"Experimental Study for the Evaluation and Modification of Pastes Used for Gap-Filling Dented Parchment Manuscripts with Application on an Archaeological Object"
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Cairo University Faculty of Archaeology Conservation Department "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR THE EVALUATION AND MODIFICATION OF PASTES USED FOR GAP-FILLING DENTED PARCHMENT MANUSCRIPTS WITH APPLICATION ON AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECT" By AL SAYDA NAFESA IBRAHIM EL-MOSELHY IBRAHIM Demonstrator at Restoration and Maintains of Antiquities Department - Faculty of Archaeology and Tourism Guidance - MISR University for Science and Technology THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ART In Conservation Sciences SUPERVISION COMMITTEE Prof.Dr. Gomaa Mohamed Mahmoud Abdel-Maksoud Professor, Conservation Dep. Fac. Arch. Cairo University Prof.Dr. Salah Eldin Mohamed Elmofty Professor, Testing and Materials Technology Dep. Fac. Eng. Cairo University Prof.Dr. Khaled Ebrahim El-Nagar Professor, Textile Metrology Dep. National Institute for Standards (NIS) 2012 Special Dedication For I dedicate this thesis on the soul of my dear brother…. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I'm grateful in particular… First of all, I am grateful to the Almighty God for prospering, giving me the strength and patience to finish this work in spite of all the obstacles and difficulties that I faced establishing to complete this thesis; I would like to express my sincere acknowledgement and deepest gratitude for the support and help at my supervisors. To Prof. Dr. Gomaa Mohamed Mahmoud Abdel-Maksoud from Conservation Department - Faculty of Archaeology - Cairo University; thanks a lot for teaching me all of these things in Assets and rules of scientific research; being so patient with me like that; and for sharing with my hard times in some parts and happiness in our new results…thank you so much. I am so thankful to Prof. Dr. Khaled Ebrahim El-Nagar from Textile Metrology Department - National Institute for Standards (NIS) for all his effort to overcome the difficulties and finalize this work within presumed and planned timeframe to achieve such a work. Also I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Salah Eldin Mohamed Elmofty from Department of Testing and Materials Technology - Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University for the intensive support, all his encouragement, advices, suggestions and guidance to access such a work; I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abd-Allah Maarof from Faculty of Arts- Sohag University and Prof. Dr. Abo-Bakar EL-Nawawee from faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University for providing me with all the necessary facilities to have such appropriate opportunity to restore and conserve the suitable applied object for my work; I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all the staff of the restoration Lab. in the Central library of Islamic manuscripts - Ms. Zeinab- Mosque for all their assistance in preparation of the pastes samples in their lab. and with their leafcasting machine; I also thank Mr. Abdel Hameid Mahmoud Abdel Hameid from chemist department- faculty of Pharmacy -MUST University for his helping in processing some of the raw materials necessary for the preparation of some samples; Special thanks to the staff of the ARCE, IFAO and Cairo university libraries for their help and support; Special thanks to everybody who contributed in this work with even a word; Also it gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge my family who helped me a lot to prepare this work, and their permanent encourage and support. Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Tables VIII List of Figures IX-XIV Key words XV Introduction 1-3 Literature Review 5-7 1. Causes of gaps in parchment manuscripts 5 2. Paste materials used in gap filling of parchment manuscripts 5 Chapter 1: Causes of gaps in parchment manuscripts 8 1.1.Biological factors 8 1.1.1 Microorganisms 8 1.1.1.1. Fungi 8 1.1.1.2.Bacteria 9 1.1.1.3.Actinomycetes 10 1.1.2. Insects 10 1.1.3. Rodents 11 1.1.4. Factors that could be helpful in growth 12 1.1.5. Mechanism of deterioration 13 1.1.6. Forms of deterioration 14 1.2.Ink corrosion 15 1.2.1. Types of inks on the subject of study 15 1.2.1.1. Metal gall inks 15 1.2.1.2. Preparing the iron ink 16 1.2.2. Forms of deterioration 17 18 1.2.3. Mechanism of deterioration Chapter 2: Paste materials used in gap-filling of parchment manuscripts 20 21 2.1. Cellulosic