A Reanalysis of Diphthongs in Bernese German
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4. R-Influence on Vowels
4. R-influence on vowels Before you study this chapter, check whether you are familiar with the following terms: allophone, centring diphthong, complementary distribution, diphthong, distribution, foreignism, fricative, full vowel, GA, hiatus, homophone, Intrusive-R, labial, lax, letter-to-sound rule, Linking-R, low-starting diphthong, minimal pair, monophthong, morpheme, nasal, non-productive suffix, non-rhotic accent, phoneme, productive suffix, rhotic accent, R-dropping, RP, tense, triphthong This chapter mainly focuses on the behaviour of full vowels before an /r/, the phonological and letter-to-sound rules related to this behaviour and some further phenomena concerning vowels. As it is demonstrated in Chapter 2 the two main accent types of English, rhotic and non-rhotic accents, are most easily distinguished by whether an /r/ is pronounced in all positions or not. In General American, a rhotic accent, all /r/'s are pronounced while in Received Pronunciation, a non-rhotic variant, only prevocalic ones are. Besides this, these – and other – dialects may also be distinguished by the behaviour of stressed vowels before an /r/, briefly mentioned in the previous chapter. To remind the reader of the most important vowel classes that will be referred to we repeat one of the tables from Chapter 3 for convenience. Tense Lax Monophthongs i, u, 3 , e, , , , , , , 1, 2 Diphthongs and , , , , , , , , triphthongs , Chapter 4 Recall that we have come up with a few generalizations in Chapter 3, namely that all short vowels are lax, all diphthongs and triphthongs are tense, non- high long monophthongs are lax, except for //, which behaves in an ambiguous way: sometimes it is tense, in other cases it is lax. -
An Acoustic Analysis of the Vowels in Fuzhou Chinese
AN ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE VOWELS IN FUZHOU CHINESE Changhe Chen Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong [email protected] ABSTRACT acoustic analysis based on speech samples from speakers (20 speakers for monophthongs and 10 for This study is an acoustic description of the vowels in diphthongs and triphthong) in their fifties in 2011. At Fuzhou Chinese produced by 10 speakers (5 males present, no published article is found for the vowels and 5 females) in their thirties. The vowels include 8 of the younger generation, but some vowel changes monophthongs .h x d 1 ` N n t., 14 diphthongs .ht th are expected. dh dt `h `t nt 1x Nx hd h` xn tn t`., and 1 triphthong This study aims at reinvestigating the vowels in .t`h. in open syllable. Compared with existing Fuzhou Chinese of speakers aged 30-39, younger studies, this study finds (i) that sometimes .d. is than those in [6]. diphthongized; (ii) that diphthong may undergo .xn. 2. METHODOLOGY change to become ZX\; (iii) that diphthong .Nx. seems to have merged with .t`h. and .1x. in open syllable, All test words are (C)V and (C)VS syllables, 2 and .dt. also shows a tendency to merge with .ht.; frequently used in daily life . For each diphthong and (iv) that the acoustic realization of diphthong .nt. can triphthong, two syllables associated with two types of be Zɞt\, ZPt\ and ZNt\ but not Znt\, and diphthong tones are used in order to investigate possible vowel alternation. But due to space limit, only results of the .hd. -
Diphthongs Andtriphthongs
chapter 5 Diphthongs and Triphthongs 5.1 Introduction The combination of a vowel and either of the semivowels *w and *y in the same syllable is traditionally referred to as a diphthong in Semitic linguistics, although it is unclear to what degree these combinations behaved like single vocalic phonemes, as the term ‘diphthong’ implies. Similarly, the combination of two vowels with an intervening semivowel is frequently called a triphthong; strictly speaking, this is incorrect, as ‘triphthong’ usually describes a single phoneme with three vocalic places of articulation occurring within the same syllable, while Semitic triphthongs are always disyllabic. To avoid confusion, however, the traditional terminology will be maintained in this chapter. The reader will recall that W represents any semivowel, i.e. *w or *y. Diphthongs and triphthongs are often treated together, but as we shall see, they are better considered separately. Accordingly, the first section of this chap- ter will investigate the development of the original diphthongs *aw and *ay. The other diphthongs are not discussed, as their development is either unprob- lematic or very difficult to ascertain. Quite clearly, *iy > *ī and *uw > *ū, as in he was‘ הוַּרד < he will suck (pause)’,*huwrada > *hūrad‘ ִייָ֑נק < yiynaqu > *yīnaq* brought down’. *uy seems to develop to *ī, but the evidence is limited to a few ויישם it may be poured (pause)’ in Exod 30:32 and the kṯiḇ form‘ ִיי ָ֑סְך forms like ,(in Gen 24:33 ַוֻיּיַשׂם in Gen 50:26 and ַוִ֫יּיֶשׂם and he/it was placed’ (vocalized‘ most other cases of *uy having been affected by analogy. -
