DOCSLIB.ORG

Wood Density and Tree Allometry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wood Density and Tree Allometry NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN THE AMAZON – INPA Integrated Graduate Program in Tropical Biology and Natural Resources – PBTRN Graduate Program in Tropical Forest Science - CFT WOOD DENSITY AND TREE ALLOMETRY IN FORESTS OF BRAZIL’S ‘ARC OF DEFORESTATION’: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMASS AND EMISSION OF CARBON FROM LAND-USE CHANGE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA EULER MELO NOGUEIRA Manaus, Amazonas February 2008. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN THE AMAZON – INPA Integrated Graduate Program in Tropical Biology and Natural Resources – PBTRN Graduate Program in Tropical Forest Science - CFT WOOD DENSITY AND TREE ALLOMETRY IN FORESTS OF BRAZIL’S ‘ARC OF DEFORESTATION’: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMASS AND EMISSION OF CARBON FROM LAND-USE CHANGE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA EULER MELO NOGUEIRA Adviser: Dr. PHILIP MARTIN FEARNSIDE Co-Adviser: Dr. Bruce Walker Nelson Thesis submitted to the PPG- BTRN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor in Tropical Forest Science, area of concentration: Forest Management. Manaus, Amazonas February 2008. ii N778 Nogueira, Euler Melo Wood density and tree allometry in forests of Brazil's “arc of deforestation” implications for biomass and emission of carbon from land-use change in Brazilian Amazonia / Euler Melo Nogueira .--- Manaus : [s.n.], 2008. xviii, 130 f. : il. Tese (Ph.D) --- INPA/UFAM, Manaus, 2008 Adviser: Philip Martin Fearnside Co-Adviser : Bruce Walker Nelson Área of concentration : Forest Management 1. Forest biomass – Amazon (region). 2. Wood. 3. Global warming. I. Título. CDD 19. ed. 634.9285 Synopsis: This study presents estimates of wood density, wood moisture content, allometry, and biomass stock for the southern and southwestern portions of the ‘arc of deforestation', and adjusts the estimates of biomass and of carbon emission for Brazilian Amazonia. Keywords: Global Warming, Biomass, Wood density, Allometry, Arc of deforestation, Amazonian. iii Dedication To the Lord God, creator of heaven and earth, to my parents José Anísio Nogueira and Lindaura Martins Melo Nogueira, and to my siblings: Georgheton and family, Liliane, Dayana and Maria Adonay. iv Acknowledgments To the Lord God, creator of Heaven and Earth: ‘Those who know your name will trust in You, for You, oh Lord, have never forsaken those who seek You’ (Psalms 9:10, Holy Bible, New International Version-NVI). To the National Institute of Research in the Amazon (INPA) for the educational opportunity, To the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Amazonas (FAPEAM) for a scholarship, I thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq, I am especially thankful to Dr. Philip Martin Fearnside for the orientation, constant support and friendship, I thank Dr. Bruce Walker Nelson, for the friendship, suggestions and revision of the manuscripts, It would also like my express my gratitude to Dr. José Francisco, coordinator of the graduate program in Tropical Forest Science (CFT-INPA), for the constant encouragement, attention and friendship, I thank Dr. João B. Ferraz for making a vehicle available for fieldwork, I thank all of the employees of Fazenda São Nicolau (ONF-Brasil/PEUGEOT) for making available a collection area, accommodation and food from the ‘Carbon Well’ Project. I am thankful to Vespaziano, Paulo and Valéria for logistical support, I thank Rohden Indústria Lígnea Ltda for making an area of forest available and for field support; I thank Vicente DaRiva and Imbrózio for the access to their lands, I am very thankful to the Knidel family and to Cecílio and family for accommodation in Juruena, and to Alzelindo Chave Vieira (Pé-na-cova), Leandro José, Joel Rodrigues do v Carmo, José Carlos de Lima for work in the field. I also thank Evandro Selva and Gheorges W. Rotta for laboratory support, I thank all of the members of the Presbyterian Church of Juruena for their friendship and communion, as well as the members of the Baptist Church of Alta Floresta, To the teachers and class friends in the CFT-INPA program, To the employees of INPA who directly or indirectly made this study possible, To my housemates, my gratitude for their friendship and companionship: to Allan, André, Geraldo, Luciano, Márcio and Ronaldo; and especially to the friend-brother Ulysses and his wife Kelly. I thank my most recent friends in the residence of SEBRAM. José, Max and Linelma, and Pr. Idenildo and family, I am very thankful to members of the Cachoeirinha Baptist Church, my family in Manaus. I especially thank the youths, who are actors in eternal memories, To the friends and teachers in the EBD course in SEBRAM vi “... because the Lord was with Joseph” Genesis 39:23 vii RESUMO Incertezas nas estimativas de biomassa são a principal causa de incertezas nas estimativas de emissão de gases de efeito estufa na Amazônia. