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AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 5 April 2021 Genus Graphium Scopoli, 1777 Swordtails and Ladys Introductio ad historium naturalem sistens genera lapidum, plantarum et animalium 433 (506 + [34] pp.). Pragae. Type-species: Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1933. Entomologist 66: 199 (196-200).) [Extralimital]. The genus Graphium belongs to the Family Papilionidae Latreille, 1802; Subfamily Papilioninae Latreille, 1802; Tribe Leptocircini Kirby, 1896. Graphium is the only genus of this tribe in the Afrotropical Region. Graphium (Swordtails) is an Old World genus of more than 100 species, 41 of which are found in the Afrotropical Region. Generic review of the Afrotropical taxa by Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001 (Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series 70 (2): 503-719). Members of the genus Graphium are separated from other members of the tribe Leptocircini by three characters: 1) male genitalia with juxta setose; 2) female genitalia with a vestibulum bounded posteriorly by labia; and 3) first instar larvae with paired setose tubercles on thoracic segments and anal segment (Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001). Swordtails (Swordtails and Ladys) are large butterflies and are closely related to the true Swallowtails. Characteristically they possess a long, sword-like tail on each hindwing, for example the Large Striped Swordtail (Graphium antheus). Some species, such as the Angola White-lady Swordtail (G. angolanus) and the Veined Swordtail (G. leonidas), are, however, tailless. Swordtail species are variable in both colour and patterning but the sexes of a particular species are very similar. They are strong and rapid fliers, usually keeping from one to three metres above the ground. They are not often seen feeding from flowers but the males of some species occasionally congregate in large numbers on damp sand or on mud. They rarely engage in hilltopping behaviour (an exception is the Small White Lady (G. morania). Whereas the Swallowtails utilize plants belonging mainly to the Citrus family (Rutaceae) as larval foodplants, the Swordtails appear to breed mainly on members of the Custard-apple family (Annonaceae) (Williams, 1994). Relevant literature: Libert, 2007b [Notes]. Hancock, 2006 [Notes]. Makita et al., 2003 [Molecular phylogeny]. Smith & Vanbe-Wright, 2001 [Review of Afrotropical taxa]. Subgenus Arisbe Hübner, [1819] In Hübner, [1816-[1826]]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 89 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio leonidas Fabricius, by action of the I.C.Z.N. (Opinion 823, 1967. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 24: 218 (218-219).). [Arisbe placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology;Opinion 678, 1963. (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 20: 339-342.).] 1 = Zelima Fabricius, 1807. In: Illiger, K., Magazin für Insektenkunde 6: 279 (277-289). Type-species: Papilio pylades Fabricius, by original designation. [Placed on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology; Opinion 678, 1963. (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 20: 339-342.). = Ailus Billberg, 1820. Enumeratio Insectorum. In Museo Gust. Joh. Billberg 81 (138 pp.). Holmiae. [Replacement name for Zelima Fabricius.] The subgenus Arisbe is confined to the Afrotropical Region and contains 41 currently recognized species. Larval hosts are overwhelmingly from the family Annonaceae, with a few records from Apocynaceae and Malpighiaceae. Larval host plants are unknown for 26 of the 41 species (63%) (Williams, unpublished, 2015). The subgenus Arisbe (Afrotropical Graphium spp.) was comprehensively revised by Smith & Vane- Wright (2001), who divided them into the following clades: The antheus-clade (antheus, evombar, kirbyi, junodi, polistratus, colonna, illyris, gudenusi) The policenes-clade (policenes, liponesco, biokoensis, policenoides, porthaon) The angolanus-clade (angolanus, endochus, morania, taboranus, schaffgotschi, ridleyanus ) The leonidas-group (leonidas, levassori, cyrnus) The tynderaeus-clade (tynderaeus, latreillianus, philonoe) The adamastor-group (adamastor, agamedes, schubotzi, olbrechtsi, abri, almansor, auriger, fulleri, ucalegonides, rileyi, poggianus, kigoma, hachei, aurivilliusi, ucalegon, simoni) The antheus-clade Afrotropical members of this clade appear to be more closely related to Oriental members of the genus than they are to the policenes clade (Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001; Makita et al., 2003). *Graphium (Arisbe) antheus (Cramer, [1779])# Large Striped Swordtail Large Striped Swordtails (Graphium antheus). Left – male on wet sand, Malawi (image courtesy Raimund Schutte). Right – Female resting, Harold Johnson Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal (image courtesy Steve Woodhall). 2 Papilio antheus Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Papilio antheus Cramer. Trimen, 1862c. Papilio antheus Cramer, 1782. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Papilio mercutius Smith & Kirby, 1894. Aurivillius, 1899. [synonym of antheus] Papilio antheus Cramer, 1779. Aurivillius, 1899. Papilio antheus Cramer. Swanepoel, 1953a. Papilio antheus Cramer, 1779. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Graphium (Arisbe) antheus (Cramer, 1779). Pringle et al., 1994: 306. Graphium (Arisbe) antheus (Cramer, [1779]). Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001. Graphium antheus. Male (Wingspan 68 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nibela Peninsula, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. November, 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Graphium antheus. Female (Wingspan 73 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nibela Peninsula, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. November, 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Type locality: [Africa]: “Eiland Amboina”. [False locality.]. Larsen (2005a) thinks that the type locality is Sierra Leone. 3 Distribution of Graphium antheus Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland. Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, including Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau (Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (throughout), Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola (Bivar de Sousa & Fernandes, 1966), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Kakum National Park (Larsen, 2006d); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Mishahöhe (Strand, 1914); Sokadé (Strand, 1914); Basari (Strand, 1914). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Throughout (Vande weghe, 2010). Angola – Bengo Province; Cabinda Province; Cunene Province; Huila Province; Kuando-Kubango Province; Kwanza Norte Province; Kwanza Sul Province; Luanda Province; Lunda Norte Province; Lunda Sul Province; Malanje Province; Moxico Province; Uige Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Central African Republic – Bangui (Basquin & Turlin, 1986); Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Sankishia (Dufrane, 1946); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); Maramogambo Forest, Queen Elizabeth N.P. (Tumuhimbise et al., 2001). Kenya – Sabaki River (Hampson, 1891); Kibwezi (Strand, 1909); coast (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kunusi (Strand, 1914); Tabora (Strand, 1914); Ukaranga (Strand, 1914); Langenburg (Strand, 1914); practically throughout, including Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); Semdoe Forest Reserve (Doggart et al., 2001). Mozambique – Maputo (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1894); Beira (Van Son, 1949); Rikatla (Van Son, 1949). Zimbabwe – Changadze River, near Birchenough Bridge (Van Son, 1949); Gwanda (Van Son, 1949); Bulawayo (Van Son, 1949); Matetsi (Van Son, 1949); Victoria Falls (Van Son, 1949); Harare (Van Son, 1949); Mutare (Van Son, 1949); Melsetter (Van Son, 1949); Mafussi (Van Son, 1949); Sanyati Valley (Van Son, 1949). Botswana – Chobe (Larsen, 1991l); Nata (N. Ashby vide Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (R. Plowes vide Larsen, 1991l); Sashe (G. Bailey vide Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Radisele (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Woodbush (Van Son, 1949); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Duiwelskloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Messina (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Percy 4 Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561
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    1 How Nature Produces Blue Color Priscilla Simonis and Serge Berthier Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France 1. Introduction Today, blue is a very fashionable color in European countries. This has not always been the case (Pastoureau, 2000), as cultural perceptions have slowly evolved since prehistoric times. In cave paintings, white, red and black have been the only available tones and these colors remained basic for Greek and Latin cultures, where blue was neglected or even strongly devalued. The word caeruleus, which is often used for brightly blue species, in naming plants and insects, is etymologically related to the word cera, which designates wax (not to the world caelum – sky – as often believed): it meant first white, brown or yellow (André, 1949), before being applied to green and black, and much lately, to a range of blues. Latin and Greek philosophers were so diverted from blue that they even did not notice its presence in the rainbow: for Anaximenes (585-528 BC) and later for Lucretius (98-55 BC), the rainbow only displayed red, yellow and violet; Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Epicurus (341-270 BC) described it as red, yellow, green and violet. Seneca (ca. 4 BC - 65 AD) only mentioned red, orange, green, violet but, strangely, also added purple, a metameric color not found in the decomposition of white light. Later in the Middle-Ages, Robert Grosseteste (ca. 1175-1253) revisited the rainbow phenomenon in its book “De Iride” and still did not find there any blue color (Boyer, 1954). Blue emerged slowly in minds and art, only after the advent of technological breakthroughs in stained glass fabrication (as introduced in the 12th century rebuild of St Denis Basilica) and after the progressive use of blue dyes, which followed the extension of woad cultivation, all after the 13th century.
  • Speciation in Graphium Sarpedon (Linnaeus)

    Speciation in Graphium Sarpedon (Linnaeus)

    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Stuttgarter Beiträge Naturkunde Serie A [Biologie] Jahr/Year: 2013 Band/Volume: NS_6_A Autor(en)/Author(s): Page Malcolm G. P., Treadaway Colin G. Artikel/Article: Speciation in Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus) and allies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) 223-246 Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 6: 223–246; Stuttgart, 30.IV.2013 223 Speciation in Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus) and allies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) MALCOLM G. P. PAGE & COLIN G. TREADAWAY Abstract The relationships between subspecies of Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) and closely allied species have been investigated. This group appears to comprise eight sibling species, as follows: Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758), G. adonarensis (Rothschild, 1896) stat. rev., G. anthedon (Felder & Felder, 1864), G. milon (Felder & Felder, 1865) stat. rev., G. isander (Godman & Salvin, 1888) stat. rev., G. choredon (Felder & Felder, 1864) stat. rev., G. teredon (Felder & Felder, 1864) stat. rev., G. jugans (Rothschild, 1896) stat. rev. The following new subspecies are described: G. sarpedon sirkari n. subsp. from N. India and S. China, G. adonarensis hundertmarki n. subsp. from Bali, G. adonarensis agusyantoei n. subsp. from Sumatra, G. adonarensis phyrisoides n. subsp. from Bangka and Belitung, G. adonarensis toxopei n. subsp. from Lombok, G. adonarensis septentrionicolus n. subsp. from N. India and E. China. K e y w o r d s : Lepidoptera, Papilionidae, Graphium sarpedon, new subspecies. Zusammenfassung Die Beziehungen zwischen den Unterarten von Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) und anderer nahestehender Arten der Gattung werden untersucht. Diese Gruppe nahe verwandter Arten enthält wahrscheinlich acht Taxa wie folgt: Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758), G.