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Aramaic pdf

Continue From Wikibooks, open books for the open worldIt is not finished! The is an ajad alphabet designed for writing the Aramaic language. As with other , all letters represent consonars; a few matres lectionis are consoners that also represent long vogables. The oldest inscriptions in Aramaic use the Phoeic alphabet. Over time, the alphabet evolved into the form below. The use of Aramaic as lingua franca throughout the Middle East from 8. Previously, Hebrew was written in an alphabet closer in the form of the Phoenician (Paleo-). The Hebrew and Nabate are little changed in style from the Aramean alphabet. The development of italic versions of Aramaic led to the creation of the Syrian, Palmyra and Mandaan alphabets. These scripts formed the basis of the , Sogdian, Orkhon and Mongolian alphabets. Controversially, it is claimed that the Aramaic alphabet may be the em front of the Indic alphabet. Today, biblical Aramei, Jewish Neoramei dialects and the Aramean language of the Talmud are written in the Hebrew alphabet. Syrian and Christian neo-Arame dialects are written in the Syrian alphabet. Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet. alphabet redrawn from the grammar of franz rosenthal's biblical aramaic; molds are used in , 5th century BC. ,edit] Semitic native to Greater Syria Aramaic alphabetType LanguagesAramaic, Hebrew, Syriac]אלף א בית ב גימל ג דלת ד הא ה ואו ו זין ז חית ח טית ט יוד י כף ך / כ למד ל מם ם / מ נון ן / נ סמך ס עין ע פא ף / פ צדי , ץ / צ קוף ק ריש ר שין ש תיו ת קישורים חיצוניים Names are like biblical aramaic. Letter's name Letter's Shape in Hebrew Mandaic, EdomiteTime period800 BC to AD 600Parent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphsProto-Sinaitic scriptPhoenician alphabetAramaic alphabetChild systemsHebrew[1] Nabataean[1] → Syriac →Sogdian → →Mongolian →Manchu Palmyrene[1]Edessan[1]Hatran[1]Mandaic[1][1]PahlaviKharoṣṭhī [a]DirectionRight-to-leftISO 15924Armi, 124 Imperial AramaicUnicode aliasImperial AramaicUnicode rangeU+10840–U+1085F [a] The Semitic origin of the is not universally agreed upon. This article contains phonetic IPA symbols. Without proper rendering support, question marks, fields, or other symbols may appear instead of characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains Syrian text, written from right to left in italics with associated letters. Without proper provision of support, you can see unjoined Syrian or other symbols instead of a Syrian script. of Egyptian Hieroglyphic 32 c. BCE 32 c. BCE 7 c. BCE Meroitic 3 c. BCE Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCE Ugaritic 15 c. BCE Epigraphic South Arabia 9 c. BCE Ge'ez 5-6 c. BCE Phoenician 12 c. BCE Paleo-hebrew 10 c. BCE Samaritan 6 c. BCE Libyco-Berber 3 c. BCE Paleohispanic (semi-syllabic) 7 c. BCE Aramaic 8 c. BCE Kharoṣṭhī 3 c. BCE Brāhmī 3 c. BCE Brahmic family (see) E.g. Tibetan 7 c. CE 10 c. CE Canadian Syllables 1840 Hebrew 3 c. BCE Square Aramiac Alphabet 2007 Pahlavi 3 c. BCE Avestan 4 c. CE Palmyrene 2 c. BCE Nabataean 2 c. BCE Arabic 4 c. CE N'Ko 1949 CE Syriac 2 c. BCE Sogdian 2 c. BCE Orkhon () 6 c. CE Old Hungarian c. 650 CE Old Uyghur Mongolian 1204 CE Mandaic 2 c. CE Greek 8 c. BCE Etruscan 8 c. BCE Latin 7 c. BCE Cherokee (; letter forms only) c. 1820 CE Runic 2 c. CE (origin uncertain) 4 c. CE Cotsky 3 c. CE Gothic 3 c. CE Armenian 405 CE Caucasian Albanian (origin uncertain) c. 420 CE Georgian (origin uncertain) c. 430 CE Hlaholská 862 CE Cyrillic c. 940 CE Old Permic 1372 CE 1443 18 c. CE (derived from Brahmi digits) vte Arameans Aram Aram Aram Soba Aram Aram Irhuleni Hezion Tabrimmon Ben-Hadad I Hadadezer Hazael Ben- Hadad III Rezin Aramean City Amrit Arpad Bit Bahiani Coba Höyük Gidara Hama Qarq Ar Ru Hizzi Sam'al Tell Aran Tell Halaf Til Barsip Upu Zobah vte The ancient Aramaic alphabet was adapted by the Aramaic alphabet and became a different font 8. It was used to write the Aramean language and shifted the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, itself a derivative of the Phoenic alphabet, for writing Hebrew. All letters represent consoners, some of which are also used as matres lectionis to indicate long voies. The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant because virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems can be traced back to it, as well as numerous non-Chinese writing systems in Central and East Asia. [quote required] This is mainly from the widespread use of the Aramean language as lingua franca and the official language of the neo-Assyrian and neo-Babylonian empires, and their successor, the Achaemenid Empire. Among scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BC, with identical letter inventory and, for the most part, almost identical letter shapes. The Aramaic alphabet was the emca of the Nabate alphabet and later the Arabic alphabet. Writing systems (such as Aramaic), which denote consonars but do not indicate most vocars other than matres lectionis or added diacritics, have been called abjads T. Daniels distinguish from the alphabet, such as the , which represent vogities more systematically. The term was coined to avoid the idea that a that represents sounds must be either syllable or alphabetical, which would mean that a system like Aramaic must be either syllable (as Ignace Gelb claims) or incomplete or inadequate alphabet (as most other writers have said). Rather, it's a different type. The origins of the bilingual Greek and Aramei inscription of the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in Kandahar, Afghanistan, 3. The oldest inscriptions in Aramaic use the Phoeic alphabet. [2] Over time, the alphabet evolved into the form below. Aramaic gradually became a lingua franca throughout the Middle East, with a script at first replenishment and then the extrusion of the Assyrian wedge, as the prevailing system of writing. Achaemenid Empire (First Persian Empire) Around 500 př.nl, after the conquest of Achaemenid Mesopotamia under Darius I, old Aramaic was adopted by the Persians as a means of written communication between different regions of the vast Persian Empire with different peoples and languages. It can be assumed that the use of a single official language, dubbed the official Aramaic, Imperial Aramaic or Achaemenid Aramaic, has greatly contributed to the overwhelming success of Achaemenide Persians in holding their distant empire for as long as they have done so. [3] Imperial aramaic was highly standardized; his orthograph was based on historical roots rather than any spoken dialect and was inevitably influenced by the old Persian. The aramaic glyph forms of the period are often divided into two main styles, the lapidary form, usually written on hard surfaces such as stone monuments, and the form of which tends to be more conservative by remaining more visually similar to Phoenician and early Aramaic. Both were used in the Persian period of Achaemenide, but the cursive form constantly gained ground over the lapidarian, which largely disappeared until the 3rd [4] Stéla with the consecrated lapidary Aramaic inscription to the god Salma. Sandstone, 5. Found in Tayma, Saudi Arabia by Charles Huber in 1884 and now in the Louvre. For centuries after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire in 331 př.nl, imperial Aramaic, or something close enough to be recognized, would continue to affect various native Iranian languages. The Aramei scenario would survive as the basic characteristics of 's Pahlavi writing system. [5] Recently, 30 Aramaic bactria documents were discovered, the analysis of which was published in November 2006. The texts that have been rendered on the skin reflect the use of Aramaic in the 4th century. The widespread use of Achaemenid aramaic in the Middle East led to the gradual adoption of the Aramaic alphabet for writing Hebrew. Previously, Hebrew was written in an alphabet closer to the Phoenician, Paleo-Hebrew alphabets. Aramaic derived fonts Since the development of the Aramaic alphabet from the Phoenic alphabet was gradual, the division of the world's alphabets into those derived directly from the Phoenician and derived from the Phoenician through the Aramaic alphabet is somewhat artificial. In general, the alphabets of the Mediterranean region (Anatolia, , ) are classified as Phoenic derived, modified around 8. [citation required] After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the unity of the imperial Aramean scripture was lost and diversified into a number of descendants. The Hebrew and Nabataean alphabets, as they stood at the Roman era, were little changed in style from the imperial Aramean alphabet. Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) claims that not only the old Nabate scripture was influenced by Syrian script (i.e. Aramaic), but also by old Chaldean script. [7] The variant developed from the beginning of the century ago ad, but remained limited to the state of the variant used alongside noncursive. By contrast, italics developed from the Nabate alphabet in the same period soon became the standard for writing Arabic and evolved into the Arabic alphabet, as it did at the time of the early spread of Islam. The development of an italic version of Aramaic also led to the creation of the Syrian, Palmyrene and Mandaic alphabets, which formed the basis of historical central Asian scripts such as the Sogdian and Mongolian alphabets. [8] The is generally regarded as the ultimate origin in the aramaic,[9][10][8] mainly by means of the Pahlava or ,[11][12] as proposed by V. Thomsen, or possibly via (coll., Issyk's inscription). Aramaic is also considered the most likely source of Brahmi's scripture, the forerunner of the Brahmin family of scripts, which includes Devanagari. [by whom?] [13] Languages using the today alphabet, biblical Aramaic, Jewish Neoremean dialects, and the Aramaic language of the Talmud are written in the Novobrey alphabet (distinguishing it from the old Hebrew script). In classical Jewish literature, the name of the script was Ashurit (an ancient Assyrian script), a script now widely known as the Aramaic script. [15] [16] It is believed that during the Assyrian period the Aramei script and language acquired official status. [15] Syrian and Christian neo-Syrian are now written in the Syrian alphabet, which the script has replaced an older Assyr script and now bears its name. Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet. The near-identity of the Aramaic and classical Hebrew alphabets caused the Aramaic text to be a type mostly in standard Hebrew script in specialized literature. Maaloula Other information: Western Neo-Aramaic In Maaloula, one of the few surviving communities in which the Western Aramaic dialect is still spoken, the Aramaic Institute was founded in 2007 by Damascus University, which teaches courses to keep the language alive. The institute's activities were suspended in 2010 amid concerns that the square Aramaic alphabet used in the program was too similar to the square font of the Hebrew alphabet, and all characters with square Aramaic script were removed. The program said it would instead use more prominent Syrian alphabets, although the use of the Aramean alphabet continued to some extent. [17] Al Jazeera Arabic also broadcast a program about ܒ Bēth ا א a/, /e/ ;// ܐ western neo-aramaic and villages in which they talk with the square script still in operation. [18] Letters lettername Aramaic written using IPA Equivalent letter in Syrian script Imperial Aramaic Hebrew Turkic Fhoenician Arabic Brahmi Nabataean Kharosthi Maalouli Aramaic Image Text Text Ālap ך /k/, /x/ ܟ j/; /i/, /e Kāp/ מ מ ܛt ט ܝ מ/ ʙ ܚ ḥēth מ /z/ ܙ w/; /o Zain/ ܘ מ/ ה/ ܗ Hē د מ מ /d/, /ð/ ܕ מ /ɣ/ ܓ Gāmal ب ב /b/, /β/ ܫ רר /r/ ܪ Rēsh מ/ ממq/ ܩ Qop מ מ מ מ מs/ , ܨ ⸲ ʢ ܦ ɸ / ܥ ʿĒ מ /s/ ܣ Semkath ن מ /n/ ܢ م מ מ מ מ /m/ ܡ ܡ לל /l/ ܠ Lāmadh Matres lectionis Main article : In Aramei writing, Waw and Yodh serve a dual function. Originally they represented only consoners w and y, but were later long vo-voes ū and ī in the same way (often also ō and ē, respectively). In the second role they are known as matres lectionis or מ מ /θ/ , מ /ĝ/ mother reading. Ālap also has some mater lectionis properties because in the initial positions it indicates a glotal stop (followed by a vo supine), but otherwise often also means long vo suppliers ā or ē. Among Jews, the influence of Hebrew often led to the use of Hē instead, at the end of the word. The practice of using certain letters to store vocorate values spread across Aramaic-derived writing systems, such as Arabic and Hebrew, which are still governed by practice. Unicode Main Articles: Syriac () and Imperial Aramaic (Unicode block) The Syrian Aramaic alphabet was added to the Unicode standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. The Syrian abbreviation (overline type) can be represented by a special checkmark called a Syrian abbreviation (U+070F). Unicode block for Syrian Aramaics is U +0700-U+074F: Syriac[1][2]Official code chart (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F F U+070x ܍ ܌ ܋ ܊ ܉ ܈ ܇ ܆ ܅ ܄ ܃ ܂ ܁ ܀ SAM U+071x ܛ ܚ ܙ ܘ ܗ ܖ ܕ ܔ ܓ ܒ ܑ ܐ ܟ ܞ ܝ ܜ U+072x ܯ ܮ ܭ ܬ ܫ ܪ ܩ ܨ ܧ ܦ ܥ ܤ ܣ ܢ ܡ ܠ U + 073x ܰ ܱ ܲ ܳ ܴ ܵ ܶ ܷ ܸ ܹ ܺ ܻ ܼ ܽ ܾ ܿ U + 074x ݀ ݁ ݂ ݃ ݄ ݅ ݆ ݇ ݈ ݉ ݊ ݏ ݎ ݍ Notes 1.