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo reduzem as incertezas nas estimativas de biomassa acima do solo, particularmente no sul e sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira (SSWA), regiões inseridas no ‘arco do desmatamento’. No Capítulo I novos dados de densidade de madeira obtidos nas florestas da região SSWA (403 árvores identificadas em nível de espécie e gênero) foram combinados com os inventários de volume de madeira produzidos pelo Projeto RadamBrasil (1973-1983). A área de cada unidade de vegetação, definidas pela intersecção entre tipos de florestas mapeados e divisão geopolítica dos estados, foi utilizada para obter a densidade de madeira média (0,583 g cm-3) para toda a região SSWA. Esta média é 13,6% menor do que o valor utilizado para esta região em estimativas prévias. A média de 0,642 g cm-3 foi obtida para a Amazônia brasileira como um todo, a partir das novas estimativas para as florestas da porção SSWA juntamente com estimativas para as outras regiões da Amazônia, corrigidas para a variação radial (-5,3%). A nova média de densidade é 7% menor que a média anteriormente estimada para a Amazônia brasileira: 0,69 g cm-3. O impacto sobre as estimativas de biomassa e emissão de carbono é substancial porque a redução é maior em tipos de floresta sob maior desmatamento. Para 1990, com 13,8 × 103 km2 de desmatamento, as emissões para a Amazônia brasileira seriam 6 reduzidas por 23,4-24,4 × 10 Mg CO2-equivalente C/ano (para cenários de gás-traço alto e baixo), ou 9,4-9,5% da emissão grossa e 10,7% da emissão líquida comprometida, ambas excluindo o solo. No Capítulo II foram avaliadas relações lineares que descrevem a variação radial da densidade para árvores em floresta densa na Amazônia central (CA) e desenvolvidas novas relações para árvores em floresta aberta no sul da Amazônia (SA). A relação linear descrita na CA para a variação da densidade ao longo do fuste é similar para árvores no SA (p = 0,144). Também é demonstrado que as árvores no sul da Amazônia possuem conteúdo de umidade no fuste significativamente maior (0,416 ± 0,068 SD; n = 223) do que em árvores na CA (0,38; n = 50). O conteúdo de umidade tem uma forte relação inversa com a densidade básica da madeira, o que explica o menor conteúdo de umidade nas árvores na CA comparado ao SA. No Capítulo III é demonstrado que na CA as árvores são mais altas para um dado diâmetro que em florestas abertas dominadas por bambu e densas livres de bambu, no sudoeste da Amazônia (SW), bem como em florestas abertas no sul da Amazônia (SA). O impacto sobre as estimativas de biomassa foram respectivamente -11,0%, -6,2% e -3,6%. Isto sugere que a estimativa da Comunicação Nacional Brasileira no âmbito da Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas para Mudanças Climáticas requer redução. As relações observadas entre diâmetro e altura foram inconsistentes com a suposição da teoria de ecologia metabólica e reforça o argumento que o expoente escalar alométrico varia em florestas sobre diferentes substratos ou com diferentes níveis de distúrbios naturais. No Capítulo IV é apresentada nova equação alométrica para estimativa de biomassa desenvolvida a partir de árvores diretamente pesadas no SA e equações para estimativas do volume do fuste na CA e no SA. Estas equações foram utilizadas para aperfeiçoar o modelo de biomassa historicamente aplicado na Amazônia, que se baseia em inventários de volume de madeira em larga-escala. Nova estimativa de biomassa foi produzida para a Amazônia brasileira incorporando novos valores de densidade de madeira, correções para incertezas em estimativa de volume de madeira e fatores utilizados para adicionar o volume dos fustes de pequenas árvores e biomassa das copas. Considerando todos os ajustes, o mapa indica estoque de 125,4 Pg (=1015 g) de biomassa seca (acima e abaixo do solo) para áreas originalmente florestadas na Amazônia Legal Brazileira (104,2 Pg somente acima do solo) no período dos inventários do RadamBrasil, portanto