DOCSLIB.ORG

Topics in Zurich German Syntax Kathrin £. Cooper Ph.D. University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Topics in Zurich German Syntax Kathrin £. Cooper Ph.D. University Topics in Zurich German Syntax Kathrin £. Cooper Ph.D. University of Edinburgh 1994 UI Abstract The primary aim of this thesis is to present a range of hitherto undiscussed data illustrating syntactic phenomena of Zurich German, with a view to establishing the structure of the Zurich German clause. Zurich German is an Alemannic dialect of German spoken in Switzerland. Like other Swiss dialects of German, it is almost exclusively a spoken language and has no written standard. Its syntax is therefore not subject to normative rules and provides a valuable object of study against the background of standardised German, Dutch, English, and other Germanic languages. The syntactic theory underlying this investigation is Government and Binding Theory. Chapter One presents a brief introduction to the language and previous literature, as well as a discussion of methodological and theoretical aspects. The focus of Chapter Two is on the word order freedom in the middle field {Mittelfeld) and on the question of an obligatory subject position. It is argued that there is no strong evidence for functional heads other than COMP and that the middle field is best described in terms of a verb projection only. Chapter Three discusses the distribution of clitic pronouns and concludes that subject clitics are lexical clitics, while object clitics are phonological clitics. Cases of apparent referential null subjects are analysed in terms of silent clitics, i.e. clitics with an unexpressed phonetic form. Chapter Four looks at the properties of the clause-initial position (SpecCP) and the second position (COMP) in root and embedded contexts. "Doubly-filled COMP" is discussed and some of the standard assumptions regarding long movement through SpecCP are questioned. Chapter Five deals with the verbal complex and what has become known as Verb Projection Raising. This chapter proposes a new analysis of the notoriously numerous word order possibilities in infinitival complement constructions in terms of deriving them from a right-branching base structure. IV Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1. Why Zurich German 1 2. What is Zurich German? 2 3. Methodological considerations 4 4. On grammatically 6 5. Aims of this thesis 10 Chapter 2: The structure of the middle field 12 1. Introduction 12 2. Linearisation of arguments 14 2.1. Case and ambiguities 14 2.2. Lenerz( 1977) 19 2.3. Höhle (1982) 24 2.4. Functional approaches 28 2.5. Uszkoreit (1987) 31 2.6. Pronouns 32 2.7. Adverbs, particles, and prepositional objects 35 2.8. Conclusions 39 3. Configurationality 39 3.1. Coordination 40 3.2. Fronting 41 3.3. Does the middle field contain a functional projection? 42 3.3.1. Evidence for INFL in English 43 3.3.2. Arguments against INFL 44 3.3.3. Arguments for INFL 47 3.3.4. For and against SpecIP 50 3.3.5. Diesing (1992) - two subject positions 54 3.3.6. Further considerations and conclusions 58 3.4. On scrambling and the structure of the VP 60 3.4.1. Remnant VP movement 63 3.4.2. Binding and scope 65 V 4. Summary and outlook 70 Chapter 3: Personal pronouns and null referential subjects 74 0. Introduction 74 1. Pronominal clitics 74 1.1. Morphophonology 74 1.2. Syntax 78 1.2.1. Clitics inside VP 81 1.2.2. Object clitics in the middle field 82 1.2.3. Clitics adjacent to COMP 85 1.2.4. Pronouns and clitics in SpecCP 86 1.3. Towards an analysis 90 2. Null referential subjects 94 2.1. The data 95 2.1.1. Second singular null subjects 95 2.1.2. Constraints on null singular subjects 98 2.1.3. Null first singular subjects 99 2.2. An analysis 101 2.2.1. The role of inflection 101 2.2.2. Subject pronouns 103 2.2.3. The status of-/ 106 2.2.4. A diachronic perspective 107 2.3. ZH null subjects as silent clitics - further discussion 110 Chapter 4: COMP and prefield 114 1. Introduction 114 2. The clause-initial position(s) 117 2.1. On topicalisation - topic and focus 118 2.2. Analysing fronting: Cardinaletti (1986) et alia 124 2.3. Verb-second violations in Yiddish 131 2.4. Topicalisation versus adjunction to IP 133 2.5. Topicalisation versus wh-movement 135 2.6. Long movement in ZH 137 vi 2.7. Real topicalisation: discourse prominence 143 2.8. Null topics 148 2.9. Subject-verb inversion in V2 and VI complements 151 Chapter 5: The verbal complex 153 1. Introduction 153 2. Verb Raising and Extraposition 154 3. Verb Projection Raising 158 4. Verb Projection Raising versus Extraposition? 