Swaziland Government Gazette
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Market Risk Index 120 Amundsen Sea 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120
COUNTRY RISK MAP 2010 150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 ARCTIC OCEAN FRANZ JOSEF ARCTIC OCEAN LAND SEVERNAYA ARCTIC OCEAN ZEMLYA Ellesmere Island QUEEN ELIZABETH Longyearbyen NEW SIBERIAN ISLANDS Svalbard NOVAYA Kara Sea ISLANDS Greenland Sea ZEMLYA Laptev Sea Banks (NORWAY) Barents Sea Island Greenland East Siberian Sea Beaufort Sea Ban Wrangel (DENMARK) Island Victoria Bay Island Ban Jan Mayen Norwegian Chukchi (NORWAY) Island Sea Sea Arctic Circle (66°33') Arctic Circle (66°33') NORWAY Great Nuuk ICELAND White Sea U. S. Bear Lake (Godthåb) SWEDEN Provideniya Davis Denmark Strait Reykjavík Faroe Islands FINLAND Lake Strait (DEN.) Gulf R U S S I A Tórshavn of Ladoga Lake Great Bothnia Onega Slave Lake Hudson Oslo Helsinki 60 60 Bay Stockholm Tallinn Gulf of Alaska Rockall EST. Labrador (U.K.) Baltic Bering Sea Riga S North Sea LAT. Sea DENMARK Moscow Sea Copenhagen LITH. Lake RUSSIA Sea of C A N A D A UNITED Vilnius Baikal S Minsk N D Dublin Isle of KINGDOM S Okhotsk LA Man IS (U.K.) BELARUS T IA N Lake IRELAND Amsterdam Berlin Warsaw U.S. LE U Winnipeg Kamchatskiy A NETH. Astana Sakhalin A Island of L D S London Brussels POLAND E U T A N GERMANY Prague Kyiv I A N I S L Newfoundland Celtic BELGIUM LUX. Sea Guernsey (U.K.) Luxembourg CZECH REP. U K R A I N E Jersey (U.K.) SLOVAKIA Gulf of Paris Vienna Bratislava S K A Z A K H S T A N Ulaanbaatar KURIL Lake St. -
Mozambique Zambia South Africa Zimbabwe Tanzania
UNITED NATIONS MOZAMBIQUE Geospatial 30°E 35°E 40°E L a k UNITED REPUBLIC OF 10°S e 10°S Chinsali M a l a w TANZANIA Palma i Mocimboa da Praia R ovuma Mueda ^! Lua Mecula pu la ZAMBIA L a Quissanga k e NIASSA N Metangula y CABO DELGADO a Chiconono DEM. REP. OF s a Ancuabe Pemba THE CONGO Lichinga Montepuez Marrupa Chipata MALAWI Maúa Lilongwe Namuno Namapa a ^! gw n Mandimba Memba a io u Vila úr L L Mecubúri Nacala Kabwe Gamito Cuamba Vila Ribáué MecontaMonapo Mossuril Fingoè FurancungoCoutinho ^! Nampula 15°S Vila ^! 15°S Lago de NAMPULA TETE Junqueiro ^! Lusaka ZumboCahora Bassa Murrupula Mogincual K Nametil o afu ezi Namarrói Erego e b Mágoè Tete GiléL am i Z Moatize Milange g Angoche Lugela o Z n l a h m a bez e i ZAMBEZIA Vila n azoe Changara da Moma n M a Lake Chemba Morrumbala Maganja Bindura Guro h Kariba Pebane C Namacurra e Chinhoyi Harare Vila Quelimane u ^! Fontes iq Marondera Mopeia Marromeu b am Inhaminga Velha oz P M úngu Chinde Be ni n è SOFALA t of ManicaChimoio o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o gh ZIMBABWE o Bi Mutare Sussundenga Dondo Gweru Masvingo Beira I NDI A N Bulawayo Chibabava 20°S 20°S Espungabera Nova OCE A N Mambone Gwanda MANICA e Sav Inhassôro Vilanculos Chicualacuala Mabote Mapai INHAMBANE Lim Massinga p o p GAZA o Morrumbene Homoíne Massingir Panda ^! National capital SOUTH Inhambane Administrative capital Polokwane Guijá Inharrime Town, village o Chibuto Major airport Magude MaciaManjacazeQuissico International boundary AFRICA Administrative boundary MAPUTO Xai-Xai 25°S Nelspruit Main road 25°S Moamba Manhiça Railway Pretoria MatolaMaputo ^! ^! 0 100 200km Mbabane^!Namaacha Boane 0 50 100mi !\ Bela Johannesburg Lobamba Vista ESWATINI Map No. -
Swaziland Portfolio
