DOCSLIB.ORG

Sns College of Technology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sns College of Technology SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE-35 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING UNIT III - FOREST UTILIZATION Topic 9: Non wood forest products List of Non-Wood Forest Products Product # 1. Essential Oil: Taste and smell are the two most sensitive human senses. The natural world – especially that of higher plants – provides a multitude of flavours and fragrances, either directly or indirectly, which impinge upon these senses. Essential oils are used in everyday life in foods and drinks and confectionery items; products for personal use such as perfumes, deodorants, shampoos, bath lotions, toilet soaps, toothpastes and mouth washes; pharmaceutical preparations where flavours are added to make the product more appealing or to mask the taste of less agreeable ones; items used about the house or office or in industry such as air fresheners, laundry soaps, detergents, cleaning agents and tobacco products. i. Grass Oils: Lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus), West Indian lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon citratus), Palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii var. motia), Ginger grass oil (Cymbopogon martinii var. sofia), Citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus var. winterianus), Vetiver oil (Vetiveria zizanioides). ii. Wood Oils: Sandalwood oil (Santalum album), Agar oil (Aquillaria agalocha), Deodar oil (Cedrus deodara), Pine oil/ Turpentine oil (Pinus roxburghii), Linaloe oil (Bursera delpechiana), Cedar oil (Juniperus macropoda). iii. Leaf Oils: Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), Lemon scented gum oil (Eucaylyptus citriodora). Camphor oil (Cinnamomum camphora), Pine needle oil (Pinus roxburghii), Mint oil (Mentha spp.), Patchouli oil (Pogostemon patchouli), Geranium oil (Pelargonium graveolens), Wintergreen oil (Gualtheria fragrantissima). iv. Root/Rhizome Oils: Costus oil (Saussurea lappa), Indian valerian oil (Valeriana wallichii), Curcuma oil (Curcuma aromatica), Cyperus oil (Cyperus scariosus), Sweet flag oil (Acorus calamus). v. Flower Oils: Jasmine oil (Jasminum officinale), Rose oil (Rosa damascena), Keora oil (Pandanus odoratissimus), Tagtes oil (Tagetes indica), Champa oil (Michelia champaca), Lavander oil (Lavandula officinalis), Cassie perfume (Acacia fernesiana), Clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum). vi. Other Essential Oils: Citrus oil/Lime oil (Citrus aurantifolia), Petgrain oil (Citrus aurantium and Citrus limettioides). Orange oil (Citrus sinensis), Mandarin oil (Citrus reticulata), Cinnamoum oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Nutmeg oil (Myristica fragrans), Salai gum oil (Boswellia serrata). Product # 2. Gums, Resins and Latex: Gums, resins and latexes are perhaps the most widely used and traded category of non- wood forest products. A recent estimate put the value of the world market for gums used as food additives at about US$ 10 billion. Of which the two largest forest gums viz., gum arabic and locust bean accounted for just over 12 per cent. Indonesia, India and the People’s Republic of China are among the world’s biggest producers of gums and resins. Sudan and Indonesia are the world’s two biggest exporters of natural gums and resins. Gums are translucent, amorphous substances which are degradation products of the cell wall of woody species. They exude spontaneously from trees and are soluble in water. The gums are useful in food, pharmaceutical and miscellaneous technical applications. In the food industry, advantage is taken of their thickening, stabilizing, emulsifying and suspending properties and they are employed in a very wide range of products, both foods and drinks. In the pharmaceutical industry, they are used as binding agents in tablets and as suspending and emulsifying agents in