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Trunkloads of Viruses
COMMENTARY Trunkloads of Viruses Philip E. Pellett Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA Elephant populations are under intense pressure internationally from habitat destruction and poaching for ivory and meat. They also face pressure from infectious agents, including elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 (EEHV1), which kills ϳ20% of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) born in zoos and causes disease in the wild. EEHV1 is one of at least six distinct EEHV in a phylogenetic lineage that appears to represent an ancient but newly recognized subfamily (the Deltaherpesvirinae) in the family Herpesviridae. lephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 (EEHV1) causes a rap- the Herpesviridae (the current complete list of approved virus tax- Downloaded from Eidly progressing and usually fatal hemorrhagic disease that ons is available at http://ictvonline.org/). In addition, approxi- occurs in the wild in Asia and affects ϳ20% of Asian elephant mately 200 additional viruses detected using methods such as (Elephas maximus) calves born in zoos in the United States and those described above await formal consideration (V. Lacoste, Europe (1). About 60% of juvenile deaths of captive elephants are personal communication). With very few exceptions, the amino attributed to such infections. Development of control measures acid sequence of a small conserved segment of the viral DNA poly- has been hampered by the lack of systems for culture of the virus in merase (ϳ150 amino acids) is sufficient to not only reliably iden- laboratories. Its genetic study has been restricted to analysis of tify a virus as belonging to the evolutionary lineage represented by blood, trunk wash fluid, and tissue samples collected during nec- the Herpesviridae, but also their subfamily, and in most cases a http://jvi.asm.org/ ropsies. -
Cyprinus Carpio
Académie Universitaire Wallonie - Europe Université de Liège Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Département des Maladies Infectieuses et Parasitaires Service d’Immunologie et de Vaccinologie Etude des portes d’entrée de l’Herpèsvirus cyprin 3 chez Cyprinus carpio Study of the portals of entry of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in Cyprinus carpio Guillaume FOURNIER Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Vétérinaires Année académique 2011-2012 Académie Universitaire Wallonie - Europe Université de Liège Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Département des Maladies Infectieuses et Parasitaires Service d’Immunologie et de Vaccinologie Etude des portes d’entrée de l’Herpèsvirus cyprin 3 chez Cyprinus carpio Study of the portals of entry of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in Cyprinus carpio Promoteur : Prof. Alain Vanderplasschen Guillaume FOURNIER Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Vétérinaires Année académique 2011-2012 « La science progresse en indiquant l'immensité de l'ignoré. » Louis Pauwels Remerciements Liège, le 15 février 2012 L’accomplissement d’une thèse est un long et palpitant voyage en océan où se mélangent la curiosité, le doute, la persévérance, et la confiance… en soi bien sûr, mais surtout envers toutes les personnes qui, par leurs conseils, leur aide, leur soutien m’ont permis de mener cette thèse à bien. Je tiens ici à remercier mes collègues, amis et famille qui ont été tantôt les phares, tantôt les boussoles, toujours les fidèles compagnons de cette aventure. Je commencerais par adresser mes plus sincères remerciements à mon promoteur, le Professeur Alain Vanderplasschen, qui m’avait déjà remarqué en amphithéâtre pour ma curiosité, à moins que ce ne soit pour mon irrésistible coiffure.. -
Viral Diversity Among Different Bat Species That Share a Common Habitatᰔ Eric F
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Dec. 2010, p. 13004–13018 Vol. 84, No. 24 0022-538X/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/JVI.01255-10 Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Metagenomic Analysis of the Viromes of Three North American Bat Species: Viral Diversity among Different Bat Species That Share a Common Habitatᰔ Eric F. Donaldson,1†* Aimee N. Haskew,2 J. Edward Gates,2† Jeremy Huynh,1 Clea J. Moore,3 and Matthew B. Frieman4† Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 275991; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Appalachian Laboratory, Frostburg, Maryland 215322; Department of Biological Sciences, Oakwood University, Huntsville, Alabama 358963; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 212014 Received 11 June 2010/Accepted 24 September 2010 Effective prediction of future viral zoonoses requires an in-depth understanding of the heterologous viral population in key animal species that will likely serve as reservoir hosts or intermediates during the next viral epidemic. The importance of bats as natural hosts for several important viral zoonoses, including Ebola, Marburg, Nipah, Hendra, and rabies viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), has been established; however, the large viral population diversity (virome) of bats has been partially deter- mined for only a few of the ϳ1,200 bat species. To assess the virome of North American bats, we collected fecal, oral, urine, and tissue samples from individual bats captured at an abandoned railroad tunnel in Maryland that is cohabitated by 7 to 10 different bat species. Here, we present preliminary characterization of the virome of three common North American bat species, including big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus), and little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). -
Where Do We Stand After Decades of Studying Human Cytomegalovirus?
