DOCSLIB.ORG

The Ethics (And Economics) of Tibetan Polyandry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Ethics (And Economics) of Tibetan Polyandry Journal of Buddhist Ethics ISSN 1076-9005 http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/ Volume 21, 2014 The Ethics (and Economics) of Tibetan Polyandry Jonathan Stoltz University of St. Thomas Copyright Notice: Digital copies of this work may be made and distributed provided no change is made and no alteration is made to the content. Reproduction in any other format, with the exception of a single copy for private study, requires the written permission of the author. All en- quiries to: [email protected]. The Ethics (and Economics) Of Tibetan Polyandry Jonathan Stoltz 1 Abstract Fraternal polyandry—one woman simultaneously being married to two or more brothers—has been a prominent practice within Tibetan agricultural societies for many generations. While the topic of Tibetan polyandry has been widely discussed in the field of anthropology, there are, to my knowledge, no contributions by philosophers on this topic. For this reason alone, my brief analysis of the ethics of Tibetan polyandry will serve to enhance scholars’s understanding of this practice. In this article, I examine the factors that have sustained the practice of polyandry in Tibet, but do so with the further aim of drawing attention to some of the key ethical implications of polyandrous marriage. I argue that the natural law crit- icisms raised against the practice of polyandry by St. Thomas Aquinas are unsuccessful, but I also argue that the 1 Department of Philosophy, University of St. Thomas. Email: [email protected]. 602 Stoltz, The Ethics (and Economics) of Tibetan Polyandry utilitarian motivations for this marriage practice en- dorsed by agrarian Tibetans are also highly suspect. Introduction In the midst of providing his moral defense of monogamy, the thirteenth century Italian theologian Thomas Aquinas argues, “Therefore, since certainty as to offspring is the principal good which is sought in matri- mony, no law or custom has permitted one woman to be a wife for sev- eral husbands” (SCG III-II, 124.2). 2 Thomas was almost certainly wrong about this conclusion. Though it appears that he was ignorant of the practice of polyandry—that is, the practice of one woman simultaneous- ly being married to multiple husbands—the tradition has existed in a va- riety of societies throughout history, and, in particular, continues to this day to be a prominent practice within agricultural communities on the Tibetan Plateau. Yet, though he was undoubtedly mistaken about the ex- istence of polyandry, there is much less certainty with regard to Thom- as’s moral condemnation of this form of marriage, and so an examina- tion of his criticisms deserves closer attention. Western philosophers have written almost nothing about Tibetan polyandry. Aside from a few offhand comments by Bertrand Russell— where Russell’s concern is logical, not ethical—there has never been, to my knowledge, any deep philosophical discussion of this Tibetan marriage practice (45). In addition, surprisingly few Buddhist studies scholars have tackled the topic. Nearly all of the investigations of Tibetan polyandry in the past fifty years have been carried out by anthropologists or, to a lesser extent, evolutionary biologists, and most 2 Here, by “certainty as to offspring,” Aquinas is referring to knowledge of paternity. Journal of Buddhist Ethics 603 of our collective knowledge about this marriage custom derives from a series of anthropological studies. Given this state of affairs, I believe the time is right to start a philosophical conversation about the ethics of Tibetan polyandry. In what follows I will engage in a preliminary examination of the moral status of Tibetan polyandry, focusing my inquiry on just two items. First, I will briefly describe the practice of fraternal polyandry in Tibet, identifying its central features and also teasing out the principal reasons why this form of marriage has continued into the twenty-first century. I will then reflect on some of the ethical questions surrounding the practice by looking at both natural law arguments and utilitarian considerations relevant to the practice. I will argue that the natural law criticisms of polyandry that are raised by Thomas Aquinas fail to be persuasive, but I will subsequently show that the utilitarian motivations that Tibetans use to support this form of marriage are themselves problematic. Background of Polyandry in Tibet I shall begin by tracing some of the basic features of polyandrous marriage as it is practiced on the Tibetan plateau. The details that follow come from anthropological research that has been carried out over the past forty years. 3 My aim is not at all to contribute to this research. I am only providing these details to help ground my subsequent philosophical analysis of Tibetan polyandry. 3 Most of the anthropological studies on Tibetan polyandry have been conducted in Nepal, and not in Tibet proper. These studies include those of Goldstein (Fraternal, Paha- ri), Levine, Levine and Silk, and Haddix. The information that follows is derived largely from these publications. 