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Aramaic Alphabet Pdf Aramaic alphabet pdf Continue From Wikibooks, open books for the open worldIt is not finished! The Aramaic alphabet is an ajad alphabet designed for writing the Aramaic language. As with other abjads, all letters represent consonars; a few matres lectionis are consoners that also represent long vogables. The oldest inscriptions in Aramaic use the Phoeic alphabet. Over time, the alphabet evolved into the form below. The use of Aramaic as lingua franca throughout the Middle East from 8. Previously, Hebrew was written in an alphabet closer in the form of the Phoenician (Paleo-Hebrew alphabet). The Hebrew and Nabate alphabets are little changed in style from the Aramean alphabet. The development of italic versions of Aramaic led to the creation of the Syrian, Palmyra and Mandaan alphabets. These scripts formed the basis of the Arabic, Sogdian, Orkhon and Mongolian alphabets. Controversially, it is claimed that the Aramaic alphabet may be the em front of the Indic alphabet. Today, biblical Aramei, Jewish Neoramei dialects and the Aramean language of the Talmud are written in the Hebrew alphabet. Syrian and Christian neo-Arame dialects are written in the Syrian alphabet. Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet. Imperial Aramaic alphabet redrawn from the grammar of franz rosenthal's biblical aramaic; molds are used in Egypt, 5th century BC. ,edit] Semitic script native to Greater Syria Aramaic alphabetType Abjad LanguagesAramaic, Hebrew, Syriac]אלף א בית ב גימל ג דלת ד הא ה ואו ו זין ז חית ח טית ט יוד י כף ך / כ למד ל מם ם / מ נון ן / נ סמך ס עין ע פא ף / פ צדי , ץ / צ קוף ק ריש ר שין ש תיו ת קישורים חיצוניים Names are like biblical aramaic. Letter's name Letter's Shape in Hebrew Mandaic, EdomiteTime period800 BC to AD 600Parent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphsProto-Sinaitic scriptPhoenician alphabetAramaic alphabetChild systemsHebrew[1] Nabataean[1] →Arabic alphabet Syriac →Sogdian →Old Uyghur →Mongolian →Manchu Palmyrene[1]Edessan[1]Hatran[1]Mandaic[1]Elymaic[1]PahlaviKharoṣṭhī Brahmi script[a]DirectionRight-to-leftISO 15924Armi, 124 Imperial AramaicUnicode aliasImperial AramaicUnicode rangeU+10840–U+1085F [a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. This article contains phonetic IPA symbols. Without proper rendering support, question marks, fields, or other symbols may appear instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains Syrian text, written from right to left in italics with associated letters. Without proper provision of support, you can see unjoined Syrian or other symbols instead of a Syrian script. History of the Alphabet of Egyptian Hieroglyphic 32 c. BCE Hieratic 32 c. BCE Demotic 7 c. BCE Meroitic 3 c. BCE Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCE Ugaritic 15 c. BCE Epigraphic South Arabia 9 c. BCE Ge'ez 5-6 c. BCE Phoenician 12 c. BCE Paleo-hebrew 10 c. BCE Samaritan 6 c. BCE Libyco-Berber 3 c. BCE Tifinagh Paleohispanic (semi-syllabic) 7 c. BCE Aramaic 8 c. BCE Kharoṣṭhī 3 c. BCE Brāhmī 3 c. BCE Brahmic family (see) E.g. Tibetan 7 c. CE Devanagari 10 c. CE Canadian Syllables 1840 Hebrew 3 c. BCE Square Aramiac Alphabet 2007 Pahlavi 3 c. BCE Avestan 4 c. CE Palmyrene 2 c. BCE Nabataean 2 c. BCE Arabic 4 c. CE N'Ko 1949 CE Syriac 2 c. BCE Sogdian 2 c. BCE Orkhon (old Turkic) 6 c. CE Old Hungarian c. 650 CE Old Uyghur Mongolian 1204 CE Mandaic 2 c. CE Greek 8 c. BCE Etruscan 8 c. BCE Latin 7 c. BCE Cherokee (syllabary; letter forms only) c. 1820 CE Runic 2 c. CE Ogham (origin uncertain) 4 c. CE Cotsky 3 c. CE Gothic 3 c. CE Armenian 405 CE Caucasian Albanian (origin uncertain) c. 420 CE Georgian (origin uncertain) c. 430 CE Hlaholská 862 CE Cyrillic c. 940 CE Old Permic 1372 CE Hangul 1443 Thaana 18 c. CE (derived from Brahmi digits) vte Arameans Aram Aram Aram Soba Aram Aram Irhuleni Hezion Tabrimmon Ben-Hadad I Hadadezer Hazael Ben- Hadad III Rezin Aramean City Amrit Arpad Bit Bahiani Coba Höyük Gidara Hama Qarq Ar Ru Hizzi Sam'al Tell Aran Tell Halaf Til Barsip Upu Zobah vte The ancient Aramaic alphabet was adapted by the Aramaic alphabet and became a different font 8. It was used to write the Aramean language and shifted the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, itself a derivative of the Phoenic alphabet, for writing Hebrew. All letters represent consoners, some of which are also used as matres lectionis to indicate long voies. The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant because virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems can be traced back to it, as well as numerous non-Chinese writing systems in Central and East Asia. [quote required] This is mainly from the widespread use of the Aramean language as lingua franca and the official language of the neo-Assyrian and neo-Babylonian empires, and their successor, the Achaemenid Empire. Among scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BC, with identical letter