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Szakmai Szemle KATONAI NEMZETBIZTONSÁGI SZOLGÁLAT XV. évfolyam 3. szám 2017. november SZAKMAI SZEMLE ALAPÍTVA: 2003 BUDAPEST A Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat tudományos-szakmai folyóirata Felelős kiadó Kovács József altábornagy, főigazgató Szerkesztőbizottság Elnök: Dr. Béres János, PhD vezérőrnagy Tagok: Árpád Zoltán ezredes Dr. Fürjes János Norbert, PhD alezredes Dr. Kassai Károly, PhD ezredes Dr. Kenedli Tamás, PhD ezredes Dr. Magyar Sándor, PhD ezredes dr. Sabjanics István főhadnagy Szabó Károly ezredes Tóth Csaba Mihály alezredes Simon László alezredes Dr. Vida Csaba, PhD alezredes Felelős szerkesztők: Dr. Kenedli Tamás, PhD ezredes Simon László alezredes Olvasószerkesztő: Tóth Csaba Mihály alezredes Tördelő szerkesztő: Szabó Beatrix Elérhetőségeink Postacím: Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat Tudományos Tanácsa 1111 Budapest, Bartók Béla u. 24-26. 1502 Budapest, Pf. 117 Telefon: Dr. Kenedli Tamás 30/738-7925 Simon László 30/999-5205 E-mail: [email protected] Weblap: http://www.knbsz.gov.hu/hu/publikaciok.html HU ISSN 1785-1181 TARTALOM BIZTONSÁG- ÉS VÉDELEMPOLITIKA DR. FARKAS ÁDÁM A TERRORIZMUS ELLENI HARC, MINT KIEMELT ÁGAZATKÖZI FEGYVERES VÉDELMI FELADAT .................... 5 SZENTIRMAI PÉTER AZ UKRÁN VÁLSÁG KATONAI OLDALÁNAK ÚJ KIHÍVÁSAI .................................................................................. 21 CSER ORSOLYA A MAGYAR NEMZETI BANK HONVÉDELMI ÁGAZATI FELADATAI ....................................................................................... 45 TECHNIKAI RENDSZEREK DEÁK VERONIKA BIZTONSÁGTUDATOSSÁG AZ INFORMÁCIÓS KÖRNYEZETBEN ............................................................................. 59 GULYÁS ATTILA KIBERHADVISELÉS ÉSZAK-KOREAI MÓDRA I. .................... 78 FINK NÁNDOR – HORVÁTH CSONGOR MÁRK A SZOLGÁLTATÓ ROBOTIKA HELYZETE ÉS KUTATÁSI IRÁNYAI ....................................................................... 90 ALKALMAZOTT NEMZETBIZTONSÁGI-ELHÁRÍTÓ ISMERETEK KOVÁCS KRISZTIÁN ALDRICH HAZEN AMES TÖRTÉNETE I. ................................. 113 FÓRUM DR. GYARAKI RÉKA JOGI SZABÁLYOZÁS A NEMZETI ELEKTRONIKUS ADATVAGYON, AZ AZT KEZELŐ INFORMÁCIÓS RENDSZEREK, LÉTFONTOSSÁGÚ INFORMÁCIÓS RENDSZEREK ÉS RENDSZERELEMEK BIZTONSÁGÁRÓL ........................................................................ 140 MAKAY MÁTYÁS A RACIONÁLIS GONDOLKODÁS KÉPESSÉGÉNEK KVANTITATÍV MÉRÉSE .............................................................. 155 AZ OLVASÓHOZ DR. DÁVID FERENC A BIZTONSÁG ÉS NEMZETBIZTONSÁG MEGISMERÉSÉNEK SZÁLA: TUDOMÁNYOS-ISMERETTERJESZTŐ ELŐADÁSOK A „KUTATÓK ÉJSZAKÁJÁN” ..................................................... 175 E SZÁMUNK TARTALMA .................................................................... 178 CONTENTS ............................................................................................. 179 SZERZŐINK ............................................................................................ 188 E SZÁMUNK LEKTORAI ...................................................................... 189 A PUBLIKÁLÁS FELTÉTELEI ............................................................. 