.17 6.37 6.00 4.84 7.09

Malawi 6.06 5.60 7.57 9.52 7.55 8.24

Mauritius .. 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

Uganda 12.59 15.78 14.12 16.49 12.33 14.69

Rwanda 7.55 4.75 5.19 9.20 5.96 6.38

Seychelles 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.12

Sudan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56

Swaziland 13.18 9.31 5.78 3.02 1.63 1.95

Zambia 2.03 3.58 4.25 5.71 3.85 3.51

Zimbabwe 1.13 1.25 1.64 2.56 3.60 6.61 Source: Drawn up using World Bank data;

140 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-48: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2013 (%) COUNTRY 1990 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi .. 14.4 30.5 32.1 30.5 30.5 30.5

Comoros 0 .. 3 3 3 3 3

DR Congo 5.4 .. 12 8.4 .. 8.9 8.9

Djibouti 0 0 10.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 12.7

Egypt 3.9 2 2 12.7 2 2 ..

Eritrea .. 14.7 22 22 22 22 22

Ethiopia .. 7.7 21.4 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8

Kenya 1.1 3.6 7.1 9.8 9.8 9.8 18.6

Libya .. .. 4.7 7.7 .. 16.5 16.5

Madagascar 6.5 8 6.9 12.5 12.5 17.5 17.5

Malawi 9.8 9.3 13.6 20.8 22.3 22.3 22.3

Mauritius 7.1 5.7 17.1 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8

Uganda 12.2 17.8 23.9 31.3 35 35 35

Rwanda 17.1 25.7 48.8 56.3 56.3 56.3 63.8

Seychelles 16 23.5 29.4 23.5 43.8 43.8 43.8

Sudan .. .. 14.7 25.6 24.6 24.6 24.6

Swaziland 3.6 3.1 10.8 13.6 13.6 13.6 6.2

Zambia 6.6 10.1 12.7 14 11.5 11.5 11.5

Zimbabwe 11 9.3 16 15 15 15 31.5 Source: World Bank, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 141 Table Annex 2-49: Unemployment rate in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1991-2012 (%) COUNTRY 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F

Burundi 7.86 7.4 8.34 7.98 7.54 8.4 8.06 7.68 8.46 7.843 7.414 8.24

Comoros 7.38 7.12 8.16 7.4 7.1 8.06 7.32 7.1 7.9 7.143 6.914 7.64

DR Congo 7.4 6.64 8.14 7.36 6.7 8 7.22 6.78 7.66 7.214 6.8 7.57

Djibouti ......

Egypt 10.36 6 24.9 8.54 5.2 21.1 10.38 6.38 25.6 10.07 5.843 23.7

Eritrea 8.1 7.78 8.4 8.38 7.94 8.82 8.38 8.02 8.76 8.129 7.771 8.49

Ethiopia 7.26 3.66 11.7 8.12 4.18 12.9 6.46 3.3 10.1 5.4 2.714 8.4

Kenya 10.06 8.86 11.4 9.84 8.7 11.1 9.62 8.56 10.9 9.371 8.3 10.6

Libya 8.72 7.14 15.3 9.06 7.2 15.1 9.16 7.12 14.8 8.714 6.729 13.9

Madagascar 3.22 2.22 4.22 2.7 1.82 3.6 3.96 2.98 5 3.757 2.757 4.79

Malawi 7.38 5.98 8.76 7.42 6.1 8.74 7.78 6.58 9.08 7.6 6.329 8.8

Mauritius 9.26 6.82 14.3 8.48 6.28 12.7 7.96 5.16 13.2 7.943 4.9 13.2

Uganda 2.42 2.02 2.8 2.48 2.1 2.86 2.9 2.48 3.34 3.4 2.9 3.91

Rwanda 0.6 0.82 0.4 0.6 0.82 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.39

Seychelles ......

Sudan 15.22 13.4 20.3 15.24 12.8 21.5 14.9 12.8 20.3 14.83 12.7 20

Swaziland 22.24 20.86 24.2 22.48 20.5 25.4 22.84 20.68 26 22.83 20.74 26

Zambia 19.04 21.7 16 13.38 15.24 11.3 15.24 17.2 13 14.6 16.34 12.5

Zimbabwe 5.56 6.7 4.22 6.34 7.74 4.68 5 5.48 4.48 4.129 4.143 4.07

Source: World Bank, 2014.

