DOCSLIB.ORG

Policy Paper Gb

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Policy Paper Gb Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations FROM FRAGILITY TO RESILIENCE OECD/DAC DISCUSSION PAPER Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations FROM FRAGILITY TO RESILIENCE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation.The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation's statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. Off-print of the Journal on Development 2008, Volume 9, No. 3 Also available in French FOREWORD Foreword Today it is widely accepted that development, peace and stability require effective and legitimate states able to fulfil key international responsibilities and to provide core public goods and services, including security. The OECD DAC Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations (April 2007) see state building as the central objective for international partnerships in situations of fragility.The long- term vision is “to help national reformers to build effective, legitimate, and resilient state institutions, capable of engaging productively with their people to promote sustained development”. While support to state building is thus increasingly seen as a means to assist in responding to and preventing fragility and conflict, it is a relatively recent and as yet loosely defined concept in the context of development assistance. This report, commissioned by the DAC Fragile States Group, aims to address this conceptual shortcoming and bring greater clarity to the policy discussion on fragility, resilience and state building. The report proposes that state building needs to be seen in the broader context of state-formation processes and state-society relations. It sees state building as a primarily endogenous development founded on a political process of negotiation and contestation between the state and societal groups. The idea of state-society bargaining as the basis for building more effective, legitimate and resilient states provides a particularly useful lens for thinking about situations of fragility, but also about governance and development more generally. It helps to shift thinking from a focus on transferring institutional models, towards a focus on the local political processes which create public institutions and generate their legitimacy in the eyes of a state’s population. This report follows upon earlier work commissioned by the Fragile States Group to further reflections within the international community on Whole of Government Approaches to Fragile States and Service Delivery in Fragile Situations: Key Concepts, Findings and Lessons. I am confident that this report will help to promote greater consensus and clarity within and outside the DAC on what state building means in a situation of fragility. Such consensus is essential if international actors are to play a constructive role in this critically important but complex, highly political and nationally driven process. Richard Carey Director Development Co-operation Directorate CONCEPTS AND DILEMMAS OF STATE BUILDING IN FRAGILE SITUATIONS – © OECD 2008 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements This publication is the result of an independent study commissioned by the DAC Fragile States Group (FSG) and prepared by the Center on International Cooperation at New York University and the International Peace Academy. It was led by Bruce Jones and Rahul Chandran with Elizabeth Cousens, Jenna Slotin and Jake Sherman. Support was provided by Louise Andersen, Kaysie Brown, Andrew Hart, Amy Scott, Grace Gabala, Gigja Sorensen and Katherine Toth. Particular thanks are due to Judith Karl, Alain Whaites (Co-chairs of the FSG State Building Task Team) and Stephan Massing (OECD DAC Secretariat) who managed and provided guidance and inputs throughout the entire process, as well as members of the State Building Task Team, including Sarah Boxall, Katharina Buse, Homa-Zahra Fotouhi, Catherine-Isabel Froehling, Yukimasa Fukuda, Harry Greenwell, Keiichi Hashimoto, Michael Koros, Masaki Kudo, Christian Lotz, Eli Moen, Susan Moore, David Morgan, Alfonso Pascual Perez, Eugenia Piza Lopez, Anne Friederike Roeder, Dorothée Starck, James Wahome and Tjip Walker. The publication was prepared by a team of OECD staff that included Stephan Massing, Alexandra Jonas and Ben Dickinson; Carola Miras provided invaluable editorial assistance and Stephanie Coic contributed to the graphic design. In order to achieve its aims the OECD has set up a number of specialised committees. One of these is the Development Assistance Committee, whose members have agreed to secure an expansion of aggregate volume of resources made available to developing countries and to improve their effectiveness. To this end, members periodically review together both the amount and the nature of their contributions to aid programmes, bilateral and multilateral, and consult each other on all other relevant aspects of their development assistance policies. The members of the Development Assistance Committee are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Commission of the European Communities. 4 CONCEPTS AND DILEMMAS OF STATE BUILDING IN FRAGILE SITUATIONS – © OECD 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................................4 Executive summary .........................................................................................................................................7 Core considerations.......................................................................................................................................7 Implications for policy and programming .................................................................................................8 Implications for bilateral and multilateral organisation and financing................................................9 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................................9 I. Rationale, background and key concepts ................................................................................................11 International engagement in fragile states .............................................................................................12 Key terms and concepts .............................................................................................................................12 II. The state, stability and fragility...............................................................................................................15 Defining fragility..........................................................................................................................................17 Causal factors in state fragility or resilience ..........................................................................................17 A dynamic concept of fragility...................................................................................................................18 Pathways to stability and resilience .........................................................................................................20 III. Implications for response: Policy ...........................................................................................................23 The need for political analysis: Assessing the state of the state..........................................................23 Priorities, trade-offs and sequencing........................................................................................................23 Influencing legitimacy ................................................................................................................................24 Response to different facets of fragility ..................................................................................................26 IV. Implications for response: Programming..............................................................................................33
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Drivers of Fragility: What Makes States Fragile?
