DOCSLIB.ORG

From Fragility to Resilience: Managing Natural

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

From Fragility to Resilience Managing Natural Resources in Fragile Situations in Africa Summary Report February 2016 Transition Support Department Cover photos: Background, left to right (Row 1 – AfDB; Enough Project; Enough Project, Nenad Marinkovic; Enough Project, Tim Freccia; Enough Project, Laura Heaton; AfDB. Row 2 – AfDB; Enough Project, Um Bartumbu; Enough Project, Doug Mercado. Row 3 - Enough Project, J. Fowler/USHMM; Enough Project, Sasha Lezhnev; United States Geological Survey; Enough Project, Tim Freccia; Enough Project, Doug Mercado. Row 4 – Enough Project, Saied Mohammed; Enough Project, Sasha Lezhnev; Enough Project, Doug Mercado; Enough Project, Nenad Marinkovic; Enough Project. Row 5 – Enough Project, Laura Heaton; Enough Project, Sasha Lezhnev; Enough Project, Laura Heaton; Enough Project, Amanda Hsiao; Enough Project, Nenad Marinkovic; Enough Project, Laura Heaton.) Foreground, left to right (Row 1 – AfDB; AfDB; AfDB. Row 2 – AfDB; Bocar Thiam; Carl Bruch; AfDB. Row 3 – AfDB; AfDB; AfDB; AfDB. Row 4 – AfDB; AfDB; AfDB; AfDB. Row 5 – AfDB. © 2016 African Development Bank Group All rights reserved. Published 2016. Printed in Côte d’Ivoire. Report prepared by: Ilona Coyle (Consultant) and Carl Bruch (Co-Director of International Programs, Environmental Law Institute). On behalf of the Transition Support Department of the African Development Bank (AfDB) under the supervision of: Sibry Tapsoba, Director. This report was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute for the Transition Support Department of the African Development Bank. The findings and terminologies including the use of the expression ‘fragile states’ are the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of the African Development Bank or its Board of Directors. Every effort has been made to include inputs by Bank staff, staff of state governments in fragile situations, development partners, and other stakeholders. The African Development Bank (AfDB) does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication, and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory of geographic area, or by using the term ‘country’ in this document, AfDB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. AfDB encourages printing or copying exclusively for personal and non-commercial use with proper acknowledgement of AfDB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of AfDB. African Development Bank Group Immeuble du Centre de commerce International d’Abidjan CCIA Avenue Jean-Paul II 01 BP 1387 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire Phone: +225 20 26 10 20 Email: [email protected] Website: www.afdb.org Acknowledgments This report was made possible through the effort and dedication of a multitude of individuals within the African Development Bank (the Bank), the Environmental Law Institute, and several state governments in fragile situations, development partners, civil society organizations, and private sector institutions. The findings of this report were based on desk research that was enriched through interviews of more than 130 people representing Bank staff from a broad range of departments and units, as well as external development partners, implementing partners, state governments in fragile situations, and other institutions. A list of interviewees is included as Appendix A of the full report. Preliminary findings were vetted by Bank staff whose comments and inputs enrich the analysis on the key issues of fragility, conflict, and violence. In this regard, the contributions of Franck Perrault, Senait Assefa and Bitsat Kassahun are specially acknowledged. Similary recognised are the efforts of El Iza Mohamedou, Frederik Teufel, Bruno Boedts, Albert Mafusire, Ola Adigun and Habiba Ben Barka. The consultations and follow-up exchanges with staff of the African Legal Support Facility (ALSF) and African Natural Resource Center (ANRC) provided deeper technical insights, and are appreciated. Also recalled are staff who generously contributed their time and views in a consultative meeting in January 2013. The meeting participants are listed in Appendix B of the full report. Peer reviewers provided invaluable feedback from a broad range of perspectives both internal and external to the Bank. The peer reviewers are listed in Appendix C of the full report. Research and publication assistance was provided by visiting attorneys, visiting researchers, and interns at the Environmental Law Institute, including Helaine Alon, Simonne Brousseau, Francesca Buzzi, Alyssa Casey, Elizabeth Euller, Emmanuel Feld, Farah Hegazi, Elizabeth Hessami, Amber Kim, Brett Lingle, Delphine Robert, Carina Roselli, Mike Stephens, Janna Wandzilak, Nikita West, Patrick Woolsey, Joel Young, and Madaline Young. Special thanks to Adam Harris and Alex Hoover for their support on Chapters 11 and 9, respectively. The publication process also relied on the invaluable work of several contracted professionals. Graham Campbell designed the cover, prepared the style guide for the interior of the report, and performed the layout; Joelle Stallone proofread the manuscript. Photos contributed by Carl Bruch, several photographers from the Enough Project, Damien Mbonicuye, Bocar Thiam, and numerous Bank staff members have been used in the layout of the report. Table of Contents TC Acronyms ..........................................................................................................................................6 Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................7 Preface ...............................................................................................................................................8 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................9 1.1 Fragility, Conflict, Resilience, and Natural Resources ...............................................................10 1.2 Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding and Statebuilding Goals ...............................................11 1.3 The AfDB Group and Development Partner Engagement .......................................................11 1.4 Objectives, Scope, and Methodology ......................................................................................12 2. Extractive Industries: Oil, Gas, and Minerals ................................ 12 3. Renewable Resources: Water, Land, and the Livelihoods They Support.................................................................................................................... 14 4. Infrastructure and Natural Resources: Electricity, Roads, Water Supply, and Sanitation ..........................................................................16 5. Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation ................................... 17 6. Governance: Transparency, Data, Vulnerable Populations, and Anticorruption Efforts ...................................................................................18 6.1 Transparency, Participation, Accountability, and Subsidiarity ...................................................18 6.2 Data Collection and Management ..........................................................................................18 6.3 Vulnerable Populations ............................................................................................................19 6.4 Combating Corruption .............................................................................................................19 7. Concessions and Revenue Management .........................................20 7.1 Concessions ...........................................................................................................................20 7.2 Revenue Management ...........................................................................................................21 8. The Private Sector .......................................................................................................22 9. Regional Dynamics and Institutions .........................................................23 10. Conflict Sensitivity and the Program Cycle ......................................25 10.1 Development Partner Dialogues with Fragile States .................................................................25 10.2 Project Design .........................................................................................................................26 10.3 Monitoring and Evaluation of Implementation ..........................................................................27 11. Programming for Sustained Success ..................................................28 11.1 Capacity Building ....................................................................................................................28 11.2 Participatory Programming ......................................................................................................29 12. Recommendations and Next Steps ........................................................30 12.1 Mainstreaming Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding and Statebuilding Objectives .................30 12.2 Data Collection, Analysis, and Management ............................................................................32 12.3 Concessions ...........................................................................................................................32
Recommended publications
  • Policy Paper Gb

