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The History of Redistricting in Georgia
GEORGIA LAW REVIEW(DO NOT DELETE) 11/6/2018 8:33 PM THE HISTORY OF REDISTRICTING IN GEORGIA Charles S. Bullock III* In his memoirs, Chief Justice Earl Warren singled out the redistricting cases as the most significant decisions of his tenure on the Court.1 A review of the changes redistricting introduced in Georgia supports Warren’s assessment. Not only have the obligations to equalize populations across districts and to do so in a racially fair manner transformed the makeup of the state’s collegial bodies, Georgia has provided the setting for multiple cases that have defined the requirements to be met when designing districts. Other than the very first adjustments that occurred in the 1960s, changes in Georgia plans had to secure approval from the federal government pursuant to the Voting Rights Act. Also, the first four decades of the Redistricting Revolution occurred with a Democratic legislature and governor in place. Not surprisingly, the partisans in control of redistricting sought to protect their own and as that became difficult they employed more extreme measures. When in the minority, Republicans had no chance to enact plans on their own. Beginning in the 1980s and peaking a decade later, Republicans joined forces with black Democrats to devise alternatives to the proposals of white Democrats. The biracial, bipartisan coalition never had sufficient numbers to enact its ideas. After striking out in the legislature, African-Americans appealed to the U.S. Attorney General alleging that the plans enacted were less favorable to black interests than alternatives * Charles S. Bullock, III is a University Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Georgia where he holds the Richard B. -
Committee Handbook New Mexico Legislature
COMMITTEE HANDBOOK for the NEW MEXICO LEGISLATURE New Mexico Legislative Council Service Santa Fe, New Mexico 2012 REVISION prepared by: The New Mexico Legislative Council Service 411 State Capitol Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 (505) 986-4600 www.nmlegis.gov 202.190198 PREFACE Someone once defined a committee as a collection of people who individually believe that something must be done and who collectively decide that nothing can be done. Whether or not this definition has merit, it is difficult to imagine the work of a legislative body being accomplished without reliance upon the committee system. Every session, American legislative bodies are faced with thousands of bills, resolutions and memorials upon which to act. Meaningful deliberation on each of these measures by the entire legislative body is not possible. Therefore, the job must be broken up and distributed among the "miniature legislatures" called standing or substantive committees. In New Mexico, where the constitution confines legislative action to a specified number of calendar days, the work of such committees assumes even greater importance. Because the role of committees is vital to the legislative process, it is necessary for their efficient operation that individual members of the senate and house and their staffs understand committee functioning and procedure, as well as their own roles on the committees. For this reason, the legislative council service published in 1963 the first Committee Handbook for New Mexico legislators. This publication is the sixth revision of that document. i The Committee Handbook is intended to be used as a guide and working tool for committee chairs, vice chairs, members and staff. -
Engaging in the Legislative Process
Engaging in the Legislative Process ISAC Legislative Team “I’m Just a Bill” • Idea . Government agencies, • Non-profits (i.e., ISAC) • Interest groups • You 2 Legislative Request Form The Legislative Policy Request Form is to be filled out by affiliates or individual members of ISAC. The form is the official avenue through which proposals are brought to the full ISAC Legislative Policy Committee to be considered as priorities during the 2017 legislative session. • Found on the ISAC website under Legislative Policy Committee • Fill out completely • Forward to affiliate legislative committee • And ISAC Legislative Policy Committee (LPC) • Chaired by ISAC Second Vice President o Lonny Pulkrabek, Johnson County Sheriff • 32 members (two from each affiliate) • Develop legislative objectives for ISAC’s policy team to pursue for the upcoming session • Meet in August and September to develop legislative platform Legislative Policy Committee (LPC) • Assessors: Dale McCrea & Deb McWhirter • Auditors: Ken Kline & Dennis Parrott • Community Services: Lori Elam & Shane Walter • Conservation: Dan Cohen & Matt Cosgrove • County Attorneys: Darin Raymond & Matt Wilbur • Emergency Mangement: Thomas Craighton & Dave Wilson • Engineers: Lyle Brehm & Dan Eckert • Environmental Health: Eric Bradley & Brian Hanft • Information Technology: Micah Cutler & Jeff Rodda • Public Health: Doug Beardsley & Lynelle Diers • Recorders: Megan Clyman & Kris Colby • Sheriffs & Deputies: Jay Langenbau & Jared Schneider • Supervisors: Carl Mattes & Burlin Matthews • Treasurers: Terri Kness & Tracey Marshall • Veterans Affairs: Gary Boseneiler & Chris Oliver • Zoning: Joe Buffington & Josh Busard ISAC Legislative Process • LPC develops policy statements and legislative objectives • Policy Statements express long-term or continuing statements of principle important for local control, local government authority, and efficient county operation. -
