PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 CHAPTER LEARNINGOBJECTIVES CHAPTER OVERVIEW II. The BirthofaNewReligion I. OpeningVignette CHAPTER OUTLINE Afro-Eurasian Connections,600–1500 The Worlds ofIslam A. The HomelandofIslam D. Intheyear2000,therewereperhaps1.2billionMuslimsinworld(22 C. Islamhadalreadybeenprominentintheworldbetween600and1600. B. The secondhalfofthetwentiethcenturysawgrowinginternationalinfluence A. Bythestartoftwenty-firstcentury, Islamhadacquiredasignificantpresence • • • • • the period600–1500C.E. To increasestudentawarenessoftheaccomplishmentsIslamicworldin Hindu cultures To considerIslamasasourceofculturalencounterswithChristian, African, and development To considerthereligiousdivisionswithinIslamandhowtheyaffectedpolitical wave civilizations To explorethedynamismofIslamicworldasmostinfluentialthird- To examinethecausesbehindspreadofIslam 5. Arabia wasonthe edge oftheByzantineandSassanidempires 4. Arabia layonimportantEast–West traderoutes 3. Arabia alsohadsedentary, agriculturalareas 2. Arabian Peninsulaashomeofnomadic Arabs (Bedouins) 1. unlikemostreligious/culturaltraditions,Islam emergedfromamarginal percent oftheworld’s population). 5. Islam’s reachgeneratedmajorculturalencounters 4. wasthelargestandmostinfluentialofthird-wavecivilizations 3. creationofanewandinnovativecivilization 2. enormouslysignificantinworldhistory 1. encompassedpartsof Africa, Europe,MiddleEast,and Asia of Islam. 2. about8millionMuslims(some2are African Americans) 1. morethan1,200mosques in theUnitedStates. b. Judaism, Christianity, andZoroastrianism hadspreadamong Arabs a. so Arabs knewsomepractices oftheseempires c. theQurayshtribecontrolled localtradeandpilgrimage b. theKaabawas most prominentreligiousshrine a. Meccabecameimportant asatradecenter b. varietyofgods a. fiercelyindependentclansandtribes region PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 III. The Makingofan Arab Empire B. The MessengerandtheMessage B. War andConquest A. The Arab stategrewtoincludeallorpartofEgyptian,Roman/Byzantine, C. TheTransformationof Arabia 1. theprophetofIslamwasMuhammadIbn Abdullah (570–632C.E.) 2. newlevel ofpoliticalorganization allowedgreatermobilization 1. Arabic conquests wereacontinuation oflong-termraiding pattern 3. Islambecameanew third-wavecivilization 2. Arabic cultureand language spreadwidely 1. manybothinandout of Arab EmpireconvertedtoIslam Persian, Mesopotamian,andIndiancivilizations. 3. fundamentaldifferencesbetweenbirths of IslamandChristianity 2. rapidexpansionthroughout Arabia 1. Muhammadattractedasmallfollowing,arousedoppositionfromMeccan 5. jihad(“struggle”)issometimescalledthe“sixthpillar” 4. coremessagesummarizedintheFivePillarsofIslam 3. radicallynewteachings 2. beginningofrevelationsfrom Allah in610C.E. b. becameaprosperousmerchantthankstomarriageKhadija a. orphanedatayoungage b. Islamdidn’tseparate“church”andstate a. Islamdidnotgrowupaspersecutedminority religion c. consolidationofIslamiccontrolthroughout Arabia bytimeofMuhammad’s b. large-scaleconversion a. militarysuccessesledtoalliances c. brokedefinitivelyfromJudaism b. createdIslamiccommunity(umma)inMedina a. in622,emigratedto Yathrib/Medina (thehijra) elites c. understandingoftheconcepthasvariedwidelyovertime b. lesserjihad/jihadofthesword:armedstruggleagainstunbeliefandevil a. greaterjihad:personalspiritualstriving e. pilgrimagetoMecca(hajj) d. fastingduringthemonthofRamadan c. generousgivingtohelpthecommunityandneedy b. prayerfivetimesadayatprescribed a. firstpillarissimpleprofession:“Therenogodbut Allah,and e. need to create a new society of social justice, equality, and care for others d. centraltenet:submissionto Allah (Muslim=“onewhosubmits”) c. returntoold,purereligionof Abraham b. Muhammadas“thesealoftheprophets” a. monotheistic b. whenheardinitsoriginal Arabic, believedtoconveythepresenceof a. revelationsrecordedintheQuran c. tooktowithdrawalandmeditation death in632 Muhammad isthemessengerofGod.” (the umma) divine PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 D. DivisionsandControversies C. Conversion 4. limitsof Arab expansion: 3. ByzantineandPersianempireswereweakenedbylongwarsinternal 5. basicreligious issue:whatdoes itmeantobeaMuslim? 