creams and lotions. It also has some specific applications in the dental and medical fields. Miscellaneous end users include the printing and textile industries. Resins, including oleoresins and balsams, have an equally diverse range of applications. They are used in paints, varnishes and lacquers. Some resins, especially the soft resins and balsams, are used as sources of fragrances and pharmaceuticals, usually after preparation of a suitable solvent extract or distillation of a volatile oil. i. Acacia Gums: Babul (Acacia nilotica), True gum arabic (A. Senegal), Khair (A. catechu), A. modesta, A. fernesiana, A. luecophloea. ii. Other Gums: Karaya gum (Sterculia urens), Cochlospermum religiosum, Semal (Bombax ceiba), Astragalus heratensis, Kapok (Ceiba pentandra), Hog tragacanth (Prunus amygdalus), Cherry gum (Prunus armeniaca), Bengal kino (Butea monosperma), Gum kino (Pterocarpus marsupium), Jhingan gum (Lannea coromandelica), Salai gum (Boswellia serrata), Moringa gum (Moringa pterygosperma), Dhaura/Ghatti gum (Anogeissus latifolia), Semla gum (Bauhinia retusa), Madiata gum (Adenanthera pavonina), Gutta percha gum (Dichopsis polyantha), Eucalyptus kino (Eucalyptus globulus), Lemon scented gum (Eucalyptus citriodora). iii. Minor Gums: Albizia chinensis, A. odoratissima, A. procera, Anacardium occidentale, Azadirachta indica, Bauhinia purpurea, B. racemosa, B. variegata, Chloroxylon swietenia, Feronia limonia, Mangifera indica, Terminalia alata, T. bellerica, Agele marmelos, Ailanthus excelsa, Pithecellobium dulce, Spondias pinnata, Borassus flabellifer, Buchanania latifolia, Calophyllum apetalum, C. elatum, C. inophyllum, Chukrasia tabularis, Delonix regia, Elaeodendron glaucum, Gardenia turgida, Gaurga pinnata, Macaranga peltata, Prosopis juliflora, P. cineraria, Zizyphus sativa. iv. True Resins: Balck dammar (Canarium strictum), Rock dammer (Hopea odorata), Green dammar (Shorea tumbuggaia), White dammar (Vateria indica), Amber (Pinus succinfera), Lacquer (Rhus vernicifera), Shell lac (Laccifer lacca), Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus), Sand arac (Callitris quadrivalvis), Storax (Atingia excelsa). v. Other True Resins: Abies excela, A. webbiana, Ailanthus malabarica, Cannabis sativa, Carica papaya, Daemonorops kurzianus, Juniperus communis, Liquidambar orientalis, Styrax benzoin. vi. Oleo Resins: Salai gum (Boswellia serrata), Gurjan oil (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Kingiodendron pinnatum, Cedrus deodara, Erythroxylon monogynum, Melanorrhoea usitata, Pinus insularis, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana, Shorea robusta. vii. Gum Resins: Gamboge (Garcinia morella), Myrrah/Gugal (Commiphora mukul), Galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua), Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida), Diospyros peregrina, Dikamali/ Cumbi gum (Gardenia gummifera). viii. Latex: Chilte (Cnidoscolus spp.), Chicle (Manilkara zapota), Rubber latex (Hevea brasiliensis). Product # 3. Fibres and Flosses: Fibres: Agave sisalana, Streculia villosa, Abroma augusta, Abutilon spp, Ananas cosmosus, Antiaris toxicaria, Boehmeria nivea, Borassus flabellifer, Cannabis sativa, Cordia dichotoma, C. rothii, Giradinia heterophylla, Grewia glabra, G. elastica, G. optiva, Hibiscus spp, Malachra capitata, Marsdenia tenacissima, M. volubilis, Phormium tenax, Sansevieria roxburghiana, Sesbania bispinosa, Sida rhombifolia, Sterculia foetida, S. urens, Themeda arundinacea, Trema orientalis, Typha elephantina, Urena lobata, Oreocnide integrifolia. Flosses: Indian Kapok (Bombax ceiba), Kapok or Silkcotton (Ceiba pentandra) Product # 4. Tannins and Dyes: I. Tannins: i. Bark Tans: Acacia mearnsii, A. dealbata, A. nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia fistula, Cassia auriculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops roxburghiana, Terminalia arjuna, Shorea robusta ii. Fruit Tans: Terminalia chebula, T. bellerica, Acacia