    Working Paper for Discussion Only Not UK Government Policy DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRDE WORKING PAPER NO. 7 DRIVERS OF FRAGILITY: WHAT MAKES STATES FRAGILE? April 2005 Claire Vallings and Magüi Moreno-Torres This Working Paper is part of a series prepared by the Poverty Reduction in Difficult Environments (PRDE) team in the Department for International Development’s Policy Division. It represents solely the views of those involved in its drafting and does not necessarily represent official policy. Please send all feedback to Claire Vallings at [email protected]. 0 Drivers of Fragility: What Makes States Fragile? Contents Executive summary..........................................................................................2 I. Introduction: what drives fragility? .....................................................4 II. The central driver of fragility: weak political institutions .....................7 A. What makes the institutional set-up weak? ......................................... 8 B. How does an unchecked executive relate to weak institutions?........ 10 C. How does limited political participation relate to weak institutions? .. 11 III. Other drivers of fragility................................................................13 A. Economic development ..................................................................... 14 B. Natural resources .............................................................................. 17 C. Violent conflict ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical and Historical Dynamics of Modern Economy : an Application to the Korean Economy Deokmin Kim
    Mathematical and historical dynamics of modern economy : an application to the Korean economy Deokmin Kim To cite this version: Deokmin Kim. Mathematical and historical dynamics of modern economy : an application to the Korean economy. Economics and Finance. Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2017. English. NNT : 2017PA01E036. tel-01808854 HAL Id: tel-01808854 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01808854 Submitted on 6 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON SORBONNE U.F.R DE SCIENCES ECONOMIQUES THÈSE Pour le doctorat de Sciences Economiques Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Deokmin KIM Le 06 Decembre 2017 Mathematical and Historical Dynamics of Modern Economy: An Application to the Korean Economy Directeur de Thèse: Rémy Herrera, CNRS, Université de Paris 1 Jury: Jacques Mazier, professeur à l’Université de Paris 13 (rapporteur) Roberto Veneziani, professeur au Queen’s College, Londres (rapporteur) Rémi Bazillier, professeur à l’Université de Paris 1 Marie Cottrell, professeure à l’Université de Paris 1 Gérard Duménil, CNRS, Université de Paris 10 Acknowledgements ii Contents Acknowledgements ii Contents iii List of Figures vii List of Tables xii Résumé 17 General Introduction 33 1 Nonlinear Dynamics with System Dynamics 34 1.1 An Introduction to Nonlinear Dynamics .