On the Character of Vowel Changes in the Evolution of Latin Into French
ON THE CHARACTER OF VOWEL CHANGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF LATIN INTO FRENCH Chae-Seong Chang . The purpose of this paper is to show that Latin vowel changes are included in the important phenomena of the forward movement which includes the simplifica tion of the word by vowel-dropping. The Vulgar Latin has been deeply transformed in Gau!. The Gallic population could not understand the delicate variation of the Latin language and thus its vowel system suffered deep transformations. We tried to show the direction of these transformations in the oral cavity. I. INTRODUCTION Pronunciation evolves according to time and space. When the circumstances allow it, sounds alter very rapidly and the words change to the point of becoming unrecognizable_ The circumstances allowing such changes are the absence of any stable authority that would keep an unchanging and uniform faith to the word's original pronunciation. Correct pronunciation of a word is to give to each of its elements, vowels or consonants, the values that they ought to have_ But even people who have studied their own mother tongue following precise grammatical rules, and who tried to pronounce it correctly cannot help modifying its pronunciation accord ing to the climate and the age. The Vulgar Latin, transferred to different peoples, has undergone many changes as in Gaul. The Gallic population which received Latin tried to adapt it in such a way that everybody could speak it well without any special effort. In that way great pronunciation-change occurred inside the Latin vowel system. The study of the character of these vowel changes will be the object of this paper. -
Zihlmann-Vowel Consonant Length
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German Zihlmann, Urban Abstract: Dass die Alemannischen Dialekte (ALM) die Vokalqualität des Schweizerhochdeutschen (SHD) prägt, wurde bereits mehrmals untersucht. Hingegen liegen noch keine systematischen Studien über die dialektale Prägung der Vokal- und Konsonantenquantität im SHD vor. Diese Studie erforscht deshalb bei vier Dialekten, wie sich ALM auf die Länge der Vokale (V) und Konsonanten (K) in den jeweiligen SHD-Varietäten auswirkt. Segmentdaueranalysen zweisilbigerWörter mit kurzen/langen V/K zeigten, dass (1) die vier Dialekte im Prinzip das gleiche V/K-Quantitätssystem aufweisen (trotz z.T. unter- schiedlicher Verteilung der Vokalquantitäten bei bestimmten Wörtern) und dass dieses System auch im SHD angewendet wird. (2) Statistisch signifikante Dauerunterschiede in den regionalen SHD-Varietäten wurden nur bei Wörtern gefunden, bei denen ein phonologischer Quantitätsunterschied zwischen den ALM- und SHD-Äquivalenten vorliegt. Diese Unterschiede sind jedoch nicht dialektspezifisch, sondern können bei allen Dialekten mit diesen Quantitätsunterschieden vorkommen. Other titles: Vowel and consonant length in Alemannic and Swiss Standard German Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-186717 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Zihlmann, Urban (2020). Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German. Wiener Linguistische Gazette, 86:1-46. Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German Urban B. -
Are Doubly-Filled Comps Governed by Prosody in Swiss German? the Chameleonic Nature of Dass ‘That’1
Are doubly-filled COMPs governed by prosody in Swiss German? The chameleonic nature of dass ‘that’1 1. Introduction Several decades ago, Chomsky and Lasnik (1977) stipulated the doubly-filled COMP filter according to which the co-occurrence of a wh-constituent and a complementizer is banned. In those days, COMP was a single position that could either contain a wh-constituent or a complementizer, but not both. Nowadays two positions, SpecCP, hosting maximal projections, and C, hosting heads, correspond to what was once labelled as COMP. There is thus no a priori reason why a wh-constituent in SpecCP could not co-occur with a complementizer in C, since these two elements do not compete for the same position. Indeed, many languages exist that violate the doubly-filled COMP filter. In some, doubly-filled COMPs (DFCs) are obligatory, e.g. West Flemish (see Haegeman 1992) and in others, DFCs are optional, at least to a certain extent, e.g. Bavarian and Alemannic (see Bayer and Brandner 2008a, 2008b; Bayer 2015; and Penner and Bader 1995; Penner 1986 for Bernese Swiss German; Schönenberger 2010 for Lucernese Swiss German) and Belfast English (Henry 1995). In yet others, they seem to be banned, e.g. Standard German and Standard English, but this may be due to normative pressure, since earlier stages of these languages allowed them. Zwicky (2002), for instance, lists various examples with DFCs produced by speakers of different varieties of modern English (see [1] and [2]). (1) We asked what sort of health care that they rely on. (2) What a mine of useless information that I am! Based on acceptability judgement data, Bayer and Brandner advance a structural account for DFCs in Alemannic and Bavarian, in which wh-words are generally incompatible with dass ‘that’ while wh-phrases generally require the presence of dass. -