Welcome to the Georgia Legislative Internship Program
About the Program Welcome to the Georgia Legislative Internship Program. For over 40 years, Georgia colleges and universities have been providing the General Assembly with outstanding interns each session. During this internship, you will receive firsthand experience of the legislative process. With the help of Georgia State University, schools submit applications for their most promising students to be chosen. During your time at the State Capitol, interns gain knowledge of the how state government works, how the legislative process works, along with making lifelong career contacts and friendships. From the Speaker David Ralston Dear Future Intern, The Georgia General Assembly Legislative Internship Program is one of the nation’s oldest educational internships to focus on the state legislative process. It was created to give students like yourself the opportunity to gain valuable experience working at the State Capitol during the legislative session. You will have the opportunity to learn and see the action in progress-not just reading about it in a book. Being a part of this program is an honor and a unique experience that will undoubtedly enrich your academic study. David Ralston Speaker of the House From the President Pro-Tempore Butch Miller Dear Future Intern, The Georgia General Assembly Legislative Intern- ship Program offers an exceptional opportunity to enrich your educational studies while learning about our state’s legislative process. It provides a unique vantage point to observe how bills become laws affecting every Georgian, including you. It is also a one-of-a-kind, hands-on learning experience that is guaranteed to open new doors of opportuni- ty. -
Biennial Report 2016-2018
Thirty-Third Biennial Report July 1, 2016 through June 30, 2018 New Mexico Legislative Council and Legislative Council Service New Mexico Legislative Council Service New Mexico Legislative Council Service 411 State Capitol Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 (505) 986-4600 www.nmlegis.gov 202.210961 CONTENTS OVERVIEW The 2016-2018 Biennium in Brief Interims ........................................................................................................................ 3 Sessions ........................................................................................................................ 5 THE NEW MEXICO LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL Membership ............................................................................................................................. 11 Historical Background ............................................................................................................. 13 Duties .................................................................................................................................... 13 Policy Changes ........................................................................................................................ 15 Interim Committees Permanent Legislative Education Study Committee .................................................................... 19 Legislative Finance Committee .................................................................................. 20 Statutory and New Mexico Legislative Council-Created Courts, Corrections and Justice Committee .............................................................. -
How a Bill Becomes 4
WELCOME TO THE WISCONSIN STATE ASSEMBLY ince becoming a state in 1848, Wisconsin has continued to demonstrate strong leadership and democracy. Because TABLE OF CONTENTS S 2 ...... Introduction of this proud history, our state has been looked to repeatedly as a national leader in government 4 ...... “The Law Needs to Change” innovation and reform. “How A Bill Becomes 4 ...... WisconsinEye Provides View of the Legislature Law” was created to help visitors understand 5 ...... Deliberation and Examination Wisconsin’s legislative process and provide 5 ...... Making a Good Idea Better suggestions on how citizens can participate in 6 ...... The Importance of Caucuses that process. This booklet explains how one idea 7 ...... First & Second Reading or inspiration becomes a bill and moves through 7 ...... Third Reading and Passage the legislative process and into the law books. 7 ...... On to the Senate It is a long road from initial development of an 8 ...... Assembly Bill 27 idea to the emergence of a new law. During 9 ...... Approval of the Governor and Into the Law Books consideration, the bill will be scrutinized and 9 ...... Conclusion examined, criticized and praised. It will be 10 .... Staying in Touch–How to Contact changed, improved, strengthened, and even Your State Representative weakened. If passed, it will undergo the ultimate 11 .... Find Information Online test of merit—time. 12 .... “How a Bill Becomes Law” Cartoon 13 .... “How a Bill Becomes Law” Flow Chart *Words in bold print are defined in the Glossary at the back of the booklet. 14 .... Glossary In this booklet, the bill used as an example of “How a Bill Becomes Law” is 2015 Assembly Bill 27. -
