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Symbolism in James Joyce's Dubliners Symbolism in James Joyce's Dubliners Ilić, Tamara Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2019 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Rijeka, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište u Rijeci, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:186:373627 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-30 Repository / Repozitorij: Repository of the University of Rijeka, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences - FHSSRI Repository UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Tamara Ilić SYMBOLISM IN JAMES JOYCE'S DUBLINERS Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the B.A. in English Literature at the University of Rijeka Supervisor: Mr.sc. Irena Grubica, viši predavač Rijeka, September 2019 1 ABSTRACT This thesis sets out to examine James Joyce’s collection of short stories Dubliners. The introduction of the thesis focuses on the historical, social and literary context of Joyce’s collection, as well as the environment he grew up in and how it ultimately reflected in his literary work. In the first few chapters, along with the introduction to Joyce’s life and work, some interesting facts will be presented about the long-lasting publication and the reception of Dubliners in Ireland, but Joyce’s reception as a writer as well. Furthermore, it will attempt to show the influence of Realism and Modernism in Dubliners, as well as portray some common themes and modernist literary techniques used in Dubliners. Lastly, the concept of epiphany will be briefly explained, as it will be present throughout the analysis of the chosen stories in this thesis. Then, the focus will shift towards the main premise of the thesis which is how Realism and Modernism influenced Dubliners and Joyce’s usage of symbolism through analysis of five chosen stories. They are chosen in particular order so that each aspect of life in Dubliners has its representative, and also to be able to depict how the main theme “paralysis” progresses as the stages of life change. From being perceived as what one could say, naive and narrow “point of view” of a child, to an entrapment in the adolescent years; then the third stage displays that “entrapment” as a mere life circle of which some protagonists are not even aware of, and the final group that displays the paralysis that has taken over the entire public life. The chosen stories are; “Araby”, “Eveline”, “A Painful Case”, “A Mother”, and “The Dead”. After the analysis of the stories, and before the very end, the thesis will aim to explain the importance of colours as symbols used in Dubliners. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 1. Historical, Social and Literary Context for James Joyce’s Dubliners 6 1.1. Dubliners in Context of James Joyce’s Life and Work 6 1.2. Dublin as a ‘center of paralysis’ 8 1.3. The Long and Difficult Publication History of Dubliners 9 1.4. The Reception of Dubliners 10 2. Realism, Modernism and Symbolism in Dubliners 12 2.1. James Joyce and Literary Modernism 12 2.2. Dubliners: Realism vs. Modernism 14 2.3. Common Themes and Modernist Literary Techniques in Dubliners 16 2.4. Dubliners and the Concept of Epiphany 18 3. Symbolism and Narration in Selected Short Stories from Dubliners; 19 3.1. The Structure and Composition of Dubliners 19 3.2. “Araby “ 20 3.3. “Eveline” 24 3.4. “A Painful Case“ 27 3.5. “A Mother” 30 3.6. “The Dead” 32 4. The Symbolism of Colours in Dubliners 37 5. Conclusion 39 6. Bibliography 40 3 Introduction “Symbolism is based on the theory of symbols and sensorial correspondences; it cultivates more refined sensitivity and emotions; it creates the blank verse; it is characterized by inner musicality, by the musical perception of the world; it relies on the force of suggestion; it cultivates solitude, without enthusiasm (as romanticists do) but discreetly and silently; it cultivates mysticism and intimacy, neuroses and mystery; the preference for autumnal settings and landscapes (rainy, foggy, with ravens in the light); there comes the poetry of towns, either large or provincial fairs: sad, melancholic, annihilating, overwhelmed by spleen, there comes the conscience of the void and internal confusion, of moral isolation, of the artist’s damnation in society; it paves the way for groups and proper modernist trends.” (Mihut, 1976:87) Symbolism is the first manifestation of modernism that has appeared as a poetical transgression from romanticism. (Pedersen 2015: 1) French poets devised a response to the movements such as Naturalism and Realism, whose main ideas were to primarily depict the speedily changing cityscapes and landscapes due to the urbanization in the nineteenth century. “Symbolism sought to dissolve boundaries in the aesthetic sphere: between consciousness and unconsciousness, imagination and reality, the physical world and what lies beyond.” (Facos 2018) Meaning that through symbolism, poets