microorganisms Review Where do we Stand after Decades of Studying Human Cytomegalovirus? 1, 2, 1 1 Francesca Gugliesi y, Alessandra Coscia y, Gloria Griffante , Ganna Galitska , Selina Pasquero 1, Camilla Albano 1 and Matteo Biolatti 1,* 1 Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; [email protected] (F.G.); gloria.griff[email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (C.A.) 2 Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 19 March 2020; Accepted: 5 May 2020; Published: 8 May 2020 Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a linear double-stranded DNA betaherpesvirus belonging to the family of Herpesviridae, is characterized by widespread seroprevalence, ranging between 56% and 94%, strictly dependent on the socioeconomic background of the country being considered. Typically, HCMV causes asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent population, while in immunocompromised individuals or when transmitted vertically from the mother to the fetus it leads to systemic disease with severe complications and high mortality rate. Following primary infection, HCMV establishes a state of latency primarily in myeloid cells, from which it can be reactivated by various inflammatory stimuli. Several studies have shown that HCMV, despite being a DNA virus, is highly prone to genetic variability that strongly influences its replication and dissemination rates as well as cellular tropism. In this scenario, the few currently available drugs for the treatment of HCMV infections are characterized by high toxicity, poor oral bioavailability, and emerging resistance. -
Topics in Viral Immunology Bruce Campell Supervisory Patent Examiner Art Unit 1648 IS THIS METHOD OBVIOUS?
Topics in Viral Immunology Bruce Campell Supervisory Patent Examiner Art Unit 1648 IS THIS METHOD OBVIOUS? Claim: A method of vaccinating against CPV-1 by… Prior art: A method of vaccinating against CPV-2 by [same method as claimed]. 2 HOW ARE VIRUSES CLASSIFIED? Source: Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2000) Edited By M.H.V. van Regenmortel, C.M. Fauquet, D.H.L. Bishop, E.B. Carstens, M.K. Estes, S.M. Lemon, J. Maniloff, M.A. Mayo, D. J. McGeoch, C.R. Pringle, R.B. Wickner Virology Division International Union of Microbiological Sciences 3 TAXONOMY - HOW ARE VIRUSES CLASSIFIED? Example: Potyvirus family (Potyviridae) Example: Herpesvirus family (Herpesviridae) 4 Potyviruses Plant viruses Filamentous particles, 650-900 nm + sense, linear ssRNA genome Genome expressed as polyprotein 5 Potyvirus Taxonomy - Traditional Host range Transmission (fungi, aphids, mites, etc.) Symptoms Particle morphology Serology (antibody cross reactivity) 6 Potyviridae Genera Bymovirus – bipartite genome, fungi Rymovirus – monopartite genome, mites Tritimovirus – monopartite genome, mites, wheat Potyvirus – monopartite genome, aphids Ipomovirus – monopartite genome, whiteflies Macluravirus – monopartite genome, aphids, bulbs 7 Potyvirus Taxonomy - Molecular Polyprotein cleavage sites % similarity of coat protein sequences Genomic sequences – many complete genomic sequences, >200 coat protein sequences now available for comparison 8 Coat Protein Sequence Comparison (RNA) 9 Potyviridae Species Bymovirus – 6 species Rymovirus – 4-5 species Tritimovirus – 2 species Potyvirus – 85 – 173 species Ipomovirus – 1-2 species Macluravirus – 2 species 10 Higher Order Virus Taxonomy Nature of genome: RNA or DNA; ds or ss (+/-); linear, circular (supercoiled?) or segmented (number of segments?) Genome size – 11-383 kb Presence of envelope Morphology: spherical, filamentous, isometric, rod, bacilliform, etc. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0009150 A1 WEBER Et Al
US 2012O009 150A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0009150 A1 WEBER et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 12, 2012 (54) DIARYLUREAS FORTREATINGVIRUS Publication Classification INFECTIONS (51) Int. Cl. (76) Inventors: Olaf WEBER, Wulfrath (DE); st 2. CR Bernd Riedl, Wuppertal (DE) ( .01) A63/675 (2006.01) (21) Appl. No.: 13/236,865 A6II 3/522 (2006.01) A6IP 29/00 (2006.01) (22) Filed: Sep. 20, 2011 A6II 3/662 (2006.01) A638/14 (2006.01) Related U.S. Application Data A63L/7056 (2006.01) A6IP3L/2 (2006.01) (63) Continuation of application No. 12/097.350. filed on A6II 3/44 (2006.01) Nov. 3, 2008, filed as application No. PCTAEPO6/ A6II 3/52 (2006.01) 11693 on Dec. 6, 2006. O O (52) U.S. Cl. .......... 424/85.6; 514/350; 514/171; 514/81; (30) Foreign Application Priority Data 514/263.38: 514/263.4: 514/120: 514/4.3: Dec. 15, 2005 (EP) .................................. 