The New Hegelians Douglas Moggach Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85497-9 — The New Hegelians Douglas Moggach Frontmatter More Information

The New Hegelians Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School

The period leading up to the Revolutions of 1848 is a seminal moment in the history of political thought, demarcating the ideological cur- rents and deﬁning the problems of freedom and social cohesion that are among the key issues of modern politics. This anthology offers new research on Hegel’s followers in the 1830s and 1840s. Including essays by well-known philosophers, political scientists, and historians from Europe and North America, it pays special attention to ques- tions of state power, the economy, poverty, and labour, as well as to a range of ideas about freedom. The book examines the political and social thought of Eduard Gans, Ludwig Feuerbach, Max Stirner, Bruno and Edgar Bauer, the young Engels, and Marx. It places them in the context not only of Hegel’s philosophy but also of the Enlight- enment, Kant, the French Revolution, industrialisation, and urban poverty. It also views Marx and Engels in a new light in relation to their contemporaries and interlocutors in the Hegelian school.

Douglas Moggach is a professor of political science and philosophy at the University of Ottawa. A recipient of a Woodrow Wilson Fellow- ship, he has held visiting appointments at Clare Hall; King’s College, Cambridge; the University of Toronto; and the Scuola Normale Supe- riore di Pisa. He is the author of The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer.

The New Hegelians Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School

Edited by DOUGLAS MOGGACH University of Ottawa

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www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521854979 © Cambridge University Press 2006 his publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2006 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data he new Hegelians : politics and philosophy in the Hegelian school / edited by Douglas Moggach. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-85497-0 (hardback) 1. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770–1831. 2. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770–1831 – Inluence. 3. Philosophy, German – 19th century. 4. Germany – Politics and government – 1806–1848. I. Moggach, Douglas. II. Title. b2948.n49 2006 320ʹ.092ʹ243 – dc22 2005008110 isbn 978-0-521-85497-9 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

For Iain and Catriona

Contents

Acknowledgements page ix Contributors xi

Introduction: Hegelianism, Republicanism, and Modernity 1 Douglas Moggach 1 Eduard Gans on Poverty and on the Constitutional Debate 24 Norbert Waszek 2 Ludwig Feuerbach’s Critique of Religion and the End of Moral Philosophy 50 Howard Williams 3 The Symbolic Dimension and the Politics of Left Hegelianism 67 Warren Breckman 4 Exclusiveness and Political Universalism in Bruno Bauer 91 Massimiliano Tomba (translated from Italian by Douglas Moggach) 5 Republican Rigorism and Emancipation in Bruno Bauer 114 Douglas Moggach 6 Edgar Bauer and the Origins of the Theory of Terrorism 136 Eric v.d. Luft 7 Ein Menschenleben: Hegel and Stirner 166 Lawrence S. Stepelevich 8 ‘The State and I’: Max Stirner’s Anarchism 176 David Leopold

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viii Contents

9 Engels and the Invention of the Catastrophist Conception of the Industrial Revolution 200 Gareth Stedman Jones 10 The Basis of the State in the Marx of 1842 220 Andrew Chitty 11 Marx and Feuerbachian Essence: Returning to the Question of ‘Human Essence’ in Historical Materialism 242 Jose´ Crisostomo´ de Souza 12 Freedom and the ‘Realm of Necessity’ 261 Sean Sayers 13 Work, Language, and Community: A Response to Hegel’s Critics 275 Ardis B. Collins

Bibliography 301 Index 325

Acknowledgements

This volume is the result of a very happy collaboration. It originated from a panel on the Hegelian Left organised with Andrew Chitty at the Eighth Conference of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas, Aberystwyth, Wales, in July 2002. Work on the project has been gen- erously supported by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and from the Research Services and the Faculty of Social Science of the University of Ottawa. The volume was completed during my visiting fellowship at the Centre for History and Economics, King’s College, Cambridge. The members and staff of the Centre, in particular Gareth Stedman Jones, Emma Rothschild, Melissa Lane, William O’Reilly, and Inga Huld Markan, provided a hospitable and stimulating environment in which to work. I am grateful to the Provost and Fellows of King’s College for their invitation to spend the academic year 2004–5 as a Senior Associate of the college. Clare Hall, Cambridge, also welcomed me and my family back into the community for another memorable year. The members of the ISSEI panel, and of the extended research net- work that emerged from it, have engaged in fruitful mutual exchanges and discussions over the past few years. Because of other commitments, some of our members were unable to participate in the ﬁnal volume. I acknowledge in particular the contributions of Charles Barbour, Daniel Brudney, Renato Cristi, and Thomas Kemple. Thanks are due especially to Andrew Chitty, who co-chaired the ISSEI panel with me and who provided detailed commentary on a number of the texts, including my own. Ardis Collins gave valuable editorial guidance at all stages of the process. Ezra Talmor, the late Sascha Talmor of ISSEI, Claudio Cesa, and William

