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Velarde Vallejo Carlos Andres

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Velarde Vallejo Carlos Andres Vicerrectorado de INVESTIGACIÓN FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA GEOGRÁFICA, AMBIENTAL Y ECOTURISMO “NIVELES DE CONTAMINACIÓN Y RECUPERACIÓN AMBIENTAL, DE LA PLAYA MÁRQUEZ, DISTRITO Y PROVINCIA DEL CALLAO – 2020.” TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TITULO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERO AMBIENTAL AUTORA CARLOS ANDRES VELARDE VALLEJO ASESOR Dr. CESAR J. ARGUEDAS MADRID JURADOS MG. GLADYS ROJAS LEON MG. ROGELIA GUILLEN LEON MG. VIOLETA VEGA VENTOSILLA LIMA - PERÚ 2020 Dedicatoria La concepción de este proyecto está dedicada a mis padres, pilares fundamentales en mi vida. Sin ellos, jamás hubiese podido conseguir lo que hasta ahora. Su tenacidad y lucha insaciable han hecho de ellos el gran ejemplo a seguir y destacar, no solo para mí, sino para mis hermanos y familia en general. Agradecimiento Deseo expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento al profesor Walter Gómez Lora, quién además de transmitirme su vocación investigadora, me orientó en todos los aspectos de la tesis durante estos meses. Agradecerle la plena confianza que siempre me ha demostrado, así como la dedicación y atención que en todo momento me ha ofrecido. A mis queridos amigos y compañeros de trabajo, por su apoyo incondicional en la realización de esta investigación, por su tiempo y experiencias. A la Municipalidad Distrital de Ventanilla, a su alcalde, quien me brindó las facilidades para realizar mi investigación y la confianza de formar parte de su equipo de trabajo como funcionario de la Municipalidad, para así brindar mis experiencias en bien de la comunidad y adquirir la experiencia necesaria para mi desarrollo profesional. A la ONG Pro Naturaleza, quienes recibieron mis mensajes de consulta, me respondieron amablemente y me orientaron hacia la información necesaria para lograr mis objetivos de investigación. A la Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal por inculcarme una cultura de investigación y ética, que hoy se reflejan en bien de la población. A mis profesores de la Facultad de Ingeniería Geográfica, Ambiental y Ecoturismo, quienes estuvieron prestos a las consultas en los diferentes capítulos de la presente investigación. A todos los participantes en las campañas de limpieza, sensibilización, ferias realizadas en bien de la conservación de la playa Márquez. Índice I. Introducción ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. DESCRIPCIÓN Y FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ...................................................... 5 1.1.1. Descripción del problema. ...................................................................... 5 1.1.2. Formulación del problema. ..................................................................... 6 1.2. ANTECEDENTES .................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1. Internacional........................................................................................... 7 1.2.2. Nacional. ................................................................................................ 8 1.3. OBJETIVOS............................................................................................................ 9 1.3.1. Objetivo general. .................................................................................. 10 1.3.2. Objetivos específicos. ........................................................................... 10 1.4. JUSTIFICACIÓN .................................................................................................... 10 1.4.1. Justificación teórica. ............................................................................. 10 1.4.2. Justificación práctica. ........................................................................... 11 1.4.3. Justificación social. .............................................................................. 11 1.4.4. Justificación económica. ....................................................................... 11 1.4.5. Justificación ambiental. ........................................................................ 12 II. Marco Teórico ........................................................................................................ 13 2.1. BASES TEÓRICAS ................................................................................................. 13 2.1.1. Bases teóricas de Contaminación Ambiental. ........................................ 13 2.1.2. Bases teóricas de Recuperación Ambiental. .......................................... 28 2.2. DEFINICIÓN DE TÉRMINOS ................................................................................... 35 III. Método .............................................................................................................. 40 3.1. TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ...................................................................................... 40 3.1.1. Según las variables de estudio. ............................................................. 40 3.1.2. Según la intervención del investigador. ................................................. 41 3.2. ÁMBITO TEMPORAL Y ESPACIAL .......................................................................... 41 3.2.1. Ámbito temporal. ................................................................................. 41 3.2.2. Ámbito espacial. ................................................................................... 42 3.3. VARIABLES ......................................................................................................... 45 3.3.1. Variable Dependiente (y). ..................................................................... 45 3.3.2. Variable Independiente (x). .................................................................. 46 3.4. POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA ...................................................................................... 47 3.4.1. Población. ............................................................................................ 47 3.4.2. Muestra. ............................................................................................... 47 3.5. INSTRUMENTOS ................................................................................................... 48 3.6. PROCEDIMIENTO ................................................................................................. 52 3.7. ANÁLISIS DE DATOS ............................................................................................ 54 3.7.1. Análisis. ............................................................................................... 54 3.7.2. Estadísticos. ......................................................................................... 54 3.7.3. Representación. .................................................................................... 54 3.8. CONSIDERACIONES ÉTICAS .................................................................................. 55 IV. Resultados.......................................................................................................... 56 4.1. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LAS FUENTES DE CONTAMINACIÓN NATURAL Y ANTROPOGÉNICAS, PARA RECUPERAR LA PLAYA MÁRQUEZ ............................................................... 56 4.1.1. Caracterización del área de estudio. ...................................................... 56 4.1.2. Marco legal. ......................................................................................... 86 4.1.3. Contaminación de playa Márquez. ........................................................ 88 4.2. IMPACTOS AMBIENTALES, QUE GENERAN LOS AGENTES CONTAMINANTES, PARA RECUPERAR LA PLAYA MÁRQUEZ ...................................................................... 100 4.2.1. Impactos en la salud pública. .............................................................. 101 4.2.2. Impactos en la biodiversidad. ............................................................. 102 4.2.3. Impacto en el paisaje y recuperación de ecosistemas. .......................... 106 4.2.4. Impacto en la industria naviera y pesca artesanal. ............................... 109 4.2.5. Impacto en el suelo. ............................................................................ 110 4.3. LA PARTICIPACIÓN SOCIAL E INSTITUCIONAL, PARA RECUPERAR LA PAYA MÁRQUEZ ........................................................................................................................ 111 4.3.1. Participación de la Población, Donde se Aplica Encuesta. .................. 111 4.3.2. Marina de Guerra del Perú. ................................................................. 128 4.3.3. Organismo No Gubernamental ONG. Vida. ........................................ 129 4.3.4. Iglesia Jesucristo (Institución religiosa). ............................................. 132 4.3.5. Municipalidad Provincial del Callao. .................................................. 134 4.4. PROPUESTAS DE LINEAMIENTOS ESTRATÉGICOS, PARA LA RECUPERACIÓN AMBIENTAL DE LA PLAYA MÁRQUEZ ........................................................................................ 138 4.4.1. Instrumentos de gestión que consideren lineamientos y acciones, para la Playa Márquez. ............................................................................................ 139 4.4.2. Lineamientos estratégicos para la recuperación de la playa Márquez. ..... 141 4.4.3. Participación Institucional y Ciudadana para recuperar la playa Márquez.143 4.4.4. Medidas de mitigación de playas en el Callao. ........................................ 148 V. Discusión de resultados .......................................................................................
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