were able to reveal psychological truth and the fact that there is a spiritual reality, beyond our tangible world. “It imposes new rhetoric, whose essential principles are; ambiguity, irony, pure poetry, the suggestion, the discursive character, and more.” (Pedersen 2015:1) Symbolism can be viewed as a literary movement and as a stylistic device. As a literary movement of French, Belgian and Russian origin; it emerged in late nineteenth-century from poetry to other arts. It originated in the rebellion of various French poets who went against the rigorous conventions that dictated every aspect in traditional French poetry. “They attempted to evoke the ineffable intuitions and sense impressions of man’s inner life and to communicate the underlying mystery of existence through free and highly personal use of metaphors and images.” (Britannica 2013) It is both an artistic and a literary movement through which artists manage to convey ideas through symbols and emphasize the meaning behind different forms, shapes, and colours. “Everything is a symbol, every molecule contains the handwriting of the universe … and art, the expression of all symbols, ought to be an idealized drama, summarizing and annulling the naturalistic representations whose deepest meanings are found in the soul of the poet.” (Facos 2018) 4 On the other hand, as a stylistic device, writers exploit it so they can, not only evoke curiosity and interest in one’s work but also to devise a deeper, more complex level of meaning. As a philosopher A.Whitehead suggested in his work; "Symbolism is no mere idle fancy or corrupt degeneration; it is inherent in the very texture of human life. The Language itself is a symbolism." (Whitehead 1955) It is safe to say that this idea has indeed “permeated” into every field of art, in such a way that it has become an intrinsic part of not only literature but everyday communication. As stated before, symbolism is such a powerful stylistic device that enables artists to express themselves and their deepest thoughts cryptically. Everything in the universe is connected through a series of symbols and the artists are the key to discovering this whole new realm of possibilities. Their subject matter is generally identified by an interest in the occult, dreams, melancholy, death, and themes as such, so they often combined religious mysticism, the perverse and immoral matters in their work. As previously said, many artists rely on symbolism, and one of them is James Joyce; a well-known author of Irish descent who advanced the modernist avant-garde. His work is considered to be one of the most influential and important that has ever been written. This thesis will manage to give a “peek behind the curtains” of Joyce’s true meanings behind the symbols he used in the chosen short stories from Dubliners. Furthermore, this thesis will manage to show you the depth and complexity, symbolism as a stylistic figure can provide, and show how Joyce used it to arouse indirect relations and affinities, particularly between sound, sense, and colour, and on the other hand the tangible, material world and the divine one. 5 1. Historical, Social and Literary Context for James Joyce’s Dubliners 1.1. Dubliners in Context of James Joyce’s Life and Work In this chapter, a short history of James Joyce’s life and career will be given through which it will be attempted to depict his growth as a person, but the evolution of his reputation as a writer as well. It will focus on how the environment in which he grew up influenced his work, especially the Dubliners. James Aloysius Joyce was a short story writer, teacher, poet and novelist of Irish descent. Known as one of the most distinguished modernist novelists, Joyce is often called “forefather of stream-of-consciousness novels”. Born in Rathgar, Dublin, into a middle-class family, he was the oldest child. “Joyce’s father was one of the most important influences upon his son’s life. His personality, sayings and dispositions are diffused throughout Joyce’s work.” (Spinks 2009: 2) Despite the turbulent life, he was successful in schools. Like his father, he went to Clongowes Wood College where he was given a strict Jesuitical education and became acquainted with Latin and the classics. “It was also at Clongowes that he first demonstrated his independent nature. Harshly punished by the prefect of studies for attending class with broken glasses, Joyce summoned the courage to complain of his treatment to the rector.” (Gorman 1941: 34) Even though his education suddenly ended in 1891 as his father lost his fortune, he was given a chance to continue his schooling at Belvedere College. It was during his college life that he first came across the work of the Norwegian Playwright; Henrik Ibsen. He is one of the authors who had a great role in the formation of Joyce’s style that was heavily influenced by the revolutionary shifts that happened in style with the arrival of “literary modernism”.
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