nilotica, Emblica officinalis, Zizyphus xylocarpa, Caesalpinia coriaria iii. Leaf Tans: Anogeissus latifolia, Emblica officinalis, Carissa spinarum iv. Gall Tans: Tamarix spp. II. Dyes: i. Wood Dyes: Kutch dye (Acacia catechu) and other dyes from Artocarpus heterophyllus, A. lakoocha, Pterocarpus santalinus, Caesalpinia sappan ii. Bark Dyes: Terminalia tomentosa, Acacia concinna, A. farnesiana, A. leucophloea, Alnus spp, Casuarina equisetifolia, Manilkara littoralis, Myrica esculenta, Ventilago madraspatana iii. Flower and Fruit Dyes: Mallotus philippensis, Woodfordia floribunda, Bixa orellana, Butea monosperma, Toona ciliata, Nyctanthes arbortristis, Mammea longifolia, Wrightia tinctoria, Crocus sativus iv. Root Dyes: Berberis aristata, Datisca cannabina, Morinda tinctoria, Punica granatum, Rubia cordifolia v. Leaf Dyes: Indigofera tinctoria, Lawsonia inermis Product # 5. Edible Plant Products: i. Edible Fruits: Chironji (Buchanania lanzan), Aonla (Emblica officinalis), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Bael (Aegle marmelos), Wood apple (Feronia elephantum), Barhal (Artocarpus lakoocha), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii), Custard apple (Annona squamosa), Carissa opaca, Karaunda (Carisa carandas), Ber (Zizyphus jujuba), ii. Edible Nuts: Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale), Chilgoza (Pinus gerardiana), Walnut (Juglans regia), Almond (Prunus dulcis) iii. Edible Flowers: Mahua (Madhuca indica), M. longifolia, Musa spp, Bombax ceiba, Bauhinia purpurea, Alangium salvifolium, Ficus glomerata, Sesbania grandiflora, Rhododenron arboreum iv. Roots and Tubers: Amorphophallus campanulatus, Dioscorea belophylla, D. oppositifolia, lpomoea aquatica, Bamboos v. Leaves: Agave americana, Aloe vera, Moringa oleifera, Antidesma diandrum, Fern species vi. Fungi: Agaricus campestris, Morchella esculenta, Volvaria terastius, Collybia albuminosa Product # 6. Bamboos, Canes and Palms i. Bamboo: Bamboo is a major non-wood forest product and wood substitute. There are about 1,250 species of bamboo in some 75 genera in the world. It is found in all regions of the world and plays an important economic and cultural role. India is the second richest country
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leprosy and Other Skin Disorders
    Copyright by Robert Joseph Gallagher 2014 The report committee for Robert Joseph Gallagher Certifies that this is the approved version of the following report: An Annotated Translation of Chapter 7 of the Carakasaṃhitā Cikitsāsthāna: Leprosy and Other Skin Disorders APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: __________________________________ Donald R. Davis _________________________________ Joel Brereton An Annotated Translation of Chapter 7 of the Carakasaṃhitā Cikitsāsthāna: Leprosy and Other Skin Disorders by Robert Joseph Gallagher, B.A., M.A. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts University of Texas at Austin May 2014 Dedication To my wife Virginia and our two daughters Michelle and Amy, who showed patience and understanding during my long hours of absence from their lives, while I worked on mastering the intricacies of the complex but very rewarding language of Sanskrit. In addition, extra kudos are in order for thirteen year-old Michelle for her technical support in preparing this report. Acknowledgements I wish to thank all the members of the South Asia team at UT Austin, including Prof. Joel Brereton, Merry Burlingham, Prof. Don Davis, Prof. Oliver Freiberger, Prof. Edeltraud Harzer, Prof. Patrick Olivelle, Mary Rader, Prof. Martha Selby and Jennifer Tipton. Each one has helped me along this path to completion of the M.A. degree. At the time of my last serious academic research, I used a typewriter to put my thoughts on paper. The transition from white-out to pdf has been challenging for me at times, and I appreciate all the help given to me by the members of the South Asia team.
