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Teoria I Praktyka Archiwisyki W USA.Indb BARTOSZ NOWOŻYCKI BARTOSZ BARTOSZ NOWOŻYCKI Teoria i praktyka archiwistyki USA archiwistyki i praktyka Teoria ISBN 978-83-65681-15-7 Teoria i praktyka archiwistyki USA BARTOSZ NOWOŻYCKI WARSZAWA 2017 NACZELNA DYREKCJA ARCHIWÓW PAŃSTWOWYCH BARTOSZ NOWOŻYCKI WARSZAWA 2017 CIP - Biblioteka Narodowa Nowożycki, Bartosz Teoria i praktyka archiwistyki USA / Bartosz Nowożycki. - Warszawa : Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, 2017. Recenzje naukowe prof. dr hab. Edward Kołodziej prof. dr hab. Stanisław Sierpowski Redakcja i korekta Izabella Rdzanek, Tomasz Mrożek Redaktor prowadzący Tomasz Mrożek Skład, łamanie i opracowanie graficzne AMALKER Druk i oprawa Archiwum Państwowe w Przemyślu Na okładce Plan Waszyngtonu z 1928 r. z lokalizacją siedziby Archiwum Narodowego USA – skan dokumentu z zasobu National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Oryginał: Plan of the Mall, Washington 1928, Record Group 328: Records of the National Capital Planning Commission, 1900–2000. ISBN 978-83-65681-15-7 (miękka oprawa) 978-83-65681-16-4 (PDF) 978-83-65681-17-1 (ePub) 978-83-65681-18-8 (Mobi) © Copyright by Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Warszawa 2017 Wydawca Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych ul. Rakowiecka 2D 02-517 Warszawa www.archiwa.gov.pl Spis treści Wstęp. 7 Wykaz ważniejszych skrótów obcojęzycznych. 19 Rozdział I. Archiwum Narodowe w latach 1934–2009 . 21 1. Instytucje archiwalne przechowujące dokumenty rządu federalnego USA do 1934 r. 21 2. Organizacja i działalność Archiwum Narodowego . 27 3. Personel Archiwum Narodowego . 52 4. Zasób Archiwum Narodowego . .57 5. Narastający zasób archiwalny ....................................74 6. Kształcenie amerykańskich archiwistów ............................83 Rozdział II. Podstawowe instytucje amerykańskiego prawa archiwalnego .....97 1. Archiwum Narodowe i Archiwista USA .............................97 2. Biblioteki prezydenckie . .103 3. Fundusz powierniczy Archiwum Narodowego . 106 4. Narodowa Komisja Publikacji Historycznych i Dokumentacji .........107 5. Rejestr Federalny i Kodeks Prawa Federalnego ......................109 6. Regulacje prawne dotyczące agencji federalnych . 111 7. Brakowanie dokumentacji . .114 8. Polityka informacyjna rządu federalnego i e-administracja .............116 Rozdział III. Dzieje amerykańskiej teorii archiwalnej . .119 Rozdział IV. Amerykańska metodyka archiwalna ........................147 1. Selekcja archiwalna . 147 2. Porządkowanie i opracowanie akt................................163 3. Udostępnianie materiałów archiwalnych . 176 4. Konserwacja................................................188 5. Dokumentacja elektroniczna . .194 Zakończenie ..........................................199 Aneksy ..............................................209 Aneks I. Archiwiści kierujący Archiwum Narodowym w latach 1934–2009........209 Aneks II. Wykaz archiwów federalnych i stanowych . .210 Aneks III. Słownik amerykańskich terminów archiwalnych i kancelaryjnych ........219 Aneks IV. Wykaz schematów, tabel i wykresów .............................247 Bibliografia . .249 Źródła drukowane . .249 Słowniki . .252 Opracowania zwarte..........................................252 Artykuły . .256 Strony internetowe . 282 Summary: Archival Theory and Practice in the USA . 283 Wstęp W Polsce niewiele wiemy na temat archiwistyki Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki, co stało się głównym powodem podjęcia przez autora badań nad problemami ar- chiwistyki amerykańskiej w XX i początkach XXI w. W zamierzeniu autora praca ma być syntezą dziejów tej dyscypliny, która narodziła się w diametralnie odmiennym od polskiego systemie administracyjno-prawnym. Analiza różnic w sytuacji archiwów funkcjonujących w poszczególnych stanach, oraz Archiwum Narodowego, wynikających z odrębnego prawodawstwa (federal- nego i stanowego), tradycji i bliskich związków z bibliotekami, stanowi zasadniczy problem badawczy. Główny nacisk położono na analizę organizacji i działalności Archiwum Narodowego w Waszyngtonie (obecnie funkcjonującego jako National Archives and Records Administration), co pozwala zrozumieć i przedstawić spójny oraz reprezentatywny w skali całego kraju system archiwalny USA – znacznie róż- niący się od europejskiego. Zakres problematyki i wielość źródeł nie pozwala na rozszerzenie badań na archiwa stanowe. Kwestia organizacji i zakresu funkcjono- wania archiwów stanowych, a także lokalnego prawa i tradycji, stanowi odrębne zagadnienie badawcze. Chronologicznie praca obejmuje okres od 1934 r., gdy archiwistyka amerykańska uniezależniła się od bibliotekoznawstwa, do 2009 r., kiedy kadencję rozpoczął urzę- dujący obecnie Archiwista USA David S. Ferriero, prezentujący nową wizję archiwum. Autor pracy rozpatruje następujące problemy badawcze: 1. Proces wyodrębnienia się archiwistyki amerykańskiej jako samodzielnej dziedziny nauki. 