4. overtime,caliphsbecame absolutemonarchs 3. resultwastheSunni/ShiasplitofIslam 2. firstfourcaliphs(theRightlyGuidedCaliphs,632–661)werecompanionsof 1. acentralproblem:whoshouldserveassuccessortoMuhammad(caliph)? 7. someareas(Egypt,North Africa, Iraq)alsoconvertedto Arabic cultureand 6. around80percentofthepopulationPersiaconvertedbetween750and 5. resistancetoconversionamongBerbersofNorth Africa, someSpanish 4. thestateprovidedincentivesforconversion 3. Islamwasassociatedfromthebeginningwithapowerfulstate—suggested 2. Islam’s kinshiptoJudaism,Christianity, andZoroastrianismmadeitattractive 1. initialconversionformanywas“socialconversion,”notdeepspiritualchange 6. conquestwasnottoodestructive 5. reasonsforexpansion: a. defeatedSassanidEmpireinthe650s,tookhalfofByzantium revolts a. Islamiclaw (thesharia)helped answerthequestion b. Abbasid dynastyoverthrew Umayyadsin750 a. Umayyaddynasty(661–750) wasatimeofgreatexpansion d. Shiasidentifiedthemselves asopponentsofprivilege c. startedasapoliticalconflictbutbecame religious b. ShiaMuslims:leadersshouldbebloodrelatives ofMuhammad, a. SunniMuslims:caliphswererightfulpolitical andmilitaryleaders,chosen c. civilwarby656 b. Uthmanand Ali werebothassassinated a. hadtoputdown Arab tribalrebellionsandnewprophets Muhammad language 900 Christians, somePersianZoroastrians d. socialclimberswerehelpedbyconversion c. Islamfavoredcommerce b. convertsdidn’thavetopaythejizya a. earliestconvertsincludedslavesandprisonersofwar that Allah wasagoodgodtohaveonyourside b. localelitesandbureaucracieswereincorporatedintoempire a. Arab soldierswererestrictedtogarrisontowns d. religious:bringrighteousgovernmenttotheconquered c. communal:conquesthelpedholdtheummatogether b. individual Arabs sought wealthandsocialpromotion a. economic:capturetraderoutesandagriculturalregions d. in751, Arabs crushedaChinesearmyattheBattleof Talas River c. totheeast,reachedIndusRiver b. inearly700s,conqueredmostofSpain,attackedFrance descended from Ali andhissonHusayn by theIslamiccommunity PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 IV. IslamandCulturalEncounter: A Four-Way Comparison C. The Caseof Anatolia B. The CaseofIndia A. The Arab Empirehadallbutdisintegratedpolitically bythetenthcentury. E. Women andMeninEarlyIslam 4. interactionofHindusandMuslims 3. emergenceofMuslimcommunitiesinIndia 2. establishmentof Turkic andMuslimregimesinIndiabeginningca.1000 1. Turkic-speaking invadersbroughtIslamtoIndia 2. butIslamiccivilizationcontinuedtoflourishandexpand 1. last Abbasid caliphkilledwhenMongolssackedBaghdadin1258 7. Islamgavenewreligiousoutletsforwomen,especiallyasSufis 6. hadiths(traditionsaboutMuhammad)developedmorenegativeimagesof 5. socialpracticesoflandswhereIslamspreadwerealsoimportantindefining 4. Quranhelpedwomeninsomeways(bannedfemaleinfanticide,gave 3. sociallevel:Quranviewedwomenassubordinate,especiallyinmarriage 2. spirituallevel:Quranstatedexplicitlythatwomenandmenwereequals 1. whatriseofIslammeantforwomenremainshighlycontroversial d. buttherewasoftentensionbetweenthetwoapproaches c. theulamaandSufismweren’tentirelyincompatible—e.g.,al-Ghazali b. reactionagainstthedistractionofworldlysuccess:Sufis d. Muslims remained asadistinctive minority c. Sikhismdeveloped in earlysixteenthcentury;syncreticreligion with b. mysticsblurredthe line betweenthetworeligions a. manyHindusserved Muslimrulers h. sexualmodestyvs.openeroticism g. equalityofbelieversvs.castesystem f. monotheismvs.polytheism e. atheight,20–25percentofIndianpopulation convertedtoIslam d. SufisfitmoldofIndianholymen,encouraged conversion c. subjectsofMuslimrulersconvertedtolighten taxburden b. newlyagrarianpeoplealsolikedIslam a. Buddhistsandlow-casteHindusfoundIslam attractive b. SultanateofDelhi(founded1206)becamemoresystematic a. atfirst,violentdestructionofHinduandBuddhisttemples women e. practicesweredeterminedbyMiddleEasterntraditionsmuchmorethan d. lower-classwomendidn’thavethe“luxury”ofseclusion