160 5. Coherent versus incoherent constructions 162 5.1. Verbs embedding bare infinitivals 163 5.2. Verbs embedding z-infinitivals 165 6. The categorial status of infinitival complements 167 6.1. Scrambling 167 6.2. Coordination 169 6.3. Subcategorisation 170 6.4. COMP in infinitivals 171 7. On raising and control 173 7.1. Raising verbs and modal verbs 173 7.2. Perception verbs and laa 179 8. Towards an analysis 184 8.1. Diagnostics for bare verb clusters 185 8.2. Infinitivus pro Participio (IPP) 186 8.3. Diagnostics for z-verb clusters 187 8.4. On the status of the infinitival marker z 189 9. Analysis 192 9.1. Verb clustering and inversion 192 9.2. Scope 197 9.3. Transparent versus opaque infinitival complements 199 9.4. Concluding remarks 205 Bibliography 206 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Why Zurich German In recent years, Swiss German dialects have received considerable attention within generative grammar. Shieber (1985) showed that Zurich German displays constructions with crossed dependencies, as in (1), and he proved that only a non-context-free grammar can generate these.1'2 1. dass mer d Chind em Hans s Huus lönd hälfe aaschtriiche that we the kids the H. the house let help paint "that we let the children help Hans paint the house" The syntax of the Zurich German verb complex in constructions like (1), which is the subject of Chapter 5 of this thesis, also gained widespread attention through work by den Besten & Edmondson (1983) as well as by Haegeman & van Riemsdijk (1986), which established the notion of "Verb Projection Raising" on the basis of Zurich German and West Flemish data. In addition to displaying a considerable amount of word order variation in the verbal complex and in the clause in general, Zurich German is also notable for its use of clitic pronouns and null referential subjects. Null subjects and clitics have been at the centre of syntactic investigations in recent years, and the interaction between the two is explored in Chapter 3. On a more general note, it can be said that recently there has been a surge of interest in dialect syntax and the past few years have seen the emergence of a number of dialect studies.3 Modern syntactic theory focuses on spoken language, and a dialect is a particularly interesting object of research because it displays none of the 1 Regarding the issue of generative power the reader is referred to Pullum & Gazdar (1982) and Shieber (1985). For the same argument for context-freeness based on similar Dutch data, cf. Bresnanetal(1982). 2 The spelling employed in this thesis is my own, and does not distinguish as many shades of vowels as Dieth (1986), who proposes a standard orthography for all Swiss dialects. 3 To mention just a few, Haegeman (1992) on West Flemish, Penner & Bader (e.g. 1992) on Bernese German, and the papers in Benincä (1989) and Abraham .& Bayer (1993). CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2 distortions due to prescriptive norms and can thus be said to provide a more direct insight into the nature of language.4 2. What is Zurich German? Zurich German - "Züritüütsch" to natives, "Zürichdeutsch" to Germans, and henceforth abbreviated as "ZH" - is an Alemannic dialect of German spoken in Zurich and its vicinity, by approximately one million speakers. More precisely, the dialect belongs to the High Alemannic group, which extends into Southern Germany (but does not include Swabian) and Western Austria (Vorarlberg). Apart from the dialect of Basel, which is Low Alemannic, all Swiss German dialects are High Alemannic (Russ 1990).5 There is considerable variation between the many dialects, but three groups can be distinguished: The Northeast with ZH as its main representative, the Northwest with the dialect of Bern most prominent, and the South with the archaic Highest Alemannic dialects of the remote mountain regions, such as the Walser dialects.6 The term "Swiss German" refers collectively to all the Low, High and Highest Alemannic dialects within the Swiss borders,7 but there is no Swiss German as such, i.e. there is no standard dialect spoken by everyone, nor is there a standard written form. The language situation in the Germanic part of Switzerland is diglossic, with