    [Show full text]
  • Fragile Contexts in 2018
    CHAPTER ELEVEN Leaving No Fragile State and No One Behind in a Prosperous World: A New Approach Landry Signé undreds of millions of people are left behind in fragile states despite the efforts of the international community to make progress on development Hand alleviate conflict. People in fragile states are victim to persistent poverty,1 enduring violence, poor public facilities, deteriorating infrastructure,2 limited civil and political liberties,3 deteriorating social conditions,4 minimal to nonexistent economic growth,5 and, often, humanitarian crises.6 Research and policies on state fragility build on concepts of limited state capacity, legitimacy, insecurity, stability and socioeconomic, demographic, human development, environmental, humanitarian, and gender contexts to determine states’ apparent effectiveness or ineffectiveness in fulfilling the role of the state. Within this -con text, fragility has become a catch- all concept encompassing fragile states, weak states, failed states, collapsing or decaying states, conflict- affected countries, post- conflict countries, brittle states, and states with limited legitimacy, author- ity, capacity, governance, security, and socioeconomic and human development. 1. Collier (2007). 2. Rotberg (2011). 3. Bah (2012). 4. Van de Walle (2004). 5. Brainard and Chollet (2007). 6. Nwozor (2018). The author would like to express his sincere appreciation to Payce Madden, Genevieve Jesse, and Elise El Nouchi, who contributed to the research, data analysis, fact- checking, and visual elements of this chapter. 239 Kharas-McArthur-Ohno_Leave No One Behind_i-xii_1-340.indd 239 9/6/19 1:57 PM 240 Landry Signé When used without conceptual clarification and contextual consideration, as is often the case, the concept of fragility lacks usefulness for policymakers, as the various types, drivers, scopes, levels, and contexts of fragility require differ- ent responses.
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Democracy-Support in "Fragile States": a Review
    Discussion Paper 1/2013 Effectiveness of Democracy-Support in "Fragile States": a Review Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher Effectiveness of democracy-support in “fragile states”: a review Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher Bonn 2013 Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ISSN 1860-0441 Die deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-88985-624-1 Dr Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher, German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Senior Researcher, Department “Governance, Statehood, Security” E-mail: [email protected] © Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH Tulpenfeld 6, 53113 Bonn +49 (0)228 94927-0 +49 (0)228 94927-130 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.die-gdi.de Abstract Over the past decade, the interest in aid effectiveness has grown exponentially, with a proliferation of both praxis-oriented evaluations and academic studies. At the same time, the rising interest in “fragile states” has prompted the aid-effectiveness literature to focus its attention on this category of states. Parallel to the development of the aid-effectiveness literature, the literature on the impact of specific development-aid sectors has also surged. The increasing number of analyses on the impact of external policies contributing to processes of political transformation (democratisation or stabilisation) has been remarkable. This discussion paper thematises the growing literature on both fragility and the effectiveness of democracy support, with a special focus on the quantitative literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Truly Fragile States
    Seth Kaplan Identifying Truly Fragile States That the Arab Spring caught the world off guard is hardly surprising. Interpreting overt stability as a reflection of fundamental strength or resiliency has often set the international community up for surprise. Few forecast the dissolution of the Soviet Union, for example; far too few in Washington anticipated what would follow the invasion of Iraq. These are reminders that apparent stability can be little more than an illusion. The converse can be equally misleading. Just as the international community tends to see stability as strength, it often equates crisis with fundamental fragility. Many countries face episodes of crisis, some of which can even initiate transitions to new political orders. But not all such countries are structurally fragile, plagued by deeply entrenched sociopolitical and institutional problems. Some states pass through their fragile moments relatively easily, leveraging their assets to reorient themselves in more positive directions within reasonable periods of time. States that are fundamentally fragile, however, buckle under these crises, stagnating or spiraling into violence. Fragile states are not like other states. They function—albeit barely— according to a different set of sociopolitical dynamics. As such, they harbor uniquely formidable obstacles to stability, development, and democracy. Because of these problems, all transitions are not created equal, and the underlying strength or fragility of societies undergoing those transitions helps determine their success and, more broadly, the prospects for political and economic development. Seth Kaplan, a Professorial Lecturer in the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, is the author of Betrayed: Politics, Power, and Prosperity (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) and Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development (Praeger Security International, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Fragile State Analysis: Policy Options for the Government of Canada