    [Show full text]
  • 74 Oil Seeds and Oleaginous Fruits, Miscellaneous Grains, Seeds and Fruit
    SECTION II 74 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder NOTES 1. Heading 1207 applies, inter alia, to palm nuts and kernels, cotton seeds, castor oil seeds, sesamum seeds, mustard seeds, safflower seeds, poppy seeds and shea nuts (karite nuts). It does not apply to products of heading 0801 or 0802 or to olives (Chapter 7 or Chapter 20). 2. Heading 1208 applies not only to non-defatted flours and meals but also to flours and meals which have been partially defatted or defatted and wholly or partially refatted with their original oils. It does not, however, apply to residues of headings 2304 to 2306. 3. For the purposes of heading 1209, beet seeds, grass and other herbage seeds, seeds of ornamental flowers, vegetable seeds, seeds of forest trees, seeds of fruit trees, seeds of vetches (other than those of the species Vicia faba) or of lupines are to be regarded as “seeds of a kind used for sowing”. Heading 1209 does not, however, apply to the following even if for sowing : (a) leguminous vegetables or sweet corn (Chapter 7); (b) spices or other products of Chapter 9; (c) cereals (Chapter 10); or (d) products of headings 1201 to 1207 or heading 1211. 4. Heading 1211 applies, inter alia, to the following plants or parts thereof: basil, borage, ginseng, hyssop, liquorice, all species of mint, rosemary, rue, sage and wormwood. Heading 1211 does not, however, apply to : (a) medicaments of Chapter 30; (b) perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations of Chapter 33; or (c) insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, disinfectants or similar products of heading 3808.
    [Show full text]
  • Tariff Schedules of the United States Alphabetical Index
    TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES ALPHABETICAL INDEX 447 TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES 449 References to References to Tariff Schedules Tariff Schedules A ABACA 30U.02-0U ACID(S) —Continued ABRASIVES AND ABRASIVE ARTICEES Sch 5 Ft IG fatty, of animal or vegetable origin—Con. abrasive wheels mounted on frameworks, salts of— hand or pedal operated 6i<9.39 quaternary ammonium 1+65.15-20 nspf 519.81-86 sodium and potassium 1+65.25-30 ACCESSORIES (see PARTS, specific article of other 1+90.30-50 which accessory, or name of accessory) gluconic, and its compounds 1+37-51-52 ACCORDIONS 725.1U-16 glycerophosphoric, and its compounds 1+37.51+ ACCOUNTING MACHINES incorporating calculating inorganic 1+16.05-1+0 mechanism 676.1S-25 organic, including halogenated, hydroxy, ACENAPHTHENE li01.02 sulfonated and other substituted and ACETALDEHIDE U27.U0 unsubstituted acids 1+25-70-98 ACETALS ii29.00 monohydric alcohol esters of 1+28+50-72 ACETANILIDE— polyhydric alcohol esters of 1+28.30-1+6 suitable for medicinal use U07.02 salts of I+26.IO-I+27.28 other k03.60 salicylic— ACETATE(S) — suitable for medicinal use 1+07.12 amyl lt28.SO other 1+03-60 benzyl 1+08.05 tannic, containing of tannic acid— butyl 1+28.52 under 50 percent 1+25.98 calcium 1+26.10 50 percent or more 1+37-68-69 cellulose 1+1+5.20 ACONITE 1+35-05-10 copper 1+26.28 ACRIDINE 1+01.01+ ethyl 1+28.58 ACRTLATES AND METHACRTLATES 1+28.62-66 lead 1+26.36 ACRYIIC RESINS 1+1+5.05 nickel 1+26.58 ACRTLONITRILE— 1+25.00 sodium 1+26.86 resins l+i+5.10 vinyl 1+28.68 ACTIVATED CLAY 521.87 Other
    [Show full text]
  • Burning in Naval Stores Forest
    Proceedings: 3rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 1964 Burning in Naval Stores Forest NORMAN R. HAWLEY Naval Stores Conservation Program U. S. Forest Service Valdosta, Georgia BEFORE discussing woods burning in naval stores, what is naval stores? First, be it understood that there are three fields within the activity, namely (1) wood distillation, or the process of obtaining the desired product from pine stumps; (2) the capture of tall oil in the sulfate pulping process, and (3) gum naval stores, or the harvesting of oleoresin or gum from standing, living pine trees, ob­ tained throughout a long working season of some seven months annually. Today, I shall discuss fire in its relation to the gum naval stores business. But first, how did the activity derive its odd name? There is cause for puzzlement. The story is told-with tongue in cheek-that a Secretary of the Navy, somewhat confused, but firm in his resolve to be prepared, declared: "I don't know what it is, but let's get some of it!" The term is a carry-over from the days of sail. Then the product was in prime demand. It caulked the hulls of wooden ships, and treated rigging against the erosive action of sun, rain, wind, ice, and salt water. How old is the business? We know that flammable gum featured heavily in the combustibles tossed around in ancient Mediterranean sea fights. Some writers speak with authority that it dates from the year 315 B. C. Others point to the Bible and quote from chapter and verse how Noah treated the hull of the Ark with derivatives from the 81 NORMAN R.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Recovery Plan Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax Traillii Extimus)
