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Pennsylvania and the Tariff, 1816-1860

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Pennsylvania and the Tariff, 1816-1860 PennsvWaniq And TheTarit-f I816-|8^30 PENNSYLVANIA AND THE TARIFF, 1816-1860 BY LAURA McAllister moore A. B. Indiana University ; 1892 ( THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY IN : THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1916 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniatariOOnioor < UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CO Sept ember..2.7 iqi 5 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPER- VISION BY ...Laura. ..Mc.Allia.t..e.r....MQ.Q.re ENTITLED .^.e^sylvania.....^^^^^ Tariff. 1816-186.0..... BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF .M.a.s.te.r p.f A.rts.....i.n (Ia^ O. &a Head of Department Recommendation concurred in :* Committee on Final Examination* *Required for doctor's degree but not for master's. ' I CONTENTS Chapter I Introducti on Periods in the tariff history of the United States 1 Pennsylvania's natural resources 2 Her system of , protective duties 1783-1789 ! 3 Pennsylvania protectionists in the First Congress 3,4 Tariff measures between 1789 and 1816 4,5 Chapter II 1816-1824 The effect of the 77ar of 1812 on manufactures 6 Tariff Act of 1816 and the Pennsylvania members of Congress 6,7 Duties on iron 8 Societies for the promotion of American industry 8 The Tariff Bill of 1820 8,9 President Monroe recommends a protective tariff .... i . 10 Messrs. Buchanan and Ingham 10,11 Success of the protectionists in 1824 11 Sectional divisions 11,12 Pennsylvania's vote 12 Analysis of vote 12 Chapter III 1825-1832 Tariff and politics become somewhat mixed 13 The Woollens Bill, its friends and foes . 14-16 Messrs. Buchanan and Ingham again 16 Rumors of "combinations" 16t17 The Harrisburg Convention of 1827 '17*18 The "Tariff of Abominations'' . , 18-22 Niles' quid pro quo .* . ! 19 2o Analysis of vote '.22 New England and Pennsylvania exchange positions in Congress 23 Messrs . Ingham, Buchanan, and Van Buren receive their rewards . 23 The election of General Jackson 23 24 "Nothing 25* 'judicious' in a tariff that is not efficient"! ! ! The Tariff Act of 1832 25 The Conference Committee 26 Analysis of vote 26 Governor :"olf's "efficient" tariff popular in Pennsylvania ! 26,27 Change in Pennsylvania's congressmen 27 Chapter IV 1833-1857 The Tariff Act of 1832 and the South 28 The Compromise Act in Senate and House 28,29 Analysis of vote 29 Pennsylvania's position on the compromise 29 The spell of the compromise 30,31 Mr. Niles' prophecy 31 The panic of 1837 51 Pennsylvania instructs *. her senator^ ! 31 Petitions for increase '. of duties ] . ! 32 UMJC II CONTENTS The condition of finances , state and federal 32 Pennsylvania "up and doing'' ^2,55 The Tariff Act of 1842 o3,34 The nomination of Mr. Polk for the presidency 54,35 The Kane letter 36 Polk, Dallas, and the Tariff of 1842" 36 'Reasonable incidental protection'' equals ' judicious" tariff37,38 President Polk's first message 39,40 "In Pennsylvania the tariff has never been a party question"40 The Tariff Act of 1846 40 The vote of Vice President Dallas 41 An explanation that did not explain 41 Pennsylvania's vote in House and Senate 41 Taylor , Fillmore , Pierce 42 The Tariff Act of 1857 42,43 Chapter V 1858-1860 The formation of the Republican Party 44,45 Pennsylvania and the election of 1856 ^5 The elections of 1858 45,46 The Morrill Bill 46,47 "Lincoln, Curtin, and Protection" 47 The election of 1860 . .v'^i>:.,m' 47 Chapter VI Conclusion Pennsylvania always a protective tariff state 48 Representatives not always representative 49 The votes for Jackson, and Polk 49,50 Self-preservation the first law of nature 50,51 Hov; the sentiment of the state should be judged 51 Senator Brodhead's statement of Pennsylvania's position . 51 Bibliography I-III I 1 Pennsylvania and the Tariff ,1816-1860. Chapter I. Introduction. In the history of the United States the question of liow best to protect and promote our home manufac tures ,has been considered along with the question of how best to raise the revenue necessary for the maintenance of the government .But while these two subjects have been considered together , they have not always been considered of equal importance; sometimes one , some times the o the r^ has forged to the front. The tariff history of our country may be divided into two main periods, before and after the Civil ^arjthe first of thene great di- visions may again be divided into three sub-periods , the first ex- tending from 1789 to 1816, the second from 1816 to 1846, the third from 1846 to and including 1860. The reasons for these divisions and subdivisions may be seen from the character of the various tariff