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Bagels, Beaches, & Bombers

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Bagels, Beaches, & Bombers Bagels, Beaches, & Bombers: Florida’s Jewish Community From 1929 – 1945 By Jason Ashley Memmer A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Liberal Arts College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Gary Mormino, Ph.D. Julie Armstrong, Ph.D. Christopher Meindl, Ph.D. Date of Approval: October 28, 2011 Keywords: Depression, Immigrant, World War II, S.S. St. Louis , President Roosevelt Copyright © 2011. Jason Ashley Memmer DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Mark and Sharon, who have supported me throughout the years in every way during both the good and bad times. I could not have accomplished this triumphant goal without your unending love. A son could not ask for two more loving and dedicated role models. I would like to thank my sister, Jacqueline, for always standing by my side, making me laugh, and being my best friend from the moment you were born. My grandfather, Dan Marshlack, for always pushing me further, and teaching me to never settle for less than perfection. All of my aunts, uncles, and cousins, for showing me what a magnificent blessing family is. Dr. Ray Arsenault, Dr. Julie Armstrong, and Dr. Susan Fernandez, for reigniting my passion for history and the past. A special thank you to Dr. Gary Mormino for your words of wisdom, endless devotion to your students, and willingness to always help me reach the next step. I hope one day to be an inspiration to my students, just as you have been to myself and others in the Florida Studies Program. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract …………………………………………………………………….ii Introduction …………………………………………………………………....1 Chapter One: From Depression to Dayenu: Florida’s Jewish Community, 1929-1938…….……………………………………………….7 Chapter Two: Exiled from Eden: Florida, the S.S. St. Louis , & the Final Solution………………………………………………...42 Chapter Three: Torah! Torah! Torah! Pearl Harbor & the Emergence of Florida’s Modern Jewish Community…………..…...………82 Bibliography …..………………………………………………………………122 About the Author……...………………….………………………………End Page i ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to recount the history and discover the beginning of modern Florida’s impressive Jewish community. While it is believed that Jews have lived in the state under Spanish, British, Confederate, and American flags, the Hebrew population did not see rapid expansion until the mid-twentieth century. Therefore, I will seek to examine the various events and people who influenced the massive waves of migrations, and show how World War II is responsible for creating the lasting affinity between Jews and the Sunshine State. This study will also provide insight into today’s population distribution, voting trends, and various other aspects of the growing influence Judaism has on Florida’s affairs. Oral interviews conducted by myself as well as other academics will accompany newspaper articles, journals, and countless other primary sources that will lay the foundation of my research. By looking at government released population statistics and breakdowns, records from the War Board, and histories released by synagogues across the state I will piece together a picture of the foundations of the Jewish community from 1929 through World War II. Drawing on scholarly work that examines Florida’s social history, I will link the stories of these individuals with a broader picture of what trends were taking place across the state. ii It will become clear to the reader that no other event in the state’s history weighed as heavily on America’s Hebrew population as World War II. Undisputable evidence will link the number of servicemen and women training on Florida’s beaches with a generation that sought a new paradise to call home after achieving victory in the Pacific and Europe. Armed with this important data, we will now be able to examine why certain areas such as Boca Raton, Miami Beach, Jacksonville, and Tampa have been chosen as Hebrew havens. We will be able to understand how organizations, communities, and congregations were formed, and why certain districts flourished much earlier than others. This work paves the way for more research on the topic, which has been overlooked for far too long. iii INTRODUCTION Since its inception, America and the promises of democracy and freedom have enticed countless scores of immigrants from every corner of the world to relinquish all of their possessions, rebuild new lives, and embrace the grand ideals of equality and liberty for all. Word of this wondrous experiment assuring life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness resonated as a beacon of hope for the oppressed, enslaved, and persecuted masses across the globe. Men, women, and even children have traversed rugged terrains and brutal oceans, endured hunger and thirst, and died to reach the shores nurtured by the Mother of Exiles. The United States represented the last best hope for a world that no longer seemed to be eternally expanding and quickly welcomed the advantageous remunerations of exploitation and tyranny. While every generation and each individual underwent their own odyssey, they all believed in the notion of American exceptionalism, and longed for their chance to become a proud citizen of the “shining city on a hill.” These sentiments were best described by the eloquent writing of F. Scott Fitzgerald. “Its varnished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsby's house, had once pandered in whispers to the last and greatest of all human dreams; for a transitory enchanted moment man must have held his breath in the presence of this continent, compelled into an aesthetic contemplation he neither understood nor desired, face to face for the last time in history with something commensurate to his capacity for wonder.” 1 An overwhelming majority of those who voyaged to the United States made the journey on their own. The standard model held by most ethnic groups called for the male 1 F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953), 165. 1 to leave his family behind in the Old World and procure a job in the land of plenty. After a few years of saving up money, they sent for other male family members who were capable of working to expedite the process of covering the cost of transporting an entire household. In many cases the next in line included brothers, brother-in-laws, or oldest sons. Women, young children, and the elderly were generally the last to set foot on American soil unless the prospect of marrying your daughter to aid in the process of relocation seemed promising. Families withstood the intense pressures placed upon their members in order to provide children and themselves with the chance to achieve the dreams that beckoned them from the failed practices and despotic regimes they fled. One group in particular deviated from this model throughout history almost exclusively. Jews boarded ships, walked across mountain ranges, and left Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and South America in groups. Beginning as early as 1654, vessels delivered Hebrew immigrants to America’s shores in increasing numbers. The first unit which consisted of twenty-three refugees from Recife, Brazil quickly paved the way for others to join them. Their numbers steadily climbed, until the mid-nineteenth century when mass migrations from Germany began, delivering a liberal, educated population that laid the foundation for the two largest branches of Judaism today, Conservative and Reform. German Jews were followed by an exorbitant amount of Russian, Polish, Galician, and Romanian Jews fleeing the progroms. By 1924, two million Jews had arrived from Eastern Europe. A mounting anti-immigration sentiment in the United States resulted in the adoption of the National Origins Quota of 1924, severely limiting entry from many regions. 2 The circumstances and conditions surrounding their desire to leave their homelands dictated that they undergo the passage as swiftly as possible. Originally it was their expulsion from Europe through measures such as the Spanish Inquisition. These policies were trailed by anti-Jewish uprisings in Russia, confinement to ghettos across the Pale of Settlement, and a horrific lack of access to food and other vital living necessities. Even after the United States implemented numerous closed door policies, Jews sought refuge on America’s shores as the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler rose to power and quickly consumed entire countries. Prior to aiding in the Revolutionary War to assist the colonies in their fight with Great Britain, the New World watched as families of Jews grasped for acceptance since they had nowhere else to turn. The vile clutches of anti-Semitism had already consumed most of the globe, and the rumors of religious acceptance and equality embedded a new found hope to a people who felt they had finally found a new home. Though the history of the American Jewish community certainly does not include universal acceptance, they have encountered far less xenophobia and bigotry and been provided the opportunity to flourish and excel as a part of the unique melting pot that is the United States. Developing unparalleled tight-knit communities in cities such as New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Miami, treasured pieces of culture and law have survived countless attacks over the centuries from local dogmatists, as well as those abroad. Outside of the ubiquitous enclaves, life for these men and women was much more arduous; however it was indisputably better than what they left behind. Services and personnel they previously took for granted were exchanged for tolerance, access to food, and the chance to achieve their own version of the American dream. Forced to make these sacrifices, Hebrews in the Land of the Free faced new obstacles. Maintaining 3 their identities, traditions, and opposing assimilation, while embracing all their newfound liberties. Historians have debated for decades as to when Jews first appeared in the Sunshine State.
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