materials 22 22 2.1.1. Historical overview of fibers I Table of Contents 22 2.1.2. The nature of fibers 23 2.1.3. The chemical composition of the fibers 2.1.4. cellulosic materials have been used in paste formula used in gap-filling of 23 parchment 24 2.1.5. Classification of fibers 2.1.6. The importance of using cellulosic materials in the field of gap-filling 28 procedures of parchment 28 2.2.Proteinous materials 29 2.2.1. Definition and the nature of parchment 30 2.2.2. The structure of skin 31 2.2.3. The links in the internal composition 32 2.2.4. The chemical composition of parchment {Collagen} 33 2.2.5. The structure of collagen 2.2.6. The Proteinous fibers have been used in paste formula used in the gap- 34 filling procedures 35 2.2.7. The most effective properties of Proteinous materials (parchment) 37 2.2.8. Some notes in using parchment should be taken into consideration 37 2.3. Fillers 37 2.3.1. The nature of fillers 38 2.3.2. Fillers' chemical composition 38 2.3.3. Historical overview 2.3.4. The importance of using fillers in the field of gap-filling procedures of 38 parchment 39 2.3.5. Criteria should be taken into consideration 39 2.3.6. Fillers' properties (Characterization of Fillers) 2.3.7. The fillers have been used in pastes formula used in gap-filling of the 40 parchment 40 2.3.8. Classification of fillers 45 2.4. Adhesives 46 2.4.1. The nature of adhesives 46 2.4.2. The commercial valuation of gums 46 2.4.3. Criteria should be taken into consideration 46 2.4.4. The required properties of glue for the restoration of skin bindings and II Table of Contents parchments 2.4.5. The adhesives have been used in paste formula used in gap-filling of 46 parchment 47 2.4.7. Nature adhesives' history 47 2.4.8. Natural adhesives chemical composition 48 2.4.9. Natural adhesives' properties (physical properties) 49 2.4.10. Classification of the adhesives and description of natural adhesives 50 2.4.11. adhesives division 61 2.5. Solvents 62 2.5.1. The nature of solvents 62 2.5.2. Historical overview of the solvents 2.5.3. The importance of using solvents in the field of gap-filling of the 62 parchment 62 2.5.4. The chemical composition of the solvents 'Alcohols' 63 2.5.5. The properties of the solvents 65 2.5.6. Experimental study done on the solvents 65 2.5.7. The solvents have been used in pastes 66 2.5.8. Criteria should be taken into consideration 66 2.5.9. Classification of the solvents 66 2.5.10. Survey of used alcohols in pastes 67 2.6. Colors additives 'Toning materials' 69 2.6.1. The nature of colors 69 2.6.2. Color chemical composition 2.6.3. The colors additives that could be used in the field of gap-filing 69 procedures of parchment in pastes 69 2.6.4. Classification of color additives 71 2.6.5. Criteria should be taken into consideration in completion process 72 2.7. Pesticides 74 2.7.1. The nature of pesticide 74 2.7.2. The chemical composition 75 2.7.3. Historical overview 75 2.7.4. The classification of pesticides III Table of Contents 76 2.7.5. The pesticides properties 2.7.6. The importance of using it in the field of gap-filling procedures of 77 parchment 2.7.7. The pesticides that used in pastes of gap-filling procedures of 77 Parchment 2.7.8. The specification should be taken into consideration when using them 77 with the organic materials 77 2.7.9. Criteria should be taken into consideration when using fungicides 78 2.7.10. Advantages and disadvantages of pesticides Chapter 3: Materials And Methods 79 79 3.1. Materials Used 79 3.1.1. Preparation of samples (pastes used) 3.1.1.1. The applied procedures of the gap filling processes using leaf casting 79 machine 3.1.1.2. Several criteria were put forward that would have to be met to make the 79 method acceptable for use 80 3.1.1.3. Preparation of a separate sheet by leafcasting 81 3.1.1.4. The components preparing 87 3.1.1.5. Leafcasting process 90 3.1.1.6. The application of pastes sheets 3.1.1.7. Other assistant tools used in the lab of leaf casting which could be very 93 helpful in the process 95 3.1.2. Traditional pastes used with a little modification (evaluated pastes) 96 3.1.3. Modified pastes used 97 3.1.4. New pastes used 98 3.2. Methods Used 3.2.1. Ageing technique used 98 3.2.2. Visual Assessment 99 3.2.3. Change of color by spectrophotometer 99 3.2.4. Investigation of the surface morphology by SEM 100 3.2.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 100 3.2.6. X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) for the determination of crystallinty 101 IV Table of Contents 3.2.7. Mechanical properties (tensile strength – elongation) 102 3.2.8.