05O274513 424/85.7; 514/43 Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O27452.1 Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O27456.2 Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O27458.8 The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions Dec. 15, 2005 (EP) O5O27.460.4 for treating virus infections and/or diseases caused by virus Dec. 15, 2005 (EP) O5O27462.O infections comprising at least a diary1 urea compound option Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O27465.3 ally combined with at least one additional therapeutic agent. Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O274.67.9 Useful combinations include e.g. BAY 43-9006 as a diaryl Dec. -
Create Species Leporid Herpesvirus 4 in Genus Simplexvirus, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, Family Herpesviridae, Order Herpesvirales (E.G
Taxonomic proposal to the ICTV Executive Committee This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). Code(s) assigned: 2009.014aV (to be completed by ICTV officers) Short title: Create species Leporid herpesvirus 4 in genus Simplexvirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, order Herpesvirales (e.g. 6 new species in the genus Zetavirus; re-classification of the family Zetaviridae etc.) Modules attached 1 2 3 4 5 (please check all that apply): 6 7 Author(s) with e-mail address(es) of the proposer: The Herpesvirales Study Group; Phil Pellett <[email protected]> ICTV-EC or Study Group comments and response of the proposer: Page 1 of 4 Taxonomic proposal to the ICTV Executive Committee MODULE 5: NEW SPECIES Code 2009.014aV (assigned by ICTV officers) To create 1 new species assigned as follows: Fill in all that apply. Ideally, species Genus: Simplexvirus should be placed within a genus, but it is acceptable to propose a species that is Subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae within a Subfamily or Family but not Family: Herpesviridae assigned to an existing genus (in which Order: Herpesvirales case put “unassigned” in the genus box) Name(s) of proposed new species: Leporid herpesvirus 4 Argument to justify the creation of the new species: If the species are to be assigned to an existing genus, list the criteria for species demarcation and explain how the proposed members meet these criteria. Related herpesviruses are classified as distinct species if (a) their nucleotide sequences differ in a readily assayable and distinctive manner across the entire genome and (b) they occupy different ecological niches by virtue of their distinct epidemiology and pathogenesis or their distinct natural hosts. -
Diversity of Large DNA Viruses of Invertebrates ⇑ Trevor Williams A, Max Bergoin B, Monique M
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 147 (2017) 4–22 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Diversity of large DNA viruses of invertebrates ⇑ Trevor Williams a, Max Bergoin b, Monique M. van Oers c, a Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico b Laboratoire de Pathologie Comparée, Faculté des Sciences, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France c Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: In this review we provide an overview of the diversity of large DNA viruses known to be pathogenic for Received 22 June 2016 invertebrates. We present their taxonomical classification and describe the evolutionary relationships Revised 3 August 2016 among various groups of invertebrate-infecting viruses. We also indicate the relationships of the Accepted 4 August 2016 invertebrate viruses to viruses infecting mammals or other vertebrates. The shared characteristics of Available online 31 August 2016 the viruses within the various families are described, including the structure of the virus particle, genome properties, and gene expression strategies. Finally, we explain the transmission and mode of infection of Keywords: the most important viruses in these families and indicate, which orders of invertebrates are susceptible to Entomopoxvirus these pathogens. Iridovirus Ó Ascovirus 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nudivirus Hytrosavirus Filamentous viruses of hymenopterans Mollusk-infecting herpesviruses 1. Introduction in the cytoplasm. This group comprises viruses in the families Poxviridae (subfamily Entomopoxvirinae) and Iridoviridae. The Invertebrate DNA viruses span several virus families, some of viruses in the family Ascoviridae are also discussed as part of which also include members that infect vertebrates, whereas other this group as their replication starts in the nucleus, which families are restricted to invertebrates. -