x Acknowledgements

Desmond offered support and encouragement. Stephanie Achard, Sarah McColl, Beatrice Rehl, and Eric Newman of Cambridge University Press merit special thanks for their help and advice. Johnna VanHoose Dinse prepared the index. I must acknowledge here the enormous contributions of the late Terence Moore, of the Press, to the dissemination of philosophical works, as well as his encouragement of my own research. The three anonymous readers of the manuscript made perceptive crit- icisms and suggestions, even if they were not always followed. As ever, my greatest debts are to my family. It is ﬁtting that this volume is dedi- cated to my children, whose eagerness to embark on another Cambridge adventure made the completion of the project possible.

Contributors

Warren Breckman is an associate professor of modern European intellectual and cultural history at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory: Dethron- ing the Self (1999), as well as essays on the history of philosophy, consumer culture, modernism, and nationalism. He is currently writing Adventures of the Symbolic: French Post-Marxism and Democratic Theory and is editor of a forthcoming anthology of European Romanticism. Andrew Chitty is a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Sussex. He is the co-editor of Has History Ended? Fukuyama, Marx, Modernity (1994, with Christopher Bertram) and author of “Recognition and Social Relations of Production,” Historical Materialism (1998), and “Social and Physical Form: Ilyenkov on the Ideal and Marx on the Value-Form” in Vera Oit- tinen (ed.), Evald Ilyenkov’s Philosophy Revisited (2000). He has particular interests in Hegel’s and Marx’s political philosophies and is currently working on an introductory text on Hegel. Ardis B. Collins is an associate professor of philosophy at Loyola Univer- sity, Chicago. She is editor of The Owl of Minerva, the biannual international journal of The Hegel Society of America; has served as editorial consultant for the History of Philosophy Quarterly; and edited a collection of essays entitled Hegel on the Modern World (1995). She has published a book on medieval and Renaissance philosophy and has presented papers and published articles on Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit and Philosophy of Right. Her work on Hegel focuses on his relations to Marx and to Kantian moral philosophy, epistemology, language, and the role of irrationality in Hegel’s account of reason.

xii Contributors

Jose´ Crisostomo´ de Souza is a professor in the Department of Philoso- phy at the Federal University of Bahia (UFBa), Brazil, and was a post- doctoral research visitor in contemporary philosophy at the University of California–Berkeley. He teaches and publishes principally on Young Hegelianism, Karl Marx, and contemporary political philosophy. His publications include The Rise and Fall of the Subject in the Young Hegelian Move- ment (1992) and The Question of Individuality: The Critique of the Human and the Social in the Stirner-Marx Polemic (1994), both in Portuguese. He has recently edited a book, Philosophy, Rationality, Democracy, on the Rorty- Habermas debates, to be published in Brazil in 2005. David Leopold is a member of the Department of Politics and Interna- tional Relations, University of Oxford, and Fixed-Term Fellow in Politics at Mansﬁeld College, Oxford. He has intellectual interests in both contemporary political theory and the history of political thought. His publications include an edition of Max Stirner’s The Ego and Its Own, published by Cambridge University Press. Eric v.d. Luft, Curator of Historical Collections at SUNY Upstate Medi- cal University, specialises in the philosophical, intellectual, military, and medical history of the European and American nineteenth century and has published extensively in these ﬁelds. He is a former associate editor of The Owl of Minerva and is listed in Who’s Who in America and Who’s Who in the World. Douglas Moggach is a professor in the School of Political Studies and in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Ottawa. He has held visiting appointments at the Centre for History and Economics, King’s College, and Clare Hall, Cambridge, and at the Scuola Normale Superi- ore di Pisa. He is the author of The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer (2003), published by Cambridge University Press. Other books include (with Winfried Schultze) Bruno Bauer: Uber¨ die Prinzipien des Schonen.¨ De pulchri principiis (1996); (with Paul Leduc Browne) The Social Question and the Democratic Revolution: Marx and the Legacy of 1848 (2000); and (with Manfred Buhr) Reason, Universality, and History (2004). He has written on Kant, Fichte, Hegel, republicanism, and modern political thought. Sean Sayers is a professor of philosophy at the University of Kent, Can- terbury. He has held visiting appointments in Massachusetts, Colorado, Sydney, and Beijing. His books include Plato’s Republic: An Introduction (1999), Marxism and Human Nature (1998), Reality and Reason: Dialec- tic and the Theory of Knowledge (1985), and Hegel, Marx and Dialectic: A