^ Since Unicode version 13.0 2.^ Gray areas indicate unclassified code points Imperial Aramaic alphabet was added to Standard Unicode in October 2009 , with the release of version 5.2. Unicode block for imperial aramaic is U+10840- U+1085F: Imperial Aramaic[1][2]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+1084x U+1085x Notes 1.^ From unicode version 13.0 2.^ Grey area indicates an unassigned See also Syrian Alphabet References ^ and b c d e f g Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). World Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. s. p. 89. ISBN 978-0195079937. ↑ Inland Syria and the East Jordanian Region in the first millennium before the Assyrian intrusives, Mark W. Chavalas, The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, by Ed Lowell K. Handy, (Brill, 1997), 169. ↑ Shaked, Saul (1987). Aramaic. Encyclopædia Iranica. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 250–261. p. 251 ↑ Greenfield, J.C. (1985). Aramaic in the Achaemenid Empire. In Gershevitch, I. (ed.). Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. 709–710. ↑ Geiger, Wilhelm; Kuhn, Ernst (2002). Grundriss der iranischen Philologie: Band I. Abteilung 1. Boston: Adamant: 249ff. The citation journal requires |journal= ^ Naveh, Joseph; Shaked, Shaul (2006). Ancient Aramean documents from Bactria. Studies in the Khalili collection. Oxford: Khalili collections. ISBN 978-1-874780-74-8. ↑ Ibn Khaldun (1958). F. Rosenthal (šp.). Muqaddimah (K. Ta'rikh - History). 3. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 283. OCLC 643885643. ↑ a b Kara, György (1996). Aramei scripts for Altaka languages. In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). World writing systems. Oxford University Press. 535-558. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. ^ Babylonian Beginnings: The Origin of the Cuneibal Writing System in Comparative Perspective, jerold S. Cooper, First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process, by Ed. Stephen D. Houston, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 58-59. ^ Tristan James Mabry, Nationalism, Language and Muslim Exceptionalism(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), 109. ^ Turks, A. Samoylovitch, First Encyclopedia of Islam: 1913–1936, Vol. VI, (Brill, 1993), 911. ^ George L. Campbell and Christopher Moseley, Routledge's Guide to Scripts and Alphabets, (Routledge, 2012), 40. ↑ Brāhmī | writing system. Encyclopedia Britannica. May 29, 2020. ↑ Danby, H., ed. (1964), Tractate Megillah 1:8, Mishnah, London: Oxford University Press, p. 202 (note Why the Arame script was called Assyrian in Hebrew, Greek and Demos. Orientalia. 62 (2): 80. JSTOR 43076090. ↑ Cook, Stanley A. (1915). The importance of Elephantine Papyri to the history of the Hebrew religion. American March 27, 2018 - via .أرض ﺗﺤﻜﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ .(February 11, 2016) اﻟﻮواوﻳﻴﻲ Theological Journal. The university of Chicago press. 19 (3): 348. JSTOR 3155577. ↑ Beach, Alastair (April 2, 2010). Easter Sunday: Syria's bid to resurrect Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ. Christian Science Monitor. April 2, 2010. ^ Al Jazeera Document YouTube. Sources Byrne, Ryan. Medium Arame scripts. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier. (2006) Daniels, Peter T., et al. Eds. World writing systems. Oxford. (1996) Coulmas, Florian. Writing systems in the world. Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford. (1989) Helm, Joshua. Learn to write more aramaic: Step-by-step approach to historical & modern scripts. n.p.: Independent Publishing Platform CreateSpace, 2011. 220 pages ISBN 978-1461021421. It contains a wide range of Aramaic scripts. Ancient Hebrew and Aramaic on coins, reading and rewriting proto-Hebrew, online edition (Judaea Coins Archive). External Wikimedia Commons links have media related to the aramaic alphabet. Comparison of aramier and related alphabet omniglot record Retrieved from

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