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January 1988 Internationale Nachrichten der Konservierung Les Nouvelles Internationales de Preservation Me>KnyHapoflHbie H o b o c t m KoHcepBauMM INTERNATIONAL PRESERVATION NEWS A Newsletter of the IFLA Programme on Preservation and Conservation ISSN 0890-4960 No. 2, January 1988 In May 1979 a national meeting U.S. Promotes the Manufacture and Use was held in New York at which of Permanent Paper twenty representatives from the fields of publishing, paper manu­ In comparison to earlier papers, and physically durable. Unfortun­ facturing, and preservation of most book papers produced after ately, paper made to these specifi­ library materials discussed various 1850 are relatively impermanent. cations was expensive to produce aspects of the problem of preserv­ Although the rapid deterioration and lacked the aesthetic qualities ing books for future generations. and embrittlement of these papers desirable in book paper. Following this meeting a Commit­ is considered a threat to the preser­ tee on Production Guidelines for vation of library materials world­ Standards Development Book Longevity was formed. The wide, the problem is particularly Building on Barrow’s initial objectives of the committee were to acute in U.S. libraries. One long­ work, other individuals and organi­ increase knowledge about the dura­ term solution to the brittle book zations continued to develop bility of books and other materials problem is the manufacture and specifications for permanent and and to encourage improvements in use of permanent papers. Several durable paper. In 1975 the Na­ their physical properties. initiatives relating to this solution tional Historical Publications and The final report of the com­ are currently underway in the U.S. Records Commission (NHPRC) mittee2 developed several guide­ published Paper Standards for Histor­ lines to be followed in paper Historic Research ical Publications. Revised in 1977, production. They were adapted Edwin Sutermeister, who began these standards call for a minimum and simplified from standards set his research at the S. D. Warren pH of 7.5 (measured by cold ex­ by NHPRC, the Library of Con­ Company in the 1890’s, is gen­ traction, TAPPI T-509), a mini­ gress, and from the ASTM/ANSI erally credited for having identified mum alkaline reserve composed of Standard Specification for Bond acid in paper as the primary cause either calcium or magnesium car­ and Ledger Papers for Permanent of its decay. Sutermeister’s findings bonate, and a minimum cross-direc­ Records. The guidelines addressed were confirmed by further research tion fold endurance of 30 double issues of both permanence and initiated in 1957 by William J. folds at 1 kg. tension (25 replicates, durability. In the area of perma­ Barrow. After extensive testing and TAPPI T-5in.‘ analysis of book papers produced 2 The history of the committee and its reports between 1507 and 1949 Barrow 1 Copies of the standard may be obtained were published in 1982 in Book Longevity, avail­ from Mr. Roger Bruns, Publications Program, able for $3.00 from the Council on Library Re­ drafted specifications for paper that NHPRC, National Archives Building, Wash­ sources, 1785 Massachusetts Avenue N.W. was both chemically permanent ington, D.C. 20408, U.S.A. Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A. nence they specified a minimum ternational Standards Organization pH of 7.5 (cold extraction, (ISO). TAPPI T-509) and a minimum The ANSI standard establishes alkaline reserve (calcium or mag­ the criteria for permanence of un­ nesium carbonate, or both) of 2% coated paper and states that paper oo) based on oven dry weight. meeting these criteria should last at These guidelines serveu as the least several hundred years without Symbol adopted by AN SI to denote per­ starting point for the subsequent significant deterioration under nor­ manent paper. work of a committee formed by the mal library use and storage condi­ National Information Standards tions. The requirements stated in In 1987 a new NISO committee Organization (NISO). The result the standard relate to pH (mini­ was formed to revise ANSI of the NISO committee’s efforts is mum pH of 7.5), fold endurance, Z39.48-1984 to include standards the American National Standardfor In­ tear resistance, alkaline reserve for coated as well as uncoated formation Science—Permanence of Paper (minimum alkaline reserve equiva­ papers. The Z39 revision commit­ for Printed Library Materials (ANSI lent to 2% calcium carbonate), and tee is considering several issues. Z39.48-1984).3 The standard is paper stock (shall include no These include whether the per­ now under consideration by the In- groundwood or unbleached pulp). manence of coated paper can be The standard also recommends specified by the same characteris­ that a statement of compliance tics as uncoated paper; whether should appear on the verso of a new or modified tests are needed book’s title page whenever paper is to measure the characteristics of 1 F LA used that meets the standard. Such coated paper; whether different PAC