COLD WAR in PSYCHIATRY Soviet Political Abuse of Psychiatry and the World Psychiatric Association (WPA)
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VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY Robert VAN VOREN COLD WAR IN PSYCHIATRY Soviet political abuse of psychiatry and the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social sciences, political sciences (02 S) Kaunas, 2010 The thesis of doctoral dissertation was prepared at the Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania The dissertation is being defended at the Scientific Council of the Depart- ment of Political Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Academic supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gintautas Mažeikis Council of Defense: Chairman: Prof. Dr. Leonidas Donskis (Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Humani- ties Sciences, History of Ideas – 01 H) Members: Prof. Dr. David Aphrasidze, Professor of Politics at Ilia State University and Dean of Graduate Studies, Tbilisi, Georgia Prof. Dr. Dick Raes, Professor emeritus Free University of Amsterdam and University of Groningen, Netherlands (Forensic psychiatry, criminal law and criminology) Prof. Dr. Rudolf M. Rizman, Full Professor of Sociology and Political Science, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Dr. Elizabeth Teague, PhD, Eastern Research Group, Research Analysts, UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office, United Kingdom Opponents: Prof. Dr. Stefano Bianchini, Professor of East European Politics and History at the University of Bologna, School of Political Science Dr. Ben de Jong,PhD, senior lecturer, Eastern Europe Institute, University of Amsterdam The public defense of the dissertation will be held at 17.00 PM. On October 7, 2010, at Vytautas Magnus University (The Small Hall, Daukanto Street 28, Kaunas). Address of the Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy, Vytautas Magnus University: Gedimino Street 44, LT-44246, Kaunas, Lithuania, tel.: + 370 37 206704, fax: +370 37 206709 The summary of this doctoral dissertation was sent out on August 25, 2010 The dissertation is available at the library of Vytautas Magnus University (Kaunas, K. Donelaičio 52) and the Lithuanian na- tional M.Mažvydas Library (Vilnius, Gedimino pr. 51). 2 VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Robert VAN VOREN ŠALTASIS KARAS PSICHIATRIJOJE Sovietų politinis piktnaudžiavimas psichiatrija Ir Pasaulio Psichiatrų Asociacija (PPA) Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Socialiniai mokslai, politikos mokslai (02 S) Kaunas, 2010 3 Disertacija parengta Vytauto Didžiojo Universitete, Kaunas, Lietuva. Disertacija ginama Vytauto Didžiojo Universtiteto Politikos mokslų ir diplo- matijos fakulteto mokslo taryboje. Mokslinis vadovas: Prof. Gintautas Mažeikis Taryba: Pirmininkas: Prof. Leonidas Donskis (Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas, Kaunas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Filosofija – 01 H) Nariai: Prof. David Aphrasidze, Politikos mokslų profesorius, Magistro studijų dekanas (Ilia Valstybinis Universitetas, Tbilisis, Gruzija). Prof. Dick Raes, profesorius emeritas (Teismo psichiatrija, baudžiamoji teisė ir kriminologija) (Laisvas Amsterdamo Universiteto ir Groningeno Universitetas, Nyderlandų Karalystė). Prof. Rudolf M. Rizman, Sociologijos ir Politikos mokslų profesorius (Liublijanos Universitetas, Slovėnija). Dr. Elizabeth Teague, Tyrimų analitikė (Jungtinės Karalystės Užsienio ir Britanijos tautų sandraugos Ofisas, Rytų Tyrimų grupė, Jungtinės Karalystė). Oponentai: Prof. Stefano Bianchini, Rytų Europos Politikos ir Istorijos profesorius (Bolonijos Universiteto Politikos mokslų mokykla) Dr. Ben de Jong, PhD, docentras, Rytų Europos Institutas (Amsterdamo Universitetas) Disertacija bus ginama viešame Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakulteto mokslų tarybos posėdyje, kuris įvyks 2010 m. spalio 7 d. 17.00 val. Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto Mažojoje salėje (Daukanto g. 28, Kaunas). Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakulteto adresas: Gedimino g. 44, LT-44246, Kaunas, Lietuva, tel.: + 370 37 206704, fax: +370 37 206709 Disertacijos santrauka išsiųsta 2010 m. rugpjučio 25 d. Su disertacija galima susipažinti Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto bibliotekoje (K. Donelaičio 52, Kaunas) ir Lietuvos nacionalinėje Martyno Mažvydo bi- bliotekoje (Gedimino pr. 5, Vilnius). 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................7 I. SCIENTIFIC WORK TO DATE ........................................................10 New elements ...................................................................................12 II. AIM OF THE DISSERTATION.......................................................14 III. OBJECTIVES.................................................................................. 