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BRUNO BAUER AND KARL MARX THE INFLUENCE OF BRUNO BAUER ON MARX'S THOUGHT by ZVI ROSEN |o M'N ol MARTINUS NIJHOFF / THE HAGUE / 1977 254 INDEX Spinoza, Baruch, 68, 69, 72-74, 104, 190 Wagener, Hermann, 8 Staats- und Gesellschaftslexikon, 8 Walton, Paul, 20on Stahl, F. I., 115 Weber, Max, 1511 Starkenburg, Heinz, i97n Weil, Eric, 11 in, ii3n Stein, Karl, Reichsfrh. von und zum, 111, Weisse, Christian Hermann, 53, 62, 160 115 Weitling, Wilhelm, 188, 226, 227, 231 Stein, Heinrich von, 220 Welcker, Karl Theodor, 60 Stirner, Max, 6n, 12, 131, 214, 223, 235 Welt als Geschichte, Die, 35n Strauss, David Friedrich, 20, 21, 27, 29¬ Wigands Vierteljahresschrift, 4 m, 2i9,n 239n 34, 36-38, 4°> 41* 46~48. 5°, 52-54, 131, 138, 208, 209 Wildermuth, Armin, I48n Stuhr, P. F., 117 Wilke, Christian Gottlob, 53 Stuke, Horst, 9, 12, 13, 35n, 73n, 103, 119, Zeitschrift fur Kirchengeschichte, i40n 123, I98n Zeitschrift fur Politik, nn Themistocles, 157 Zeitschrift fur Religions- und Geistesge- Timmer, Charles, B. VII schichte, ngn, i4on, 223n Tucker, Robert, i69n, 177, 203n Zeitschrift fur spekulative Theologie, 19, 37n, 42n, 48n, 5m, 62n Vanini, Lucilio, 29 Zeller, Eduard, 62 Vatke, Johann Karl Wilhelm, 19 Vierteljahresschrift fur Volkswirtschaft, Po- litik und Kulturgeschichte, i8n Voltaire, Francis Marie, 84 STUDIES IN SOCIAL HISTORY issued by the INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL HISTORY AMSTERDAM 1. W. H. ROOBOL. Tsereteli - A Democrat in the Russian Revolution, A Political Biography. 2. Zvi ROSEN. Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx. The Influence of Bmno Bauer on Marx's Thought. To my mother © Jfp77 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this booh or parts thereof in any form ISBN 90 247 1948 8 PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS CONTENTS Foreword vn - Abbreviations ix PART ONE BRUNO BAXTER AS A YOUNG HEGELIAN I I. The problem ' 3 11. Literature on Bruno Bauer 7 ni. Bauer's life until the publication of Strauss' Leben Jesu 17 iv. The split in the Hegelian school - emergence of the Young Hegelians 21 v. Bruno Bauer as a theologian and critic of Strauss 36 VI. Bauerian Critique of the Gospels 45 vii. Bruno Bauer as commentator on Hegel 62 Viii. Bauer's conception of religion and history ' 85 IX. Bauer's political conception 109 PART TWO KARL MARX AND BRUNO BAUER I. The personal relations and literary collaboration between Bauer and Marx 127 II. Bauerian motifs in Marx's conception of religion 133 III. Bauer's influence on Marx's dissertation 148 IV. Bauerian motifs in Marx's conception of alienation 162^ V. The impact of BauerianideasonMarx's conception of ideology 180 VI. Marx, Feuerbach, Bauer 202 VII. The polemic between Marx and Bauer 223 Bibliography 241 Index 25 x FOREWORD The present work is aimed at filling a hiatus in the literature dealing with the Yotmg Hegelians and the early thought of Karl Marx. Despite tile prevalent view in the past few decades that Bruno Bauer played an important part in the radical activity of Hegel's young disciples in the eighteen forties in Germany, no comprehensive work has so far been published on the relations between Bauer and Marx. In 1927 Ernst Bar- nikol promised to write a monograph on the subject, but he never did. For the purpose of this study I perused material in numerous library collections and I would like to express my gratitude to the staff of the following institutions: Tel Aviv University Library, the Library and Archive of the International Institute of Social History in Am• sterdam, the Heidelberg University Library, the Library of Gottingen University, the Tubingen University Library, Frankfurt University Library, the State Library at Marburg, the Manuscript Department of the State Archives in Berlin. For research grants I am greatly indebted to the Tel Aviv University and Fritz Thyssen Stiftung. Their financial support enabled me to spend time abroad completing this work. My thanks to Leszek Kola- kowski (All Souls College, Oxford), Eugene