antes que intensivos desmatamentos tivessem ocorrido na região. Se as áreas desmatadas até 2006 forem eliminadas do cálculo, excluindo agricultura, pastagens e vegetação de floresta secundária, a estimativa de biomassa seca estocada é reduzida para 113,3 e 94,2 Pg (acima e abaixo do solo, e somente acima do solo). viii SUMMARY Uncertainties in biomass estimates are the main source of uncertainty in estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions in Amazonia. The results presented in this study reduce the uncertainties in estimates of above-ground biomass, particularly in the southern and southwestern portions of the Brazilian Amazon (SSWA), which are in the ‘arc of deforestation.’ In Chapter I new data on wood density obtained in the forests of the SSWA area (403 trees identified to species or genus) are combined with the inventories of wood volume produced by Projeto RadamBrasil (1973-1983). The area of each vegetation unit, defined as the intersection among forest types and the boundaries of the nine states in Brazilian Amazonia, was used to calculate a mean wood density of 0.583 g.cm-3 for the SSWA as a whole.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lyonia 7(1) 2004 - Conservation of Biological and Cultural Diversity in the Andes and the Amazon Basin - Flora and Vegetation
    Lyonia 7(1) 2004 - Conservation of Biological and Cultural Diversity in the Andes and the Amazon Basin - Flora and Vegetation Volume 7(1) December 2004 ISSN: 0888-9619 odd-right: 2 Introduction Scientists widely agree that species extinction has heavily accelerated in the last decades. The majority of the worlds species are found in tropical forests, covering a mere ten percent of the planets surface. A grave problem for the conservation of diversity is the still very fragmentary knowledge of the ecology of most species. The Andes and the Amazon Basin represent one of the most important Biodiversity-Hotspots on Earth. Attempts of sustainable management and conservation must integrate local communities and their traditional knowledge. Management decisions need to include the high importance of natural resources in providing building materials, food and medicines for rural as well as urbanized communities. The traditional use of forest resources, particularly of non-timber products like medicinal plants, has deep roots not only in indigenous communities, but is practiced in a wide section of society. The use of medicinal herbs is often an economically inevitable alternative to expensive western medicine. The base knowledge of this traditional use is passed from one generation to the next. Especially the medical use represents a highly dynamic, always evolving process, where new knowledge is constantly being obtained, and linked to traditional practices. An increased emphasis is being placed en possible economic benefits especially of the medicinal use of tropical forest products instead of pure timber harvesting, an approach particularly appealing to countries with difficult economic conditions. Most research efforts, due to lack of manpower, time end resources, focus only on either biodiversity assessments or ethnobotanical inventories, or try to implement management and use measures without having a sound scientific base to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORTS ARE PUBLISHED BY: Betty Moore Foundation./This Publication Has Been Funded in Part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
    biological rapid inventories 12 Perú: Ampiyacu, Apayacu, Yaguas, Medio Putumayo Nigel Pitman, Richard Chase Smith, Corine Vriesendorp, Debra Moskovits, Renzo Piana, Guillermo Knell y/and Tyana Wachter, editores/editors ABRIL/APRIL 2004 Instituciones y Comunidades Participantes/ Participating Institutions and Communities The Field Museum Comunidades Nativas de los ríos Ampiyacu, Apayacu y Medio Putumayo/Indigenous Communities of the Ampiyacu, Apayacu and Medio Putumayo rivers FECONA FECONAFROPU Instituto del Bien Común Servicio Holandés de Cooperación al Desarrollo/ SNV Netherlands Development Organization Centro de Conservación, Investigación y Manejo de Áreas Naturales (CIMA-Cordillera Azul) Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos LOS INVENTARIOS BIOLÓGICOS RÁPIDOS SON PUBLICADOS POR / Esta publicación ha sido financiada en parte por Gordon and RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORTS ARE PUBLISHED BY: Betty Moore Foundation./This publication has been funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. THE FIELD MUSEUM Environmental and Conservation Programs Cita Sugerida/Suggested Citation: Pitman, N., R. C. Smith, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive C. Vriesendorp, D. Moskovits, R. Piana, G. Knell & T. Wachter Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 USA (eds.). 