15 IV. CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK.............................................. 15 V. THEORETICAL APPROACH OF THE INVESTIGATION. ...........18 Introduction .....................................................................................18 METHODS AND SOURCES ............................................................... 20 Political science............................................................................... 20 Social history....................................................................................22 Oral history.......................................................................................23 The author and oral history.............................................................25 Oral history and the subject of research.........................................29 Participatory historiography ...........................................................31 Feedback...........................................................................................33 Archival research .............................................................................34 Literature..........................................................................................35 VI. THE SUBJECT OF RESEARCH ....................................................36 VI.A. THE CONTEXT: THE TOTALITARIAN....................................39 ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................39 The totalitarian state........................................................................42 Homo Sovieticus and the totalitarian state ....................................54 Andrei Snezhnevsky – a short political biography........................ 66 The DDR and the Soviet Union: not exactly brothers ...................74 Jochen Neumann – a short political biography.............................78 VI.D. POLITICAL ABUSE OF PSYCHIATRY – AN ANGLO- AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE AND THE INFLUENCE OF EAST- WEST POLITICS ................................................................................. 83 5 The role of the US State Department............................................. 88 Melvin Sabshin – a short political biography................................ 96 VI.E. POLITICAL ABUSE OF PSYCHIATRY – A GREEK PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................................102 Costas Stefanis – a short political biography ...............................108 VI.F. POLITICAL ABUSE OF PSYCHIATRY – THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG ............................................................................................ 113 VII. CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................124 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................129 IX. MAJOR WORKS PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR ON THE SUBJECT ............................................................................................133 6 INTRODUCTION For more than forty years the issue of political abuse of psychia- try in the Soviet Union dominated the agenda of the world psychiat- ric community. The issue has on one hand resulted in angry ex- changes, yet on the other hand it has stimulated an ongoing debate on human rights and professional ethics. During those years the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), around which most of the dis- cussions evolved, adopted a series of ethical codes and declarations on human rights that condemn the use of psychiatry for non-medical purposes, and also installed mechanisms to investigate complains of violations of these regulations.1 Political abuse of psychiatry refers to the misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, treatment and detention for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain individuals and groups in a given society. The practice is common to but not exclusive to coun- tries governed by totalitarian regimes. In these regimes abuses of the human rights of those politically opposed to the state are often hid- den under the guise of psychiatric treatment. In democratic societies “whistle blowers” on covertly illegal practices by major corporations have been subjected to the political misuse of psychiatry. In totalitarian states, the victims are usually those who are po- litically and ethically opposed to the restrictions imposed by the state, those who hold religious beliefs or who form other independent groups and those who attempt to organize unions. In democratic societies there are still individuals who are indirectly punished by the 1 E.g. the WPA Hawaii Declaration of 1977. One of the principles stated in the Decla- ration was that a psychiatrist must not participate in compulsory psychiatric treatment in the absence of psychiatric illness, and also there were other clauses that could be seen as having a bearing on the political abuse of psychiatry. The Declaration was amended in Vienna in 1983, and in 1996 succeeded by the Madrid Declaration of 1996, which was further expanded in 1999. In addition, the organization set up Committees