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Late Ottoman Empire 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd i 8/23/2007 7:33:25 PM 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd ii 8/23/2007 7:33:25 PM A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE Late Ottoman Empire M. Şükrü Hanioğlu 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd iii 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Copyright © 2008 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-0-691-13452-9 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Minion Typeface Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd iv 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd v 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Mazi ve müstakbel ahvâline vakıf ve belki ezel ve ebed esrarını ârif olmağa insanda bir meyl-i tabiî olduğundan ale-l-umum nev>-i beșerin bu fenne [tarih] ihtiyac-ı ma>nevîsi derkârdır. Since man has a natural aptitude for comprehending past and future affairs, and perhaps also for unlocking the secrets of eternities past and future, humanity’s spiritual need for this science [history] is evident. —Ahmed Cevdet, Tarih-i Cevdet, 1 (Istanbul: Matbaa-i Osmaniye, 1309 [1891]), pp. 16–17 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd vi 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Note on Transliteration, Place Names, and Dates xiii Introduction 1 1. The Ottoman Empire at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century 6 2. Initial Ottoman Responses to the Challenge of Modernity 42 3. The Dawn of the Age of Reform 55 4. The Tanzimat Era 72 5. The Twilight of the Tanzimat and the Hamidian Regime 109 6. From Revolution to Imperial Collapse: The Longest Decade of the Late Ottoman Empire 150 Conclusion 203 Further Reading in Major European Languages 213 Bibliography 217 Index 231 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd vii 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd viii 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Figures 1. The Ottoman Empire ca. 1795 2. “Ottoman Africa” including the “Principality (Emaret) of Tunis” and the “Region (Hıtta) of Algeria” 3. An Ottoman sketch dated January 23, 1818, depicting the Shagrā’ fortress 4. A painting (ca. 1791) depicting Sultan Selim III and his Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha 5. Sultan Mahmut II in traditional garb before the destruction of the Janissaries in 1826 6. Sultan Mahmut II in his new uniform after the destruction of the Janissaries 7. Ottoman provinces and autonomous principalities in Europe in 1833 8. The record of Governor Mehmed Haydar Pasha ibn Abdullah’s estate (1849) marshaling his books 9. An Ottoman cartoon depicting a conversation between a traditional and a modern lady 10. Ottoman deputies 1877 11. Ottoman Empire after the Berlin Congress of 1878 12. Sultan Abdülhamid II in the early days of his reign 13. The first page of the journal Terakki (Progress) dated March 17, 1901 14. The Congress of Ottoman Liberals 15. The Young Turk Revolution in Monastir, July 23, 1908 16. Elections of 1908. Crowds carrying ballot boxes to counting centers 17. Ottoman deputies 1908 18. The Action Army in Istanbul, April 24, 1909 19. A CUP central committee note dated August 8/9, 1909 20. Demonstrations before the Sublime Porte immediately after the CUP raid on January 23, 1913 21. The Banco di Roma branch in Tripoli of Barbary (ca. 1909) 22. Partition of the Eeuropean provinces of the empire after the Balkan Wars of 1912–13 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd ix 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM x List of Figures 23. Muslim refugees from the Balkans in the capital (December 1912) 24. The violet line dividing the British and Ottoman spheres of influence according to the 1914 Anglo-Ottoman Convention 25. Belkıs Şevket aboard an Ottoman Bleriot XI/B with Captain Fethi Bey 26. The partition of the Ottoman Empire according to the Sèvres Treaty of 1920 27. Turkey and other successor states according to the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd x 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Acknowledgments I have incurred numerous debts of gratitude while engaging in the research and writing of this book. First and foremost, I should express my deepest gratitude to Michael A. Cook and Jesse Ferris, who have read successive drafts of the entire manuscript and offered generous help in organizing the text. They also drew my attention to points which I might otherwise have overlooked. I am also grateful to my learned colleagues András P. Hámori and Stephen Kotkin, who read the final draft and provided excellent remarks and suggestions. Likewise, I am indebted to my colleagues Mustafa Aksakal, Nancy Coffin, Robert P. Finn, Said Öztürk, İskender Pala, and Milen Petrov for answering numerous inquiries and providing valuable information. I want to express my thanks to the two anonymous reviewers for offering insightful comments toward improving this book. Special thanks are due to Princeton University Press for its careful execu- tion of a difficult task. At the Press, editors Brigitta van Rheinberg and Sara Lerner with competence and