    Policy Paper Gb

    Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations FROM FRAGILITY TO RESILIENCE OECD/DAC DISCUSSION PAPER Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations FROM FRAGILITY TO RESILIENCE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation.The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation's statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. Off-print of the Journal on Development 2008, Volume 9, No. 3 Also available in French FOREWORD Foreword Today it is widely accepted that development, peace and stability require effective and legitimate states able to fulfil key international responsibilities and to provide core public goods and services, including security.
  • Republic of Burundi

    Republic of Burundi

    Report No: ACS14147 . Public Disclosure Authorized Republic of Burundi Strategies for Urbanization and Public Disclosure Authorized Economic Competitiveness in Burundi . June 19, 2015 . GSURR Public Disclosure Authorized AFRICA . Public Disclosure Authorized Strategies for Urbanization and Economic Competitiveness in Burundi Standard Disclaimer: . This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: . The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected].
  • Drivers of Fragility: What Makes States Fragile?

    Drivers of Fragility: What Makes States Fragile?

    Working Paper for Discussion Only Not UK Government Policy DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRDE WORKING PAPER NO. 7 DRIVERS OF FRAGILITY: WHAT MAKES STATES FRAGILE? April 2005 Claire Vallings and Magüi Moreno-Torres This Working Paper is part of a series prepared by the Poverty Reduction in Difficult Environments (PRDE) team in the Department for International Development’s Policy Division. It represents solely the views of those involved in its drafting and does not necessarily represent official policy. Please send all feedback to Claire Vallings at [email protected]. 0 Drivers of Fragility: What Makes States Fragile? Contents Executive summary..........................................................................................2 I. Introduction: what drives fragility? .....................................................4 II. The central driver of fragility: weak political institutions .....................7 A. What makes the institutional set-up weak? ......................................... 8 B. How does an unchecked executive relate to weak institutions?........ 10 C. How does limited political participation relate to weak institutions? .. 11 III. Other drivers of fragility................................................................13 A. Economic development ..................................................................... 14 B. Natural resources .............................................................................. 17 C. Violent conflict ..................................................................................
  • FARMERS in the Driver's Seat