Contributors xiii

Debate (1980, reprinted 1994). He has co-edited Socialism, Feminism and Philosophy: A Radical Philosophy Reader (1991), Socialism and Democracy (1991), and Socialism and Morality (1990). He was one of the founding editors of Radical Philosophy and a founder of The Marx and Philosophy Society. He is currently working on a book on theories of alienation and self-realisation in Marx and Hegel. Gareth Stedman Jones is a professor of political science in the History Fac- ulty at the University of Cambridge. He is also director of the Centre for History and Economics and a Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. He is the author of Outcast London (1971) and Languages of Class (1982). He is the editor of the new Penguin Classics edition of The Communist Man- ifesto (2002) and is currently working on the development of European political, religious, and economic thought in the century after the French Revolution. His most recent book, An End to Poverty? A Historical Debate, which deals with the fate of promises to end poverty during the French Revolution, was published in the summer of 2004. Lawrence S. Stepelevich retired as Professor Emeritus from Villanova Uni- versity in 1996. He served as president of The Hegel Society of America from 1996 to 1998 and as editor of The Owl of Minerva from 1977 to 1996. He has written a number of articles on the Hegelian school, and in 1983 Cambridge University Press published his Young Hegelianism: An Anthol- ogy. He also published the ﬁrst English-language translation of Bruno Bauer’s Trumpet of the Last Judgment Against Hegel the Atheist and Antichrist. Aside from his studies and edited works on Hegel’s philosophy, his interests and writings have been directed mainly to the philosophy of Max Stirner. Massimiliano Tomba teaches in the Department of Historical and Political Studies at the University of Padua. He has published several texts on the political philosophy of Hegel and the post-Hegelians. He edited the Ital- ian version of the Prolegomena to Historiosophy, by August von Cieszkowski (1997), and he is the author of a monograph on Bauer’s political thought, Crisi e critica in Bruno Bauer. Il principio di esclusione come fondamento del politico (2002). Norbert Waszek has held teaching and research positions at Auckland, Hanover, Bochum, and Erlangen and is currently a professor of German at the University of Paris VIII. His principal publications include The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel’s Account of ‘Civil Society’ (1988); Eduard Gans (1797–1839): Hegelianer – Jude – Europaer¨ (1991); and L’Ecosse des

xiv Contributors

Lumières: Hume, Smith, Ferguson (2003). He has edited Kant: Philosophie de l’histoire (1996); Hegel: droit, histoire, societ´ e´ (2001); and, with Reinhard Blänknerand Gerhard Göhler, Eduard Gans (1797–1839): Politischer Pro- fessor zwischen Restauration und Vormarz¨ (2002). Howard Williams is a professor in political theory at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. In 2004 he was Visiting Scholar at Stanford Univer- sity and at the Jagellonian University, Krakow. He is the author of Kant’s Political Philosophy (1983); Concepts of Ideology (1988); Hegel, Heraclitus and Marx’s Dialectic (1989); International Relations in Political Theory (1992); and International Relations and the Limits of Political Theory (1996). He has edited Kant’s Political Philosophy (1992) and Political Thought and German Reunification (2000). His most recent book is Kant’s Critique of Hobbes: Sovereignty and Cosmopolitanism (2004). He is currently editor of the journal Kantian Review.