REINO DE SUAZILANDIA Capital: Mbabane (Capital Administrativa); Lobamba (Capital Legislativa Y Monárquica)

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REINO DE SUAZILANDIA Capital: Mbabane (Capital Administrativa); Lobamba (Capital Legislativa Y Monárquica) REINO DE SUAZILANDIA Capital: Mbabane (capital administrativa); Lobamba (capital legislativa y monárquica). Superficie: 17.364 km2 Forma de Estado: Monarquía absoluta. Sistema de gobierno: Apartidista. Jefe de Estado: Rey MSWATI III Jefe de Gobierno: PM Barnabas Sibusiso DLAMINI. Población: 1.250.000 habitantes (NU, 2013) Esperanza de vida: H 49,7 años | M 48,5 años Composición étnica: Prácticamente homogéneo. Casi toda la población pertenece a la etnia suazi y a una misma tribu. Idiomas: inglés y suazi. Religión: cristianos de la Iglesia de Zion (40%), católicos (20%), musulmanes (10%); resto, mormones, anglicanos, judíos, metodistas... IDH: 0,530 (bajo) PIB per capita: 6683$ (Banco Mundial, 2013) Suazilandia es un pequeño Estado del sur de África regido desde su independencia en 1968 del Reino Unido por una monarquía absoluta. El por aquel entonces monarca, el Rey Sobhuza II, derogó la constitución vigente en 1973, prohibiendo la existencia de partidos políticos. Esta situación se ha mantenido de jure hasta la actualidad, si bien han surgido varios partidos informales que actúan como oposición al régimen. En 2005 es aprobada una nueva Constitución previendo una cierta separación de poderes, si bien en la práctica se dan numerosas injerencias del poder ejecutivo (que reside en el Rey) en el legislativo. No obstante, el nuevo texto constitucional, si bien no consagró la prohibición sobre los partidos políticos, tampoco la levantó, dejándolos en una situación incierta. En los últimos años, y a pesar de que Suazilandia es, generalmente, pacífica, la tensión política y social ha ido en aumento. Así, en 2007, grupos de opositores trataron de cerrar un paso fronterizo con la vecina Sudáfrica para reivindicar la adopción de reformas democráticas. Las protestas, tanto de la oposición como de la ciudadanía, han crecido en intensidad, siendo su causa principal la falta de democracia y el elevado nivel de corrupción. Por otro lado, las elecciones de 2013 marcaron un hito con la entrada en el parlamento de Jan Sithole, conocido activista sindical y pro-democracia suazi y miembro del Partido Democrático de Suazilandia, si bien como candidato independiente. La economía suazi ha dependido históricamente de los ingresos aduaneros procedentes de la Unión Aduanera del África Austral. Hasta 2010, la mitad de sus ingresos procedían de esta fuente. Sin embargo, un cambio en la forma de hacer el reparto ese mismo año causó una grave crisis fiscal en Suazilandia. La ayuda de los donantes internacionales es vital para la economía suazi. El triángulo de dependencia externa lo completa Sudáfrica, de la cual proviene el 90% de sus importancias y a la que envía tres cuartas partes de sus exportaciones. La agricultura es el sector de mayor importancia en la economía suazi, empleando a la mayoría de la población. El cultivo más importante es el azúcar. La propiedad sobre la tierra es un tema sensible para la sociedad. Existen dos tipos de propiedades: los Tittle Deed Lands, tierras de propiedad privada, mucho más productivas y rentables y, por lo general, en manos de grandes empresas desde principios del siglo XX; y la suazi Nation Land, tierras de titularidad pública, en las que se desarrolla una agricultura de subsistencia de la que vive el 75% de la población. La minería (particularmente, la extracción de carbón y diamantes) y el turismo también tienen cierta relevancia. Finalmente, la corrupción es un gran problema no solo para la sociedad suazi sino, también, para su economía: según datos del propio Ministerio de Finanzas de Suazilandia, la corrupción cuesta al país el 3,5% de su PIB. Todo lo anterior tiene como resultado una de las tasas de crecimiento más bajas de África del Sur, siendo mucho menor que las registradas por sus vecinos y miembros del SACU Botsuana, Mozambique, Namibia, Sudáfrica... El 70% de la población vive bajo el umbral de la pobreza. Además, Suazilandia presenta las mayores tasas mundiales de infección por el VIH: una cuarta parte de la población adulta está infectada por este virus. Suazilandia pertenece a las siguientes Organizaciones Internacionales: ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO. Es parte en Convención contra la Tortura y otros Tratos y Castigos Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, la Convención sobre la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer, la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, sus Protocolos Facultativos y la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad. Acepta la jurisdicción obligatoria del Tribunal Internacional de Justicia. No es parte en el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional. BIBLIOGRAFÍA • BBC Profile of Swaziland. • CIA World Factbook. • Ficha País de Suazilandia del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de España. • Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2014 • Estadísticas: unstats.un.org; Banco Mundial • Kingdom of Swaziland: Country Strategy Paper, 2009-2013, Mid-term review, African Development Bank, 2011. • Reclaiming our lives: HIV and AIDS, women's land and property rights, and livelihoods in southern and eastern Africa: Chapter V, Swaziland Country Profile, Human Sciences Research Council Press, 2006. .
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