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Paper 8 INDIAN CULTURE and HERITAGE DDCE/M.A Hist./Paper-VIII INDIAN CULTURE AND HERITAGE BY Dr. Binod Bihari Satpathy 0 CONTENT INDIAN CULTURE AND HERITAGE Unit.No. Chapter Name Page No Unit-I. Indian Culture: An Introduction 1. Characteristics of Indian culture, Significance of Geography on Indian 02-25 Culture. 2. Society in India through ages- Ancient period- varna and jati, family and 26-71 marriage in india, position of women in ancient india, Contemporary period; caste system and communalism. 3. Religion and Philosophy in India: Ancient Period: Pre-Vedic and Vedic 72-108 Religion, Buddhism and Jainism, Indian philosophy – Vedanta and Mimansa school of Philosophy. Unit-II Indian Languages and Literature 1. Evolution of script and languages in India: Harappan Script and Brahmi 109-130 Script. 2. Short History of the Sanskrit literature: The Vedas, The Brahmanas and 131-168 Upanishads & Sutras, Epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata & Puranas. 3. History of Buddhist and Jain Literature in Pali, Prakrit and Sanskrit, 169-207 Sangama literature & Odia literature. Unit-III. A Brief History of Indian Arts and Architecture 1. Indian Art & Architecture: Gandhara School and Mathura School of Art; 208-255 Hindu Temple Architecture, Buddhist Architecture, Medieval Architecture and Colonial Architecture. 2. Indian Painting Tradition: ancient, medieval, modern indian painting and 256-277 odishan painting tradition 1. Performing Arts: Divisions of Indian classical music: Hindustani and 278-298 Carnatic, Dances of India: Various Dance forms: Classical and Regional, Rise of modern theatre and Indian cinema. Unit-IV. Spread of Indian Culture Abroad 1. Causes, Significance and Modes of Cultural Exchange - Through Traders, 299-316 Teachers, Emissaries, Missionaries and Gypsies 2. Indian Culture in South East Asia 317-336 3. India, Central Asia and Western World through ages 337-361 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is pleasure to be able to complete this compilation work. containing various aspects of Indian culture and heritage. This material is prepared with an objective to familiarize the students of M.A History, DDCE Utkal University on the various aspcets of Indian cultueal history. This work would not have been possible without the support of the Directorate of Distance and Continuing Education, Utkal University. I would especially like to thank Prof. Susmita Prasad Pani, the Director, DDCE, Utkal University. As my teacher and mentor, he has taught me more than I could ever give him credit for here. He has shown me, by his example, what a good teacher (and person) should be. The compiler owes many thanks to all the reputed scholars on Indian culture and heritage whose work is being used here for the sake of making the students understand the subject. I have copied, collected, and made use of the scholarly works of great scholars whose work has been mentioned in the further reading section of each chapter. The compiler of the present material claims no authority and originality on any topic of the materials cum textbook. As already been mentioned above the work is a compilation of already existing works of great scholars among whom name of a few have been mentioned at the end of each chapter. Besides the SLM of IGNOU and other Distance Education Institutions have been also consulted and used for preparation of this material for that I duly acknowledge those textbooks. Would be grateful by receiving suggestions and comments to improve this material cum textbook, from the students, teachers and also the practicing professionals Binod Bihari Satpathy 2 UNIT-I Chapter-1 INDIAN CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN CULTURE, SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHY ON INDIAN CULTURE Structure 1.1.0. Objective 1.1.1. Introduction 1.1.2. Concept of Culture 1.1.3. Culture and Heritage 1.1.4. General Characteristics of Culture 1.1.5. Importance of Culture in Human life 1.1.6. Indian Culture 1.1.7. Characteristics of Indian culture 1.1.8. Indian Culture during the Modern and Contemporary Period 1.1.9. Unity and Diversity 1.1.9.1. The factors of unity in diversity 1.1.9.2. Elements of Unity in India 1.1.10. Aspects of Indian culture 1.1.11. Significance of Geography on Indian Culture 1.1.12. Summary 1.1.13. Exercise 1.1.14. Further Reading 1.1.0. Objectives In this lesson, students investigate various facets of Indian culture. Throughout the chapter, emphasis will be on the concept and importance of Indian culture through various ages of India. After studying this lesson you will be able to: • understand the concept and meaning of culture; • establish the relationship between culture and civilization; • establish the link between culture and heritage; • discuss the role and impact of culture in human life. • describe the distinctive features of Indian culture; • identify the central points and uniqueness of Indian culture; • explain the points of diversity and underlying unity in it; and • trace the influence and significance of geographical features on Indian culture. 3 1.1.1. Introduction Culture refers to the patterns of thought and behaviour of people. It includes values, beliefs, rules of conduct, and patterns of social, political and economic organisation. These are passed on from one generation to the next by formal as well as informal processes. Culture consists of the ways in which we think and act as members of a society. Thus, all the achievements of group life are collectively called culture. In popular parlance, the material aspects of culture, such as scientific and technological achievements are seen as distinct from culture which is left with the non-material, higher achievements of group life (art, music, literature, philosophy, religion and science). Culture is the product of such an organization and expresses itself through language and art, philosophy and religion. It also expresses itself through social habits, customs, economic organisations and political institutions. Culture has two types: (i) material, and (ii) non-material. The first includes technologies, instruments, material goods, consumer goods, household design and architecture, modes of production, trade, commerce, welfare and other social activities. The latter includes norms, values, beliefs, myths, legends, literature, ritual, art forms and other intellectual-literary activities. The material and non-material aspects of any culture are usually interdependent on each other. Sometimes, however, material culture may change quickly but the non-material may take longer time to change. According to Indologists, Indian culture stands not only for a traditional social code but also for a spiritual foundation of life. Indian culture is an invaluable possession of our society. Indian culture is the oldest of all the cultures of the world. Inspite of facing many ups and downs Indian culture is shinning with all it’s glory and splendor. Culture is the soul of nation. On the basis of culture, we can experience the prosperity of its past and present. Culture is collection of values of human life, which establishes it specifically and ideally separate from other groups. 1.1.2. Concept of Culture The English word ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin term ‘cult or cultus’ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining a thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language. Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. Art, music, literature, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, religion and science can be seen as aspects of culture. However, culture also includes the customs, traditions, festivals, ways of living and one’s outlook on various issues of life. 4 Culture thus refers to a human-made environment which includes all the material and nonmaterial products of group life that are transmitted from one generation to the next. There is a general agreement among social scientists that culture consists of explicit and implicit patterns of behaviour acquired by human beings. These may be transmitted through symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiment as artefacts. The essential core of culture thus lies in those finer ideas which are transmitted within a group-both historically derived as well as selected with their attached value. More recently, culture denotes historically transmitted patterns of meanings embodied in symbols, by means of which people communicate, perpetuate and develop their knowledge about and express their attitudes toward life. Culture is the expression of our nature in our modes of living and thinking. It may be seen in our literature, in religious practices, in recreation and enjoyment. Culture has two distinctive components, namely, material and non-material. Material culture consists of objects that are related to the material aspect of our life such as our dress, food, and household goods. Non-material culture refers to ideas, ideals, thoughts and belief. Culture varies from place to place and country to country. Its development is based on the historical process operating in a local, regional or national context. For example, we differ in our ways of greeting others, our clothing, food habits, social and religious customs and practices from the West. In other words, the people of any country are characterised by their distinctive cultural traditions. 1.1.3. Culture and Heritage Cultural development is a historical process. Our ancestors learnt many things from their predecessors. With the passage of time they also added to it from their own experience and gave up those which they did not consider useful.
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