142 2013 Human development Report in Burundi ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-50: Youth unemployment rate (15-24) in Burundi and other COMESA member states between 1991 and 2012 (%) COUNTRY 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F

Burundi 13.08 12.36 13.78 13.04 12.4 13.68 12.92 12.4 13.38 12.9 12.43 13.29

Comoros 12.72 12.38 13.54 12.72 12.4 13.5 12.72 12.4 13.38 12.7 12.4 13.47

DR Congo 13.3 12.28 14.12 13.18 12.34 13.88 12.9 12.46 13.28 12.83 12.49 13.16

Djibouti ......

Egypt 30.64 20.06 54.16 24.28 16.4 44 30.04 21.46 49.58 29.69 18.76 56.61

Eritrea 12.74 12.5 13.04 12.92 12.4 13.48 12.88 12.42 13.42 12.91 12.41 13.47

Ethiopia 10.32 5.56 15.8 11.52 6.36 17.36 9.14 5 13.68 7.7 4.2 11.51

Kenya 17.22 16.86 17.58 17.14 16.86 17.5 17.08 16.88 17.32 17.03 16.86 17.23

Libya 21.16 18.1 30.36 21.64 18.1 30.46 22.02 18.1 30.64 22.17 18.19 30.66

Madagascar 4.52 4 5.06 2.84 2.28 3.42 4.86 4.46 5.3 5.586 5.186 6.014

Malawi 13.52 12.5 14.38 13.46 12.52 14.26 13.52 12.56 14.48 13.41 12.56 14.16

Mauritius 22.24 19.06 28.28 20.96 18.04 26.2 21.76 18.02 27.82 22.07 17.79 28.01

Uganda 4.16 3.88 4.46 4.26 3.98 4.5 4.96 4.64 5.24 5.857 5.5 6.243

Rwanda 0.72 0.96 0.54 0.7 1 0.5 0.7 1 0.5 0.7 1 0.5

Seychelles ......

Sudan 23.3 21.88 26.52 24.02 21.92 27.66 23.68 21.9 26.64 23.67 21.93 26.57

Swaziland 41.92 41.14 42.96 41.98 39.74 44.92 42.04 39.32 45.72 42 39.27 45.76

Zambia 32.22 34.82 29.42 22.54 24.4 20.6 24.64 26.62 22.52 25.6 27.66 23.41

Zimbabwe 13 15.82 9.94 14.54 17.6 10.98 9.34 10.38 8.18 6.843 7.129 6.557

Source: World Bank, 2014.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 143 Table Annex 2-51: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC countries, and DR Congo 1976-2010 (Millions of kWh) COUNTRY 1976 1980 1985 1990 2000 2005 2010

Burundi 1 1 2 106 101 102 239

DR Congo 4088 4445 5171 5650 5999 7399 7888

Kenya 1279 1630 2324 3235 4194 5990 7501

Libya 2276 4800 7095 10169 15496 22672 32753

Mauritius 378 466 521 770 130 2271 201

Uganda 711 615 653 776 1582 1880 2061

Rwanda 148 118 163 176 113 113 27

Seychelles 33 50 62 101 188 231 301

Swaziland 197 284 320 0 470 408 1470

Zambia 7233 9300 10070 8013 7798 8936 11302

Zimbabwe 6492 4541 4784 9362 6995 10269 8160

Egypt 12196 18939 31458 42256 78143 108690 146795

Eritrea 0 0 0 0 210 288 311

Ethiopia 576 689 888 1202 1674 2845 4980

Comoros 5 10 10 16 28 48 43

Djibouti 82 117 150 175 180 255 349

Madagascar 343 426 449 566 780 1035 1360

Malawi 318 431 514 718 1226 1537 2000

Sudan 749 817 1229 1515 2569 3826 7747 Source: Annuaire des statistiques de l’énergie 198; Annuaire des statistiques industrielles 1985; Bulletin mensuel de statistique, édition n°1085, et 2006, VOL LX, N°10; African Statistical Yearbook, Part III.; Statistical Yearbook 2009; ABfDA, African Union, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, (2011), African Statistical Yearbook, 344p.; United Nations, (2007), Statistical yearbook, 51st edition.

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