    Final Recovery Plan Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) August 2002 Prepared By Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Recovery Team Technical Subgroup For Region 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 Approved: Date: Disclaimer Recovery Plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Objectives will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views nor the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They represent the official position of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Director as approved. Approved Recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery tasks. Some of the techniques outlined for recovery efforts in this plan are completely new regarding this subspecies. Therefore, the cost and time estimates are approximations. Citations This document should be cited as follows: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Recovery Plan. Albuquerque, New Mexico. i-ix + 210 pp., Appendices A-O Additional copies may be purchased from: Fish and Wildlife Service Reference Service 5430 Governor Lane, Suite 110 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 301/492-6403 or 1-800-582-3421 i This Recovery Plan was prepared by the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Recovery Team, Technical Subgroup: Deborah M.
    [Show full text]
  • Method to Estimate Dry-Kiln Schedules and Species Groupings: Tropical and Temperate Hardwoods
    United States Department of Agriculture Method to Estimate Forest Service Forest Dry-Kiln Schedules Products Laboratory Research and Species Groupings Paper FPL–RP–548 Tropical and Temperate Hardwoods William T. Simpson Abstract Contents Dry-kiln schedules have been developed for many wood Page species. However, one problem is that many, especially tropical species, have no recommended schedule. Another Introduction................................................................1 problem in drying tropical species is the lack of a way to Estimation of Kiln Schedules.........................................1 group them when it is impractical to fill a kiln with a single Background .............................................................1 species. This report investigates the possibility of estimating kiln schedules and grouping species for drying using basic Related Research...................................................1 specific gravity as the primary variable for prediction and grouping. In this study, kiln schedules were estimated by Current Kiln Schedules ..........................................1 establishing least squares relationships between schedule Method of Schedule Estimation...................................2 parameters and basic specific gravity. These relationships were then applied to estimate schedules for 3,237 species Estimation of Initial Conditions ..............................2 from Africa, Asia and Oceana, and Latin America. Nine drying groups were established, based on intervals of specific Estimation
    [Show full text]
  • Herbal Cosmetics for Skin and Hair Care
    Article Herbal Cosmetics for Skin and Hair care V P Kapoor National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow – 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract Allopathic system alone is proving insufficient and there is need to The cosmetics are the utility products used extensively throughout the world for supplement it with herbal drugs. The most maintaining and improving general appearance of face and other parts of body e.g. mouth, hand appropriate way is to utilize modern as finger, eye, hair, etc. It includes creams, powders, face pack, lotions, moisturizers, shampoo, hair well as traditional system to look after oil, conditioners, nail polish, etc. Smooth, shinning, healthy skin and hair certainly count for a beautiful woman or handsome man. Numerous chemical toxins, microorganisms, chemicals, the health of the people. Much awareness infections present in atmosphere cause damage to skin. Cosmetics alone are