    FARMERS in the Driver's Seat

    FARMERS IN THE FARMERS FARMERS IN THE Properly functioning farmer organizations are essential to enable smallholder agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa to become more productive and profitable. Farmer organizations allow for collective action by smallholders, creating economies of scale, reducing transaction costs and thereby improving access to driver’s seaT markets. In order to sustain income generation through marketing of agricultural products, farmers and their organizations need to maintain their competitiveness and hence reinforce their capacity to innovate. driver’s seaT Innovation in smallholder agriculture in Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya and Rwanda The Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), through its Knowledge Management and Up-Scaling (KMUS) programme, initiated the ‘farmer empowerment for innovation in smallholder agriculture’ (FEISA) project (2010-2013). The project aimed to empower smallholder farmers in Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya and Rwanda to improve their productivity in selected value chains. The project put farmers in the driver’s seat by providing farmer organizations with tools and skills to enhance collaboration with private enterprises, as well as service providers, in multi-stakeholder ‘inno- vation triangles’ within value chains for the benefit of smallholder farmers. Built around case studies from the four countries, this book presents the innova- tion triangle approach, as well as a self-assessment tool for service provision by apex farmer organizations to their members. Both the innovation processes followed, and the results obtained, provide valuable insights on the facilitation of multi-stakeholder platforms for farmer-led innovation in value chains. These insights particularly focus on the role of, and services provided by, apex and grassroots farmer organizations for enhanced market access.
  • Burundi Landscape Analysis

    Burundi Landscape Analysis

    Integrating Gender and Nutrition within Agricultural Extension Services Burundi Landscape Analysis Prepared by Nargiza Ludgate and S. Joyous Tata September 2015 1 © INGENAES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Users are free: • To share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work. (without participant contact information) • To remix — to adapt the work. Under the following conditions: • Attribution — users must attribute the work to the authors but not in any way that suggests that the authors endorse the user or the user’s use of the work. Technical editing and production by Nargiza Ludgate, Joyous Tata, and Katy Heinz This report was produced as part of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and US Government Feed the Future project “Integrating Gender and Nutrition within Extension and Advisory Services” (INGENAES). www.ingenaes.illinois.edu Leader with Associates Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-LA-14-00008. The report was made possible by the generous support of the American people through USAID. The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. Burundi Landscape Analysis Working document Prepared by Nargiza S. Ludgate, University of Florida Joyous S. Tata, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Cover photo by Doug Satre 2015 Burundi Landscape Study - September 2015 Abbreviations AFR/SD Bureau for Africa/Office of Sustainable Development BFS Bureau for Food Security Burundi
  • Fragile Contexts in 2018

    Fragile Contexts in 2018

    CHAPTER ELEVEN Leaving No Fragile State and No One Behind in a Prosperous World: A New Approach Landry Signé undreds of millions of people are left behind in fragile states despite the efforts of the international community to make progress on development Hand alleviate conflict. People in fragile states are victim to persistent poverty,1 enduring violence, poor public facilities, deteriorating infrastructure,2 limited civil and political liberties,3 deteriorating social conditions,4 minimal to nonexistent economic growth,5 and, often, humanitarian crises.6 Research and policies on state fragility build on concepts of limited state capacity, legitimacy, insecurity, stability and socioeconomic, demographic, human development, environmental, humanitarian, and gender contexts to determine states’ apparent effectiveness or ineffectiveness in fulfilling the role of the state. Within this -con text, fragility has become a catch- all concept encompassing fragile states, weak states, failed states, collapsing or decaying states, conflict- affected countries, post- conflict countries, brittle states, and states with limited legitimacy, author- ity, capacity, governance, security, and socioeconomic and human development. 1. Collier (2007). 2. Rotberg (2011). 3. Bah (2012). 4. Van de Walle (2004). 5. Brainard and Chollet (2007). 6. Nwozor (2018). The author would like to express his sincere appreciation to Payce Madden, Genevieve Jesse, and Elise El Nouchi, who contributed to the research, data analysis, fact- checking, and visual elements of this chapter. 239 Kharas-McArthur-Ohno_Leave No One Behind_i-xii_1-340.indd 239 9/6/19 1:57 PM 240 Landry Signé When used without conceptual clarification and contextual consideration, as is often the case, the concept of fragility lacks usefulness for policymakers, as the various types, drivers, scopes, levels, and contexts of fragility require differ- ent responses.
  • Effectiveness of Democracy-Support in "Fragile States": a Review