acts. The first, passed in 1789 , although protective in spirit imposed such low duties that to the twentieth century American it seems very like free trade. The other tariff acts up to that of 1816 were only slightly protective, but the acts of , 1816 1824 , 1828 , 1832 , 1833 , and ;842 , were --wi th the possible exception of the act of 1833--dis tinctly protective ,whi le the acts of 1846 and 1857, the latter especially , gave only very mod- erate protection indeed. The turn in the tide comes with the ilorrill Bill, proposed in 1860 but not passed till in 1861, when the current turned in the direction desired by all good ?ennsylvanians--high protective tariff. In discussing the tariff history of Pennsylvania the sub-periods , 2 from 1016 to 1860 are considered somewhat differently from those of the country taken as a whole as each state ,?ennsylvania especially, has a movement all its own. Because of its great natural resources Pennsylvania is a great manufacturing state. The greater part of its surface was originally covered v.ith timber, which furnished charcoal for smelting iron in the days before the discovery that coal could be used for that pur- pose. V.Tien this discovery was made , Pennsylvania still had the advan- tage of all the other states in the Union for in the eastern part of the state is found almost the whole supply of anthracite to be found within the borders of the United States ;v/hile in the western part are the thickest veins of bituminous coal of the best quali ty .There are large deposits of iron ore within the state , although not of the first quality, but the fine ore deposits of the Lake Superior region are easily accessible .Then in toth the eastern and the western parts of the state is to be found a fine quality of glass sand; the Alle- gheny region is rich in natural gas, and oil wells abound in various parts. Add to all these advantages the fact that Pennsylvania is the "keystone" of the thirteen original states, that its manufactures could be sent north or south, by water or by land, and it may easily be seen why from the very beginning of our national history Pennsyl- vania has ever been in the van of the battle waged for the protec- tion and promotion of manufactures within the borders of the United States The manufacture of iron had been begun away back in the days wher Pennsylvania had been a colony; as early as 1716-1718 the manufacture had been on a commercial basis, but an English Parliament Act of l^S had made it unlawful to set up in any colony furnaces for the pro- duction of iron, because" the establishment of manufactories in the , 3 colonies tends to make tl:em more Independent of Great Britain." The Revolutionary '.7ar,by cutting off the Importations from Great Brltaln,,^ave a great Impetus to the manufacture of Iron , paper , glass and other articles ; therefore at Its close_,the state government found it necessary to impose Import duties In order to save these manufac- tures from destruction. "Pennsylvania began v/lth low duties, but soon adopted the protective principle ;and established higher rates and levied duties on a longer llstof articles tlian did any other state. In 1785 it gave to its tariff law the title; 'An act to encourage and protect the manufactures of this State by laying duties on certain 1 manufactures which interfere with them.'" The first Congress under the Constitution at once began to con- sider ways and means to obtain a much-needed revenue. Mr. Madison in- troduced the subject as one"of the greatest magnitude." He suggest- ed a plan based upon a measure passed by the Congress of 1783 and agreed to by nearly every s tate ; this ,he thought , could become the ba- sis of a temporary system. But Mr .Fitzsimons,of Pennsylvania ,at once protested against too m.uch haste in the adoption of a system.. He v/lshed to adopt"such a one which, in its operation, will be some way adequate to our present situation, as it respects our agriculture, 2 our manufactures , and our commerce." Mr. Hartley ably supported his colleague and urged that measures be taken" to protect and promote our domestic manufactures." Mr .Madison, by the stand taken by the gentlemen from Pennsylvania, was"led to apprehend we shall be under the necessity of travelling further into an investigation of principles" than he had supposed would be necessary .He proceeded to make a most excellent" tariff -for iStanvfood , Tariff Controversies , I ,p . 26 . 2 Annals of Congress , I .p . 103 . 4 -revenue-only"speech , but then conceded that other considerations than revenue would have to be considered .One of these was: "The state and that are most advanced in populatlon^ripe for manufac tures , ought to have their particular interests attended to in some degree.
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