Standard German employed for written and more formal purposes, such as national news programmes, speeches in parliament, and lectures, while the dialects are used for everything else. The use of dialect is thus in no way a class indication, as is the case in many other countries (Clyne 1984); it merely reveals the regional origin of the speaker. As mentioned above, the Swiss German dialects are not usually written. There exists however a small "subculture" of dialect literature, 4 Cf. Benincä (1989:1): "Dialects are in a sense particularly 'natural' linguistic objects, less exposed as they are to standardization processes or other types of correction of their natural development" 5 High Alemannic is delimited in the north by the Kind/Chind isogloss. 6 Cf. Comrie & Frauenfelder (1992) on the Walser dialect of Bosco-Gurin.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zihlmann-Vowel Consonant Length
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German Zihlmann, Urban Abstract: Dass die Alemannischen Dialekte (ALM) die Vokalqualität des Schweizerhochdeutschen (SHD) prägt, wurde bereits mehrmals untersucht. Hingegen liegen noch keine systematischen Studien über die dialektale Prägung der Vokal- und Konsonantenquantität im SHD vor. Diese Studie erforscht deshalb bei vier Dialekten, wie sich ALM auf die Länge der Vokale (V) und Konsonanten (K) in den jeweiligen SHD-Varietäten auswirkt. Segmentdaueranalysen zweisilbigerWörter mit kurzen/langen V/K zeigten, dass (1) die vier Dialekte im Prinzip das gleiche V/K-Quantitätssystem aufweisen (trotz z.T. unter- schiedlicher Verteilung der Vokalquantitäten bei bestimmten Wörtern) und dass dieses System auch im SHD angewendet wird. (2) Statistisch signifikante Dauerunterschiede in den regionalen SHD-Varietäten wurden nur bei Wörtern gefunden, bei denen ein phonologischer Quantitätsunterschied zwischen den ALM- und SHD-Äquivalenten vorliegt. Diese Unterschiede sind jedoch nicht dialektspezifisch, sondern können bei allen Dialekten mit diesen Quantitätsunterschieden vorkommen. Other titles: Vowel and consonant length in Alemannic and Swiss Standard German Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-186717 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Zihlmann, Urban (2020). Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German. Wiener Linguistische Gazette, 86:1-46. Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German Urban B.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Doubly-Filled Comps Governed by Prosody in Swiss German? the Chameleonic Nature of Dass ‘That’1
    Are doubly-filled COMPs governed by prosody in Swiss German? The chameleonic nature of dass ‘that’1 1. Introduction Several decades ago, Chomsky and Lasnik (1977) stipulated the doubly-filled COMP filter according to which the co-occurrence of a wh-constituent and a complementizer is banned. In those days, COMP was a single position that could either contain a wh-constituent or a complementizer, but not both. Nowadays two positions, SpecCP, hosting maximal projections, and C, hosting heads, correspond to what was once labelled as COMP. There is thus no a priori reason why a wh-constituent in SpecCP could not co-occur with a complementizer in C, since these two elements do not compete for the same position. Indeed, many languages exist that violate the doubly-filled COMP filter. In some, doubly-filled COMPs (DFCs) are obligatory, e.g. West Flemish (see Haegeman 1992) and in others, DFCs are optional, at least to a certain extent, e.g. Bavarian and Alemannic (see Bayer and Brandner 2008a, 2008b; Bayer 2015; and Penner and Bader 1995; Penner 1986 for Bernese Swiss German; Schönenberger 2010 for Lucernese Swiss German) and Belfast English (Henry 1995). In yet others, they seem to be banned, e.g. Standard German and Standard English, but this may be due to normative pressure, since earlier stages of these languages allowed them. Zwicky (2002), for instance, lists various examples with DFCs produced by speakers of different varieties of modern English (see [1] and [2]). (1) We asked what sort of health care that they rely on. (2) What a mine of useless information that I am! Based on acceptability judgement data, Bayer and Brandner advance a structural account for DFCs in Alemannic and Bavarian, in which wh-words are generally incompatible with dass ‘that’ while wh-phrases generally require the presence of dass.