A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates
veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention. -
Joseph G. Sinkovics RNA/DNA and Cancer RNA/DNA and Cancer Joseph G
Joseph G. Sinkovics RNA/DNA and Cancer RNA/DNA and Cancer Joseph G. Sinkovics RNA/DNA and Cancer 123 Joseph G. Sinkovics Retired Professor, M.D. Anderson Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center The University of Texas Houston, TX USA Retired External Professor and Honorary Member H.L. Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center The University of South Florida Tampa, FL USA External Professor, Department of Molecular Medicine The University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL USA Retired Medical Director; Senior Scientific Medical Advisor, The Cancer Institute St. Joseph’s Hospital Tampa, FL USA ISBN 978-3-319-22278-3 ISBN 978-3-319-22279-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22279-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015946582 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. -
Herpesviral Latency—Common Themes
pathogens Review Herpesviral Latency—Common Themes Magdalena Weidner-Glunde * , Ewa Kruminis-Kaszkiel and Mamata Savanagouder Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Str. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] (E.K.-K.); [email protected] (M.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 22 January 2020; Accepted: 14 February 2020; Published: 15 February 2020 Abstract: Latency establishment is the hallmark feature of herpesviruses, a group of viruses, of which nine are known to infect humans. They have co-evolved alongside their hosts, and mastered manipulation of cellular pathways and tweaking various processes to their advantage. As a result, they are very well adapted to persistence. The members of the three subfamilies belonging to the family Herpesviridae differ with regard to cell tropism, target cells for the latent reservoir, and characteristics of the infection. The mechanisms governing the latent state also seem quite different. Our knowledge about latency is most complete for the gammaherpesviruses due to previously missing adequate latency models for the alpha and beta-herpesviruses. Nevertheless, with advances in cell biology and the availability of appropriate cell-culture and animal models, the common features of the latency in the different subfamilies began to emerge. Three criteria have been set forth to define latency and differentiate it from persistent or abortive infection: 1) persistence of the viral genome, 2) limited viral gene expression with no viral particle production, and 3) the ability to reactivate to a lytic cycle. This review discusses these criteria for each of the subfamilies and highlights the common strategies adopted by herpesviruses to establish latency. -
2008.018- Code(S) Assigned: (To Be Completed by ICTV Officers) 22V
Taxonomic proposal to the ICTV Executive Committee This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). 2008.018- Code(s) assigned: (to be completed by ICTV officers) 22V Short title: 2 species in new genus Batrachovirus (e.g. 6 new species in the genus Zetavirus; re-classification of the family Zetaviridae etc.) Modules attached 1 2 3 4 5 (please check all that apply): 6 7 Author(s) with e-mail address(es) of the proposer: Herpesvirales Study Group; P. Pellett, Chair; [email protected] ICTV-EC or Study Group comments and response of the proposer: Page 1 of 6 Taxonomic proposal to the ICTV Executive Committee MODULE 4: NEW GENUS (if more than one genus is to be created, please complete additional copies of this section) Code 2008.018V (assigned by ICTV officers) To create a new genus assigned as follows: Subfamily: Fill in all that apply. Ideally, a genus should be placed within a higher taxon, Family: Alloherpesviridae but if not put “unassigned” here. Order: Herpesvirales Code 2008.019V (assigned by ICTV officers) To name the new genus: Batrachovirus Code 2008.020V (assigned by ICTV officers) To assign the following as species in the new genus: You may list several species here. For each species, please state whether it is new or existing. If the species is new, please complete Module 5 to create it. If the species already exists, please state whether it is unassigned or is to be removed from another genus and, if the latter, complete module 6(a) to ‘REMOVE’ it from that genus.