2004. Perú: Ampiyacu, Apayacu, Yaguas, Medio Putumayo. T 312.665.7430, F 312.665.7433 Rapid Biological Inventories Report 12. Chicago, Illinois: www.fieldmuseum.org The Field Museum. Créditos Fotográficos/Photography credits: Editores/Editors: Nigel Pitman, Richard Chase Smith, Corine Vriesendorp, Debra Moskovits, Renzo Piana, Carátula/Cover: Un padre Bora con sus hijos atienden un taller en Guillermo Knell, Tyana Wachter Boras de Brillo Nuevo. Foto de Alvaro del Campo./A Bora father and his children attend a workshop in Boras de Brillo Nuevo.
    [Show full text]
  • Frutos Y Semillas De Annonaceae Más Comunes Del Perú 1
    Guía Práctica Frutos y semillas de Annonaceae más comunes del Perú 1 Edward Jimmy Alarcón Mozombite1 1 Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP) Fotos de Edward Jimmy Alarcón Mozombite (JA). Producido por: Edward Jimmy Alarcón Mozombite © Edward Jimmy Alarcón Mozombite [[email protected]] [fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org] [1083] versión 1 10/2018 Introducción La familia Annonaceae está muy bien representada en el Perú, especialmente en la Amazonía peruana, con especies silvestres y cultivadas. En el Perú existen alrededor de 238 especies de Annonaceae (Vásquez & Rojas, 2016), de las cuales 217 especies más 1 variedad son considerados árboles hasta el momento (Vásquez et al., 2018), pero este número irá ascendiendo por el descubrimiento de nuevas especies. Esta familia es ampliamente aprovechada por sus frutos, corteza, fuste y fácilmente reconocida por los “materos” y población que tiene cercanía a los bosques. Una forma de estudiar a esta familia es a través de la revisión de muestras depositadas en Herbarios, donde se registra datos de fenología, distribución, hábitat, usos y nombres vernaculares. Los frutos y semillas son estructuras que presentan ventajas que, al encontrarse secas, se hacen evidentes los surcos, formas, matices, fibras y porosidades que les permite diferenciarse entre especies. El presente trabajo aborda 91 especies, 2 variedades y 2 especímenes identificados a nivel de género para el Perú y 1 especie de Brasil, que equivale a casi el 40% de las especies de Annonaceas en el Perú, es una guía de reconocimiento por medio de las descripciones y fotografías que hacen más fácil su uso para el público en general y profesionales dedicados a la botánica, ciencias forestales, silvicultura, así como para la enseñanza e identificación en campo.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
    ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P.
    [Show full text]
  • Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988
    - Annals v,is(i- of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988 # Volume 75 Number 1 Volume 75, Number ' Spring 1988 The Annals, published quarterly, contains papers, primarily in systematic botany, con- tributed from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Papers originating outside the Garden will also be accepted. Authors should write the Editor for information concerning arrangements for publishing in the ANNALS. Instructions to Authors are printed on the inside back cover of the last issue of each volume. Editorial Committee George K. Rogers Marshall R. Crosby Editor, Missouri B Missouri Botanical Garden Editorial is. \I,,S ouri Botanu •al Garde,, John I). Dwyer Missouri Botanical Garden Saint Louis ( niversity Petei • Goldblatt A/I.S.S ouri Botanic al Garder Henl : van der W< ?rff V//.S.S ouri Botanic tor subscription information contact Department IV A\NM.S OK Tin: Missot m Boi >LM« M G\KDE> Eleven, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166. Sub- (ISSN 0026-6493) is published quarterly by the scription price is $75 per volume U.S., $80 Canada Missouri Botanical Garden, 2345 Tower Grove Av- and Mexico, $90 all other countries. Airmail deliv- enue, St. Louis, MO 63110. Second class postage ery charge, $35 per volume. Four issues per vol- paid at St. Louis, MO and additional mailing offices. POSTMAS'IKK: Send ad«lrt— changes to Department i Botanical Garden 1988 REVISED SYNOPSIS Grady L. Webster2 and Michael J. Huft" OF PANAMANIAN EUPHORBIACEAE1 ABSTRACT species induded in \ • >,H The new taxa ai I. i i " I ! I _- i II • hster, Tragia correi //,-," |1 U !.
