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Seasonal Occurrence of the Spotted Tentiform SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (F.), AND ITS PARASlTOIDS IN NOVA SCOTIA by Stepbanie D. Bishop B.Sc. (Agr.) Nova Scotia Agricultural College 1991 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PEST MANAGEMENT in the Department of Biological Sciences 8 Stephanie Da Bishop 1998 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY March 1998 AU rights of reserved. This work msy not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 191 ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON KtA ON4 Canada Canada Your llfe Votre reference Our fi& Notre retdrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seli reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïl.m, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othewise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT The spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM),Phyllonorycter blancardella, has developed resistance to many chemical insecticides, and aiternative management options are needed in Nova Scotia and elsewhere. STLM abundance, parasitoid species diversity and rates of parasitism were compared between commercial orchards sprayed with chemical insecticides and unsprayed wild sites in Kings County, Nova Scotia in 1994 and 1995. The STLM had three generations each year, completed in 7,5 and 38 weeks, respectively. Pupae in the üurd generation ovenvuitered in diapause. A summer lard diapause apparently occurred in 1995, causing an overlap in immature stages of generations two and three. However, captures of male moths in pherornone-baited traps showed three peaks in 1995, indicative of three generations. Mine density per leaf was significantly higher in wi1d than commercial sites in both years. Populations fluctuated greatly fi-om site to site and year to year. There was no relationship between pheromone trap captures and mine density, indicating that pheromone traps can be used to monitor occurrence, but not population levels of the STLM. Eighteen species of hymenopteran parasitoids were found in insecticide treated commercial orchards and 10 in unsprayed wild sites. The most abundant species in both types of sites were Pholetesor omigis (Weed) (Braconidae), and three chalcidoids (Eulophidae): Pnigalo sp. [P. maculipes Crawford or P. jlavipes (Ashmead)], Syrnpesis marylandensis Girctult and S. sericeicomis (Nees). All four are primary parasitoids, but S. marylandensis may be a facultative hyperparasite on other eulophids, and S. sericeicomis is a facultative hyperparasite on P. ornigis. Six of the parasitoid species are new records for the STLM in North Arnerica Mean percent parasitism of the STLM was significantly higher in wild than commercial sites in 1994 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Beth Bishop, Nana Eaton and Earle Illslely who assisted with data collection, and to Cory Sheffield for his help in pinning parastioid specimens. 1greatly appreciate al1 the growers who allowed me to use their orchards in Kings County, NS for my research. Parasitoid specimens were identified by Henri Goulet and other specialists at the Eastern Oilseed Research Centre in Ottawa, ON. Mike Hardman was kind enough to help me with statistics and rnake suggestions for irnprovements of the thesis. Thanks to my cornmittee, Joan Cossentine, Jim Rahe, John Borden and Rob Smith for their suggestions on the thesis and for making the defence as painless as possible. 1 would also like to thank John and Rob for their patience and support during the course of this project. Special thanks goes to Enka Bent who contributed her time and expertise to this project and somehow managed to keep me relatively sane. Finally, 1 would like to thank my parents, Edgar and Heather Bishop, for their encouragement and support in this and dl my undertakings. This research was fhded, in part, by a Grant-in-Aid Agreement between the Pest Management Alternatives Office and Agricultural Pest Monitoring, and the Nova Scotia Tree Fruit Research Foundation, an affiliate of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers Association. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. Approval.................................................................................................................................. ..II .-- Abstract................................................................................................................................... ..il1 Acknowledgements................................................................................................................... .v ... List of Tables ...................... .... .............................................................................................wu List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................k Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Distribution and history .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Biology of the spotted tentiforrn leafminer................................................................. 2 1.3. Darnage .............. .. ......................................................................................................4 1.4. Parasitoids.................................................................................................................... 5 1 .5. Control..................................................................................................................... ..6 1.6. Objectives.................................................................................................................. .9 Chapter 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS.. .................................................................................. -9 1994 season................................................................................................................... 9 1995 season................................................................................................................ .13 2.3. Statistical analysis ....................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 3. RESULTS....................................................................................................................... 15 Seasonal development and abundance...................................................................... -15 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Description of 25 sampiing sites for PhyZZono~cterblancardella in Nova Scotia in 1994 and 1995 .............................................................................10 2 Cornparison of Phyllonorycier blancardelia mine densities per leaf between commercial apple orchards and wild sites for two successive years in Nova Scotia Data within each replicate (an orchard or site) pooled fkom 10 sample trees (orchards) or two to four trees (wiid sites).............................................. 24 3 Occurrence of identified hymenopteran parasitoids of Phyllonorycter blancardella in 17 commercial orchards and eight wild sites; 1,512 specirnens in totai reared and identified frorn field-collected lawae. Note that the families Eulophidae, Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae belong to the superfamily Chdcidoidea ................................................................................................... 25 4 Cornparison of percentage overd1 parasitism and hyperparasitism of Phyllonorycter blancardella larvae and pupae in commercial apple orchards and wild sites in two successive years in Nova Sda.................................... 32 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 Estimated generational timing of Phyllonolycier blancardella in commercial orchards (pooled) in Nova Scotia in 1994 and 1995 ........................................ 16 Seasonal develop ment of Phyllonorycter blancardella based on sarnpling in commercial orchards (pooled) in Nova Scotia in 1994 and 1995. Addts sampled in cornmerciai pheromone traps for limited time in 1994 not shown. Eggs not sarnpled in 1994.. ............................................................................. 17 Population trends in Nova Scotia in 1994 for tkree life stages of Phyllonorycter blancardella for pooled populations in commercial orchards and wild sites................................................................................................................. 18 Population trends in Nova Scotia in 1995 for diree life stages of Phyllonorycier blancardella for pooled populations in commercial orchards and wild sites................................................................................................................. 19 Catches of male Phyllonorycter blancardella in pheromone-baited traps
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