good humor answered myriad questions, ac- commodated all requests, and coordinated the publication. Dimitri Karet- nikov, the illustration specialist, managed to produce illustrations that look better than the originals. Karen M. Verde, with her extremely thorough and professional work, considerably exceeded my expectations in a copyeditor. I would also like to express my thanks to Dr. Christopher L. Brest for his help in preparing the maps. I am indebted to the administrations of the Başbakanlik Osmanli Arşivi and Müftülük Arşivi, both in Istanbul, not only for access to their collec- tions but for their kind permission to reproduce many of the illustrations that appear in this book. I also wish to thank Mr. Mehmet Darakçıoğlu, Dr. Fatmagül Demirel, Ms. İffet Baytaş, and Mr. Sabit Baytaş for their help in obtaining some of the illustrations. Thanks are also due to the man- agers and office staff of the Near Eastern Studies Department: Kathleen O’Neill, Christine Riley, Angela Bryant, Danette Rivera, Pinar Gibbon, and Tammy M. Williams for their continuous technical support during the preparation of this study. 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd xi 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM xii Acknowledgments It is my pleasant duty to record my gratitude to the University Commit- tee on Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences that made grants toward the cost of my research in Istanbul in 1994 and 2001. I collected all the data regarding books read by members of the Ottoman ruling (askerî) class and Ottoman constitutionalism during these two research trips. Last but not least, I thank my wife Arsev for once again sacrificing the time it took me to work on another book. MŞH Princeton, NJ May 2007 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd xii 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Note on Transliteration, Place Names, and Dates Names and titles in Ottoman Turkish are rendered according to modern Turkish usage and not by strict transliteration. Arabic names and titles are transliterated according to a slightly simplified system based on that of the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (IJMES). For geographical names frequently encountered in material in the English language, com- mon English usage is preferred. Thus we have Damascus, Monastir, and Salonica, not Dimashq, Bitola, and Thessaloniki. For all other place names, to avoid confusion, the designations current in the contemporary successor states of the Balkans and Near East have been employed. In accordance with The Chicago Manual of Style, foreign terms are italicized only on their first appearance. Gregorian equivalents of both Muslim Hicrî (Hijrī) and the Rumî (Rūmī) dates are provided in square brackets where considered nec- essary. The Hicrî calendar is lunar and starts from the Hijra in a.d. 622; the Rumî calendar was a solar version of the Hicrî calendar based on the Julian calendar. 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd xiii 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd xiv 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd xv 8/23/2007 7:33:27 PM 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd Ottoman Protectorates R USSIA Vienna A Principality of Guria (to Russia 1811) xvi B Principality of Mingrelia (Russian protection 1806, Bogdan AUSTRIA (Moldavia) Autonomous Russian annexation 1867) principalities C Principality of Imeretia (to Russia 1810) D Principality of Abkhazia (to Russia 1810) DalmatiaProvince Eflâk E Principality of Svanetia (independent 1810, Russian protection 1833, (Venice) E of Bosna (Wallachia) D Russian annexation 1857) Saraybosna B C (Sarajevo) Silistire Black Sea Province Province Tr A Caspian Sinop abzonRize Dubrovnik (Ragusa) of Rumeli of Samsun Sea Autonomous Republic Iskodra¸ Kars Vassal to the Karadag (Scutari) Silistire Istanbul 6 (Montenegro) Kastamoni Amasya 8 Ottoman Empire 9 Selânik Ankara 3 Erzurum (Salonica) Bursa Sivas 7 1 Van Semi-Autonomous 22 Bitlis Kurdish Ionaian I. 4 Diyar-i 10 (Venice) Izmir(Smyrna) Konya Mar‘as¸ Mardin Principalities Tehran 5 Bekir 2 Adana 11 Erbil Province Musul Kerkük of Mora Iskenderun Rakka 15 IRAN Tunis 14 (Kirkuk) Kibris 12 13 Continued on 23 Lefkose¸ Magosa Girid Bagdad inset below Hanya (Nicosia) 21 (Famagusta) Mediterranean Sea (Canea) Trablus 16 Kerbelâ Sayda Sam¸ (Damascus) 17 Akkâ(Acre) 19 Trablusgarb(Tripoli) Kudüs(Jerusalem) Basra Bingazi 18 Iskenderiye 20 (Alexandria) KUWAIT Un Trablus Garb-Bingazi Kahire (Cairo) der (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) co Prov ntr Autonomous Karamanli Principality Province ol of BAHRAIN of in NAJD of Trablus Garb-Bingazi ce local r Misir of QATAR (Egypt) Cidde ulers bu Medine (Medina) t 8/23/2007 7:33:27 PM MUSCAT 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd claim MUSCAT Red ed Sea by Cidde(Jeddah) the Ot Mekke (Mecca) OMAN toman Empir al-Cezayir (Algiers) Tunis Autonomous xvii al-Madiya (Medea) Rub‘ al-Khali Autonomous Principality Principality Sawakin e of Cezayir (Algeria) of Tunus (Tunis) Province of Sabya Cidde WT ‘ASIR Massawa San‘a’ HADRAMA YEMEN ADEN Mocha Aden 1.
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