Swaziland Suid Kaap R38 Matsamo/Jeppe’s Reef Mlumati 64km River River 9km Mountainlands 40km Border Post Lebombo R38 Nature Reserve 07h00-20h00 Lake Matsamo Barberton Matsamo Cultural Village Queen’s 9km Hhohho Mountains o el e River v rv Sondeza Range Ngonini m se R40 gi e Makhonjwa Geotrail n R MR1 So re 29km u Makhonjwa Hills MR6 at N Bulembu/Josefsdal Phophonyane Falls Mananga Ecolodge & Nature Reserve Border Post Bulembu 40km 34km Border Post Shamora Machel Komati River 08h00-16h00 Country Lodge Rocklands 08h00-18h00 Memorial Songimvelo MR20 5km Tjakastad Pigg’s Peak 41km Shewula 21km MR5 Tshaneni Namaacha Nature Reserve Kuthuleni Mountain Camp Sand River Mananga Country Club Malolotja 23km 40km & Guest House Lomahasha/Namaacha Nature Reserve Maguga Dam Dam Mhlume Border Post Silingane MR2 34km 50km Hills Bhalekane 30km MR24 07h00-20h00 34km Maguga Lodge 19km Ngwenya Madlangamphisi (Also Bass Fishing) Ngwenya/Oshoek Hills Komati River Maphiveni Nkhaba 20km Mnjoli Dam 2 Border Post Hwane Resort Lochiel 07h00 - 24h00 Hwane Dam Hhohho Croydon Njoli Hlane Royal Mlawula- MR5 Nature Ndzindza- Oshoek Reserve National Park Goba Region Mliba Mbuluzi Ngwenya Motshane 35km 23km 16km Nature Reserves MR3 Mbuluzane Mhlumeni/Goba Lushushwana Mbuluzi River Mbabane Luve River 19km Border Post Lundzi/Waverly River MR3 17km 07h00-22h00 Border Post 23km Mpisi D21A Luphohlo Dam 35km 08h00 - 16h00 Ezulwini Ngogolo 4km 15km 27km MR3 Mlilwane Lukhula Mpuluzi MR103 Lobamba 8km Mpaka Siteki MR19 Wildlife Mafutseni River Sanctuary 8km Manzini Hhelehhele Lubombo -
11010329.Pdf
THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments. -
Risk Factors Associated with Sexual Violence Towards Girls in Swaziland
Research Risk factors associated with sexual violence towards girls in Swaziland Matthew J Breiding,a Avid Reza,b Jama Gulaid,c Curtis Blanton,b James A Mercy,a Linda L Dahlberg,a Nonhlanhla Dlaminid & Sapna Bamrahe Objective To explore risk factors for sexual violence in childhood in a nationally representative sample of females aged 13 to 24 years in Swaziland. Methods During a household survey respondents were asked to report any experiences of sexual violence before the age of 18 years. The association between childhood sexual violence and several potential demographic and social risk factors was explored through bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Findings Participants totalled 1244. Compared with respondents who had been close to their biological mothers as children, those who had not been close to her had higher odds of having experienced sexual violence (crude odds ratio, COR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.14–3.14), as did those who had had no relationship with her at all (COR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.34–2.80). In addition, greater odds of childhood sexual violence were noted among respondents who were not attending school at the time of the survey (COR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.70–3.01); who were emotionally abused as children (COR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.50–2.79); and who knew of another child who had been sexually assaulted (COR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.31–2.40) or was having sex with a teacher (COR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.59–2.69). Childhood sexual violence was positively associated with the number of people the respondent had lived with at any one time (COR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.06). -
O C E a N O C E a N C T I C P a C I F I C O C E a N a T L a N T I C O C E a N P a C I F I C N O R T H a T L a N T I C a T L
Nagurskoye Thule (Qanaq) Longyearbyen AR CTIC OCE AN Thule Air Base LAPTEV GR EENLA ND SEA EAST Resolute KARA BAFFIN BAY Dikson SIBERIAN BARENTS SEA SEA SEA Barrow SEA BEAUFORT Tiksi Prudhoe Bay Vardo Vadso Tromso Kirbey Mys Shmidta Tuktoyaktuk Narvik Murmansk Norilsk Ivalo Verkhoyansk Bodo Vorkuta Srednekolymsk Kiruna NORWEGIAN Urengoy Salekhard SEA Alaska Oulu ICELA Anadyr Fairbanks ND Arkhangelsk Pechora Cape Dorset Godthab Tura Kitchan Umea Severodvinsk Reykjavik Trondheim SW EDEN Vaasa Kuopio Yellowknife Alesund Lieksa FINLAND Plesetsk Torshavn R U S S Yakutsk BERING Anchorage Surgut I A NORWAY Podkamennaya Tungusk Whitehorse