    [Show full text]
  • 12. Plantas Y Líquenes Del Parque Nacional Natural De La Serranía De
    PLANTAS Y LÍQUENES DEL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL SERRANÍA DE CHIRIBIQUETE, COLOMBIA Dairon Cárdenas1*1*,, MaríaMaría FernandaFernanda GonzálezGonzález12 ,, NóridaNórida MarínMarín11 y Sonia Sua11,, JulioJulio BetancurBetancur2 RESUMEN principales de formaciones vegetales registrados para la Guayana: bosques, matorrales, praderas o Se presenta el inventario de las plantas y los pastizales y la vegetación pionera sobre roca dura. líquenes del Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de En los afloramientos rocosos predominan especies Chiribiquete (PNNSCh), obtenido a través de como: Abolboda spp., Acanthella sprucei, Bonnetia información de herbarios y exploraciones de campo. sessilis, Calliandra vaupesiana, Clusia spp., Cyrilla Chiribiquete es el área protegida más grande de racemiflora, Decagonocarpus oppositifolius, Drosera Colombia, pertenece a la formación Guayana, esmeraldae, Euphronia hirtelloides, Gongylolepis tiene altitudes entre 200 y 800 metros y representa una gran meseta tectónica fraccionada por erosión martiana, Hevea nitida, Molongum lucidum, hídrica y disectada en numerosas mesas (tepuyes). Navia spp., Ochthocosmus berryi, Monotrema aemu- Se registraron 2,138 especies que corresponden lans, Pachira coriacea, Parahancornia surrogata, al 7.6 % de las encontradas en Colombia y al 66.5 Senefelderopsis chiribiquetensis, Steyerbromelia % de las de la región amazónica. Las familias con garcia-barrigae, Styrax rigidifolius, Tepuianthus más especies fueron: Fabaceae (184), Rubiaceae savannensis, Utricularia spp., Vellozia tubiflora (167)
    [Show full text]
  • PRE-GERMINATION TREATMENTS of PARICÁ (Schizolobium Amazonicum) SEEDS
    1090 Bioscience Journal Original Article PRE-GERMINATION TREATMENTS OF PARICÁ (Schizolobium amazonicum) SEEDS TRATAMENTOS PRÉ-GERMINATIVOS EM SEMENTES DE PARICÁ (Schizolobium amazonicum) Estefânia Martins BARDIVIESSO1; Thiago Barbosa BATISTA1; Flávio Ferreira da Silva BINOTTI2; Edilson COSTA2; Tiago Alexandre da SILVA1; Natália de Brito Lima LANNA1; Ana Carolina Picinini PETRONILIO1 1. Paulista State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – College of Agricultural Science, Department of Crop Science, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. [email protected]; 2. Mato Grosso do Sul State University, Cassilândia, MS, Brazil. ABSTRACT: Paricá seeds have dormancy and, even after mechanical scarification, these seeds show slow and uneven germination. Pre-germination treatments can be used to increase seed germination performance. Thus, the aimed to evaluate the physiological potential and initial growth of paricá seeds after pre-germination treatments, using different substances as plant regulators and nutrients, in addition to mechanical scarification. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2x7 factorial scheme, consisting of the following pre-germination treatments: mechanical scarification (10% and 50% of the seed coat) and seed pre-soaking [control-water, KNO3 0.2%, Ca(NO3)2 0.2%, gibberellin 0.02%, cytokinin 0.02%, and mixture of gibberellin + cytokinin (1:1)] besides a control group without pre-soaking, with four replicates. The study evaluated germination and emergence rates, germination and emergence speed indices, collar diameter, plant height, seedling dry mass, hypocotyl and seedling length, and electrical conductivity. It was observed that pre-soaking the seeds in gibberellin after mechanical scarification at 50% as a pre-germination treatment resulted in seeds with higher vigor expression and greater initial seedling growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Chec List What Survived from the PLANAFLORO Project