c. veilingandseclusionbecamestandardamongupper, rulingclasses b. growingrestrictionsonwomen(especiallyinupperclasses)under a. earlyIslam:somewomenplayedpublicroles;prayedinmosques, women’s roles satisfaction) woman’s consenttoamarriage,recognized awoman’s righttosexual control over their own property, granted limited rights of inheritance, required (1058–1111) elements ofbothIslam andHinduism by Quran Abbasids weren’t veiledorsecluded PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 V. The World ofIslamasa NewCivilization B. Networks ofFaith A. By1500,theIslamic worldembracedatleastpartsofnearlyevery other Afro- E. The CaseofSpain D. The Case ofWest Africa 1. Turks invaded Anatolia aboutthesametimeasIndia 1. Islamiccivilization washeldtogether byIslamicpractices andbeliefs Eurasian civilization. 4. religioustolerationstartedbreakingdown bylatetenthcentury 3. highdegreeofinteractionbetweenMuslims, Christians,andJews 2. IslamdidnotoverwhelmChristianitythere 1. Arab andBerberforcesconqueredmostofSpain(calledal-Andalusby 6. nosignificantspreadintocountrysideuntilnineteenthcentury 5. Sufisplayedlittleroleuntiltheeighteenthcentury 4. didnothavesignificant Arabimmigration 3. bythesixteenthcentury, severalWest African citieswereIslamiccenters 2. inWest Africa, Islamspreadmostlyinurbancenters 1. Islamcamepeacefullywithtraders,notbyconquest 4. Turks of Anatolia retainedmuch oftheircultureafterconversion 3. by1500,theOttomanEmpirewasmostpowerfulIslamicstate 2. reasonsforthedifferentresultsintworegions c. butin Anatolia by1500,90percentofthepopulationwasMuslim,and b. Sufimissionarieswereimportantinbothplaces a. majordestructionatearlystagesinbothplaces e. completionofChristian reconquestin1492 d. manyMuslimswereforcedoutofChristian-conquered regionsorkept c. inMuslim-ruledregions,increasinglimitations placedonChristians b. morepuritanicalformsofIslamenteredSpain fromNorth Africa a. increasingwarwithChristianstatesofnorthern Spain b. ChristianMozarabsadopted Arabic culturebutnotreligion a. someChristiansconvertedtoIslam Muslims) intheearlyeighthcentury d. Arabic becamealanguageofreligion,education,administration,trade c. rulerssubsidizedbuildingofmajormosques b. librarieshadtensofthousandsbooks a. Timbuktu hadover150Quranicschoolsandseveralcentersofhigher b. providedliterateofficialsandreligiouslegitimacytostate a. providedlinkstoMuslimtradingpartners g. SufisreplacedChristianinstitutionsin Anatolia f. Turkish rulersof Anatolia welcomedconverts;fewersocialbarriersto e. India’s decentralizedpoliticsandreligioncouldabsorbthe shockof d. activediscriminationagainstChristiansin Anatolia c. muchdeeperdestructionofByzantinesocietyin Anatolia b. farmore Turkic speakerssettledin Anatolia a. Anatolia hadamuchsmallerpopulation(8millionvs.48million) from publicpracticeoftheirfaith education conversion invasion better spoke Turkishmost PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 C. NetworksofExchange 5. exchangeofideas 4. diffusionoftechnology 3. exchangeofagriculturalproductsandpracticesbetweenregions 2. Muslimmerchantswereprominentonallthemajor Afro-Eurasian trade 1. Islamicworldwasanimmensearenaforexchangeofgoods,technology, and 3. manythousandsofMuslimsmadethehajjtoMeccaeachyear 2. Sufism:branchesofSufismgatheredaroundparticularteachers(shaykhs) b. startingineleventhcentury:formalcolleges(madrassas)taughtreligion, a. beliefs/practicestransmittedbytheulama,whoservedasjudges, c. developmentsinmathematics,astronomy, optics,medicine, b. ancientGreek,Hellenistic,andIndiantexts a. Persianbureaucraticpractice,courtritual,poetry c. adoptionofpapermakingtechniquesfromChinaintheeighthcentury b. improvementofChineserockets a. spreadancientPersianwater-drillingtechniques routes c. urbanizationspurredcommerce b. Islamicteachingvaluedcommerce a. greatcentrallocationfortrade ideas b. Sufidevotionalteachings,practices,writingsspreadwidely a. developmentofgreatSufiordersbythetwelfth/thirteenthcenturies by thetenthcentury c. systemofeducationwithcommontexts,sharingscholarship law, andsometimessecularsubjects interpreters, etc. pharmacology throughout Islamicworld