HUDSON Nurssarssuaq Bergen Turku Khanty-Mansiysk Apuka Helsinki Olekminsk Oslo Leningrad Magadan Yurya Churchill Tallin Stockholm Okhotsk SEA Juneau Kirkwall ESTONIA Perm Labrador Sea Goteborg Yedrovo Kostroma Kirov Verkhnaya Salda Aldan BAY UNITED KINGDOM Aluksne Yaroslavl Nizhniy Tagil Aberdeen Alborg Riga Ivanovo SEA Kalinin Izhevsk Sverdlovsk Itatka Yoshkar Ola Tyumen NORTH LATVIA Teykovo Gladkaya Edinburgh DENMARK Shadrinsk Tomsk Copenhagen Moscow Gorky Kazan OF BALTIC SEA Cheboksary Krasnoyarsk Bratsk Glasgow LITHUANIA Uzhur SEA Esbjerg Malmo Kaunas Smolensk Kaliningrad Kurgan Novosibirsk Kemerovo Belfast Vilnius Chelyabinsk OKHOTSK Kolobrzeg RUSSIA Ulyanovsk Omsk Douglas Tula Ufa C AN Leeds Minsk Kozelsk Ryazan AD A Gdansk Novokuznetsk Manchester Hamburg Tolyatti Magnitogorsk Magdagachi Dublin Groningen Penza Barnaul Shefeld Bremen POLAND Edmonton Liverpool BELARU S Goose Bay NORTH Norwich Assen Berlin -
Swaziland Government Gazette Extraordinary
149 SWAZILAND GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY VOL. XXXIX] MBABANE,Friday, MARCH 9th., 200) [No. 667 a J fo aa é CONTENTS No. Page PART C - LEGAL NOTICES 41. The Maximum Bus and Taxi Fares (Amendment) Regulations, 2001 .......0...0...0 ee Si PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY PART C SI LEGAL NOTICENO. 41 OF 2001 THE ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACT, 1963 ( Act No. 37 of 1963) THE MAXIMUM BUS AND TAXI FARES (AMENDMENT) REGULATIONS,2001 (UnderSection 28) In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 28 of the Road Transportation Act, 1963 the Minister for Public Works and Transport makesthe following Regulations - Citation and commencement These Regulations may be cited as the Maximum Busand Taxi Fares (Amendment) Regulations 2001 and shall comeinto force on the 12" of March, 2001. AmendmentofLegal Notice 131 of1999 The Maximum Bus and Taxi Fares (Amendment) Regulations 1999 are amended by deleting Schedules “A”and “B”to the Regulations and substituting them with the following New Schedules “SCHEDULE A” MAXIMUM BUS FARES The basis for the calculation of maximum fares for the conveyance of passengers by meansof a busshall be as follows:- (a) acharge for any passenger journey up to 8 kilometres ..... 00...eeeeeeeeeee BL20 (b) for ajourney in excess of8 kilometres, a charge per kilometrewill be .................. E0.16 GENERAL DISTANCES KM () Any Journey Distance 1 1.20 Any Journey Distance 2 1.20 Any Journey Distance 3 1.20 Any Journey Distance 4 1.20 Any Journey Distance 5 1.20 Any Jourmey Distance 6 1.20 Any Journey Distance 7 1.20 Any Journey Distance 8 1.20 Any Journey Distance. -
The Case of African Cities
Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Currie, Paul, et al. "Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities." Journal of Environmental Protection 6, 9 (September 2015): 1066-1083 © 2015 Author(s) As Published 10.4236/JEP.2015.69094 Publisher Scientific Research Publishing, Inc, Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124946 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015, 6, 1066-1083 Published Online September 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jep http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2015.69094 Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities Paul Currie1*, Ethan Lay-Sleeper2, John E. Fernández2, Jenny Kim2, Josephine Kaviti Musango3 1School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 2Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA 3School of Public Leadership, and the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES), Stellenbosch, South Africa Email: *[email protected] Received 29 July 2015; accepted 20 September 2015; published 23 September 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Data sourcing challenges in African nations have led many African urban infrastructure develop- ments to be implemented with minimal scientific backing to support their success. -