604 Stoltz, The Ethics (and Economics) of Tibetan Polyandry Although there are obviously going to be small differences in the practice from region to region, the general features of Tibetan polyandry are fairly stable. First of all, and most importantly, the only common form of polyandry in Tibet is fraternal polyandry, wherein multiple brothers share a single wife. (To be more precise, because polyandrous relations commonly occur in successive generations, this means that in many cases the siblings who share a single wife will actually be half- brothers.) In most instances of polyandrous marriage two or three brothers take the same wife, but it is not unusual for four, five, or even six brothers to have a single wife. In these arrangements, the parents of the male children arrange a marriage for those sons whereby a bride is brought into the family unit. The eldest son is considered the dominant male figure in the marriage, but the expectation is that all the brothers will play equal roles in working for the good of the family, and also that all of the brothers (assuming they have reached an age of sexual maturity) will have equitable sexual access to the wife. A second key point is that fraternal polyandry is practiced almost exclusively within farming communities in Tibet. That is, it is not commonly practiced in nomadic regions of Tibet—where the main occupation is the herding of yaks and other animals—nor is it practiced within urban areas of Tibet. Instead, and for reasons that will become clear shortly, polyandry is a widespread form of marriage in Tibetan agricultural regions alone. Within farming areas there is much physical labor that needs to be performed, and the presence of multiple males working toward the sustenance of a single family unit makes it possible for the family to reach a level of economic security that likely could not be obtained from the work of one husband. Evidence suggests that polyandrous marriages are most stable in situations where the brothers Journal of Buddhist Ethics 605 have distinct contributions to the household’s success.4 So, for example, one brother might be in charge of farming the field, while a second brother takes charge of herding the family’s sheep, and a third brother engages in trade. Such a division of labor creates a situation in which each brother will have different periods of the year in which he is absent from the house, thus making it possible, in principle, for all the brothers to have sexual access to their wife without great tension. In most areas where polyandry is practiced, it is expected that the wife will treat, and love, each of the brothers equally. Surface level affection for all her husbands is encouraged, and emotional bias in favor of one husband over others is ideally to be avoided. Along similar lines, in most Tibetan areas where polyandry takes place paternity is not explicitly assigned to an individual husband. All the husbands are to treat all the children equally, not showing favoritism toward offspring that they might know to be their own. It is also the case that in areas of Tibet where this form of mar- riage exists, it tends to be the norm rather than the exception. While both monogamous and polyandrous marriages exist side by side (togeth- er with, to a lesser extent, polygynous marriages) in agricultural areas of Tibet, it is clear from numerous studies that polyandrous marriage units are sought whenever possible. Most cases of monogamous marriages in these agricultural regions arise as a result of one of two scenarios. First, a monogamous marriage can occur due to a family’s having only one male child or, at the very least, having only one male child who is physically and cognitively suitable for marriage. Second, a monogamous marriage may arise when a previously polyandrous marriage suffers a partition in which an invariably younger brother leaves the marriage. Yet, in nearly 4 This was one of the key findings in Haddix. The matter was not carefully addressed in Levine, where sources of instability were also studied. 606 Stoltz, The Ethics (and Economics) of Tibetan Polyandry all cases in which a landowning farming family does have multiple male children, a polyandrous marriage is sought. Although polyandrous marriages are the norm in these areas, participation in such a marriage is not viewed as compulsory or perma- nently binding for the brothers. Younger siblings in a polyandrous mar- riage are free to partition from the relationship and start their own fami- lies, and there is little or no social stigma associated with doing so. As I will explain below, economic considerations may constrain the willing- ness of the brothers to partition. But, at least in principle, participation within a polyandrous marriage is viewed as optional.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction: Theorizing the Secular in Tibetan Cultural Worlds Holly Gayley
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Philosophy Faculty Publications Philosophy & Religious Studies 5-2016 Introduction: Theorizing the Secular in Tibetan Cultural Worlds Holly Gayley Nicole Willock Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/philosophy_fac_pubs Part of the Asian Studies Commons, and the Religion Commons Repository Citation Gayley, Holly and Willock, Nicole, "Introduction: Theorizing the Secular in Tibetan Cultural Worlds" (2016). Philosophy Faculty Publications. 33. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/philosophy_fac_pubs/33 Original Publication Citation Gayley, H., & Willock, N. (2016). Introduction | Theorizing the secular in tibetan cultural worlds. Himalaya, The Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 36(1), 12-21. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy & Religious Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Introduction | Theorizing the Secular in Tibetan Cultural Worlds Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the contributors to this volume—Tsering Gonkatsang, Matthew King, Leigh Miller, Emmi Okada, Annabella Pitkin, Françoise Robin, Dominique Townsend—as well as the other original panelists—Janet Gyatso, Nancy Lin, and Tsering Shakya—on the panel, ‘The Secular in Tibet and Mongolia,’ at the Thirteenth Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies in 2013. The presentations, questions, and comments by panelists and audience offered new perspectives, provided the fodder for further investigations into the secular in Tibetan cultural worlds, and paved the way for this special issue of HIMALAYA.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: a Review of Its Advantages and Breakdown