Legislative Guide to Redistricting in Iowa
LEGISLATIVE GUIDE TO Legislative Services REDISTRICTING IN IOWA Agency TABLE OF CONTENTS Note to Reader: Research is conducted by the Legal Services Division of the I. Introduction....................................................................................... 1 Iowa Legislative Services Agency in an objective and II. Redistricting in Iowa — Historical Perspective............................. 1 nonpartisan manner. Although a Legislative Guide may A. 1960s — Establishing Base Principles. ....................................... 1 identify issues for consideration B. 1970 Redistricting — Court Challenge. ....................................... 2 by the General Assembly, nothing contained in a Guide C. Post 1970 Redistricting — Statutory Redistricting Process......... 2 should be interpreted as advocating a particular course III. Redistricting Standards — Population. ......................................... 3 of action. The reader is A. Introduction. ................................................................................. 3 cautioned against using 1. Overview................................................................................ 3 information contained in a Legislative Guide to draw 2. Measuring Inequality. ............................................................ 3 conclusions as to the legality of B. Congressional Districts. ............................................................... 4 a particular behavior or set of 1. Federal Constitutional Requirements.................................... 4 circumstances. -
Feature Article
3 ABOUT WISCONSIN 282 | Wisconsin Blue Book 2019–2020 Menomonie residents celebrated local members of the Wisconsin National Guard who served during the Great War. As Wisconsin soldiers demobilized, policymakers reevaluated the meaning of wartime service—and fiercely debated how the state should recognize veterans’ sacrifices. WHS IMAGE ID 103418 A Hero’s Welcome How the 1919 Wisconsin Legislature overcame divisions to enact innovative veterans legislation following World War I. BY JILLIAN SLAIGHT he Great War seemed strangely distant to Ira Lee Peterson, even as his unit camped mere miles from the front lines in France. Between drills and marches, the twenty-two-year-old Wisconsinite swam in streams, wrote letters home, and slept underneath the stars in apple orchards. TEven in the trenches, the morning of Sunday, June 16, 1918, was “so quiet . that all one could hear was the rats running around bumping into cans and wire.” Peterson sat reading a book until a “whizzing sound” cut through the silence, announcing a bombardment that sent him and his comrades scurrying “quick as gophers” into their dugout.1 After this “baptism with shell fire,” Peterson suffered a succession of horrors: mustard gas inhalation, shrapnel wounds, and a German 283 | Wisconsin Blue Book 2019–2020 COURTESY LINDA PALMER PALMER LINDA COURTESY WILLIAM WESSA, LANGLADE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY HISTORICAL COUNTY LANGLADE WESSA, WILLIAM Before 1914, faith in scientific progress led people to believe that twentieth-century war would be less brutal. In reality, new technologies resulted in unprecedented death and disability. (left) American soldiers suffered the effects of chemical warfare despite training in the use of gas masks. -
2017 National Forum on Education Policy Roster of Participants
2017 National Forum on Education Policy Roster of Participants *LAST UPDATED JUNE 28, 2017* ALABAMA Christian Becraft Alabama Governor's Office Stephanie Bell Alabama State Board of Education Jennifer Brown Alabama Department of Education Ryan Cantrell American Federation for Children Dana Jacobson 2017 Alabama Teacher of the Year / Clay-Chalkville High School Jeff Langham Alabama State Dept of Education Eric Mackey School Superintendents of Alabama Tracey Meyer Alabama State Dept of Education Allison Muhlendorf Alabama School Readiness Alliance Jeana Ross Alabama Department of Early Childhood Education Sally Smith Alabama Association of School Boards Kelisa Wing Department of Defense Education Activity Lisa Woodard School Superintendents of Alabama ALASKA Harriet Drummond Alaska House of Representatives James Fields Alaska Board of Education and Early Development James Harris Alaska DEED Michael Johnson State of Alaska, Department of Education and Early Development Kathy Moffitt Anchorage School District Nancy Norman Norman Consultant Services Gary Stevens Alaska State Senate Patricia Walker Alaska Legislature AMERICAN SAMOA Dana Love-Ili American Samoa Department of Education ARIZONA Catcher Baden Arizona State Legislature Jennifer Dane The Ohio State University Michelle Doherty Arizona Educational Foundation/Encanto School Pearl Esau Expect More Arizona Rebecca Hill A for Arizona Paul Koehler WestEd 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • Fax: 303.296.8332 | www.ecs.org | @EdCommission Janice Palmer Helios -