    Check List 10(1): 33–45, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution What survived from the PLANAFLORO Project: PECIES S Angiosperms of Rondônia State, Brazil OF 1* 2 ISTS L Samuel1 UniCarleialversity of Konstanz, and Narcísio Department C.of Biology, Bigio M842, PLZ 78457, Konstanz, Germany. [email protected] 2 Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus José Ribeiro Filho, BR 364, Km 9.5, CEP 76801-059. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: The Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project (PLANAFLORO) was a strategic program developed in partnership between the Brazilian Government and The World Bank in 1992, with the purpose of stimulating the sustainable development and protection of the Amazon in the state of Rondônia. More than a decade after the PLANAFORO program concluded, the aim of the present work is to recover and share the information from the long-abandoned plant collections made during the project’s ecological-economic zoning phase. Most of the material analyzed was sterile, but the fertile voucher specimens recovered are listed here. The material examined represents 378 species in 234 genera and 76 families of angiosperms. Some 8 genera, 68 species, 3 subspecies and 1 variety are new records for Rondônia State. It is our intention that this information will stimulate future studies and contribute to a better understanding and more effective conservation of the plant diversity in the southwestern Amazon of Brazil. Introduction The PLANAFLORO Project funded botanical expeditions In early 1990, Brazilian Amazon was facing remarkably in different areas of the state to inventory arboreal plants high rates of forest conversion (Laurance et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf Level Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Biogeosciences, 10, 5855–5873, 2013 Open Access www.biogeosciences.net/10/5855/2013/ Biogeosciences doi:10.5194/bg-10-5855-2013 Biogeosciences Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Leaf level emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from Open Access Open Access some Amazonian and Mediterranean plants Earth System Earth System Dynamics 1,2 1 1,2 2 3 Dynamics4 3 A. Bracho-Nunez , N. M. Knothe, , S. Welter , M. Staudt , W. R. Costa , M. A. R. Liberato , M. T. F. Piedade , and Discussions J. Kesselmeier1 1Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany Open Access Open Access 2Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR5175, 54293 Montpellier, France Geoscientific Geoscientific 3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia,ˆ Av. Andre´ Araujo,´ 2936 Manaus, Brazil Instrumentation Instrumentation 4Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Djalma Batista, Chapada, 69050-010 Manaus, AM,Methods Brazil and Methods and Correspondence to: ([email protected]) Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Received: 17 August 2012 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 1 November 2012 Open Access Geoscientific Revised: 21 July 2013 – Accepted: 26 July 2013 – Published: 6 September 2013 Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • Softening-Up Mannan-Rich Cell Walls
    Softening-up mannan-rich cell walls Maria del Carmen Rodríguez-Gacio , Raquel Iglesias-Fernández , Pilar Carbonero and Ángel J. Matilla Abstract The softening and degradation of the cell wall (CW), often mannan enriched, is involved in several processes during development of higher plants, such as meristematic growth, fruit ripening, programmed cell death, and endosperm rupture upon germination. Mannans are also the predominant hemicellulosic CW polymers in many genera of green algae. The endosperm CWs of dry seeds often contain mannan polymers, sometimes in the form of galactomannans (Gal-mannans). The endo-p-mannanases (MANs) that catalyse the random hydrolysis of the (3-linkage in the mannan backbone are one of the main hydrolytic enzymes involved in the loosening and remodelling of CWs. In germinating seeds, the softening of the endosperm seed CWs facilitates the emergence of the elongating radicle. Hydrolysis and mobilization of endosperm Gal-mannans by MANs also provides a source of nutrients for early seedling growth, since Gal-mannan, besides its structural role, serves as a storage polysaccharide. Therefore, the role of mannans and of their hydrolytic enzymes is decisive in the life cycle of seeds. This review updates and discusses the significance of mannans and MANs in seeds and explores the increasing biotechnological potential of MAN enzymes. Introduction Photosynthetic eukaryotes have a carbohydrate-rich cell Structurally, the PCW is made up of proteins and a scaf­ wall (CW), which is a highly complex and dynamic cell folding of cellulose [p(l—>4)-glucan chains organized in compartment that performs various mechanical and bio­ para-crystalline microfibrils] embedded in a matrix of cross- chemical functions and protects the cell from extreme linking hemicellulosic glycans and pectins.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogeny of Legumes (Leguminosae) Based on Analysis of the Plastid Matk Gene Resolves Many Well-Supported Subclades Within the Family1