    [Show full text]
  • Receptive Multilingualism Across the Lifespan: Cognitive and Linguistic Factors in Cognate Guessing
    Languages and Literatures \ Multilingualism research Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing Jan Vanhove Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg in der Schweiz Genehmigt von der philosophischen Fakultät auf Antrag der Professoren Raphael Berthele (1. Gutachter) und Charlotte Gooskens (2. Gutach- terin). Freiburg, den 17. Januar 2014. Prof. Marc-Henry Soulet, Dekan. 2014 Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing Jan Vanhove Cite as: Vanhove, Jan (2014). Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan. Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing. PhD thesis. University of Fribourg (Switzerland). Data and computer code available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.795286. Contents Tables xi Figures xiii Preface xv I Introduction 1 1 Context and aims 3 1.1 Cross-linguistic similarities in language learning . 4 1.2 Receptive multilingualism . 5 1.3 Multilingualism and the age factor . 8 1.4 The present project . 9 1.4.1 The overarching project ‘Multilingualism through the lifespan’ . 9 1.4.2 Aim, scope and terminology . 10 1.5 Overview . 13 II The lifespan development of cognate guess- ing skills 15 2 Inter-individual differences in cognate guessing skills 17 2.1 Linguistic repertoire . 18 2.1.1 Typological relation between the Lx and the L1 . 18 2.1.2 The impact of multilingualism . 19 2.2 Previous exposure . 26 vi Contents 2.3 Attitudes . 28 2.4 Age . 29 3 The lifespan development of cognition 33 3.1 Intelligence . 34 3.1.1 Fluid and crystallised intelligence . 34 3.1.2 Lifespan trajectories .
    [Show full text]
  • Two Patterns of Dialect Accommodation of Valais German Speakers in Berne
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 467 158 FL 027 322 AUTHOR Matter, Marc; Ziberi, Johanna TITLE Two Patterns of Dialect Accommodation of Valais German Speakers in Berne. PUB DATE 2001-00-00 NOTE 19p.; In: Le Changement linguistique: Evolution, variation, and heterogeneite. Actes du colloque de Neuchatel Universite (Neuchatel, Suisse, 2-4 Octobre 2000)(Linguistic Change: Evolution, Variation, Heterogeneity. Proceedings of the University of Neuchatel Colloquium [Neuchatel, Switzerland, October 2-4, 2000]); see FL 027 309. PUB TYPE Journal Articles (080) Reports Research (143) JOURNAL CIT Travaux Neuchatelois de Linguistique (Tranel); n34-35 p185- 201 Mar-Oct 2001 EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Context Effect; Foreign Countries; *German; *Language Attitudes; *Language Variation; *Phonetics; *Regional Dialects IDENTIFIERS *Language Change; *Switzerland (Bern) ABSTRACT This article explores the modalities of accommodation of two dialectophones [speakers of a dialect] in the Haut- Valais [this is a regional place name], one of whom has lived in Berne, Switzerland for more than 20 years, the other for several years. By exploiting the notion of repertoire, the study focused on the greater or lesser convergence between the original varieties of the two informants and the Bearnaise variety of the Germanic dialect basing their study on phonetic observations obtained in informal conversational situations. The data show that there is no direct correlation among the language attitudes, the structure of the social networks of the informants and their linguistic behavior. Furthermore, the factors that are currently accepted in the literature as influencing language behaviors (age and gender) are not confirmed in these data. On the other hand, the phenomenon of accommodation seems to be sensitive to the conversational context and to the themes raised in the exchange.(Contains 31 references.) (Author/VWL) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