inventory and, for the most part, almost identical letter shapes. The Aramaic alphabet was the emca of the Nabate alphabet and later the Arabic alphabet. Writing systems (such as Aramaic), which denote consonars but do not indicate most vocars other than matres lectionis or added diacritics, have been called abjads T. Daniels distinguish from the alphabet, such as the Greek alphabet, which represent vogities more systematically. The term was coined to avoid the idea that a writing system that represents sounds must be either syllable or alphabetical, which would mean that a system like Aramaic must be either syllable (as Ignace Gelb claims) or incomplete or inadequate alphabet (as most other writers have said). Rather, it's a different type. The origins of the bilingual Greek and Aramei inscription of the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in Kandahar, Afghanistan, 3. The oldest inscriptions in Aramaic use the Phoeic alphabet. [2] Over time, the alphabet evolved into the form below. Aramaic gradually became a lingua franca throughout the Middle East, with a script at first replenishment and then the extrusion of the Assyrian wedge, as the prevailing system of writing. Achaemenid Empire (First Persian Empire) Around 500 př.nl, after the conquest of Achaemenid Mesopotamia under Darius I, old Aramaic was adopted by the Persians as a means of written communication between different regions of the vast Persian Empire with different peoples and languages. It can be assumed that the use of a single official language, dubbed the official Aramaic, Imperial Aramaic or Achaemenid Aramaic, has greatly contributed to the overwhelming success of Achaemenide Persians in holding their distant empire for as long as they have done so. [3] Imperial aramaic was highly standardized; his orthograph was based on historical roots rather than any spoken dialect and was inevitably influenced by the old Persian. The aramaic glyph forms of the period are often divided into two main styles, the lapidary form, usually written on hard surfaces such as stone monuments, and the cursive form of which tends to be more conservative by remaining more visually similar to Phoenician and early Aramaic. Both were used in the Persian period of Achaemenide, but the cursive form constantly gained ground over the lapidarian, which largely disappeared until the 3rd [4] Stéla with the consecrated lapidary Aramaic inscription to the god Salma. Sandstone, 5. Found in Tayma, Saudi Arabia by Charles Huber in 1884 and now in the Louvre. For centuries after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire in 331 př.nl, imperial Aramaic, or something close enough to be recognized, would continue to affect various native Iranian languages. The Aramei scenario would survive as the basic characteristics of Iran's Pahlavi writing system. [5] Recently, 30 Aramaic bactria documents were discovered, the analysis of which was published in November 2006. The texts that have been rendered on the skin reflect the use of Aramaic in the 4th century. The widespread use of Achaemenid aramaic in the Middle East led to the gradual adoption of the Aramaic alphabet for writing Hebrew. Previously, Hebrew was written in an alphabet closer to the Phoenician, Paleo-Hebrew alphabets. Aramaic derived fonts Since the development of the Aramaic alphabet from the Phoenic alphabet was gradual, the division of the world's alphabets into those derived directly from the Phoenician and derived from the Phoenician through the Aramaic alphabet is somewhat artificial. In general, the alphabets of the Mediterranean region (Anatolia, Greece, Italy) are classified as Phoenic derived, modified around 8. [citation required] After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the unity of the imperial Aramean scripture was lost and diversified into a number of descendants. The Hebrew and Nabataean alphabets, as they stood at the Roman era, were little changed in style from the imperial Aramean alphabet. Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) claims that not only the old Nabate scripture was influenced by Syrian script (i.e. Aramaic), but also by old Chaldean script. [7] The Cursive Hebrew variant developed from the beginning of the century ago ad, but remained limited to the state of the variant used alongside noncursive. By contrast, italics developed from the Nabate alphabet in the same period soon became the standard for writing Arabic and evolved into the Arabic alphabet, as it did at the time of the early spread of Islam. The development of an italic version of Aramaic also led to the creation of the Syrian, Palmyrene and Mandaic alphabets, which formed the basis of historical central Asian scripts such as the Sogdian and Mongolian alphabets. [8] The old Turkic script is generally regarded as the ultimate origin in the aramaic,[9][10][8] mainly by means of the Pahlava or Sogdian alphabet,[11][12] as proposed by V.
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