    American Journal of Botany 91(11): 1846±1862. 2004. A PHYLOGENY OF LEGUMES (LEGUMINOSAE) BASED ON ANALYSIS OF THE PLASTID MATK GENE RESOLVES MANY WELL-SUPPORTED SUBCLADES WITHIN THE FAMILY1 MARTIN F. W OJCIECHOWSKI,2,5 MATT LAVIN,3 AND MICHAEL J. SANDERSON4 2School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501 USA; 3Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA; and 4Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA Phylogenetic analysis of 330 plastid matK gene sequences, representing 235 genera from 37 of 39 tribes, and four outgroup taxa from eurosids I supports many well-resolved subclades within the Leguminosae. These results are generally consistent with those derived from other plastid sequence data (rbcL and trnL), but show greater resolution and clade support overall. In particular, the monophyly of subfamily Papilionoideae and at least seven major subclades are well-supported by bootstrap and Bayesian credibility values. These subclades are informally recognized as the Cladrastis clade, genistoid sensu lato, dalbergioid sensu lato, mirbelioid, millettioid, and robinioid clades, and the inverted-repeat-lacking clade (IRLC). The genistoid clade is expanded to include genera such as Poecilanthe, Cyclolobium, Bowdichia, and Diplotropis and thus contains the vast majority of papilionoids known to produce quinolizidine alkaloids. The dalbergioid clade is expanded to include the tribe Amorpheae. The mirbelioids include the tribes Bossiaeeae and Mirbelieae, with Hypocalypteae as its sister group. The millettioids comprise two major subclades that roughly correspond to the tribes Millettieae and Phaseoleae and represent the only major papilionoid clade marked by a macromorphological apomorphy, pseu- doracemose in¯orescences.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Structure of Barks in Neotropical Genera of Annonaceae
    Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 79–132 ISSN 0003-3847 Helsinki 28 March 2007 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2007 Anatomical structure of barks in Neotropical genera of Annonaceae Leo Junikka1 & Jifke Koek-Noorman2 1) Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland (present address: Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 44, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland) (e-mail: [email protected]) 2) National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 80102, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 1 Oct. 2004, revised version received 23 Aug. 2006, accepted 21 Jan. 2005 Junikka, L. & Koek-Noorman, J. 2007: Anatomical structure of barks in Neotropical genera of Annonaceae. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 44 (Supplement A): 79–132. The bark anatomy of 32 Neotropical genera of Annonaceae was studied. A family description based on Neotropical genera and a discussion of individual bark compo- nents are presented. Selected character states at the family and genus levels are sur- veyed for identification purposes. This is followed by a discussion on the taxonomical and phylogenetic relevance of bark characters according to a phylogram in preparation based on molecular characters. Although the value of many bark anatomical characters turned out to be insignificant in systematic studies of the family, some features lend support to recent phylogenetic results based on morphological and molecular data sets. The taxonomically most informative features of the bark anatomy are sclerification of phellem cells, shape of fibre groups and occurrence of crystals in bark components. Key words: anatomy, Annonaceae, bark, periderm, phloem, phylogeny, rhytidome, taxonomy Introduction collections and the development of some novel methods a multidisciplinary programme on Anno- Woody members of the Annonaceae are one of naceae was embarked on in 1983 at the Univer- the most species-rich components in the tropi- sity of Utrecht.
    [Show full text]