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Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations FROM FRAGILITY TO RESILIENCE OECD/DAC DISCUSSION PAPER Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations FROM FRAGILITY TO RESILIENCE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation.The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation's statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. Off-print of the Journal on Development 2008, Volume 9, No. 3 Also available in French FOREWORD Foreword Today it is widely accepted that development, peace and stability require effective and legitimate states able to fulfil key international responsibilities and to provide core public goods and services, including security. -
Drivers of Fragility: What Makes States Fragile?
Working Paper for Discussion Only Not UK Government Policy DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRDE WORKING PAPER NO. 7 DRIVERS OF FRAGILITY: WHAT MAKES STATES FRAGILE? April 2005 Claire Vallings and Magüi Moreno-Torres This Working Paper is part of a series prepared by the Poverty Reduction in Difficult Environments (PRDE) team in the Department for International Development’s Policy Division. It represents solely the views of those involved in its drafting and does not necessarily represent official policy. Please send all feedback to Claire Vallings at [email protected]. 0 Drivers of Fragility: What Makes States Fragile? Contents Executive summary..........................................................................................2 I. Introduction: what drives fragility? .....................................................4 II. The central driver of fragility: weak political institutions .....................7 A. What makes the institutional set-up weak? ......................................... 8 B. How does an unchecked executive relate to weak institutions?........ 10 C. How does limited political participation relate to weak institutions? .. 11 III. Other drivers of fragility................................................................13 A. Economic development ..................................................................... 14 B. Natural resources .............................................................................. 17 C. Violent conflict .................................................................................. -
The Somali Crisis: Failed State and International Interventions
Istituto Affari Internazionali IAI WORKING PAPERS 12 | 15 – May 2012 The Somali Crisis: Failed State and International Interventions Rossella Marangio Abstract The long-lasting Somali conflict is profoundly linked to the country’s historical development and its socio-cultural specificities. The political milieu and the struggle for power in Somalia reflect the cleavage between tradition and modernity. This rift has led to a legitimacy vacuum, which has made it difficult for the warring parties to find enough common ground for a compromise. Furthermore, external influences, at both regional and international levels, have contributed to the fragmentation of the political arena, due notably to the emphasis on the use of force as the principal tool for acquiring or maintaining power. In this unfolding crisis, regional pressures and rivalries, international interventions, economic and strategic interests as well as piracy, corruption and Islamic extremism all play an interlocking role. In view of this, a new approach to the crisis is badly needed. The EU, in particular, should promote a new strategy based on three components: enhancement of social cohesion through local cooperation programmes, state-building and development. Keywords : Somalia / Civil conflict / Society / European Union / Military intervention / European Union Training Mission (EUTM) Somalia / Piracy / European Naval Force Somalia- Operation Atalanta (EUNAVFOR Atalanta) / Regional Maritime Capacity Building (RMCB) / African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) © 2012 IAI IAI Working Papers 1215 The Somali Crisis: Failed State and International Interventions The Somali Crisis: Failed State and International Interventions by Rossella Marangio ∗ Introduction The civil war in Somalia has been ravaging the country for two decades. The difficulties in achieving peace have highlighted the powerlessness of the international community. -
Fragile States Index 2015
FRAGILE STATES INDEX 2015 THE FUND FOR PEACE The Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security. We promote sustainable security through research, training and education, engagement of civil society, building bridges across diverse sectors, and developing innovative technologies and tools for policy makers. A leader in the conflict assessment and early warning field, The Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of weak and failing states. Our objective is to create practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation that are useful to decision-makers. Copyright © 2015 The Fund for Peace. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from The Fund for Peace. Report Edited by Assessment Directed by J. J. Messner Nate Haken Report Written by J. J. Messner, Nate Haken, Patricia Taft, Hannah Blyth, Kendall Lawrence, Sebastian Pavlou Graham, Felipe Umaña Assessment Supported by Alex Young, Ania Skinner, Katie Cornelius Circulation: PUBLIC The Fund for Peace T: +1 202 223 7940 1101 14th Street NW, Suite 1020 F: +1 202 223 7947 Washington, D.C. 20005 www.fundforpeace.org The Fund for Peace is grateful for the support of: Foreign Policy magazine is the media partner of the Fragile States Index www.foreignpolicy.com www.fundforpeace.org Fragile States Index 2015: Overview The Fragile States Index is an annual The Index in Figures ranking of 178 nations based on their levels of Index of Country Analysis 2015 Map 4 stability and the pressures they face. -