Separation of Powers and the Judicial Rule-Making Power in New Mexico: the Need for Prudential Constraints
Volume 15 Issue 3 Summer 1985 Summer 1985 Separation of Powers and the Judicial Rule-Making Power in New Mexico: The Need for Prudential Constraints Michael B. Browde University of New Mexico - Main Campus Ted Occhialino Recommended Citation Michael B. Browde & Ted Occhialino, Separation of Powers and the Judicial Rule-Making Power in New Mexico: The Need for Prudential Constraints, 15 N.M. L. Rev. 407 (1985). Available at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmlr/vol15/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The University of New Mexico School of Law. For more information, please visit the New Mexico Law Review website: www.lawschool.unm.edu/nmlr SEPARATION OF POWERS AND THE JUDICIAL RULE-MAKING POWER IN NEW MEXICO: THE NEED FOR PRUDENTIAL CONSTRAINTS MICHAEL B. BROWDE* and M. E. OCCHIALINO** I. INTRODUCTION Separation of powers among the "co-equal" branches of government is fundamental to our constitutional system. True to the eighteenth century political theory of John Locke,' from which it derives, the separation of powers doctrine is designed to prevent any one branch from dominating the other two, thereby serving as a check against the tyranny of concen- trated governmental power.' *Professor of Law, University of New Mexico School of Law; B.A. Brown University, 1965; J.D. Georgetown University Law Center, 1968. **Professor of Law, University of New Mexico School of Law; B.A., Siena College, 1964; J.D. Georgetown University Law Center, 1967. The authors wish to thank a number of past students who assisted in the development of this article. -
Direct Primary Care State Approaches to Regulating Subscription-Based Medicine
LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE BUREAU Direct Primary Care State Approaches to Regulating Subscription-Based Medicine Jessie Gibbons legislative analyst WISCONSIN POLICY PROJECT • January 2020, Volume 3, Number 2 © 2020 Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau One East Main Street, Suite 200, Madison, Wisconsin 53703 http://legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb • 608-504-5801 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Overview Direct Primary Care (DPC) is a health care payment model in which physicians contract directly with patients to provide care outside the traditional insurance-based system. In- stead of billing health insurers, DPC providers charge their subscribers a monthly fee per individual, ranging from approximately $25 to $125 per person. In exchange, subscrib- ers receive unlimited primary care services—including physical exams, management of chronic diseases, and diagnoses of acute illness—usually at no additional cost. Dozens of DPC providers are currently practicing in Wisconsin, and many physi- cians and patients who are using the model are satisfied with it. Patients appreciate that they can spend more time with their physicians and have more immediate access to care, while physicians like that the model allows them to streamline their practices and reduce the administrative burden of billing health insurers. However, many stakeholders in the health care industry have expressed concerns about the DPC model being a duplicative and unregulated form of health insurance. In Wisconsin, medical practices currently using the DPC payment model are oper- ating legally, and the agreements between patients and providers vary from practice to practice. -
“Legislature” and the Elections Clause
Copyright 2015 by Michael T. Morley Vol. 109 Northwestern University Law Review THE INTRATEXTUAL INDEPENDENT “LEGISLATURE” AND THE ELECTIONS CLAUSE Michael T. Morley* INTRODUCTION The Elections Clause of the U.S. Constitution is the Swiss army knife of federal election law. Ensconced in Article I, it provides, “The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations.”1 Its Article II analogue, the Presidential Electors Clause, similarly specifies that “[e]ach State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors” to select the President.2 The concise language of these clauses performs a surprisingly wide range of functions implicating numerous doctrines and fields beyond voting rights, including statutory interpretation,3 state separation of powers and other issues of state constitutional law,4 federal court deference to state-court rulings,5 administrative discretion,6 and preemption.7 * Assistant Professor, Barry University School of Law. Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, 2012–14; J.D., Yale Law School, 2003; A.B., Princeton University, 2000. Special thanks to Dr. Ryan Greenwood of the University of Minnesota Law Library, as well as Louis Rosen of the Barry Law School library, for their invaluable assistance in locating historical sources. I also am grateful to Terri Day, Dean Leticia Diaz, Frederick B. Jonassen, Derek Muller, Eang Ngov, Richard Re, Seth Tillman, and Franita Tolson for their comments and suggestions. I was invited to present some of the arguments from this Article in an amicus brief on behalf of the Coolidge-Reagan Foundation in Arizona State Legislature v.