paper may also bear the symbol of permanence criteria are needed for compliance: the mathematical sym­ different kinds of coated paper; and bol for infinity, set in a circle. whether any interaction between Publication and distribution of the coating and the paper core af­ International Preservation News is a pub­ the standard have helped promote fects the permanence of coated lication of the International Federation permanent paper by providing paper. of Library Associations and Institu­ paper manufacturers with an ex­ tions (IFLA) Core Programme on plicit set of guidelines from which Permanent Paper Production Preservation and Conservation (PAC) to work, thus stimulating alkaline that reports on the preservation activi­ Alkaline paper production in the ties of IFLA and highlights inter­ paper production and encouraging U.S. has increased tremendously in national activities and events that better quality control. By exactly the past several years. More than support efforts to preserve materials in defining the minimum require­ thirty paper mills (compared with the world’s libraries and archives. It ments for permanent paper, the less than five a decade ago) now is available without charge to inter­ standard has also helped improve produce alkaline paper, and ested institutions. dialogue between preservation 10-15% of all fine paper produced librarians and publishers. In addi­ in the U.S. today is alkaline. IFLA PAC Core Programme tion, the standard has also been Whether all mills produce paper in National Preservation Program Office useful to preservation-conscious strict accord with the ANSI stan­ The Library of Congress groups and individuals who are dard is not clear, since many of the Washington, D.C. 20540 working to convince library direc­ mills converted to alkaline produc­ USA. tors, government agencies, and col­ Telephone: (202) 287-1840 tion before the standard was pub­ Telex: 710-822-0185 lection development officers that lished. The alkaline paper from these Merrily A. Smith, Editor the manufacture and use of perma­ mills was being produced primarily nent paper can have a major im­ for aesthetic reasons (brightness, _______________© _______________ pact on reducing the number of opaqueness, surface smoothness) for brittle books in the future. This publication is printed on paper which industrial and commercial packag­ meets the minimum requirements of Ameri­ ing applications. 3 The standard may be purchased for $7.00 Converting a paper mill from can National Standard for Information from the American National Standards Institute, Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018, acid to alkaline paper production Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. U.S.A. is initially quite costly, but can be 2 profitable in the long run. High conversion, the cost of acid vs. for paper permanence be formally retooling costs are offset by poten­ alkaline paper stock, and the feasi­ adopted by the Joint Committee on tial profit incentives resulting from bility of producing an alkaline coat­ Printing, and that following the streamlined production once the ed paper economically. Although adoption of such a specification the plant is fully operational. Greater the use in biomedical literature of Public Printer notify government stock strength is achieved by using permanent paper meeting ANSI publishers of the availability of per­ calcium carbonate filler which al­ Z39.48-1984 was overwhelmingly manent paper and the benefits of lows the use of less expensive, endorsed by all participants, it was its use. Lastly, the Council recom­ shorter-fiber pulp. Less time is agreed that increased public sup­ mended that GPO encourage the needed for paper drying because port and action to reinforce current use of permanent paper for publi­ less pulp is used. Less pulp allows planning are needed. Consequent­ cations with enduring research better wire drainoff which results ly, a task force was formed that is value.4 If the Joint Committee on in cleaner fabrics and less machine charged with identifying a set of Printing were to set a strong preser­ maintenance. Shorter drying time principles for the use of permanent vation precedent by establishing a means less energy is used, thus paper and with developing strate­ policy that recommends the use by enabling faster machine runs and gies for integrating permanent GPO of permanent paper, the posi­ increased production. Desirable ar­ paper into biomedical literature tive impact on collection preserva­ chival characteristics are easily publishing. tion in all U.S. depository libraries achieved, including superior In April 1987 the Andrew W. and on other libraries and archives brightness, opacity, and bulking. Mellon Foundation awarded nationwide would be major. Finally, Environmental Protection $36,000 to NISO to assist with the Other efforts to disseminate in­ Agency regulations for effluent revision of ANSI Z39.48-1984 and formation about permanent paper contaminants can also be more eas­ to support the production and dis­ are also taking place.
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