Failed States in Theoretical, Historical, and Policy Perspectives
Failed States in Theoretical, Historical, and Policy Perspectives Jean-Gennaln Gros 1 Introduction Olobalizalion and interdependence compel .. 10 think aftuh about how w. man. our joint acllvities and shared in ....su. for many chan..... that we confront today "'" beyond the "",c/l of anyone slate 10 meel o. I.. OWn. At the national level we must govern beI..r; Dnd at the international leve1 we must gO\'tm beuer wge.ther-. Bff'cctive states are es&erl(ial 10 both task •• Kofl Annan (2000) These words from a former secretary-general of the United Nations underscore one of the NAlilies and challenges of the post-Cold War era: the unsuitabilily of failed Slates in a world in which the solution 10 problems from global warming to poverty requires stales that can al:lon their own. as well as in unison with other stalCS and non-stale institulions. Annan's statement also confirms Ihat the sludy oHailed Slales has taken center slage in international relations. Some oflhe mosl innuential works include LWilliam Zanman's Col1opsed Slates 1995, which is concerned primarily with Africa. Robert Rotherg's Whell States Fail (2004) provides detailed and graphic descriptions of state failure and its conse quences. Rother,'s description of the failed state as "a polily that is no longer able Of willing to perform the fundamental IaSks of a nation-stale in the IIlQdern world" and his notion that "failure is a Iluid halting place, with movemenl back 10 weakness and forward into collapse always possible" underscore a fundamental aspect ofstate failure that is often ignored: its dynamic nature. -
Fragile Contexts in 2018
CHAPTER ELEVEN Leaving No Fragile State and No One Behind in a Prosperous World: A New Approach Landry Signé undreds of millions of people are left behind in fragile states despite the efforts of the international community to make progress on development Hand alleviate conflict. People in fragile states are victim to persistent poverty,1 enduring violence, poor public facilities, deteriorating infrastructure,2 limited civil and political liberties,3 deteriorating social conditions,4 minimal to nonexistent economic growth,5 and, often, humanitarian crises.6 Research and policies on state fragility build on concepts of limited state capacity, legitimacy, insecurity, stability and socioeconomic, demographic, human development, environmental, humanitarian, and gender contexts to determine states’ apparent effectiveness or ineffectiveness in fulfilling the role of the state. Within this -con text, fragility has become a catch- all concept encompassing fragile states, weak states, failed states, collapsing or decaying states, conflict- affected countries, post- conflict countries, brittle states, and states with limited legitimacy, author- ity, capacity, governance, security, and socioeconomic and human development. 1. Collier (2007). 2. Rotberg (2011). 3. Bah (2012). 4. Van de Walle (2004). 5. Brainard and Chollet (2007). 6. Nwozor (2018). The author would like to express his sincere appreciation to Payce Madden, Genevieve Jesse, and Elise El Nouchi, who contributed to the research, data analysis, fact- checking, and visual elements of this chapter. 239 Kharas-McArthur-Ohno_Leave No One Behind_i-xii_1-340.indd 239 9/6/19 1:57 PM 240 Landry Signé When used without conceptual clarification and contextual consideration, as is often the case, the concept of fragility lacks usefulness for policymakers, as the various types, drivers, scopes, levels, and contexts of fragility require differ- ent responses. -
Eu-Colombia Relations
EU-COLOMBIA RELATIONS Colombia is a key partner for the European Union in Latin America. The EU’s relations with Colombia are based on political dialogue, trade cooperation and joint efforts to achievesustainable development and support to peace-building. POLITICAL RELATIONS The European Union and Colombia hold consultations on political issues focussing on bilateral, regional and global issues and meet annually for high-level political and sectorial dialogues. A fruitful bilateral human rights dialogue and a security and defence dialogue complement relations between the European Union and Colombia. Priority areas and common challenges: Stable & Fighting Security Human Climate lasting illicit drugs & & Rights change & peace organised crime defence biodiversity PEACE PROCESS The EU has been supporting the peace process in Colombia since the very beginning. It does so