not sufficient to take is created amongst the consumers for care of skin and body parts, it require association of active ingredients to check the damage and health and better quality lives, which led ageing of the skin. Herbal cosmetics are now emerged as the appropriate solution to the current towards more use of herbal drugs, herbal problem. Personal care industry is currently more concentrated on herbal cosmetics as now-a-days cosmetics, neutraceuticals and natural it is a fast growing segment with a vast scope of manifold expansion in coming years. Herbal cosmetics are the preparations, which represent cosmetics associated with active bio-ingredients, dyes. The new markets are being driven neutraceuticals or pharmaceuticals. The use of bioactive phytochemicals from a variety of botanicals by fundamental shifts in demand for have dual function, (i) they serve as cosmetics for the care of body and its parts and (ii) the herbal-based products and renewed botanical ingredients present therein influence biological functions of skin and provide nutrients concern about the synthetic-based necessary for the healthy skin or hair.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Sales of Manufacturing Plants
    SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 5 amounts h ave in most instances been deducted from the h eading, however, are not representative of the the total sales figure. Only in those instances where total amount of wholesaling done by the manufacturers. the figure for contract work would have disclosed data 17. I nterplant transfers—The amounts reported for individual establishments, has this amount been under this heading represent the value of goods trans left in the sales figure. ferred from one plant of a company to another plant 15. I nventory.—The amounts reported under this of the same company, the goods so transferred being head representing greater production than sales, or used by the plant to which they were transferred as conversely, greater sales than goods produced, are so material for further processing or fabrication, as con— listed only for purposes of reconciling sales figures to tainers, or as parts of finished products. production figures, and should not be regarded as 18. S ales not distributed.—In some industries, actual inventories. certain manufacturing plants were unable to classify 16. W holesaling—In addition to the sale of goods their sales by types of customers. The total distrib— of their own manufacture, some companies buy and uted sales figures for these industries do not include sell goods not made by them. In many instances, the sales of such manufacturing plants. In such manufacturers have included the sales of such goods instances, however, the amount of sales not distributed in their total sales. The amounts reported under is shown in Table 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Topic 3. Diet Digestibilities
    TOPIC 3. DIET DIGESTIBILITIES General trends in diet diges tibili ties follow the general trends in the cell structures of the plants. The stages and parts of plant growth that have thinner and less lignified cell walls are, for the most part, more digestible than those stages and parts with more lignified cell walls. Cell chemistry also affects digestibility, however. Tannins, for example, act as inhibitors of digestion. Changes in cell structure occur as plant phenology changes over the growing season. Emerging, growing tissue cannot have rigid cell walls, for new tissue is being added as cells increase in both number and size. When the numbers and sizes of cells in plant tissue have both reached maximum, cell maturation occurs and cell walls increase in thickness and rigidity. The cells in stems become very rigid and serve as supporting tissue. Cells in leaf tissue mature, become decadent, and the leaf falls to the ground. Flower petals mature, wither, and fall. Functional changes in different plant parts are accompanied by structural changes in the cells, and these changes affect nutritive relationships between animal and range. The concepts underlying relationships between cell structure and digestibility permit one to generalize on seasonal variations in diet digestibility. Consumption of decadent lignified dormant forage results in stable diet digestibilities. As the growing season progresses, diet digestibilities increase as new growth makes up an increasing proportion of the diet. As the growing season progresses and plants mature, diet digestibilities begin to drop until they reach the annual low when only de­ cadent lignified forage is available again.