    SOMALIA FRAGILE STATE ANALYSIS: POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA Zeinab Ali Samantha Nicholl Zach Salzmann January 2017 Table of Contents I) Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 2 II) Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 2 III) Authority- Legitimacy- Capacity (ALC) ....................................................................................................... 3 IV) Timeline of Fragility .................................................................................................................................. 3 V) Key Stakeholders ...................................................................................................................................... 4 VI) Fragility Risk Assessment (6-12 months) ..................................................................................................... 5 VII) Theoretical Approach: ALC...................................................................................................................... 11 VIII) Scenarios ................................................................................................................................................ 12 IX) Policy Options ........................................................................................................................................ 12 X) Conclusion
    [Show full text]
  • The Fragility-Grievances-Conflict Triangle in the Middle East
    social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article The Fragility-Grievances-Conflict Triangle in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): An Exploration of the Correlative Associations † Timo Kivimäki Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; [email protected] † For fruitful comments on previous version of this article, I am grateful to Talip Alkhayer, Rana Jawad and Olivia Perry as well as to the three anonymous referees of Social Sciences. I am also grateful for the UK Global Challenges Research Fund project “Conflict and peace-building in the MENA region: is social protection the missing link?” (Grant number AH/T003537/1) for funding this research. My funders or the commentators of this paper are naturally not responsible for the interpretations and possible mistakes in this study. Abstract: The intention of this special issue of Social Sciences is to study state fragility and its relationship with conflict and grievances in the post-Cold War Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This article will lay the foundation for such a study by offering a conceptual foundation, data and the identification of the correlative associations that are specific to the MENA region. This article suggests that the relationship between political legitimacy, factionalism of the state, and conflict needs special, MENA-specific emphasis, as this relationship seems more prominently different in the MENA region, compared to the rest of the world. While in the rest of the world, different aspects of state fragility all relate to grievances and conflict dynamics, in the MENA region political factionalism has a disproportionate role in the explanation of conflict grievances and violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Dive on Fragile States
    NEW YORK UNIVERSITY i CENTER ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Deep Dive on Fragile States Bruce Jones and Ben Tortolani August 2013 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY CENTER ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION The world faces old and new security challenges that are more complex than our multilateral and national institutions are currently capable of managing. International cooperation is ever more necessary in meeting these challenges. The NYU Center on International Cooperation (CIC) works to enhance international responses to conflict, insecurity, and scarcity through applied research and direct engagement with multilateral institutions and the wider policy community. CIC’s programs and research activities span the spectrum of conflict, insecurity, and scarcity issues. This allows us to see critical inter-connections and highlight the coherence often necessary for effective response. We have a particular concentration on the UN and multilateral responses to conflict. Table of Contents Deep Dive on Fragile States Bruce Jones and Ben Tortolani Deep Dive on Fragile States 2 The UN in Fragile States – Scale and Presence 3 A Brief Discussion of Causes 5 UN Roles and Comparative Advantages in Fragile States 8 Gaps in Performance 9 How does UN performance measure up against these goals? 12 A Deep Dive within the Deep Dive: Rule of Law Institutions 13 The Evolving Context 15 Conclusion 16 Deep Dive on Fragile States Factsheet on resource flows and trends.) Second, we have seen increased policy attention to fragile states in major Background development institutions and financiers – starting in bilateral development agencies like the UK Department Today, roughly a third of the world’s poor live in fragile for International Development (DfID).