in an integrated approach, using all its tools: diplomacy, international cooperation and development, humanitarian aid and civilian protection and investment and trade. Overall, the EU has invested over €645 million. This includes as its key instrument the EU Trust Fund, pledged loans by the European Investment Bank, short-term actions and ongoing programmes. Some examples: In strong political PEACE LABORATORIES & NEW PEACE TERRITORIES PROJECT €160 support of the These EU projects contributed to boosting economic development, million peace process, High human rights and democracy in Colombia from 2002 to 2017. Representative Federica Mogherini EU TRUST FUND FOR PEACE €125 appointed Eamon The Trust Fund supports the implementation of the Peace Agreement. million Gilmore as the EU’s Special Envoy for INSTRUMENT FOR STABILITY AND PEACE (IsCP) the peace process over €40 Actions under the IsCP focus on support for humanitarian demining, million in Colombia in 2015 - access to justice, the transitional justice system and reintegrating minors 2019. -
Effectiveness of Democracy-Support in "Fragile States": a Review
Discussion Paper 1/2013 Effectiveness of Democracy-Support in "Fragile States": a Review Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher Effectiveness of democracy-support in “fragile states”: a review Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher Bonn 2013 Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ISSN 1860-0441 Die deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-88985-624-1 Dr Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher, German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Senior Researcher, Department “Governance, Statehood, Security” E-mail: [email protected] © Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH Tulpenfeld 6, 53113 Bonn +49 (0)228 94927-0 +49 (0)228 94927-130 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.die-gdi.de Abstract Over the past decade, the interest in aid effectiveness has grown exponentially, with a proliferation of both praxis-oriented evaluations and academic studies. At the same time, the rising interest in “fragile states” has prompted the aid-effectiveness literature to focus its attention on this category of states. Parallel to the development of the aid-effectiveness literature, the literature on the impact of specific development-aid sectors has also surged. The increasing number of analyses on the impact of external policies contributing to processes of political transformation (democratisation or stabilisation) has been remarkable. This discussion paper thematises the growing literature on both fragility and the effectiveness of democracy support, with a special focus on the quantitative literature. -
Identifying Truly Fragile States
Seth Kaplan Identifying Truly Fragile States That the Arab Spring caught the world off guard is hardly surprising. Interpreting overt stability as a reflection of fundamental strength or resiliency has often set the international community up for surprise. Few forecast the dissolution of the Soviet Union, for example; far too few in Washington anticipated what would follow the invasion of Iraq. These are reminders that apparent stability can be little more than an illusion. The converse can be equally misleading. Just as the international community tends to see stability as strength, it often equates crisis with fundamental fragility. Many countries face episodes of crisis, some of which can even initiate transitions to new political orders. But not all such countries are structurally fragile, plagued by deeply entrenched sociopolitical and institutional problems. Some states pass through their fragile moments relatively easily, leveraging their assets to reorient themselves in more positive directions within reasonable periods of time. States that are fundamentally fragile, however, buckle under these crises, stagnating or spiraling into violence. Fragile states are not like other states. They function—albeit barely— according to a different set of sociopolitical dynamics. As such, they harbor uniquely formidable obstacles to stability, development, and democracy. Because of these problems, all transitions are not created equal, and the underlying strength or fragility of societies undergoing those transitions helps determine their success and, more broadly, the prospects for political and economic development. Seth Kaplan, a Professorial Lecturer in the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, is the author of Betrayed: Politics, Power, and Prosperity (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) and Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development (Praeger Security International, 2008). -
Hettyey András Living with a Failed State: Somalia and the States of the East African Regional Security Complex 2009-2011 (Thes