    [Show full text]
  • West Germanic IPP-Constructions. an Optimality Theoretic Approach
    West Germanic IPP-Constructions. An Optimality Theoretic Approach Von der Fakult¨at Philosophie der Universit¨at Stuttgart zur Erlangung der W¨urde einer Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) genehmigte Abhandlung vorgelegt von Tanja Schmid aus Stuttgart Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. Hans Kamp Mitberichter: 1. Dr. habil. Sten Vikner 2. Prof. Dr. Hubert Haider Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 05. Oktober 2002 Institut f¨ur Linguistik/Germanistik der Universit¨at Stuttgart 2002 Ich erkl¨are hiermit, dass ich, abgesehen von den im Literaturverzeichnis aufgef¨uhrten Quellen und den Ratschl¨agen von den jeweils namentlich aufgef¨uhrten Personen, die Dissertation selbst¨andig verfasst habe. (Tanja Schmid) 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Sten Vikner. It is due to him and his way of teaching that I first became interested in linguistics, and that this interest has never left me since. I thank Sten for the many hours of discussion, for motivating and supporting me over the last years, and most of all for sharing his enthusiasm for language and linguistics with me. I would also like to thank my other academic teachers who deepened my interest in linguistics, in particular Hubert Haider (who suggested that IPP might be an interesting phenomenon to look at), Aditi Lahiri, Gereon M¨uller, and Ian Roberts. Special thanks go to my main native speaker informants for their never ending willingness to answer all my questions: Afrikaans: Sylvia Schlettwein, Bernese German: Ursula Wegm¨uller, Dutch: Jan van Kuppevelt, Noor van Leusen, Sankt Gallen German: Manuela Sch¨onenberger, Z¨urich German: J¨urg Fleischer, West Flemish: Bert Cappelle, and Liliane Haegeman.
    [Show full text]
  • Prosody of Bernese and Zurich German. What the Development of a Dialec- Tal Speech Synthesis System Tells Us About It
    Beat Siebenhaar, Martin Forst, Eric Keller Prosody of Bernese and Zurich German. What the development of a dialec- tal speech synthesis system tells us about it. Abstract In this article, we motivate the use of speech synthesis as a tool for research on dialectal prosody. The general architecture of our speech synthesis systems (LAIPTTS) is presented and the choice of data for building a dialectal system is justified. Here we present an analy- sis of a speaker of the Zurich dialect and of a speaker of Bernese origin. These analyses show that differences in timing cannot be related to a different phoneme distribution in the two dialects. We thus have good reasons to assume that rhythm and intonation do differ between these dialects. In our data, differences of segment duration affect mostly vowels. Our data also indicate that accentuation as well as the grammatical vs. lexical status of the word in which the segment occurs affect the realisation of a segment differently for the speaker of Bernese and Zurich German. Another salient difference can be noted in the way phrase boundaries are marked in the two dialects. The speaker of Bernese German marks phrase boundaries mainly by a lengthening of the elements of phrase-final syllables, whereas the speaker from Zurich shows less lengthening of phrase-final syllables, but greater lengthening of elements in phrase-initial syllables. Despite these first results that suggest truly prosodic differences between Bernese vs. Zurich German, further research is necessary in order to clearly identify dialectal features and to distinguish them from idiolec- tal or stylistic ones.