Typesetting Catalan Texts with TEX
Typesetting Catalan Texts with TEX Gabriel Valiente Feruglio Universitat de les Illes Balears Departament de Ciencies Matematiques i Inforrnatica E-07071 Palma de Mallorca (Spain) Internet: dmi gvaO@ps. ui b . es Robert Fuster Universitat Politecnica de Valencia Departament de Matematica Aplicada Cami de Vera, 14. E-46071 Valencia (Spain) Internet: mat5rf c@cci. upv .es Abstract As with other non-American English languages, typesetting Catalan texts imposes some special requirements on TEX. These include a particular set of hyphenation patterns and support for a special ligature: unlike other Romanic languages, Catalan incorporates the middle point in the 11 digraph. Hyphenation rules for Catalan are reviewed in ths paper, after a short introduction to hyphenation by TEX. A minimal set of hyphenation patterns covering all Catalan accents and diacritics is also presented. A discussion about the 1'1 ligature concludes the paper. This work represents a first step towards the Catalan TLP (TEX Language Package), under development within the TWGMLC (Technical Working Group on Multiple Language Coordination), where the first author is chairing the Catalan linguistic subgroup. Resum Aixi com en altres llengiies, la composicio de textos escrits en catala demana requeriments especials a1 TEX. Aquests inclouen un conjunt particular de patrons de guionat, aixi com suport per a un lligam especial ja que, a diferencia d'altres llengiies romaniques, el catala incorpora el punt volat a1 digraf I'l. En aquest paper es fa una introduccio a1 guionat arnb TEX i es revisen les regles de guionat per a1 catala. Tanmateix, es presenta un conjunt minim de patrons de guionat que cobreix tots els accents i marques diacritiques del catala. -
An Added Dimension for Language Teaching
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1990 History of French : an added dimension for language teaching Marcia J. Hass The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hass, Marcia J., "History of French : an added dimension for language teaching" (1990). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8207. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8207 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mike and Maureen MANSFIELD LIBRARY Copying allowed as provided under provisions of the Fair Use Section of the U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW, 1976. Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be under^en only with the author’s written consent. University of Montana Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. HISTORY OF FRENCH: AN ADDED DIMENSION FOR LANGUAGE TEACHING By Marcia J. Hass B. A., University of Colorado, 1967 M. A., University of Montana, 1990 Presented in partial fu lfil liment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1990 Approved by of Examiners De^, Graduate SchSÏÏ Date 7 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
Handout on Phonemics
Structure of Spanish, LIGN 143 Spring 2012, Moore Spanish Phonemics 1. Phonemes Consonant Phonemes bilab labiodental dental alveolar palato-alveoal palatal velar Stops vl. /p/ /t̪/ /k/ vd. /b/ /d̪/ /g/ Fricatives vl. /f/ /s/ /x/ Affricates vl. /č/ nasals /m/ /n/ /ñ/ laterals /l/ taps/trills /r/ semivowels /w/ /y/ Vowel Phonemes Front Central Back High /i/ /u/ Mid /e/ /o/ Low /a/ Structure of Spanish, LIGN 143 Spring 2012, Moore 2. Allophones phoneme allophones rules /k/ [k̪], [k] Palatalization /b/ [β], [b] Stop-Fricative /d/ [ð], [d] Stop-Fricative /g/ [γ], [g], [γ ̪], [g ̪] Stop-Fricative, Palatalization /s/ [z], [s], [z̪], [s̪] s-Voicing, Alveolar Fronting /x/ [x̪], [x] Palatalization /n/ [m], [ɱ], [n̪], [n], [ñ], [ŋ ̪], [ŋ] Nasal Assimilation /l/ [l], [l], [ʎ] Lateral Assimilation /r/ [r],̃ [r] r-Strengthening, Tap Deletion /y/ [ŷ], [ɏ], [y] y-Strengthening, Stop-Fricative 3. Rules The rules should be applied in the order in which they are listed here (in some cases the order is crucial, in some cases it is not). SYLLABIFICATION Construct syllables from right to left. First put as much as you can into the nucleus (a vowel, diphthong, or a triphthong), add any free material on the right to the coda, then add a maximal onset, so long as the result is a possible onset. Examples: σ σ / \ / | \ O N O N C | | | | | soplar ‘blow’ /s o p l a r/ → s o . p l a r Structure of Spanish, LIGN 143 Spring 2012, Moore σ σ / \ / | \ O N O N C | | | | | peines ‘combs’ /p e y n e s/ → p ey . -
The Vowels of California English Before /R /, /!