190 BIZTONSÁG- ÉS VÉDELEMPOLITIKA DR. FARKAS ÁDÁM A TERRORIZMUS ELLENI HARC, MINT KIEMELT ÁGAZATKÖZI FEGYVERES VÉDELMI FELADAT1 "A terrorizmusra olyan támadások jellemzők, amelyek jellegükben kíméletlenek, a széles társadalomra gyakorolt hatásukat tekintve pedig kiszámíthatatlanok. [...] A terrorcselekmények olyan törvényeket szegnek meg, vagy olyan törvények megszegésére szőnek összeesküvést, amelyek a legtöbb társadalom számára közösek. [...] A terrorizmus nem politikai aktivizmus és nem »szabadságharc«. Tudatos döntés arról, hogy halálos taktikát választanak, mintegy kriminális szimbólum gyanánt, hogy egy ügy támogatására vagy népszerűsítésére rémületet, megfélemlítést és rettegést gerjesszenek."2 Marie-Helen Maras A terrorizmus elleni harc az elmúlt évek Európájának aktuális, sokrétű, komplex és meglehetősen intenzív biztonsági kihívása,3 melyet a vérfagyasztó és világot bejáró képsorok, az emberéletek százában mérhető áldozatszám, valamint az állami reakció oldaláról a rendőri és katonai erők közös fellépése fémjelez. Egy olyan kihívásról beszélünk tehát, amely abban a pillanatban, hogy visszatérő támadásokkal lépett be az Európai gondolatkörbe, azonnal ágazatközi jelleget öltött 1 A mű a KÖFOP-2.1.2-VEKOP-15-2016- 00001 azonosítószámú, „A jó kormányzást megalapozó közszolgálat-fejlesztés” elnevezésű kiemelt projekt keretében működtetett Concha Győző Doktori Program keretében, a Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem felkérésére készült. 2 Marie-Helen MARAS: A terrorizmus elmélete és gyakorlata. Budapest, Antall József Tudásközpont, 2016, p. 31. 3 Ez a kihívás és egyben feladat rendkívül sokrétű, mivel maga a terrorizmus is egy rendkívül sokrétű és komplex problémahalmaz, melynek kiismerése, kezelhetősége tekintetében is folyamatos a kutatói, szakirodalmi hiánypótlás. E körből példaként lásd: Marie-Helen MARAS i.m. (2016), TÁLAS Péter (szerk.): A terrorizmus anatómiája. Budapest, Zrínyi Kiadó, 2006., KIS-BENEDEK József: Dzsihadizmus, radikalizmus, terrorizmus. Budapest, Zrínyi kiadó, 2016., Jonathan BARKER: A terrorizmus. Budapest, HVG kiadó, 2003., Charles TOWNSHEND: Terrorizmus. Budapest, Magyar Világ Kiadó, 2003., STEWART Gail B.: Terrorism. San Diego, Kidhaven Press, 2002., TAYLOR Robert: History of Terrorism. San Diego, Lucent Books, 2002., EGENDORF Laura K. (ed.): Terrorism: opposing viewpoints. San Diego, Greenhaven Press, 2004., Ekaterina STEPANOVA: Terrorism in asymmetrical conflict. Ideological and Structural Aspects. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008., RESPERGER István: Az aszimmetrikus hadviselés és a terrorizmus jellemzői. In Hadtudomány 2010/4. szám, pp. 68-77., SIMICSKÓ István: A terrorizmus elleni védelem fokozása a különleges jogrendi kategóriák bővítésével. In Hadtudomány 2016/3-4. szám, pp. 100-113. 5 az állami fellépés szempontjából. Ezt példázva Franciaország, Belgium és Olaszország is szükségét látta annak, hogy katonai egységekkel erősítse meg a közrendvédelmet a kiemelt közterületeken, de megjegyezhető, hogy erre törvényben biztosított lehetőség van az Egyesült Királyságban is. Ezzel Európában látványos változás következett be a terrorizmus elleni harc tekintetében még annak ellenére is, hogy Nyugat-Európában messze nem minősül olyan jellegű tabunak, vagy „eretnek gondolatnak” a katonai erő