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NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN THE AMAZON – INPA Integrated Graduate Program in Tropical Biology and Natural Resources – PBTRN Graduate Program in Tropical Forest Science - CFT WOOD DENSITY AND TREE ALLOMETRY IN FORESTS OF BRAZIL’S ‘ARC OF DEFORESTATION’: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMASS AND EMISSION OF CARBON FROM LAND-USE CHANGE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA EULER MELO NOGUEIRA Manaus, Amazonas February 2008. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN THE AMAZON – INPA Integrated Graduate Program in Tropical Biology and Natural Resources – PBTRN Graduate Program in Tropical Forest Science - CFT WOOD DENSITY AND TREE ALLOMETRY IN FORESTS OF BRAZIL’S ‘ARC OF DEFORESTATION’: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMASS AND EMISSION OF CARBON FROM LAND-USE CHANGE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA EULER MELO NOGUEIRA Adviser: Dr. PHILIP MARTIN FEARNSIDE Co-Adviser: Dr. Bruce Walker Nelson Thesis submitted to the PPG- BTRN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor in Tropical Forest Science, area of concentration: Forest Management. Manaus, Amazonas February 2008. ii N778 Nogueira, Euler Melo Wood density and tree allometry in forests of Brazil's “arc of deforestation” implications for biomass and emission of carbon from land-use change in Brazilian Amazonia / Euler Melo Nogueira .--- Manaus : [s.n.], 2008. xviii, 130 f. : il. Tese (Ph.D) --- INPA/UFAM, Manaus, 2008 Adviser: Philip Martin Fearnside Co-Adviser : Bruce Walker Nelson Área of concentration : Forest Management 1. Forest biomass – Amazon (region). 2. Wood. 3. Global warming. I. Título. CDD 19. ed. 634.9285 Synopsis: This study presents estimates of wood density, wood moisture content, allometry, and biomass stock for the southern and southwestern portions of the ‘arc of deforestation', and adjusts the estimates of biomass and of carbon emission for Brazilian Amazonia. Keywords: Global Warming, Biomass, Wood density, Allometry, Arc of deforestation, Amazonian. iii Dedication To the Lord God, creator of heaven and earth, to my parents José Anísio Nogueira and Lindaura Martins Melo Nogueira, and to my siblings: Georgheton and family, Liliane, Dayana and Maria Adonay. iv Acknowledgments To the Lord God, creator of Heaven and Earth: ‘Those who know your name will trust in You, for You, oh Lord, have never forsaken those who seek You’ (Psalms 9:10, Holy Bible, New International Version-NVI). To the National Institute of Research in the Amazon (INPA) for the educational opportunity, To the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Amazonas (FAPEAM) for a scholarship, I thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq, I am especially thankful to Dr. Philip Martin Fearnside for the orientation, constant support and friendship, I thank Dr. Bruce Walker Nelson, for the friendship, suggestions and revision of the manuscripts, It would also like my express my gratitude to Dr. José Francisco, coordinator of the graduate program in Tropical Forest Science (CFT-INPA), for the constant encouragement, attention and friendship, I thank Dr. João B. Ferraz for making a vehicle available for fieldwork, I thank all of the employees of Fazenda São Nicolau (ONF-Brasil/PEUGEOT) for making available a collection area, accommodation and food from the ‘Carbon Well’ Project. I am thankful to Vespaziano, Paulo and Valéria for logistical support, I thank Rohden Indústria Lígnea Ltda for making an area of forest available and for field support; I thank Vicente DaRiva and Imbrózio for the access to their lands, I am very thankful to the Knidel family and to Cecílio and family for accommodation in Juruena, and to Alzelindo Chave Vieira (Pé-na-cova), Leandro José, Joel Rodrigues do v Carmo, José Carlos de Lima for work in the field. I also thank Evandro Selva and Gheorges W. Rotta for laboratory support, I thank all of the members of the Presbyterian Church of Juruena for their friendship and communion, as well as the members of the Baptist Church of Alta Floresta, To the teachers and class friends in the CFT-INPA program, To the employees of INPA who directly or indirectly made this study possible, To my housemates, my gratitude for their friendship and companionship: to Allan, André, Geraldo, Luciano, Márcio and Ronaldo; and especially to the friend-brother Ulysses and his wife Kelly. I thank my most recent friends in the residence of SEBRAM. José, Max and Linelma, and Pr. Idenildo and family, I am very thankful to members of the Cachoeirinha Baptist Church, my family in Manaus. I especially thank the youths, who are actors in eternal memories, To the friends and teachers in the EBD course in SEBRAM vi “... because the Lord was with Joseph” Genesis 39:23 vii RESUMO Incertezas nas estimativas de biomassa são a principal causa de incertezas nas estimativas de emissão de gases de efeito estufa na Amazônia. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo reduzem as incertezas nas estimativas de biomassa acima do solo, particularmente no sul e sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira (SSWA), regiões inseridas no ‘arco do desmatamento’. No Capítulo I novos dados de densidade de madeira obtidos nas florestas da região SSWA (403 árvores identificadas em nível de espécie e gênero) foram combinados com os inventários de volume de madeira produzidos pelo Projeto RadamBrasil (1973-1983). A área de cada unidade de vegetação, definidas pela intersecção entre tipos de florestas mapeados e divisão geopolítica dos estados, foi utilizada para obter a densidade de madeira média (0,583 g cm-3) para toda a região SSWA. Esta média é 13,6% menor do que o valor utilizado para esta região em estimativas prévias. A média de 0,642 g cm-3 foi obtida para a Amazônia brasileira como um todo, a partir das novas estimativas para as florestas da porção SSWA juntamente com estimativas para as outras regiões da Amazônia, corrigidas para a variação radial (-5,3%). A nova média de densidade é 7% menor que a média anteriormente estimada para a Amazônia brasileira: 0,69 g cm-3. O impacto sobre as estimativas de biomassa e emissão de carbono é substancial porque a redução é maior em tipos de floresta sob maior desmatamento. Para 1990, com 13,8 × 103 km2 de desmatamento, as emissões para a Amazônia brasileira seriam 6 reduzidas por 23,4-24,4 × 10 Mg CO2-equivalente C/ano (para cenários de gás-traço alto e baixo), ou 9,4-9,5% da emissão grossa e 10,7% da emissão líquida comprometida, ambas excluindo o solo. No Capítulo II foram avaliadas relações lineares que descrevem a variação radial da densidade para árvores em floresta densa na Amazônia central (CA) e desenvolvidas novas relações para árvores em floresta aberta no sul da Amazônia (SA). A relação linear descrita na CA para a variação da densidade ao longo do fuste é similar para árvores no SA (p = 0,144). Também é demonstrado que as árvores no sul da Amazônia possuem conteúdo de umidade no fuste significativamente maior (0,416 ± 0,068 SD; n = 223) do que em árvores na CA (0,38; n = 50). O conteúdo de umidade tem uma forte relação inversa com a densidade básica da madeira, o que explica o menor conteúdo de umidade nas árvores na CA comparado ao SA. No Capítulo III é demonstrado que na CA as árvores são mais altas para um dado diâmetro que em florestas abertas dominadas por bambu e densas livres de bambu, no sudoeste da Amazônia (SW), bem como em florestas abertas no sul da Amazônia (SA). O impacto sobre as estimativas de biomassa foram respectivamente -11,0%, -6,2% e -3,6%. Isto sugere que a estimativa da Comunicação Nacional Brasileira no âmbito da Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas para Mudanças Climáticas requer redução. As relações observadas entre diâmetro e altura foram inconsistentes com a suposição da teoria de ecologia metabólica e reforça o argumento que o expoente escalar alométrico varia em florestas sobre diferentes substratos ou com diferentes níveis de distúrbios naturais. No Capítulo IV é apresentada nova equação alométrica para estimativa de biomassa desenvolvida a partir de árvores diretamente pesadas no SA e equações para estimativas do volume do fuste na CA e no SA. Estas equações foram utilizadas para aperfeiçoar o modelo de biomassa historicamente aplicado na Amazônia, que se baseia em inventários de volume de madeira em larga-escala. Nova estimativa de biomassa foi produzida para a Amazônia brasileira incorporando novos valores de densidade de madeira, correções para incertezas em estimativa de volume de madeira e fatores utilizados para adicionar o volume dos fustes de pequenas árvores e biomassa das copas. Considerando todos os ajustes, o mapa indica estoque de 125,4 Pg (=1015 g) de biomassa seca (acima e abaixo do solo) para áreas originalmente florestadas na Amazônia Legal Brazileira (104,2 Pg somente acima do solo) no período dos inventários do RadamBrasil, portanto antes que intensivos desmatamentos tivessem ocorrido na região. Se as áreas desmatadas até 2006 forem eliminadas do cálculo, excluindo agricultura, pastagens e vegetação de floresta secundária, a estimativa de biomassa seca estocada é reduzida para 113,3 e 94,2 Pg (acima e abaixo do solo, e somente acima do solo). viii SUMMARY Uncertainties in biomass estimates are the main source of uncertainty in estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions in Amazonia. The results presented in this study reduce the uncertainties in estimates of above-ground biomass, particularly in the southern and southwestern portions of the Brazilian Amazon (SSWA), which are in the ‘arc of deforestation.’ In Chapter I new data on wood density obtained in the forests of the SSWA area (403 trees identified to species or genus) are combined with the inventories of wood volume produced by Projeto RadamBrasil (1973-1983). The area of each vegetation unit, defined as the intersection among forest types and the boundaries of the nine states in Brazilian Amazonia, was used to calculate a mean wood density of 0.583 g.cm-3 for the SSWA as a whole.
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    American Journal of Botany 91(11): 1846±1862. 2004. A PHYLOGENY OF LEGUMES (LEGUMINOSAE) BASED ON ANALYSIS OF THE PLASTID MATK GENE RESOLVES MANY WELL-SUPPORTED SUBCLADES WITHIN THE FAMILY1 MARTIN F. W OJCIECHOWSKI,2,5 MATT LAVIN,3 AND MICHAEL J. SANDERSON4 2School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501 USA; 3Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA; and 4Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA Phylogenetic analysis of 330 plastid matK gene sequences, representing 235 genera from 37 of 39 tribes, and four outgroup taxa from eurosids I supports many well-resolved subclades within the Leguminosae. These results are generally consistent with those derived from other plastid sequence data (rbcL and trnL), but show greater resolution and clade support overall. In particular, the monophyly of subfamily Papilionoideae and at least seven major subclades are well-supported by bootstrap and Bayesian credibility values. These subclades are informally recognized as the Cladrastis clade, genistoid sensu lato, dalbergioid sensu lato, mirbelioid, millettioid, and robinioid clades, and the inverted-repeat-lacking clade (IRLC). The genistoid clade is expanded to include genera such as Poecilanthe, Cyclolobium, Bowdichia, and Diplotropis and thus contains the vast majority of papilionoids known to produce quinolizidine alkaloids. The dalbergioid clade is expanded to include the tribe Amorpheae. The mirbelioids include the tribes Bossiaeeae and Mirbelieae, with Hypocalypteae as its sister group. The millettioids comprise two major subclades that roughly correspond to the tribes Millettieae and Phaseoleae and represent the only major papilionoid clade marked by a macromorphological apomorphy, pseu- doracemose in¯orescences.
  • Anatomical Structure of Barks in Neotropical Genera of Annonaceae

    Anatomical Structure of Barks in Neotropical Genera of Annonaceae

    Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 79–132 ISSN 0003-3847 Helsinki 28 March 2007 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2007 Anatomical structure of barks in Neotropical genera of Annonaceae Leo Junikka1 & Jifke Koek-Noorman2 1) Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland (present address: Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 44, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland) (e-mail: [email protected]) 2) National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 80102, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 1 Oct. 2004, revised version received 23 Aug. 2006, accepted 21 Jan. 2005 Junikka, L. & Koek-Noorman, J. 2007: Anatomical structure of barks in Neotropical genera of Annonaceae. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 44 (Supplement A): 79–132. The bark anatomy of 32 Neotropical genera of Annonaceae was studied. A family description based on Neotropical genera and a discussion of individual bark compo- nents are presented. Selected character states at the family and genus levels are sur- veyed for identification purposes. This is followed by a discussion on the taxonomical and phylogenetic relevance of bark characters according to a phylogram in preparation based on molecular characters. Although the value of many bark anatomical characters turned out to be insignificant in systematic studies of the family, some features lend support to recent phylogenetic results based on morphological and molecular data sets. The taxonomically most informative features of the bark anatomy are sclerification of phellem cells, shape of fibre groups and occurrence of crystals in bark components. Key words: anatomy, Annonaceae, bark, periderm, phloem, phylogeny, rhytidome, taxonomy Introduction collections and the development of some novel methods a multidisciplinary programme on Anno- Woody members of the Annonaceae are one of naceae was embarked on in 1983 at the Univer- the most species-rich components in the tropi- sity of Utrecht.