2000 334000 336000 338000 340000 342000 31°16'0"E 31°17'0"E 31°18'0"E 31°19'0"E 31°20'0"E 31°21'0"E 31°22'0"E 31°23'0"E 31°24'0"E 31°25'0"E
326000 328000 330000 332000 334000 336000 338000 340000 342000 31°16'0"E 31°17'0"E 31°18'0"E 31°19'0"E 31°20'0"E 31°21'0"E 31°22'0"E 31°23'0"E 31°24'0"E 31°25'0"E GLIDE number: TC-2021-000008-MOZ Activation ID: EMSR495 Int. Charter call ID: N/A Product N.: 04MANZINI, v2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 7 7 Manzini - ESWATINI 0 0 7 7 Storm - Situation as of 30/01/2021 S " 0 ' Grading - Overview map 01 7 2 ° 6 2 S " 0 Mpumalanga ' Maputo 7 2 ° 6 2 Maputo^ Mozambique Channel Baia de Hhohho Maputo Mozambique Ekukhanyeni SouthMaputo Africa 03 Mozambique Channel Mbabane Manzini 05 ^ 0 0 (! Eswatini 0 0 04 0 0 2 2 7 7 0 0 Manzini INDIAN 7 7 OCEAN S " Lubombo 0 ' 8 2 ° 6 o 2 ut S p " a 0 ' M 8 2 ° 6 Ludzeludze 2 20 Shiselweni Kwazulu-Natal km Cartographic Information 1:25000 Full color A1, 200 dpi resolution 0 0.5 1 2 km 0 0 0 0 Grid: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 36S map coordinate system 0 0 0 0 7 7 Tick marks: WGS 84 geographical coordinate system S 0 0 " 7 7 0 ± ' 9 2 ° 6 2 S " 0 ' 9 2 ° Legend 6 2 Crisis Information Transportation Grading Facilities Grading Hydrography Road, Damaged Dam, Damaged River Blocked road / interruption Road, Possibly damaged General Information Stream Flooded Area Area of Interest (30/01/2021 07:55 UTC) Railway, Damaged Lake Detail map Flood trace Highway, No visible damage Manzini North Not Analysed Built Up Grading Primary Road, No visible damage Manzini Destroyed Administrative boundaries Secondary Road, No visible damage Possibly damaged Province Local Road, No visible damage Placenames Cart Track, No visible damage ! Placename Detail 02 Long-distance railway, No visible damage a Airfield runway, No visible damage n Land Use - Land Cover a Matsapha ! w Manzini Features available in the vector package h ! s Consequences within the AOI u s Possibly Total Total in u Destroyed Damaged 0 Lobamba 0 damaged* affected** AOI L 0 0 S " 0 0 ha 13.8 0 Flooded area ' 8 8 0 3 6 Lomdzala 6 ha 44.1 ° Flood trace 0 0 6 2 7 7 S Estimated population 573 177,811 " 0 ' 0 Built-up No. -
International Default Location Field the Country Column Displays The
Country Descr Country Descr AUS CAIRNS BEL KLEINE BROGEL AUS CANBERRA BEL LIEGE AUS DARWIN, NORTHERN BEL MONS TERRITOR Belgium BEL SHAPE/CHIEVRES AUS FREMANTLE International Default Location Field BEL ZAVENTEM AUS HOBART Australia BEL [OTHER] AUS MELBOURNE The Country column displays the most BLZ BELIZE CITY AUS PERTH commonly used name in the United States of BLZ BELMOPAN AUS RICHMOND, NSW Belize America for another country. The Description BLZ SAN PEDRO AUS SYDNEY column displays the Default Locations for Travel BLZ [OTHER] AUS WOOMERA AS Authorizations. BEN COTONOU AUS [OTHER] Benin BEN [OTHER] AUT GRAZ Country Descr Bermuda BMU BERMUDA AUT INNSBRUCK AFG KABUL (NON-US FACILITIES, Bhutan BTN BHUTAN AUT LINZ AFG KABUL Austria BOL COCHABAMBA AUT SALZBURG AFG MILITARY BASES IN KABUL BOL LA PAZ AUT VIENNA Afghanistan AFG MILITARY BASES NOT IN BOL SANTA CRUZ KABU AUT [OTHER] Bolivia BOL SUCRE AFG [OTHER] (NON-US FACILITIES AZE BAKU Azerbaijan BOL TARIJA AFG [OTHER] AZE [OTHER] BOL [OTHER] ALB TIRANA BHS ANDROS ISLAND (AUTEC & Albania OPB BIH MIL BASES IN SARAJEVO ALB [OTHER] BHS ANDROS ISLAND Bosnia and BIH MIL BASES NOT IN SARAJEVO DZA ALGIERS Herzegovina Algeria BHS ELEUTHERA ISLAND BIH SARAJEVO DZA [OTHER] BHS GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND BIH [OTHER] American Samoa ASM AMERICAN SAMOA BHS GREAT EXUMA ISL - OPBAT BWA FRANCISTOWN Andorra AND ANDORRA Bahamas SI BWA GABORONE AGO LUANDA BHS GREAT INAGUA ISL - OPBAT Angola Botswana BWA KASANE AGO [OTHER] S BWA SELEBI PHIKWE ATA ANTARCTICA REGION POSTS BHS NASSAU BWA [OTHER] Antarctica ATA MCMURDO STATION -