    Effectiveness of Democracy-Support in "Fragile States": a Review

    Discussion Paper 1/2013 Effectiveness of Democracy-Support in "Fragile States": a Review Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher Effectiveness of democracy-support in “fragile states”: a review Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher Bonn 2013 Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ISSN 1860-0441 Die deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-88985-624-1 Dr Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher, German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Senior Researcher, Department “Governance, Statehood, Security” E-mail: [email protected] © Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH Tulpenfeld 6, 53113 Bonn +49 (0)228 94927-0 +49 (0)228 94927-130 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.die-gdi.de Abstract Over the past decade, the interest in aid effectiveness has grown exponentially, with a proliferation of both praxis-oriented evaluations and academic studies. At the same time, the rising interest in “fragile states” has prompted the aid-effectiveness literature to focus its attention on this category of states. Parallel to the development of the aid-effectiveness literature, the literature on the impact of specific development-aid sectors has also surged. The increasing number of analyses on the impact of external policies contributing to processes of political transformation (democratisation or stabilisation) has been remarkable. This discussion paper thematises the growing literature on both fragility and the effectiveness of democracy support, with a special focus on the quantitative literature.
  • Climate Proofing Agricultural Investments Under the National Program for Food Security and Rural Development in Imbo and Moso (PNSADR-IM)

    Climate Proofing Agricultural Investments Under the National Program for Food Security and Rural Development in Imbo and Moso (PNSADR-IM)

    Climate Proofing Agricultural investments under the National Program for Food Security and Rural Development in Imbo and Moso (PNSADR-IM) | Burundi IFAD 20 September 2019 Climate Proofing Agricultural investments under the National Project/Programme title: Program for Food Security and Rural Development in Imbo and Moso (PNSADR-IM) Country(ies): Burundi National Designated Ministry of Environment, Agriculture, and Breeding Authority(ies) (NDA): Africa Sustainability Centre (ASCENT), PNSADR-IM Project Executing Entities: Management Unit (PMU) Accredited Entity(ies) (AE): International Fund for Agricultural Development Date of first submission/ 7/16/2019 V.1 version number: Date of current submission/ 9/20/2019 V.2 version number A. Project / Programme Information (max. 1 page) ☒ Project ☒ Public sector A.2. Public or A.1. Project or programme A.3 RFP Not applicable private sector ☐ Programme ☐ Private sector Mitigation: Reduced emissions from: ☐ Energy access and power generation: 0% ☐ Low emission transport: 0% ☐ Buildings, cities and industries and appliances: 0% A.4. Indicate the result ☐ Forestry and land use: 0% areas for the project/programme Adaptation: Increased resilience of: ☒ Most vulnerable people and communities: 33.333% ☒ Health and well-being, and food and water security: 33.333% ☐ Infrastructure and built environment: 0% ☒ Ecosystem and ecosystem services: 33.333% A.5.1. Estimated mitigation impact (tCO2eq over project lifespan) A.5.2. Estimated adaptation impact 333,450 direct beneficiaries (number of direct beneficiaries) A.5. Impact potential A.5.3. Estimated adaptation impact 2,003,450 indirect beneficiaries (number of indirect beneficiaries) A.5.4. Estimated adaptation impact 20% of the country’s total population (% of total population) A.6.
  • Identifying Truly Fragile States

    Identifying Truly Fragile States

    Seth Kaplan Identifying Truly Fragile States That the Arab Spring caught the world off guard is hardly surprising. Interpreting overt stability as a reflection of fundamental strength or resiliency has often set the international community up for surprise. Few forecast the dissolution of the Soviet Union, for example; far too few in Washington anticipated what would follow the invasion of Iraq. These are reminders that apparent stability can be little more than an illusion. The converse can be equally misleading. Just as the international community tends to see stability as strength, it often equates crisis with fundamental fragility. Many countries face episodes of crisis, some of which can even initiate transitions to new political orders. But not all such countries are structurally fragile, plagued by deeply entrenched sociopolitical and institutional problems. Some states pass through their fragile moments relatively easily, leveraging their assets to reorient themselves in more positive directions within reasonable periods of time. States that are fundamentally fragile, however, buckle under these crises, stagnating or spiraling into violence. Fragile states are not like other states. They function—albeit barely— according to a different set of sociopolitical dynamics. As such, they harbor uniquely formidable obstacles to stability, development, and democracy. Because of these problems, all transitions are not created equal, and the underlying strength or fragility of societies undergoing those transitions helps determine their success and, more broadly, the prospects for political and economic development. Seth Kaplan, a Professorial Lecturer in the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, is the author of Betrayed: Politics, Power, and Prosperity (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) and Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development (Praeger Security International, 2008).
  • WP24 Scoping Paper Burundi