2. Archiwum Narodowe w systemie prawnym i administracyjnym USA i jego rola w rozwoju archiwistyki i profesjonalizacji zawodu archiwisty. 3. Czynniki determinujące powstanie i rozwój amerykańskiej teorii archiwalnej. 4. Metodyka pracy w archiwach amerykańskich. Organizacja i działalność Archiwum Narodowego rzadko były opisywane w li- teraturze archiwalnej w Polsce. Stosunkowo najwięcej można się dowiedzieć na temat Archiwum Narodowego USA z artykułu Tadeusza ManteufflaArchiwum Na- rodowe Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej („Archeion”, t. 15, 1937/1938). Ten temat podjęli kilkadziesiąt lat później Kamil Klimiuk Archiwa w Stanach Zjed- noczonych Ameryki Północnej – organizacja i działalność („Teki Archiwalne”, t. 10, 2009) oraz Jerzy Skowronek Z pobytu w archiwach amerykańskich i polskich w USA („Archeion”, t. 93, 1994). Wymienieni autorzy, opisując powstanie federalnej sieci archiwalnej w USA, jako cezurę przyjęli przełom XIX i XX w.; nie wspominają o po- 8 T eoria i rakt ka arc h iwi t ki S A czątkach federalnych instytucji archiwalnych sięgających końca XVIII w. Czytelnik interesujący się problematyką archiwistyki amerykańskiej musi uświadomić sobie, że przesadnie mało pozytywna jej ocena, wyrażona przez Manteuffla, oparta była na wrażeniach z wizyty w Archiwum Narodowym, w trakcie której nie mógł on dostrzec wielu uwarunkowań kształtujących tamtejszą archiwistykę. Stwierdził on wtedy, że Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki Północnej są jedynym państwem, które do lat 30. XX w. nie interesowało się swymi archiwaliami. Artykuł napisany przez autora tak uznanego jak prof. Manteuffel po dziś dzień rzutuje na stanowisko nielicznych osób podejmujących tę problematykę. Informacje o zagadnieniach archiwistyki amerykańskiej przynoszą artykuły: Pio- tra Bewicza Appraisal and disposal. Dyskurs archiwistyczny o selekcji archiwalnej na łamach «The American Archivist» („Archiwista Polski”, 2013, nr 2) oraz Postmo- dernistyczny dyskurs o tożsamości archiwisty na łamach „The American Archivist” („Archiwa-Kancelarie-Zbiory”, 2012, nr 3); Marcina Peterlejtnera Federalne mate- riały archiwalne w zbiorach Biblioteki Kongresu w kontekście amerykańskiej sieci archiwalnej („Archiwista Polski”, 2008, nr 3); Leszka Pudłowskiego Nowe trendy w archiwistyce amerykańskiej (Na marginesie zjazdu Stowarzyszenia Archiwistów Amerykańskich) („Archeion”, t. 103, 2001) oraz Huberta Wajsa Era – Electronic Records Archives („Archeion”, t. 109, 2009–2010). W Polsce ukazywały się też recen- zje opracowań i przegląd czasopism amerykańskich, publikowane na łamach „Arche- ionu” oraz „Archiwisty Polskiego”. Informacje dotyczące archiwistyki amerykańskiej odnajdujemy ponadto w artykułach i opracowaniach poświęconych kształceniu archiwistów, współpracy i programom międzynarodowym oraz w sprawozdaniach z pobytu archiwistów polskich w ważnych prywatnych instytucjach naukowych (por. Władysław Stępniak, Archiwalia polskie w zbiorach Instytutu Hoovera Uniwersytetu Stanforda, Warszawa 1997). Praca oparta jest głównie na publikowanych źródłach w postaci aktów prawnych i normatywnych, planów i raportów oraz amerykańskiej literaturze przedmiotu. Ważnym źródłem dla tematu jest amerykańska, a także kanadyjska fachowa prasa archiwalna, zwłaszcza czasopisma „The American Archivist” (dalej: AA) oraz „Ar- chivaria”. Kwerendę autor wykonał w bibliotekach amerykańskich w czasie staży archiwalnych w latach 2012–2014 w Instytucie im. Józefa Piłsudskiego w Nowym Jorku (w ramach programu Naczelnej Dyrekcji Archiwów Państwowych oraz Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego „Dziedzictwo kulturowe”). Pobyt w Nowym Jor- ku pozwolił mu ponadto na nawiązanie kontaktów z amerykańskimi archiwistami. Publikacje amerykańskie od końca XIX w. do 1934 r. koncentrowały się na podsta- wowych zagadnieniach praktycznych archiwistyki, związanych z funkcjonowaniem archiwów i repozytoriów dokumentacji. Ponadto niektórzy archiwiści z USA, m.in. Margaret C. Norton czy Waldo G. Leland, próbowali przenieść europejską metodykę Wstęp 9 archiwalną na grunt amerykański. Jednakże archiwa nadal pozostawały w cieniu bibliotek i tradycji zbierania i opracowywania dokumentacji praktykowanych przez towarzystwa historyczne. Faktycznie znaczna część europejskich prac z dziedziny archiwistyki była niedostępna w USA. Dopiero po roku 1934 powstał zasadniczy zrąb amerykańskiego piśmiennictwa archiwalnego. Założone w 1938 r. przez Stowa- rzyszenie Archiwistów Amerykańskich, czasopismo „The American Archivist” stało się główną płaszczyzną dyskusji nad problemami archiwistyki. Archiwum Narodowe wydawało w tym okresie biuletyny i materiały informacyjne dla pracowników, które zawierały podstawowe zagadnienia z zakresu praktyki i teorii archiwalnej. Od lat 60. XX w.
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