    [Show full text]
  • Bernese German Staub's Law Atlas of German-Speaking Switzerland
    SOUND CHANGE IN BERNESE GERMAN – ILLUSTRATED BY STAUB‘S LAW Bernese German place in 1939, the full data collecJon was finished 19 years later, in examined. Therefore, 4 interviews in 4 age groups are recorded at each 1958. The Atlas was published in 8 volumes between 1962 and 1997, place. The resulJng data is finally compared with the data of the Atlas Bernese German is the general term for the Swiss German dialects containing the data of 1500 informants and 600 places. of German-speaking Switzerland, whereby sound change is made spoken in the Canton of Bern. Swiss German Dialects are all Alemannic visible. dialects. The Bernese German dialects are divided into three main groups: the northern and the southern dialects and the dialects of the Selecon of Data Bernese Highlands. This project deals with the northern and the southern Bernese German Bern Bern Worb Worb Belp Belp Rüeggis- Rüeggis- 1944 2016 1940 2016 1945 2016 berg 1942 berg 2017 dialects and the isoglosses which part the two areas. trinkche trinkche treiche trinkche triiche trinkche triiche trinkche, treiche, triiche Staub‘s Law The table above shows first results of the examinaon of Staub‘s law in VnF à V:F or diphthongisaon of the vowel Pilot Study in Hasle-Rüegsau e.g. [fʊnf] à [fy:f] or [fœɪf] (five) the research area. Whereas the variable to drink was realised by the Prior to the present project, a pilot study was carries out in Hasle- majority according to the discussed sound law in the 1940s (blue), a Staub‘s law was postulated by Friedrich Staub in 1877.
    [Show full text]
  • Language As a Tool for Integration
    Language as a tool for integration When adults move abroad, getting an education in the language of their new home country is often a necessary first step in the process of personal and professional integration. This was also the case for me, and the four people interviewed for this article. We are from around the world, with different backgrounds and hopes for the future. But we all entered a language class at the Academia School in Bern with the same goal in mind: to learn advanced German. Helen is a 28-year-old woman from Eritrea who has many irons in the fire: she is working and also learning German and mathematics. Helen came to Bern as an asylum-seeker in January 2017. She has a diploma in Computer Sciences from Eritrea and used to work as a maths teacher there. When she arrived in Bern, she was first enrolled in an intensive language course from level A1 to B1. Through a friend that she met there, she heard about “Power Coders” – a three-month, full-time programme in impact coding. This enabled her to look for opportunities suited to her educational background and she then found an Informatics programme at Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (FHNW). A language is not only a language, but more importantly it’s a way into the inner worlds of a people and their culture. To enter the programme there were a few conditions: she needed to have level C1 in German and to take a course in maths. Helen started an internship with the programme, taking a course in B2 level German on the side.
    [Show full text]
  • Swiss German and Swiss Standard German 57
    Copyright by Christian Matthias Fingerhuth 2017 The Dissertation Committee for Christian Matthias Fingerhuth certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Grammatical Variation in Standard German, 1900-1999: A Contrastive Corpus-Linguistic Study of Germany and Switzerland Committee: Marc Pierce, Supervisor Lars Hinrichs Peter Hess Stephan Elspaß Hans C. Boas Grammatical Variation in Standard German, 1900-1999: A Contrastive Corpus-Linguistic Study of Germany and Switzerland by Christian Matthias Fingerhuth Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin, 2017 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2017 Acknowledgements Even more than empirical data, the foundation of this dissertation is support - moral, monetary, hands-on, and academic. Naming the sources of funding is the easiest task. Without travel and summer funding from The Department of Germanic Studies at The University of Texas at Austin I would not have had numerous conversations that helped me develop and complete this project. Completing it in only 2 years was possible only with the generous funding from the Graduate School at The University of Texas at Austin that relieved me of my teaching duty for 2 semesters. In more than 10 years as a student I have lost count of my teachers. I will name only three, despite the injustice this does to all those who remain unmentioned. As my adviser, Marc Pierce deserves particular credit. Without his open door and keen eye this dissertation would look markedly different. The use of the Oxford Comma is a testimony to his persistence.
