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Good Neighbors Or Bad Neighbors?

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Good Neighbors Or Bad Neighbors? Good Neighbors or Bad Neighbors? Hungarians and Serbs during the centuries. By Károly Szilágyi Reviewed by Ferenc Pece, D.Sc. - 1 - Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Serb Settlement in the Balkans ........................................................................................................ 7 The First Attempts at Founding the Serbian State ........................................................................... 8 Stevan Nemanja and the First Independent Serbian State ............................................................... 9 The Flowering of the Arts ............................................................................................................. 10 Stefan Prvoven čani ........................................................................................................................ 11 The Golden Age of Serbia ............................................................................................................. 12 The Break-up of the Mediaeval Serbian State ............................................................................... 13 The Origin of the Hungarians and Their Conquest of Hungary .................................................... 14 Settlement and the Foundation of the State ................................................................................... 17 Development of the Feudal Hungarian State ................................................................................. 19 The Mongol Invasion and the Revival .......................................................................................... 20 The Turkish Occupation of Hungary ............................................................................................. 22 Settlement of the Serbs in Hungary ............................................................................................... 25 Life in the Occupied Territories During the Turkish Occupation ................................................. 25 Privileges of the Serbs in Hungary ................................................................................................ 27 National Awakening of the Serbs .................................................................................................. 34 Process of Becoming a Nation ...................................................................................................... 34 Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic ............................................................................................................... 36 The Establishment of a System of Educational Institutions .......................................................... 37 Demands for Territorial Autonomy ............................................................................................... 41 The Revolution of 1848 ................................................................................................................. 41 The Ecclesiastical and Educational Autonomy of the Serbs in Dualist Hungary .......................... 44 Situation of the Serbs from the End of the 19 th Century to Trianon .............................................. 48 Policy of Hungarianization and Attempts at Assimilation ............................................................ 48 Political Circumstances of the Serbs up to 1918 ........................................................................... 50 The Legacy of Trianon .................................................................................................................. 52 Foes Again during the Second World War .................................................................................... 55 Serious War Wounds ..................................................................................................................... 56 Serbs in Hungary After the Second World War ............................................................................ 60 Possibilities and Conditions of Peaceful Coexistence ................................................................... 63 Age-old Grievances ....................................................................................................................... 65 Hungarians and Slavs .................................................................................................................... 65 Progeny of the Marauders and Rákóczi’s Uprising ....................................................................... 66 Hostility to the Privileges .............................................................................................................. 67 Conflicts of Interest in 1848 .......................................................................................................... 68 Hungarian Nationalism .................................................................................................................. 69 The Serbian-Croatian-Slovenian Kingdom and the Minorities ..................................................... 70 Changes in the Ethnic Composition of the Annexed Territories ................................................... 71 Criticism and self-criticism ........................................................................................................... 75 Roots Run Deep ............................................................................................................................. 75 The Role of Minorities .................................................................................................................. 77 Moral integrity, first and foremost ................................................................................................ 79 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 80 - 2 - Foreword During the illustrious dictatorship of Tito, a Vojvodina poet, Ferenc Fehér, happened to refer to his beloved motherland Bácska as “in these southern parts”. Some days later he was summoned to the police for a little friendly talk. (Whether it was because the police of Ujvidék had a great propensity for reading the poems of minority poets or because they were doing their jobs will never be known.) The fact was that a policeman in civilian clothes explained to him that while geography was a serious thing, he had better note that history was even more serious, and that those southern parts are actually northern parts... Sometime later, after Tito, a teacher in one of the villages - again in Vojvodina - at a general meeting, made the following statement in a tone like this: “Why are the Hungarians so arrogant when everyone knows that they only settled here in ’56”, meaning 1956 - and he was supposedly an educated person. On another occasion, Miloševi ć’s favorite courtier - otherwise an internationally wanted criminal - came to Subotica (Szabadka) to give a speech. On the stage of the sports arena started extremely theatrically with the following words, amidst the hysterical ovation of the paid audience (there was not one local resident among them): “This is Serbian land and it will remain one!” Similar events took place - and not only in Vojvodina. It is not surprising that things like this happened when the historical truth was simply a forbidden topic for several decades. First it was forbidden by the secret police, then by the communist party, later by the prophets for Greater Serbia, and finally by the Serb people’s innate sense of self- preservation. Nor was history treated any better on this, the northern, side of the border; while people were not very fond of their southern neighbors, it was strictly forbidden to hurt or provoke them. People who might, rather recklessly, dare to say or write, for example, the word ‘Trianon’ in public were invited down to the police station and detained for a while. In this way, generations grew up on both sides of the border without having heard about certain events or, if they had, then they heard only half-truths or lies. - 3 - Nowadays, people are free to say or write about our common affairs. The question is what is actually being heard on the other side and who will feel offended when faced with data contradicting the history he learnt, read or believed to be true. Human sensitivity, the sensitivity of nations is a very important matter and when two neighbors get to a point where fateful decisions can or must be made regarding the future of both of them, then they are critical matters. The author of this booklet is convinced that it is timely now, in these days or months when a critical turning point has been reached. It should be decided now whether both nations choose the same road towards Europe together, helping one another, or each one follows his own separate path and later, if these attempts bear fruit, then so be it; if not, so much the better. When the author wrote this book, his intention was to reveal a great deal of historical facts for those who are potential participants in decision making and, naturally, for the younger generations, in order to help them evaluate in a more realistic way individual facets of the Serbian-Hungarian common past. The facts listed here have been taken from both Serbian and Hungarian historiography – which may be a novelty for some people, mostly those who have not been accustomed to listening to the arguments of the other party patiently and attentively on the delicate matters. Furthermore, the historians and
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