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Anthropologist Anthropology, Department of 1997 Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: A Review of its Advantages and Breakdown Jeff Willett Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro Part of the Anthropology Commons Willett, Jeff, "Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: A Review of its Advantages and Breakdown" (1997). Nebraska Anthropologist. 113. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/113 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Anthropologist by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: A Review of its Advantages and Breakdown Jeff Willett ·Polyandry is primarily selected caused by the younger brothers of the not for bread and butter motives - household, because of unhappiness fear of starvation in a difficult with their spouse, their lower environment - but rather primarily reproductive success than older for the Tibetan equivalent of brothers, a desire for personal oysters, champagne, and social autonomy, and difficulty in maintaining a esteem.- Melvyn C. Goldstein (1978). large household. Goldstein (1981) also finds that brothers are more likely to The fraternal polyandry marriage leave polyandrous marriages when relationship of Tibet is widely considered unexpected economic opportunities to be a means of preventing the division arise. of a family's resources among its male heirs. As a family resource preservation Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry strategy, Tibetan polyandry Fraternal polyandry is the accomplishes the same goal of the preferred form of marriage among the European stem family system, but in a culturally Tibetan villages where Levine very different way.
    [Show full text]
  • Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST
    Marten Stol WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson ISBN 978-1-61451-323-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-263-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0021-3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Original edition: Vrouwen van Babylon. Prinsessen, priesteressen, prostituees in de bakermat van de cultuur. Uitgeverij Kok, Utrecht (2012). Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson © 2016 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Cover Image: Marten Stol Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz GmbH & Co. KG, Lemförde Printing and binding: cpi books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Introduction 1 Map 5 1 Her outward appearance 7 1.1 Phases of life 7 1.2 The girl 10 1.3 The virgin 13 1.4 Women’s clothing 17 1.5 Cosmetics and beauty 47 1.6 The language of women 56 1.7 Women’s names 58 2 Marriage 60 2.1 Preparations 62 2.2 Age for marrying 66 2.3 Regulations 67 2.4 The betrothal 72 2.5 The wedding 93 2.6
    [Show full text]
  • Walking a Tightrope Between Secular and Religious Counselling Ideals?
    1 http://jrmdc.com Counselling Muslim Selves on Islamic Websites: Walking a Tightrope Between Secular and Religious Counselling Ideals? By Mona Abdel-Fadil Department of Media and Communication, University of Oslo, Norway Contact: [email protected] Keywords: Islam online; religious counselling; secularism; ethics Abstract: This article focuses on the interactive counselling service Problems and Answers (PS), an Arabic language and Islamic online counselling service, which draws on global therapeutic counselling trends. For over a decade, PS was run and hosted by www.IslamOnline.net (IOL). Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article aims to provide a layered, contextualized understanding of online Islamic counselling, through addressing the ‘invisible’, ‘behind the screens’ aspects of PS counselling and the meaning making activities that inform the online output. In particular, I examine: 1. The multiple ways in which ‘religion’ shapes the PS counsellors' counselling output, and 2. The extent to which secular and religious counselling Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture Volume 4, Issue 1 (2015) https://jrmdc.com Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 04:15:44AM via free access 2 ideals clash, in PS counselling. Drawing on a mixed methods approach, I demonstrate instances in which offline data nuance and generate new understandings of online data. The findings demonstrate the multivocality and variations in the PS counsellors' perspectives on both religion and counselling psychology, and shed light on possible tensions between professed ideals and actual online practices. About the Author: Mona Abdel-Fadil holds a PhD from the University of Oslo. Abdel-Fadil’s research interests include the following: ‘media, religion, and culture’, contemporary Islam, media anthropology, counselling psychology, anthropology of the Middle East, migration and gender studies.