    [Show full text]
  • German and Dutch in Contrast Konvergenz Und Divergenz
    German and Dutch in Contrast Konvergenz und Divergenz Sprachvergleichende Studien zum Deutschen Herausgegeben von Eva Breindl und Lutz Gunkel Im Auftrag des Leibniz-Instituts für Deutsche Sprache Gutachterrat Ruxandra Cosma (Bukarest), Martine Dalmas (Paris), Livio Gaeta (Turin), Matthias Hüning (Berlin), Sebastian Kürschner (Eichstätt-Ingolstadt), Torsten Leuschner (Gent), Marek Nekula (Regensburg), Attila Péteri (Budapest), Christoph Schroeder (Potsdam), Björn Wiemer (Mainz) Band 11 German and Dutch in Contrast Synchronic, Diachronic and Psycholinguistic Perspectives Edited by Gunther De Vogelaer, Dietha Koster and Torsten Leuschner Die Open-Access-Publikation dieses Bandes wurde gefördert vom Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim. Redaktion: Melanie Kraus ISBN 978-3-11-066839-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-066847-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-066946-6 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019956272 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Gunther De Vogelaer, Dietha Koster and Torsten Leuschner, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Typesetting: Joachim Hohwieler, Ann-Kathrin Lück Printing and
    [Show full text]
  • 5=INDO-EUROPEAN Phylosector
    5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 385 5=INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012 This phylosector covers 10 sets of languages (= 150 outer languages, comprising 873 inner languages) spoken traditionally by communities across much of Eurasia, from Iceland and the British Isles in the northwest to Sri Lanka in the south, constituting the Indo-European intercontinental affinity. During the last half millennium, languages of this phylosector (principally from zones 51=, 52=, 53= and 59=) have spread to all other continents of the world, and across northern Asia, and over half the world's population now speaks a language from this phylosector (as either primary or alternate voices). Zones 50= to 57= cover languages traditionally spoken in Europe, and 58= to 59= cover languages traditionally spoken in western and southern Asia. Zones are arranged in the approximate geographic order of their traditional areas in Eurasia, moving from northwestern Europe to southern Asia, and this order has no implication for prehistorical reconstructions: 50= CELTIC phylozone 51= ROMANIC phylozone 52= GERMANIC phylozone 53= SLAVIC phylozone 54= BALTIC phylozone 55= ALBANIC phylozone 56= HELLENIC phylozone 57= ARMENIC phylozone 58= IRANIC phylozone 59= INDIC phylozone Before consulting the following tables, please see
    [Show full text]
  • The Syntax of Quirky Verbal Morphology
    The syntax of quirky verbal morphology PhD dissertation submitted by Anne Kjeldahl The Department of English University of Aarhus Supervisors: Professor Sten Vikner, Department of English, University of Aarhus Professor Josef Bayer, Department of Linguistics, University of Konstanz The syntax of quirky verbal morphology PhD dissertation, Department of English, Institute of Language, Literature and Culture, University of Aarhus. © copyright 2010 Anne Kjeldahl E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements I owe thanks to a lot of people who have helped and supported me while writing my dissertation. First and foremost, my supervisor Sten Vikner whose help has been priceless. Thanks for always having time for me, for constructive criticism, discussions and support. Also a big thanks to my co- supervisor Josef Bayer who provided for me the frame for three wonderful semesters at the University of Konstanz and Ellen Brandner from Konstanz for helpful advice and encouragement. Over the last three years I have discussed my thesis and other linguistic topics with a number of linguists and I am grateful for their comments, feedback and native speaker judgements. Among them are Ingrid Kaufmann, Paolo Acquaviva, Tanja Schmid, Markus Bader, Sebastian Roth, Arthur Stepanov, Martin Salzmann, Uli Lutz, Antje Lahne, Per Bærenzten, Eva Engels, Ken Ramshøj Christensen, Ocke-Schwen Bohn, Maia Andreasson, Volker Struckmeier, Joost Kremers, Richard Larson and Kleanthes Grohmann. I also owe a special thanks to Janet Grijzenhout for introducing me to generative grammar. Those hours of the last three years that were not filled with linguistics were made enjoyable by the company of my lovely friends, Louise Nørgaard Andersen, Birthe Jensen, Louise Ebbesen Nielsen and office mate Mette Hjortshøj Sørensen.
    [Show full text]