    [Show full text]
  • State Building in Fragile Situations: the Role of Supreme Audit Institutions and Their International Partners a Discussion Paper
    State building in fragile situations: The role of Supreme Audit Institutions and their international partners A discussion paper 1. Introduction Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) operating in fragile situations can make a substantial contribution to state building, including increasing the capacity of the state, promoting security and strengthening the relationship between citizens and government. Progress in these areas can lead to greater stability and improve the resilience of the state and society to further shocks. However, SAIs might be themselves affected by the fragile situation and thus can benefit from international assistance and cooperation to build their capacity and strengthen their role. This paper briefly reviews how international partners and donors are currently supporting fragile states more broadly; assesses the challenges facing SAIs and how they are addressing them; analyses the role SAIs can play in fragile contexts; identifies priority areas for support; and explores how donors, peers and INTOSAI could support these SAIs. This paper is based on a literature review and interviews with senior representatives of SAIs in fragile situations and other key stakeholders1. The purpose of this paper is to provide background information and guidance for the discussion among SAIs and international partners at the synergy session between the INTOSAI Capacity Building Committee and the INTOSAI Donor Cooperation at their annual meeting in Washington 2017. The paper contains points for reflection which will be expanded on during the meeting so that it can contribute to the identification of actions to be pursued by the INTOSAI Capacity Building Committee Project group on SAIs in fragile situations. 2. What are fragile states? The States of Fragility 2016 OECD2 report identifies five dimensions of fragility: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Failed States Index (FSI) Report: a Critique
    Innovative Research | Independent Analysis | Informed Opinion IPCS Debate The FSI Report: Is Bangladesh a Failing State? Delwar Hossain Failed States Index (FSI) Nepal: Failure of the Failed States Index Pramod Jaiswal Report ———————— The Failed State Index and South Asia: A Revisiting the White Man’s Burden Critique Salma Malik India and the Failed States Index PR Chari Nepal and the Failed States Index Edited by Yelisha Sharma Roomana Hukil Kaushalya Ruwanthika Ariyathilaka Failed State Index Fails Sri Lanka 1 IPCS DEBATE 2 About the Debate... In the recent years, there has been an increased focus at the global level on Failed and Failing States. Where does South Asia stand? How does the region perceive itself in terms of State failure and fragility? The Institute is attempting to capture the debate in South Asia, and also strengthen its research focus on State Failure and Fragility, from a regional perspective. Prof. Delwar Hossain (Bangladesh), Salma Malik (Pakistan), Pramod Jaiswal (Nepal), Yelisha Sharma (Nepal), Kaushalya Ruwanthika Ariyathilaka (Sri Lanka), and PR Chari (India), make assessments of the various nuances with respect to the Failed States Index Report in their individual commentaries. Each year's Failed States Index analyzes how countries performed during the previous year. In the ninth annual Failed States Index. The focus on FSI was on the indicators of risk and was based on the factors that diminish greater stability worldwide. However, the focus of the critiqued report has laid emphasis on addressing the major contributing factors for state failure vis‐à‐vis their primary compulsions in the light of demonstrating their individual capacities and performances in contemporary time.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding State Fragility Through the Actor-Network Theory: a Case Study of Post-Colonial Sudan
    Understanding State Fragility through the Actor-Network Theory: A Case Study of Post-Colonial Sudan Bachelor Thesis in Peace and Development Studies Author: Tove Sternehäll Supervisor: Ludwig Gelot Semester: Spring 2016 Thesis Seminar: August 2016 Department: School of Social Sciences Course Code: 2FU32E Abstract Despite the broad discourse on fragile states and the threat they pose to the contemporary world order, the literature on the subject does to a large extent ignore the material factors behind the causes of state fragility. Scholars and organizations in the field have almost exclusively adopted the Social Contract Theory (SCT) in order to explain state fragility as a problem caused by social factors. This study broadens the discourse by applying SCT as well as the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) on the case study of Sudan, in order to do a deductive theory testing of the added value of each theory. The results of this study show that while the Social Contract Theory does explain many factors behind state fragility, the application of the Actor-Network Theory adds to this by also incorporating the networks between the social and material determinants in societies. This research contributes to the debate on fragile states by adding to the scarce research on the materiality of fragility through the use of the Actor- Network Theory. The positive results of this thesis encourage future use of this theory in the field as it has the potential to give new insights in how to deal with fragile states. Keywords: fragile states; Actor-Network Theory; Social Contract Theory; infrastructure of rule i Table of Contents ABSTRACT……………………………………………...................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………......ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………….iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………...........................................v 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental History
    Environmental History Volume 4 Series editor Mauro Agnoletti, Florence, Italy More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10168 Mauro Agnoletti • Simone Neri Serneri Editors The Basic Environmental History 123 Editors Mauro Agnoletti Simone Neri Serneri DEISTAF Political and International Sciences University of Florence University of Siena Florence Siena Italy Italy ISSN 2211-9019 ISSN 2211-9027 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-09179-2 ISBN 978-3-319-09180-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09180-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014949490 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
    [Show full text]