    WP24 Scoping Paper Burundi

    A Scoping Study on Burundi’s Agricultural Production in a Changing Climate and the Supporting Policies Alexis Ndayiragije Desire Mkezabahizi Jean Ndimubandi Francoise Kabogoye Bureau for Agricultural Consultancy Service KIPPRA Working Paper No. 24 2017 A scoping study on Burundi’s agricultural production KIPPRA in Brief The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) is an autonomous institute whose primary mission is to conduct public policy research leading to policy advice. KIPPRA’s mission is to produce consistently high-quality analysis of key issues of public policy and to contribute to the achievement of national long-term development objectives by positively infuencing the decision-making process. These goals are met through efective dissemination of recommendations resulting from analysis and by training policy analysts in the public sector. KIPPRA therefore produces a body of well-researched and documented information on public policy, and in the process assists in formulating long-term strategic perspectives. KIPPRA serves as a centralized source from which the Government and the private sector may obtain information and advice on public policy issues. UNECA in Brief Established by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations (UN) in 1958 as one of the UN’s fve regional commissions, ECA’s mandate is to promote the economic and social development of its member States, foster intra-regional integration, and promote international cooperation for Africa’s development. Made up of 54 member States, and playing a dual role as a regional arm of the UN and as a key component of the African institutional landscape, ECA is well positioned to make unique contributions to address the Continent’s development challenges.
  • Burundi in the Agribusiness Global Value Chain: Skills for Private Sector Development

    Burundi in the Agribusiness Global Value Chain: Skills for Private Sector Development

    Burundi in the Agribusiness Global Value Chain: Skills for Private Sector Development Burundi in the Agribusiness Global Value Chain SKILLS FOR PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT Penny Bamber Ajmal Abdulsamad Gary Gereffi Contributing CGGC Researchers: Andrew Hull, Grace Muhimpundu and Thupten Norbu 1 Burundi in the Agribusiness Global Value Chain: Skills for Private Sector Development This report was prepared on behalf of the World Bank. It draws on primary information from field interviews in Burundi carried out in August-September 2013 and January-February 2014, as well as secondary information sources. Errors of fact or interpretation remain the exclusive responsibility of the authors. The opinions expressed in this report are not endorsed by the World Bank or the interviewees. The final version of this report will be available at www.cggc.duke.edu. Acknowledgements Duke CGGC would like to thank all of the interviewees, who gave generously of their time and expertise. Duke CGGC would also like to extend special thanks to the World Bank for their contributions to the development of this report. In particular gratitude is due to Cristina Santos, Senior Education Specialist, Reehana Rifat Raza, Senior Human Development Economist, Sajitha Bashir, Sector Manager, Education (Eastern and Southern Africa), and Ifeyinwa Onugha, Competitive Industries Practice – Financial and Private Sector Development, the World Bank Group, for their guidance and insightful comments on earlier drafts. Duke University, Center on Globalization, Governance and Competitiveness (Duke CGGC) The Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness (Duke CGGC) is affiliated with the Social Science Research Institute at Duke University. Duke CGGC is a center of excellence in the United States that uses a global value chains methodology to study the effects of globalization in terms of economic, social, and environmental upgrading, international competitiveness and innovation in the knowledge economy.
  • Somalia Fragile State Analysis: Policy Options for the Government of Canada

    Somalia Fragile State Analysis: Policy Options for the Government of Canada

    SOMALIA FRAGILE STATE ANALYSIS: POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA Zeinab Ali Samantha Nicholl Zach Salzmann January 2017 Table of Contents I) Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 2 II) Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 2 III) Authority- Legitimacy- Capacity (ALC) ....................................................................................................... 3 IV) Timeline of Fragility .................................................................................................................................. 3 V) Key Stakeholders ...................................................................................................................................... 4 VI) Fragility Risk Assessment (6-12 months) ..................................................................................................... 5 VII) Theoretical Approach: ALC...................................................................................................................... 11 VIII) Scenarios ................................................................................................................................................ 12 IX) Policy Options ........................................................................................................................................ 12 X) Conclusion