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INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9001923 An analytical study of television and society in three Arab states: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain Beayeyz, Ibrahim A., Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 Copyright ©1989 by Beayeyz, Ibrahim A. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF TELEVISION AND SOCIETY IN THREE ARAB STATES : SAUDI ARABIA, KUWAIT, AND BAHRAIN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ibrahim A. Beayeyz, B.A.(Hon)., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee : Approved by Thomas McCain Douglas Boyd À UIâ Joseph Foley Advisor Rohan Samarajiva Department of Communication Copyright® by Ibrahim A. Beayeyz 1989 To Sarah Al-Ahmed, my wife, for being what she is. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this study would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance I have received from many individuals and organizations. My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor. Professor Thomas McCain, whose insights, expertise, and encouragement have contributed a great deal to my education in general, and to the writing of this study in particular. To him and his hospitable family, I am thankful and fully indebted; their friendship is greatly appreciated. Also, I wish to extend my thanks and appreciation to Professor Rohan Samarajiva for his constructive comments and critical reading of this dissertation. He was of great help in the last stages of formulating this disser­ tation. Thanks are also due here to Professor Douglas Boyd, who made a special trip to Columbus, Ohio to serve on my dissertation committee. To him and his invaluable contributions into the literature on broadcast media in the Arab world, this student is appreciative. Also, I am indebted to Professor Joseph Foley and Professor Stephen Acker for their valuable comments and suggestions at the early stages of this study. iii I am also thankful to all of the organizations and individuals who assisted me in locating the data and information used in this study. Special thanks goes to Al-Rxyadh, Al-Watan, The Arabia Sun, Gulfvision, Kuwait News Agency, Modern Systems Network Company, Meshari Al-Madhi, Salem Al-Fahad, and Dr. Halah Al-Omran. Also, I am indebted to King Saud University for the scholarship and the assistance I received during my stay in the U.S. Last but not least, I would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to Sarah Al-Ahmed, my wife. She provided invaluable help in the coding and entry of data used for this study. Moreover, she and our two children, Alaa and Abdulaziz, showed the greatest possible love that has always been an inspiration to me. All in all, I am thankful to all of my friends and colleagues who made my stay in the U.S. a pleasant, educational experience. For errors and deficiencies, I solely take the blame. IV VITA 1952 ................ Born - Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia 1977 ................ B.A. (Hon) . Department of Mass Communication King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1977-1978 .......... Teaching Assistant Department of Mass Communication King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1 9 8 1 ................ M.A. Department of Telecommunication Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 1 9 8 8 ................ Lecturer Department of Communication The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Major Field: Communication Studies in: Mass Media\Telecommunication International Broadcasting Educational Broadcasting TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................ iii VITA ................ V LIST OF T A B L E S ................................. viii LIST OF F I G U R E S .............................. xi PROLOGUE ...................................... 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ............................ 4 Statement of The Problem................ 10 Theoretical Framework .................. 17 Review of Literature .................. 20 Methodology and Data C o l l e c t i o n ........ 34 II. BACKGROUND: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES . 36 Introduction ............................ 36 Political and Economic Dependency .... 44 Internal Dynamics ...................... 60 Conclusion .............................. 105 III. TELEVISION AND SOCIETY.................... 110 Introduction ............................ 110 Government Ownership .................... 112 Audience Feedback ...................... 116 Television and the Political Elite . 122 IV. TELEVISION POLICY ...................... 148 Programming Policy .................... 148 1. Types of TV P r o g r a m s .............. 149 2. Sources of TV P r o g r a m s ............ 188 3. S u m m a r y ........................... 214 Introduction of Commercial Advertising . 223 Foreign Ownership of TV Stations ........ 239 vi IV. CONCLUSION............................... 255 S u m m a r y ...................................255 Limitations.............................. 262 Questions for Further Research .......... 263 Implications ............................ 265 APPENDICES A. U.S., ECC, and Japan Trade with Arab Countries................................268 B. Two memorandums issued by General Presidency for Girls' Education .... 275 C. Television Operation Charter in the Gulf S t a t e s ..................................280 D. Program c y c l e s ......................... 289 E. Coding b o o k ............................. 293 WORKS C I T E D .................................. 298 V l l LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Population in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia (1983 estimate) ...................... 38 2. Oil revenue in Saudi Arabia for selected years (U.S. $ m i l l i o n ) ...................... 77 3. The new middle class in Saudi Arabia, 1965-1985, size and growth of main component groups (Saudi nationals only) ................ 79 4. Types of programs on Saudi TV in selected years between 1976 and 1986 (total annual h o u r s ) ...................................... 151 5. Educational/cultural programs on Saudi TV in selected years between 1976 and 1986 (total annual hours) .............................. 154 6. Entertainment programs on Saudi TV in selected years between 1976 and 1986 (total annual h o u r s ) ............ 162 7. Types of programs on Kuwait TV in selected years between 1976 and 1986 (total annual h o u r s ) .................................... 168 8. Educational/cultural programs on Kuwait TV in selected years between 1976 and 1986 (total annual hours) .............................. 172 9. Entertainment programs on Kuwait TV in selected years between 1976 and 1986 (total annual hours) .............................. 177 10. Types of programs on Bahrain TV in selected years between 1980 and 1986 (total annual h o u r s ) .................................... 181 Vlll 11. Educational/cultural programs on Bahrain TV in selected years between 1980 and 1986 (total annual hours) ...................... 183 12. Entertainment programs on Bahrain TV in selected years between 1980 and 1986 (total annual hours) .............................. 186 13. Sources of programs on Saudi TV in selected years between 1976 and 1986 (total annual h o u r s ) .................................... 195 14. Types of programs by source on Saudi TV in a six-year period between 1976 and 1986 .... 196 15. Sources of programs on Kuwait TV in selected years between 1976 and 1986 (total annual h o u r s ) ........................ 202 16. Types of programs by source on Kuwait TV in a six-year period between 1976 and 1986 . 205 17. Sources of programs on Bahrain TV in selected years between 1980 and 1986 (total annual h o u r s ...................................... 210 18. Types of programs by source on Bahrain TV in a four-year period between 1980 and 1986 . 212 19. Types of TV
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