A Case Study of Memri's
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AL GHANNAM, ABDULAZIZ G., Ph.D., December 2019 TRANSLATION STUDIES IDEOLOGY IN MEDIA TRANSLATION: A CASE STUDY OF MEMRI’S TRANSLATIONS (294 PP.) Dissertation Advisor: Brian James Baer Translation is an invaluable tool for communicating between cultures and for bridging the “knowledge gap.” Based on this fact, the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) claims that the purpose of its translations of media content from the Middle East, mainly the Arabic-speaking world, is to bridge the knowledge gap that exists between the West and Middle Eastern countries. Although MEMRI’s stated goal is a generous and worthy one, its translations have attracted criticism from major translation scholars such as Mona Baker (2005, 2006, 2010a) and journalists such as Brian Whitaker (2002, 2007), as well as scholars from history and political studies. The main criticism regarding MEMRI’s translations revolves around the question of selectivity, or which texts are chosen for translation. However, no study to date has provided comprehensive evidence to support or refute that charge, which this study aims to do. This study focuses on English translations of texts and video clips that were found in the Saudi Arabia translation archive, published and available online on MEMRI’s website. By investigating all the Saudi media sources (e.g., newspapers, TV channels, Twitter, YouTube, etc.) from which MEMRI makes its selection of texts for translation, this study provides statistical evidence as to whether MEMRI’s translations are representative of what is being circulated in the source culture (Saudi Arabia) media. Supporting evidence is sought in MEMRI’s approach to the translation of titles and in its translation of video clips (subtitling). IDEOLOGY IN MEDIA TRANSLATION: A CASE STUDY OF MEMRI’S TRANSLATIONS A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Abdulaziz Al Ghannam December 2019 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published material A dissertation written by Abdulaziz Al Ghannam B.A., Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, 2006 M.A., Central Washington University, 2010 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2019 Approved by Brian James Baer , Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Judy Wakabayashi , Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Richard Kelly Washbourne , Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Babacar M’Baye , Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Christopher Banks , Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Accepted by Keiran Dunne , Chair, Department of Modern and Classical Language Studies James L. Blank , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiii DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 The Concept of Ideology ...............................................................................................2 Ideology in Social Studies ...................................................................................... 2 Ideology in Translation ........................................................................................... 7 The Current Study: Importance and Rationale ............................................................10 Why Focus on Ideology and Media? .................................................................... 10 Why MEMRI? ...................................................................................................... 14 Islamophobia, Orientalism and MEMRI............................................................... 25 Research Questions and Hypotheses ...........................................................................28 First Question (Main) ............................................................................................ 28 Second Question ................................................................................................... 28 Third Question ...................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER TWO ...............................................................................................................30 v LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................30 Introduction ..................................................................................................................30 How Ideology Shapes Discourse .................................................................................31 Patronage............................................................................................................... 38 Approaches to Studying Ideology in Translation ........................................................51 Narrative Theory (NT) .......................................................................................... 53 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ...................................................................... 64 Imagology ............................................................................................................. 70 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................78 CHAPTER THREE ...........................................................................................................80 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................80 Introduction ..................................................................................................................80 Data Collection ............................................................................................................81 Stage One: Comprehensive Data from MEMRI’s Saudi Arabian Archive .......... 81 Stage Two: Specific Data Based on Topic and Source ......................................... 82 Tools 83 Analysis........................................................................................................................84 Stage One: Creating Lists of the Most Translated Topics and Sources ................ 85 Stage Two: Creating Corpora, Frequency Lists, and Comparing Titles ............... 90 CHAPTER FOUR ..............................................................................................................92 SOURCES AND RESOURCES ........................................................................................92 vi Introduction ..................................................................................................................92 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................94 Resources .............................................................................................................. 94 Sources ................................................................................................................ 105 Conclusion .................................................................................................................115 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................117 TOPICS AND THEMES .................................................................................................117 Introduction ................................................................................................................117 Results and Discussion: Topics: An Overview ..........................................................118 Political Topics ................................................................................................... 118 Social Topics ....................................................................................................... 121 Sociopolitical Topics .......................................................................................... 122 Religious (Islamic) .............................................................................................. 123 Topics Summary: Visual Presentation ................................................................ 126 Results and Discussion: Topic One (Iran) .................................................................130 Themes and Narratives ....................................................................................... 131 Report Types ....................................................................................................... 133 Sources and Resources ........................................................................................ 134 Authors ...............................................................................................................