    [Show full text]
  • Buchanania Obovata) Compared to Other Anacardiaceae Fruit and Nuts
    The Nutritional Potential of the Native Australian Green Plum (Buchanania obovata) Compared to Other Anacardiaceae Fruit and Nuts Author Fyfe, S, Smyth, HE, Schirra, HJ, Rychlik, M, Sultanbawa, Y Published 2020 Journal Title Frontiers in Nutrition Version Version of Record (VoR) DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.600215 Copyright Statement © 2020 Fyfe, Smyth, Schirra, Rychlik and Sultanbawa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/405739 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au REVIEW published: 16 December 2020 doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.600215 The Nutritional Potential of the Native Australian Green Plum (Buchanania obovata) Compared to Other Anacardiaceae Fruit and Nuts Selina Fyfe 1*, Heather E. Smyth 1, Horst Joachim Schirra 2, Michael Rychlik 1,3 and Yasmina Sultanbawa 1 1 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia, 2 Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 3 Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany The native Australian green plum (Buchanania obovata) is a small fruit that grows in the northern parts of the Northern Territory and Western Australia. The fruit belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which includes the other agriculturally important fruit mangoes, pistachios and cashew nuts.
    [Show full text]
  • Tar and Turpentine
    ECONOMICHISTORY Tar and Turpentine BY BETTY JOYCE NASH Tarheels extract the South’s first industry turdy, towering, and fire-resistant longleaf pine trees covered 90 million coastal acres in colonial times, Sstretching some 150,000 square miles from Norfolk, Va., to Florida, and west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. Four hundred years later, a scant 3 percent of what was known as “the great piney woods” remains. The trees’ abundance grew the Southeast’s first major industry, one that served the world’s biggest fleet, the British Navy, with the naval stores essential to shipbuilding and maintenance. The pines yielded gum resin, rosin, pitch, tar, and turpentine. On oceangoing ships, pitch and tar Wilmington, N.C., was a hub for the naval stores industry. caulked seams, plugged leaks, and preserved ropes and This photograph depicts barrels at the Worth and Worth rosin yard and landing in 1873. rigging so they wouldn’t rot in the salty air. Nations depended on these goods. “Without them, and barrels in 1698. To stimulate naval stores production, in 1704 without access to the forests from which they came, a Britain offered the colonies an incentive, known as a bounty. nation’s military and commercial fleets were useless and its Parliament’s “Act for Encouraging the Importation of Naval ambitions fruitless,” author Lawrence Earley notes in his Stores from America” helped defray the eight-pounds- book Looking for Longleaf: The Rise and Fall of an American per-ton shipping cost at a rate of four pounds a ton on tar Forest. and pitch and three pounds on rosin and turpentine.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Chemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Potential of Twenty Wild Culinary Mushroom Species
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 346508, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/346508 Research Article Chemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Potential of Twenty Wild Culinary Mushroom Species S. K. Sharma1 and N. Gautam2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur 176 062, India 2Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India Correspondence should be addressed to N. Gautam; [email protected] Received 8 May 2015; Accepted 11 June 2015 Academic Editor: Miroslav Pohanka Copyright © 2015 S. K. Sharma and N. Gautam. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The chemical, bioactive, and antioxidant potential of twenty wild culinary mushroom species being consumed by the peopleof northern Himalayan regions has been evaluated for the first time in the present study. Nutrients analyzed include protein, crude fat, fibres, carbohydrates, and monosaccharides. Besides, preliminary study on the detection of toxic compounds was done on these species. Bioactive compounds evaluated are fatty acids, amino acids, tocopherol content, carotenoids (-carotene, lycopene), flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanidins. Fruitbodies extract of all the species was tested for different types of antioxidant assays. Although differences were observed in the net values of individual species all the species were found to be rich in protein, and carbohydrates and low in fat. Glucose was found to be the major monosaccharide. Predominance of UFA (65–70%) over SFA (30–35%) was observed in all the species with considerable amounts of other bioactive compounds.
    [Show full text]