    [Show full text]
  • A Grounded Theory of How Mixed Orientation Married
    “Making it Work”: A Grounded Theory of How Mixed Orientation Married Couples Commit, Sexually Identify, and Gender Themselves Christian Edward Jordal Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Human Development Katherine R. Allen April L. Few-Demo Christine E. Kaestle Margaret L. Keeling April 27, 2011 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Bisexuality; gender; marital commitment; mixed orientation marriage Abstract Married bisexuals who come out to their heterosexual partners do not invariably divorce. This qualitative study included 14 intact, mixed orientation married couples. The mean marriage duration was 14.5 years, and the mean time since the bisexual spouse had come out was 7.9 years. The research focused the negotiation processes around three constructs: (a) sexual identity; (b) gender identity; and (c) marital commitment. Dyadic interviews were used to generate a grounded theory of the identity and commitment negotiation processes occurring among intact mixed orientation married couples. The findings revealed two sexual identity trajectories: Bisexuals who identify before marriage and reemerge within marriage; or bisexuals who do not identity before marriage but who emerge from within marriage. Two gender identity processes were reported: gender non-conformity and deliberate gender conformity. Finally, two negotiation processes around marital commitment were found: (a) closed marital commitment, and (b) open marital commitment. Closed marital commitment was defined as monogamous. Open marital commitment had four subtypes: (a) monogamous with the option to open; (b) open on one side (i.e., the bisexual spouse was or had the option to establish a tertiary relationship outside the marriage); (c) open on both sides or polyamorous; and (d) third-person inclusive (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Curriculum Vitae of MELVYN C. GOLDSTEIN (Revised 4-6-2020)
    Curriculum Vitae Of MELVYN C. GOLDSTEIN (Revised 4-6-2020) Personal Background Education B.A., 1959, University of Michigan, history M.A., 1960, University of Michigan, history Ph.D. 1968, University of WAshington, anthropology Employment 1991-present: John Reynolds HArkness Professor of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University 1991-present: Professor of International HeAlth, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (secondary appointment) 1991-present: Co-Director, Center for ReseArch on Tibet, Case Western Reserve University 1987-1991: Director, Center for ReseArch on Tibet, Case Western Reserve University 1975-2002: ChairmAn of Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University 1978-present: Professor of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University 1974-1978: AssociAte Professor of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University 1968-1971: AssistAnt Professor of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University 1 -- Professional Activities and Honors Distinguished University Professor, Case Western Reserve University, 2020. Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences, Section 51, Anthropology, 2009- present. Distinguished Research Award, Case Western Reserve University, 2016 The AssociAtion for AsiAn Studies’ Joseph Levenson Prize for best monograph on Twentieth-Century China in 1989: Honorable Mention: ("A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-51: The Demise of the LAmAist StAte"). This monumental study is a path-breaking contribution to our understanding of modern Tibet. Melvyn Goldstein has marshalled an impressive array of documentary, archival and interview sources to provide critical new insights into the political and diplomatic history of Tibet during its independence of Chinese domination. Particularly important is the author’s use of Tibetan sources to go beyond the question of Tibet’s relation to China, and narrate in detail the conflicts within Tibetan society: between monastic and lay elements, between reformers and conservatives, between rival regents’ cliques.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of a History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: the Calm Before the Storm, 1951-55, by Melvyn C
    Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Issue 4 — December 2008 ISSN 1550-6363 An online journal published by the Tibetan and Himalayan Library (THL) www.jiats.org Editors-in-Chief: José I. Cabezón and David Germano Guest Editors: Ken Bauer, Geoff Childs, Andrew Fischer, and Daniel Winkler Book Review Editor: Bryan J. Cuevas Managing Editor: Steven Weinberger Assistant Editors: Alison Melnick, William McGrath, and Arnoud Sekreve Technical Director: Nathaniel Grove Contents Articles • Demographics, Development, and the Environment in Tibetan Areas (8 pages) – Kenneth Bauer and Geoff Childs • Tibetan Fertility Transitions: Comparisons with Europe, China, and India (21 pages) – Geoff Childs • Conflict between Nomadic Herders and Brown Bears in the Byang thang Region of Tibet (42 pages) – Dawa Tsering and John D. Farrington • Subsistence and Rural Livelihood Strategies in Tibet under Rapid Economic and Social Transition (49 pages) – Andrew M. Fischer • Biodiversity Conservation and Pastoralism on the Northwest Tibetan Plateau (Byang thang): Coexistence or Conflict? (21 pages) – Joseph L. Fox, Ciren Yangzong, Kelsang Dhondup, Tsechoe Dorji and Camille Richard • Nomads without Pastures? Globalization, Regionalization, and Livelihood Security of Nomads and Former Nomads in Northern Khams (40 pages) – Andreas Gruschke • Political Space and Socio-Economic Organization in the Lower Spiti Valley (Early Nineteenth to Late Twentieth Century) (34 pages) – Christian Jahoda • South Indian Tibetans: Development Dynamics in the Early
    [Show full text]
  • Mixed Orientation Marriages Are Often Just Called M I X E D Mixed Orientation Marriages Moms
    MOM FACTS! INTERNET RESOURCES Mixed orientation marriages are often just called M IXED MIXED ORIENTATION MARRIAGES MOMs. AND LIVING FABULOUS HTTP://LIVINGFABULOUS.ORG/MOR/ O O RIENTATION There is a tremendous need for positive support for MAKING MIXED ORIENTATION couples in mixed orientation marriages. An ever in- MARRIAGES WORK HTTP://GROUPS.YAHOO.COM/GROUP/MMOMW/ ARRIAGES creasing number of gay, lesbian, and bisexual hus- M bands and wives, many of whom have been married MEN MARRIED TO LESBIANS for decades, are deciding to come out of the closet, HTTP://GROUPS.YAHOO.COM/GROUP/MMTL/ or their previously secret same sex attraction is be- ing discovered. It is essential these couples have a ALTERNATEPATH HELP FOR WIVES positive support system with role models and path- OF GAY/BI MEN ways for success. HTTP://GROUPS.YAHOO.COM/GROUP/ALTERNATEPATH/ O PRINTED RESOURCES Mixed orientation marriages are not just for hetero- sexuals. They come in every relationship combina- OPENING UP: A GUIDE TO CREATING tion imaginable. It is not uncommon for one part- AND SUSTAINING OPEN RELATIONSHIPS ner to be gay or lesbian with attraction to only their by Tristan Taormino same gender partner while their bisexual partner lives with attraction to more than one gender. Many SEXUAL BIVERSITY of their issues are similar to those in a heterosexual LOVING MY BISEXUAL HUSBAND by Lyndal Coon mixed orientation marriage. O BISEXUAL & GAY HUSBANDS: THEIR WORDS, THEIR STORIES Mixed orientation marriages may include variations by Fritz Klein and Thomas R Schwartz in gender identity. Men and woman who are gender fluid or transgender have many of the same chal- MARRIED WOMEN WHO LOVE WOMEN TRANSCENDING by Carren Strock lenges in maintaining a loving relationship with the person they love, especially when the gender varia- BOUNDARIES tions emerge later in the relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Norms and the Legal Regulation of Marriage
    Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Faculty Scholarship Faculty Publications 2000 Social Norms and the Legal Regulation of Marriage Elizabeth S. Scott Columbia Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Contracts Commons, Family Law Commons, Law and Gender Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Elizabeth S. Scott, Social Norms and the Legal Regulation of Marriage, 86 VA. L. REV. 1901 (2000). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/323 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOCIAL NORMS AND THE LEGAL REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Elizabeth S. Scott* INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1902 I. THE NORMATIVE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE .......................................................... 1907 A. A Taxonomy of MaritalNorms ............................................ 1907 1. Commitment Norms ........................................................... 1908 a. Spousal Commitment Norms ........................................ 1908 b. Norms of ParentalObligation ....................................... 1912 2. GenderN orms....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Review Essay Bavinck on the Family