ANDRÁSSY GYULA DEUTSCHSPRACHIGE UNIVERSITÄT BUDAPEST INTERDISZIPLINÄRE DOKTORSCHULE – P OLITIKWISSENSCHAFTLICHES TEILPROGRAMM LEITERIN : P ROF . D R. E LLEN BOS Hettyey András Living with a Failed State: Somalia and the States of the East African Regional Security Complex 2009-2011 (Thesenblatt) Doktorvater: Prof. Dr. Kiss J. László Disputationskommission: …………………………. …………………………. …………………………. …………………………. …………………………. …………………………. Eingereicht: Oktober 2011 Anlage: 1. Lebenslauf Introduction Somalia is a unique place, as it provides the researcher with plenty of material to study. While it has brought terrible suffering and unspeakable sorrow to its inhabitants, the on-and-off civil war that has raged in the country since 1991 presents also a rare opportunity to the interested: here, after all, is a country which has had no functioning government, army, police force, tax collection, football league or national broadcaster for twenty years. What are the reasons for this course of history? How do the Somalis cope with the failure of their state? What can policymakers do to help fix the situation and prevent other countries from taking the same route to state failure? Questions over questions, which all warrant further research. The paper only attempts to examine a little part of the huge “Somalia picture”, namely the effects of state failure on its region. No conflict occurs in an empty space. External actors are invariably affected by any given conflict in their neighborhood, be it through refugee flows, disruption of economic networks and activity, arms trade or piracy. The external actors in the Somali conflict are, however, by no means only passive players. They try to minimize the negative effects coming out from Somalia, while at the same time actively influencing the situation inside the country according to their interests. -
Analysis of Failed States: Some Problems of Definition and Measurement
113 The Romanian Economic Journal Analysis of Failed States: Some Problems of Definition and Measurement Valentin Cojanu Alina Irina Popescu It has become a common claim that the gravest dangers to world security are no longer military threats from rival great powers, but rather transnational threats emanating from poorly governed countries. Since the end of the Cold War, the international community has become increas- ingly preoccupied with the phenomenon usually named “state failure”, because state failure causes a wide range of humanitarian, legal, and security problems. Recent examples of failed states are familiar to all of us, from the total collapse of state institutions in Somalia and the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia to the varied crises in Rwanda, Haiti, Liberia, Congo, Sierra Leone, and Af- ghanistan. But how can we measure or define if a state is a “weak” or a “failed” state? Due to the importance gained by this issue, several international organizations (World Bank, The Fund for Peace) and national institutions (U.S. National Security and the Commission on Weak States, United Kingdom’s Department for International Development) performed several surveys in this respect. This paper aims to identify and to analyze the ways to measure state failure and con- cludes with commentaries drawn on a contrasting perspective of three most re- nowned attempts (e.g. the Transformational Index of the Bertelsmann Founda- tion, the Governance Index of the World Bank, and the Failed States Index of the Foreign Policy Council). Year X, no. 25 bis November 2007 114 The Romanian Economic Journal Keywords: failed states, security, development JEL Classification: F52, O19 1. -
Shamieh, Luna,1 Molnár, Dóra2 the Impact of Counterinsurgency On
99 Shamieh, Luna,1 Molnár, Dóra2 The Impact of Counterinsurgency on Human Security. The case study of Iraq (2003-2011) DOI 10.17047/Hadtud.2021.31.E.99 Iraq mosaic formed of the different minorities survived for a long while; a beauty that has not remained for long. The mosaic changed to ruins following the counterinsurgency. The war in Iraq led to a complete chaos against all aspects of the society. It has caused a massive influx of migration and displacement; it also led to fragmentation in the society that eventually culminated in deterioration in human security of all the people from different communities. The political, personal and community security issues and challenges are discussed in the study showing political repression, human rights violations, lack of rule of law and justice, physical violence, human trafficking, inter-ethnic tensions and terrorism. KEYWORDS: insurgency, counterinsurgency, human security, political security, personal security, community security, Iraq Felkelés elleni műveletek hatása a humán biztonságra Esettanulmány Irak példája alapján (2003–2011) A különféle kisebbségekből kialakított iraki mozaik sokat látott és még többet túlélt, azonban mégsem maradhatott fenn. A felkelés leverése következtében a mozaik romokká vált. Az iraki háború a társadalom valamennyi szegmensében teljes káoszhoz vezetett, valamint hatalmas migrációs és kitelepítési hullámot idézett elő. A társadalom széttagoltságához vezetett, amely elkerülhetetlen következménye lett a különböző közösségekből származók humán biztonságának jelentős romlása. A tanulmány a politikai, egyéni és közösségi biztonsági kérdéseket és kihívásokat tárgyalja, kitérve a politikai elnyomásra, az emberi jogok megsértésére, a jogállamiság és az igazságosság hiányára, a fizikai erőszakra, az emberkereskedelemre, az etnikumok közötti feszültségekre és a terrorizmusra is.