Hubungan Melayu Dan Cina Di Malaysia Masa Kini: Buta Dengan Perubahan Realiti Sosial Negara ======Oleh: Mansor Mohd

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Hubungan Melayu Dan Cina Di Malaysia Masa Kini: Buta Dengan Perubahan Realiti Sosial Negara ======Oleh: Mansor Mohd Hubungan Melayu dan Cina di Malaysia Masa Kini: Buta dengan Perubahan Realiti Sosial Negara ========================================================== Oleh: Mansor Mohd. Noor ABSTRACT This essay tried to describe the social relationship between Malay and Chinese in Malaysia nowadays. Malay and Chinese are the largest ethnic group in Malaysia. These groups influence development of nation building. Their character, values and life perpective were implemented into their social life. Political journey and political economy of the state are resultant of cooperation, contestation, and conflict between these groups. According to official report, media and political discourse, both groups are based on different based and eventually located separatedly in almost every aspect of social life. However, the gap has not broken a stability and development of the state from agricultural to industrial. The social change is demonstrated into economic development, bussiness, economic share and ethno-religion management for a peace, stability, and development. Since a social change is very incremental and evolutional instead of reformation, revolution and ethnic war, scholars and social observer are missed to observed behind ethnic, culture, ethnic gap, familiarity and life perspective. Although they are different ethnic, in aspect of perspective, attitude and character, it is exhibited getting close each other instead of different and separated. Kata Kunci: perhubungan etnik, pembangunan bangsa, pembangunan Negara, perubahan social I. PENDAHULUAN Hubungan kaum di Malaysia adalah Semenjak mencapai kemerde- dinamik. Begitu juga halnya dapat kaan 53 tahun dahulu, hubungan etnik diperhatikan dengan hubungan di di antara Melayu dan Cina didapati antara kaum Melayu dan Cina di adalah baik. Namun begitu ada juga negara ini. Dengan memahami berlaku beberapa insiden salah faham kedinamikan hubungan etnik di antara di antara kumpulan-kumpulan etnik Melayu dan Cina di Malaysia kita ini yang membawa kepada kete- dapat mengenalpasti pola, bentuk, gangan sosial dan dalam kes Hartal di perubahan dan masalah yang wujud di Pulau Pinang dan 13 Mei yang berakhir kalangan masyarakat pelbagai etnik di dengan pergaduhan dan konflik. Kete- Malaysia. gangan dan konflik ini lebih diperhati- HuEungan Melayu dan Cina di Malaysia Masa .ini… 185 kan berlaku di kawasan bandar berban- untuk merancang dan bertindak agar ding dengan kawasan luar bandar dan setiap rakyat pelbagai etnik diberi ruang di kawasan golongan berpendapatan dan akses kepada budaya demokrasi, rendah jika dibandingkan dengan menikmati hasil kemajuan bersama dan kawasan bandar yang berada dan kelas memastikan setiap rakyat dijamin pertengahan. Ini selari bukan sahaja keadilan sosial untuk diri, keluarga dan dengan taburan penduduk mengikut masa hadapan mereka. golongan sosioekonomi tetapi juga Sejarah sebelum pra-penjajah mengikut keturunan etnik. telah menunjukkan kepulauan Nusan- Dengan pola kesepaduan sosial tara ini, terutamanya di semenanjung yang terselit dengan salah faham, Malaysia, adalah tempat pertemuan, ketegangan dan kemungkinan konflik perniagaan dan tempat berhijrah oleh sosial terjadi, menjalankan kajian pelbagai komuniti etnik, budaya dan untuk mengukur persepsi dan agama dari pelbagai kepulauan di hubungan etnik adalah penting bagi rantau ini dan dunia China, India, menjamin kesejahteraan, kestabilan Arab dan lain-lain. Rumpun Melayu dan pembangunan negara ini. Namun yang terdiri dari pelbagai suku- begitu akhir-akhir ini, persepsi Melayu, Melayu, Jambi, Riau, Acheh, masyarakat terhadap hubungan etnik Minangkabau, Bugis, Jawa dan di Malaysia agak negatif. Ini terbukti sebagainya di Nusantara ini telah dengan laporan di dada akhbar, menjadi payung anak watan kepada terutamanya di alam maya, kebe- pelbagai etnik ini dengan masing- lakangan ini terjadi perbahasan isu-isu masing etnik yang berteduh di bawah etnik dan agama yang dilontarkan payungnya juga dibenarkan untuk tanpa mengira punca akar umbi mengekal bahasa, budaya, agama dan masalah dan kesan ke atas pelbagai kekeluargaan kumpulan mereka kumpulan sosial, etnik dan agama masing-masing. dalam masyarakat yang mempunyai I-Tsing menulis yang masya- tahap toleransi dan sensitiviti yang rakat Cina telah mempunyai berbeza-beza. Pergerakan sosial hubungan perdagangan dan diplo- suka-relawan dan ahli-ahli politik matik dengan raja-raja di Tanah juga didapati tidak dapat membe- Melayu semenjak abad ke 7. Sebelum baskan diri mereka dari memutar-belit penubuhan kerajaan Melaka, tiada isu-isu keetnikan dan keagamaan di bukti menunjukkan wujudnya masya- negara ini hingga, bukan mene- rakat Cina yang menetap di kawasan nangkan lagi suasana