    Journal of Markets & Morality Volume 16, Number 1 (Spring 2013): 219–237 Copyright © 2013 Review Essay Bavinck on the Family and Integral Human Eduardo J. Echeverria Development* Sacred Heart Major Seminary, Detroit Herman Bavinck (1854–1921) writes with breadth and depth on the Christian family in this one-hundred-year-old study on a Christian fundamental theology of marriage and family. Given the contemporary attempts of Christians from various ecclesial traditions to revise marriage and family such that marriage between people of the same sex is theologically defensible,1 Bavinck’s book has much to teach us based on his orthodox theological defense of marriage and family life. Of course in the early twentieth century, Bavinck did not have to meet the challenge of a revisionist vision of marriage as we do now. Yet, even then marriage and family life did face the challenges of divorce; open marriage; out-of-wedlock births; cohabitation; and, more generally, licentious sexual living (TCF, 64, 75, 89, 138–39). Bavinck addresses some of these challenges head-on by arguing that a right understanding of the family as the formative and nurturing institution par excellence is essential to integral human development. “A person’s becoming [integrally] human occurs within the home; here the foundation is laid for the forming of the future man and woman, of the future father and mother, of the future member of society, of the future citizen, of the future subject in the kingdom of God” (TCF, 108). I will come back to this argument later. For now, I would like to outline the breadth and depth of Bavinck’s treatment of the Christian family.
    [Show full text]
  • Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence Elizabeth Emens
    University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers Working Papers 2004 Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence Elizabeth Emens Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/ public_law_and_legal_theory Part of the Law Commons Chicago Unbound includes both works in progress and final versions of articles. Please be aware that a more recent version of this article may be available on Chicago Unbound, SSRN or elsewhere. Recommended Citation Elizabeth Emens, "Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence" (University of Chicago Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper No. 58, 2004). This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Working Papers at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHICAGO PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 58 MONOGAMY’S LAW: COMPULSORY MONOGAMY AND POLYAMOROUS EXISTENCE Elizabeth F. Emens THE LAW SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO February 2003 This paper can be downloaded without charge at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html and at The Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=506242 1 MONOGAMY’S LAW: COMPULSORY MONOGAMY AND POLYAMOROUS EXISTENCE 29 N.Y.U. REVIEW OF LAW & SOCIAL CHANGE (forthcoming 2004) Elizabeth F. Emens† Work-in-progress: Please do not cite or quote without the author’s permission. I. INTRODUCTION II. COMPULSORY MONOGAMY A. MONOGAMY’S MANDATE 1. THE WESTERN ROMANCE TRADITION 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Counseling the Polyamorous Client: Implications for Competent Practice
    fSuggested APA style reference information can be found at http://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/vistas Article 50 Counseling the Polyamorous Client: Implications for Competent Practice Adrianne L. Johnson Johnson, Adrianne L., is an Assistant Professor of Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Wright State University. Her experience includes adult outpatient, crisis, college, and rehabilitation counseling. She has presented internationally on a broad range of counseling and counselor education topics, and her research interests include bias and diversity in counseling and counselor education. Abstract The self-reports of polyamorous clients regarding therapeutic experiences raise concerns for the counseling field. Many poly individuals are not receiving quality mental health care or relationship counseling because of valid fears regarding professional bias and condemnation of their lifestyle choices. The unique issues and concerns of polyamorous clients is an emerging interest in the mental health field and counselors have an ethical obligation to understand, explore, and address the unique needs of this population. Introduction The current culture in the United States has historically promoted heterosexual monogamy as the most widely accepted and advocated ethical/moral relationship option available, and clients identifying as polyamorous often practice covertly and with great stress “due to the cultural pressure, social stigmas, or fear of legal ramifications” (Black, 2006, p. 1). Polyamory is a lifestyle in which a person may have more than one romantic relationship with consent and support expressed for this choice by each of the people concerned (Weitzman, 2006, p. 139). Polyamorous people face stigmatization, stereotypes, negative bias, and marginalization in both the mainstream society and in the offices of counseling professionals.
    [Show full text]