Supplemental Infomation Supplemental Information 119 U.S
118 Supplemental Infomation Supplemental Information 119 U.S. Department of State Locations Embassy Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire Dushanbe, Tajikistan Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Freetown, Sierra Leone Accra, Ghana Gaborone, Botswana Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Georgetown, Guyana Algiers, Algeria Guatemala City, Guatemala Almaty, Kazakhstan Hanoi, Vietnam Amman, Jordan Harare, Zimbabwe Ankara, Turkey Helsinki, Finland Antananarivo, Madagascar Islamabad, Pakistan Apia, Samoa Jakarta, Indonesia Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Kampala, Uganda Asmara, Eritrea Kathmandu, Nepal Asuncion, Paraguay Khartoum, Sudan Athens, Greece Kiev, Ukraine Baku, Azerbaijan Kigali, Rwanda Bamako, Mali Kingston, Jamaica Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Bangkok, Thailand of the Congo (formerly Zaire) Bangui, Central African Republic Kolonia, Micronesia Banjul, The Gambia Koror, Palau Beijing, China Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Beirut, Lebanon Kuwait, Kuwait Belgrade, Serbia-Montenegro La Paz, Bolivia Belize City, Belize Lagos, Nigeria Berlin, Germany Libreville, Gabon Bern, Switzerland Lilongwe, Malawi Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Lima, Peru Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Lisbon, Portugal Bogota, Colombia Ljubljana, Slovenia Brasilia, Brazil Lomé, Togo Bratislava, Slovak Republic London, England, U.K. Brazzaville, Congo Luanda, Angola Bridgetown, Barbados Lusaka, Zambia Brussels, Belgium Luxembourg, Luxembourg Bucharest, Romania Madrid, Spain Budapest, Hungary Majuro, Marshall Islands Buenos Aires, Argentina Managua, Nicaragua Bujumbura, Burundi Manama, Bahrain Cairo, Egypt Manila, -
SADC: Across National Borders (From: Akzente, the GIZ Magazin, 04/2013)
ACROSS NATIONAL BORDERS Elephants are just one of the problems making life difficult for people in the Kavango Zambezi region. In an effort to identify transboundary solutions, 15 African countries formed the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Text Philipp Hedemann PHOTO: GUY STUBBS PHOTO: 38 akzente 04/2013 COMMITMENT > SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY Kinshasa, Dem. Rep. Congo Dodoma, Luanda, Tanzania Victoria, Angola Seychelles Lusaka, Zambia Lilongwe, Malawi Antananarivo, Madagascar Harare, Zimbabwe Port Louis, Windhoek, Mauritius Namibia Gaborone, Botswana Maputo, Mozambique Pretoria, South Africa Lobamba, Swaziland Maseru, Lesotho Towards balanced economic development The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has been in existence since 1980, when it was formed as an alliance of countries known as the Southern African Develop- ment Coordination Conference (SADCC). Its transformation into the present-day SADC took place in 1992. The member states are Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The regional organisation strives for politically stable, socially equitable and sustainable economic development in order to alleviate poverty in the region. Members have signed 27 protocols, in which governments commit to step up and strengthen their cooperation and promote good governance, peace and security. In 2008, 12 of the member states es- tablished an SADC free trade area. The principal executive institution is the SADC Secre- tariat, which is responsible for strategic planning and coordination of joint SADC pro- grammes. It organises and manages SADC meetings, including the Summits of Heads of Foraging elephants can cause State or Government and the meetings of the Council of Ministers.