The Vowels of California English before /r/, /!/, and /r\/ by Joshua Samuel Guenter B.A. (University of Oregon) 1992 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 1994 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor John J. Ohala, Chair Professor Gary Holland Professor James M atiso ff Professor Thomas Shannon Spring 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Vowels of California English before /r/, /l/, and /q/ © Copyright 2000 by Joshua Samuel Guenter Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................... v ii List of Tables ...................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations and Symbols ............................................................. x ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................x iii C hapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................1 C hapter 2: Historical Background ..................................................................16 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................. -
NATIVE SPEAKER INTUITION with REGARD to the MONOSYLLABIC VERSUS DISYLLABIC NATURE of ENGLISH TRIPHTHONGS Eva Eddy
NATIVE SPEAKER INTUITION WITH REGARD TO THE MONOSYLLABIC VERSUS DISYLLABIC NATURE OF ENGLISH TRIPHTHONGS Eva Eddy Abstract: The article presents the results of a survey carried out among British English native speakers who were presented with a list of words containing triphthongs and asked to provide their perception of the number of syllables in the given words. When analysing the results, words in isolation were compared and contrasted with those presented in a context and also with each other. Moreover, male and female respondents’ answers were considered separately and some differences were observed in the perception by men and women with regard to the issue in question. The survey showed that spelling and morphological structure of words might influence pronunciation tendencies in words containing a triphthong in native speakers of British English. Key words: syllable, nucleus, triphthong, English, native speaker Introduction When teaching phonetics and phonology to English language teacher trainees, I have always tried to combine knowledge acquired from textbooks with experience of discussions I have had with native speakers in order to provide my students with the most “real” description of how sounds in isolation and in connected speech are formed in the English language. Recently, I have stumbled upon a matter I could not resolve by studying available resources. When teaching the English syllable, I listed pure vowels, diphthongs and syllabic consonants as possible nuclei. When a student asked “what about triphthongs,” I hesitated and said it was rather complicated but I knew I had to tackle the issue before another student asks the same thing the next time we deal with the same area. -
Receptive Multilingualism Across the Lifespan: Cognitive and Linguistic Factors in Cognate Guessing
Languages and Literatures \ Multilingualism research Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing Jan Vanhove Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg in der Schweiz Genehmigt von der philosophischen Fakultät auf Antrag der Professoren Raphael Berthele (1. Gutachter) und Charlotte Gooskens (2. Gutach- terin). Freiburg, den 17. Januar 2014. Prof. Marc-Henry Soulet, Dekan. 2014 Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing Jan Vanhove Cite as: Vanhove, Jan (2014). Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan. Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing. PhD thesis. University of Fribourg (Switzerland). Data and computer code available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.795286. Contents Tables xi Figures xiii Preface xv I Introduction 1 1 Context and aims 3 1.1 Cross-linguistic similarities in language learning . 4 1.2 Receptive multilingualism . 5 1.3 Multilingualism and the age factor . 8 1.4 The present project . 9 1.4.1 The overarching project ‘Multilingualism through the lifespan’ . 9 1.4.2 Aim, scope and terminology . 10 1.5 Overview . 13 II The lifespan development of cognate guess- ing skills 15 2 Inter-individual differences in cognate guessing skills 17 2.1 Linguistic repertoire . 18 2.1.1 Typological relation between the Lx and the L1 . 18 2.1.2 The impact of multilingualism . 19 2.2 Previous exposure . 26 vi Contents 2.3 Attitudes . 28 2.4 Age . 29 3 The lifespan development of cognition 33 3.1 Intelligence . 34 3.1.1 Fluid and crystallised intelligence . 34 3.1.2 Lifespan trajectories .