yang tegang, ini. Hanya dengan penubuhan tetapi lebih menjurus ke arah Melaka hubungan perdagangan dan mengugat kesepaduan, kestabilan dan diplomatik terbina. Penempatan kemajuan negara. komuniti Cina di zaman kerajaan Untuk mengekalkan pengalaman Melayu wujud tetapi kecil. Tetapi Malaysia membina, menyubur dan selepas 1870, peluang perniagaan di mengukuh hubungan etnik yang baik, Asia Tenggara, Australia dan Ame- kita tidak boleh bersikap sambil lewa rika terbuka luas dengan perluasaan tetapi sentiasa memiliki kesungguhan penjajahan ke kawasan ini dan 186 DEMOKRASI Vol. IX No. 2 Th. 2010 pembangunan setempat yang semakin Di Malaysia konsep etnik, berkembang. Pada masa itu juga, bukan sahaja satu kenyataan sosial bahagian selatan tanah besar Cina dari sudut di mana ahli-ahli kumpulan berhadapan dengan ketidakstabilan etnik itu memiliki ciri-ciri bahasa, politik dan malapetaka seperti banjir budaya, agama dan kekeluargaan dan kebuluran. yang berbeza, tetapi juga ia mem- Kebanyakan komuniti Cina punyai nilai politik dan pentadbiran yang hijrah ke Tanah Melayu datang oleh kedudukan istimewa di dari bahagian selatan tanah besar peruntukan kepada orang Melayu dan Cina. Mereka datang dari daerah Bumiputera secara pentadbiran dan Fukien dan Kwangtung dan terdiri termaktub di dalam perlembagaan dari dialek Hokkien, Kantonese, negaranya. Orang Melayu, Orang Hakka dan lain-lain. Mereka terdiri Asli, Bumiputera Sarawak dan Sabah dari golongan peniaga dan kawasan telah diberikan kedudukan keistime- ini telah mempunyai rantaian waan dalam bidang-bidang tertentu perdagangan yang sudah lama terbina seperti tanah, perjawatan di sektor dengan Tanah Melayu. Dengan ber- awam, dalam tentera, biasiswa, lesen tapaknya penjajah Inggeris di Tanah perniagaan, kedudukan Sultan dan Melayu, masyarakat Cina berbon- lain-lain sepertimana yang termaktub dong-bondong datang untuk mencari di dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan perkerjaan dan kekayaan di sini. Ada dan negeri-negeri. di kalangan mereka ini yang datang Dalam suasana pensejarahan untuk mengumpul harta dan balik sosial negara sedemikian, memahami kembali ke China tetapi menjelang konsep etnik ini dari kedua-dua aras Perang Dunia Kedua dan China pentafsiran harian dan autoriti adalah menjadi sebuah negara komunis, penting. Kegagalan memahami kon- ramai pula yang membuat keputusan sep-konsep ini akan menyulit kefa- untuk menetap di sini. haman kita tentang bentuk dan Apabila Malaysia mencapai intensiti kenyataan sosial sebenar kemerdekaan, senario Malaysia yang sedang berlaku di dalam sebagai sebuah masyarakat pelbagai masyarakat hingga hubungan etnik etnik berpayungkan anak watan terus yang baik boleh dianggap buruk dan dijadikan dasar pemerintahan, pem- hubungan etnik yang buruk dibiarkan bangunan dan pembinaan negara tanpa diurus hingga mencetus kete- bangsa. Dasar pembinaan negara gangan dan kemarahan yang boleh bangsa berteraskan integrasi, di mana berakhir dengan konflik berdarah di identiti etnik masing-masing dikekal- dalam masyarakatnya. kan, telah termaktub dalam Perlem- bagaan Persekutuan di mana beberapa II. TINJAUAN KEPUSTAKAAN hak keistimewaan telah diberikan Menguasai kerangka konseptual dan kepada komuniti anak watan Melayu, teoretikal atau tinjauan kepustakaan Orang Asli dan Bumiputera dan hak- yang tepat sangat dituntut dalam hak etnik lain yang dilindungi mengkaji hubungan etnik. Kegagalan dijelaskan juga. menguasai ilmu dan kemahiran HuEungan Melayu dan Cina di Malaysia Masa .ini… 187 disiplin sains sosial untuk memahami Penentu Etnik, Perbedaan Sosial realiti sosial, terutamanya di kalangan dan Perubahan masyarakat pelbagai etnik, akan Setiap manusia memiliki identiti etnik mengakibatkan ”sakit lain diber i ubat masing-masing. Setiap etnik meng- lain‘ sepertimana kegagalan kita utamakan elemen penentu dan memahami insiden Kampung Medan pemutus batas kumpulan etniknya dan H,1DRAF yang ”bermuka‘ etnik sendiri yang telah dibentuk oleh dan agama tetapi ”akar‘ masalahnya perjalanan sejarah sosial individu dan adalah ketidakseimbang sosial yang kumpulan masing-masing itu. Mema- wujud dalam masyarakat. hami elemen yang dijadikan pemben- tukan keetnikan dan pemutus batas Tafsiran Harian dan Autoriti kumpulan etnik dalam pentafsiran Kefahaman konsep etnik dan kepel- harian akan menentu tahap toleransi bagaian etnik dari perspektif dan sensitiviti sesuatu kumpulan etnik pentafsiran harian (everyday-defined) itu, seterusnya juga hubungan kaum dan pentafsiran autoriti (authority- di sesebuah negara itu. defined) boleh dijadikan model untuk Penentu ikatan etnik adalah memahami proses, tahap dan sebab- tidak terhingga banyaknya. Penero- akibat yang membentuk pola dan kaan kajian lepas telah menunjukkan intensiti hubungan etnik yang terjadi identiti etnik bukanlah ciri asas untuk itu1. Mansor2 dalam penulisannya mengenal identiti yang telah telah menggunakan ikatan individu diprogramkan
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