belföldi, különleges jogrend nélküli, rendészeti célú igénybevétele, mint ahogy ez Közép-Európa diktatúrákat megélt államaiban jellemző. Ez a fordulat nem teljesen újszerű, messze nem előzmények nélküli és egyáltalán nem jelenti azt, hogy bárhol is vitatnák a terrorizmus elleni fellépés alapvetően rendészeti és nemzetbiztonsági jellegét. A fordulat egyrészt abban ragadható meg, hogy az államok felismerték azt, hogy ezzel a fenyegetéssel szemben is alkalmazandó az erőfelmutatás és a nagyláthatóságú jelenlét elve, másrészt pedig azt, hogy a béketeremtő és békefenntartó missziókra alkalmazott, bukott államokban műveleteket végrehajtó hadseregek quasi rendészeti tapasztalatai a megfelelő továbbképzésekkel transzformálhatók a honi igénybevételre, harmadrészt pedig hogy egyértelműnek tűnnek az Iszlám Állam elnevezésű terrorszervezet4 felívelése óta a katonai műveletekkel érintett területek és az onnan „exportált” terrortámadások közti összefüggések. Kérdés azonban, hogy megáll-e itt az ágazatközi jelleg erősítése, ahogy az is, hogy kell-e gondolkodni a terrorizmus elleni intézmények önállósításában, vagy sajátos karakterük tovább erősítésében? Hasonló kérdés az is, hogy a fegyveres erők bevonása milyen további ágazatközi kooperációkra nyithat kaput a jövőben, s hogy ezekkel miként erősíthető az európai államok biztonsága? 4 Már önmagában az is rögzítendő, hogy az Iszlám Állam elnevezésű terrorszervezet működésére nézve számos kötet született ugyan az elmúlt években, de még messze állunk attól, hogy kimerítően feltártnak tekinthetnénk az „Iszlám Állam kérdést”, illetve annak ösztönző hatásait más terrorista szervezetekre és a terrorizmus jövőbeni alakulására. Ezen ismeretek birtoklása nélkül pedig a védelem szempontjából a védelmi lehetőségek kialakításakor igenis élni kell a „worst case scenariora”, a legrosszabb forgatókönyvre készülés eszközével. Az Iszlám Állam elnevezésű terrorszervezet vonatkozásában lásd: Kenneth KATZMAN – Christopher M. BLANCHARD – Clara E. HUMUD – Rhoda MARGESSON – Matthew C. WEED: The „Islamic State” Crisis and U.S. Policy. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 2015. KIS-BENEDEK József: Az Iszlám Kalifátus és a globális dzsihád új tendenciái. In Hadtudomány 2014/3-4. szám, pp. 22-33. N. RÓZSA Erzsébet: Az Iszlám Állam előretörése Irakban és az amerikai válaszcsapások. In Nemzet és Biztonság 2014/4. szám, pp. 56-61.; SELJÁN Péter: Harc az Iszlám Állam ellen. In Nemzet és Biztonság 2014/5. szám, pp. 63-74.; ARANY Anett – N. RÓZSA Erzsébet – SZALAI Máté: Az Iszlám Állam – következmények. Budapest, Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet KKI-tanulmányok T-2015/1, 2015. Loretta NAPOLEONI: Az iszlamista főnix, Az Iszlám Állam születése és a Közel-Kelet újrafelosztása. Budapest, HVG kiadó, 2015. Michael WEISS – Hassan HASSAN: Az Iszlám Állam. A terror hadserege belülről. Budapest, HVG kiadó, 2015. BESENYŐ János – PRANTNER Zoltán – SPIEDL Bianka – VOGEL Dávid: Iszlám Állam. Terrorizmus 2.0. Történet, ideológia, propaganda. Budapest, Honvéd Vezérkar Tudományos Kutatóhely – Kossuth kiadó, 2016. 6 Ehhez a változtatási folyamathoz az Alaptörvény hatodik módosításával és a Magyar Honvédségnek a FINA világbajnokság védelmébe történő
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