Fleischmann (University of Paris- and Tel Aviv University) and Hans-Joachim Lieber (Cologne) for their helpful comments in the course of numerous conversations. I am grateful to H. P. Harstick of the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, for placing at my disposal the literary estate of the Dutch scholar, G. A. van den Bergh van Eysinga, and for giving me access to the proofs of Barnikors recently-published book on Bauer. I am indebted to Mrs. Haia Galai who helped me in the preparation of the manuscript and to Charles B. Timmer who compiled the index. Finally I owe a special debt of gratitude to the International Insti• tute of Social History in Amsterdam and especially to its director, Frits de Jong Edz., and to Charles B. Timmer for making the publica• tion of this work possible under the patronage of the Institute. Z. R. ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations have been used for sources frequently cited in the text (see bibliography for details of edition): Bruno Bauer B - Bekenntnisse einer schwachen Seele. BE - Briefwechsel zwischen Bruno Bauer und Edgar Bauer wahrend der Jahre 1839-1842. BR - Der Briefwechsel Bauers mit Arnold Ruge. ChS - Der christliche Staat und unsere Zeit. ECh - Das entdeckte Christentum. Fae - Die Fahigkeit der heutigen Juden und Christen frei zu werden. Fr - Die gute Sache der Freiheit und meine eigene Angelegenheit. GK - Was ist jetzt Gegenstand der Kritik? GM - Die Gattung und die Masse. H - Herr Dr. Hengstenberg. Kritische Briefe uber den Gegensatz des Gesetzes und des Evangeliums. HL - Kegels Lehre von der Religion und Kunst von dem Standpunkte des Glaubens aus beurteilt. J - Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes. Jud - Die Judenfrage. LF - Charakteristik Ludwig Feuerbachs, LP - Die evangelische Landeskirche Preussens und die Wissenschaft. Pos - Die Posaune des letzten Gerichts liber Hegel den Atheisten und Antichristen. RAT ~ Die Rehgion des Alten Testaments in der geschichthchen Entwick- lung dargestellt. Syn - Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte der Synoptiker. ThB - Leiden und Freuden des theologischeh Bewusstseins. 1 ThS - Theologische Schamlosigkeiten. Karl Marx Cr - Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Dif - The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philoso• phy of Nature. ET - Early Texts. X ABBREVIATIONS GI - The German Ideology (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels). HF - The Holy Family, or Critique of Critiqual Critique (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels). K ~ Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Okonomie. MEGA - Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels. Historisch-kritische Gesamtaus- gabe. (In citations from this edition the large Roman numeral refers to the Section, the Arabic numeral that follows to the vol• ume within that section, a small Roman numeral to the sub- volume, and the filial Arabic numeral to the page). Ph - Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society. Pol ~ Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy. R - On Religion (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels). G.F.W. Hegel BR - Begriff der Religion. BS - Berliner Schrifteh. ITPh ~ Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Jen - Jenenser Realphilosophie. LH - The Logic of Hegel. Log - Science of Logic. Phen - The Phenomenology of Mind. PhH — The Philosophy of History. PhM - Hegel's Philosophy of Mind. PhR - Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion. PhRt - Philosophy of Right. ThJ - Hegels theologische Jugendschriften. Ludwig Feuerbach E - Essence of Christianity. SW - Ludwig Feuerbachs Samtliche Werke. SWr - Selected^Writingsfof Ludwig Feuerbach. Periodicals and newspapers ALZ - AUgemeine Literaturzeitung. An - Anekdota zur neuesten deutschen Philosophie und Publizistik. DJ - Deutsche Jahrbticher fiir Wissenschaffc und Kunst. HJ - Hallische Jahrbticher ftir deutsche Wissenschaft und Kunst. JWK - Jahrbticher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik. RhZ - Rheinische Zeitung fur Politik, Handel und Gewerbe. • ZspT - Zeitschrift fur spekulative Theologie. PART ONE BRUNO BAUER AS A YOUNG HEGELIAN CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Bruno Bauer (1809-1882), philosopher, scholar and publicist, wrote dozens of books and hundreds of articles on questions of religion, particularly Judaism and Christianity, German and French history, political subjects, and on various social and philosophical questions. He was the recognized leader of the Young Hegelians in Berlin and one of the leaders of this literary-intellectual movement in Germany as a whole. Bauer took part in the radical activities of the Young Hegelians for several years - between 1839-1843. After that, because of the policy of persecution, intimidation and suppression operated by the Prussian authorities, the movement began to disintegrate. The dismissal of university lecturers - an example of this was the expulsion of Bauer himself from Bonn University - the closing down of progressive news• papers, including the Rheinische Zeitung, (Marx served as its chief editor in its last year), the imposition of rigid and harsh censorship - all these prevented German radical circles from giving voice to their protest and their demands for change. In the light of the reaction then raging, the central personalities within the movement began to engage in a controversy as to the new path which should be followed in order to achieve their main objectives: democratization of government, separa• tion of religion and state, abolition of privileges. For those of them who tended to socialism, such as Moses Hess and Marx, the principles and demands of the movement had become invalid and they sought more radical framework for attainment of their social and political aims. This was the basis of the ideological campaign which Marx conducted against Bauer, which was expressed in three well-known essays: On the Jewish Question, The Holy Family and The German Ideology. Bauer, who had been Marx' close friend for four years, was depicted in these works as a nihilist of the worst type; a theologian who was incapable of dealing with any political, social or philosophical question without having recourse to arguments borrowed 4 BRUNO BAUER AS A YOUNG HEGELIAN from religion or from the anti-religious, i.e.
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  • Volume 25, Number 1, Fall 2010 • Marx, Politics… and Punk Roland Boer

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    Volume 25, Number 1, Fall 2010 • Marx, Politics… and Punk Roland Boer. “Marxism and Eschatology Reconsidered” Mediations 25.1 (Fall 2010) 39-59 www.mediationsjournal.org/articles/marxism-and-eschatology-reconsidered. Marxism and Eschatology Reconsidered Roland Boer Marxism is a secularized Jewish or Christian messianism — how often do we hear that claim? From the time of Nikolai Berdyaev (1937) and Karl Löwith (1949) at least, the claim has grown in authority from countless restatements.1 It has become such a commonplace that as soon as one raises the question of Marxism and religion in a gathering, at least one person will jump at the bait and insist that Marxism is a form of secularized messianism. These proponents argue that Jewish and Christian thought has influenced the Marxist narrative of history, which is but a pale copy of its original: the evils of the present age with its alienation and exploitation (sin) will be overcome by the proletariat (collective redeemer), who will usher in a glorious new age when sin is overcome, the unjust are punished, and the righteous inherit the earth. The argument has served a range of very different purposes since it was first proposed: ammunition in the hands of apostate Marxists like Berdyaev and especially Leszek Kolakowski with his widely influential three-volume work, Main Currents of Marxism;2 a lever to move beyond the perceived inadequacies of Marxism in the hands of Christian theologians eager to assert that theological thought lies at the basis of secular movements like Marxism, however