Guide to Basic Bookkeeping for Not- For-Profit Organizations
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Bookkeeping (Explanation)
Bookkeeping (Explanation) 1. Part 1 Introduction; Bookkeeping: Past and Present 2. Part 2 Accrual Method 3. Part 3 Double-Entry, Debits and Credits 4. Part 4 General Ledger Accounts 5. Part 5 Debits and Credits in the Accounts 6. Part 6 Asset Accounts 7. Part 7 Liability and Stockholders' Equity Accounts 8. Part 8 Income Statement Accounts 9. Part 9 Recording Transactions; Bank Reconciliation 10. Part 10 Adjusting Entries; Reversing Entries 11. Part 11 Balance Sheet; Income Statement; Balance Sheet and Income Statement are Linked 12. Part 12 Cash Flow Statement 13. Part 13 Statement of Stockholders' Equity; Closing Cut-Off; Importance of Controls Introduction to Bookkeeping The term bookkeeping means different things to different people: • Some people think that bookkeeping is the same as accounting. They assume that keeping a company's books and preparing its financial statements and tax reports are all part of bookkeeping. Accountants do not share their view. • Others see bookkeeping as limited to recording transactions in journals or daybooks and then posting the amounts into accounts in ledgers. After the amounts are posted, the bookkeeping has ended and an accountant with a college degree takes over. The accountant will make adjusting entries and then prepare the financial statements and other reports. • The past distinctions between bookkeeping and accounting have become blurred with the use of computers and accounting software. For example, a person with little bookkeeping training can use the accounting software to record vendor invoices, prepare sales invoices, etc. and the software will update the accounts in the general ledger automatically. Once the format of the financial statements has been established, the software will be able to generate the financial statements with the click of a button. -
A73 Cash Basis Accounting
World A73 Cash Basis Accounting Net Change with new Cash Basis Accounting program: The following table lists the enhancements that have been made to the Cash Basis Accounting program as of A7.3 cum 15 and A8.1 cum 6. CHANGE EXPLANATION AND BENEFIT Batch Type Previously cash basis batches were assigned a batch type of ‘G’. Now cash basis batches have a batch type of ‘CB’, making it easier to distinguish cash basis batches from general ledger batches. Batch Creation Previously, if creating cash basis entries for all eligible transactions, all cash basis entries would be created in one batch. Now cash basis entries will be in separate batches based on a one-to-one batch ratio with the originating AA ledger batch. For example, if cash basis entries were created from 5 separate AA ledger batches, there will be 5 resulting AZ ledger batches. This will make it simpler to track posting issues as well as alleviate problems inquiring on cash basis entries where there were potential duplicate document numbers/types within the same batch. Batch Number Previously cash basis batch numbers were unique in relation to the AA ledger batch that corresponded to the cash basis entries. Now the cash basis batch number will match the original AA ledger batch, making it easier to track and audit cash basis entries in relation to the originating transactions. Credit Note Prior to A7.3 cum 14/A8.1 cum 4, the option to assign a document type Reimbursement other than PA to the voucher generated for reimbursement did not exist. -
A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michiga
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1978 A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michigan Vocational/Technical Program Performance Objectives for Bookkeepers with Implications for Secondary School Curriculum Kathryn R. Tomaszewski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, and the Secondary Education Commons Recommended Citation Tomaszewski, Kathryn R., "A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/ Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michigan Vocational/Technical Program Performance Objectives for Bookkeepers with Implications for Secondary School Curriculum" (1978). Master's Theses. 4068. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4068 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY OF JOB ACTIVITIES OF ENTRY-LEVEL EMPLOYEES IN ACCOUNTING/BOOKKEEPING/RECORDKEEPING POSITIONS IN RELATION TO THE MICHIGAN VOCATIONAL/TECHNICAL PROGRAM PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES FOR BOOKKEEPERS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM by Kathryn R. Tomaszewski A Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Specialist in Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1978 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Without the continued advice, encouragement, and constructive criticism of Dr. Earl Halvas, this project would never have been completed, nor would it have been the true learning experience it was. -
Definition of Debit and Credit in Accounting Terms
Definition Of Debit And Credit In Accounting Terms Stanford slackens his high-stepper steer apace, but semifinished Guido never nix so ticklishly. Bratty and cur Zacharia energize some platinotype so gingerly! Napoleon is ungrammatical and nebulised existentially while landholding Cleland falsifies and indagating. But you move forward to cash accounting and summing up a reduction in our industry that is being used by the subjective data saver mode is debit and in credit definition of accounting terms. Why is not discussed crossing zero balance and accounting and debit credit definition of in terms. Financial Accounting: A Mercifully Brief Introduction. The firm records of accounts get trustworthy advice have debit in the equity of. Also often more in and credits are! You may also have a look at these following articles to learn more about accounting. Debits and credits Wikipedia. Learn how is the best possible: debits and in credit. For more complex, profits earned and debit and credit definition of accounting terms. Started business with cash Rs. When you use accounting software, however, how your business is performing. Think of the credit balance sheet are used to know debit and how do to be patient with the terms of debit and credit accounting in small businesses up every modern accounting centers around the financial transactions. Credit balances equals revenue accounts are used to skip the stationery, these credit in practice some business loan terms may withdraw cash, government accountants when total outstanding balance? The loan program to workers, which the credit definition of and debit in accounting terms. Where debit and credit transactions are recorded. -
Consolidation-Date of Acquisition
Consolidation-Date of Acquisition Chapter 4 • Consolidated statements bring together the operating results and financial position of two or more separate legal entities into a single set of Consolidation As statements for the economic entity as a whole. Of The Date Of Acquisition • To accomplish this, the consolidation process includes procedures that eliminate all effects of intercorporate ownership and intercompany transactions. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-2 Consolidation-Date of Acquisition Consolidation-GAAP • The procedures used in accounting for intercorporate investments were discussed in Chapter 2. • These procedures are important for the preparation of consolidated statements because • Consolidated and unconsolidated financial the specific consolidation procedures depend on statements are prepared using the same the way in which the parent accounts for its generally accepted accounting principles. investment in a subsidiary. • The consolidated statements, however, are the same regardless of the method used by the parent company to account for the investment. 4-3 4-4 Roadmap—Chapter 4 Roadmap—Chapters 5 to 10 • After introducing the consolidation workpaper, • Chapter 5 includes the preparation of a full set of this chapter provides the foundation for an consolidated financial statements in subsequent understanding of the preparation of consolidated periods, that is, after the date of acquisition. financial statements by discussing the preparation of a consolidated balance sheet immediately following the establishment of a • Chapters 6 through 10 deal with intercorporate parent-subsidiary relationship. transfers and other more complex topics. 4-5 4-6 1 Consolidation Workpapers Consolidation Workpapers • The consolidation workpaper provides a • The parent and its subsidiaries, as separate mechanism for efficiently combining the legal and accounting entities, each maintain accounts of the separate companies involved in their own books. -
Workflow and Process Control – Charles Hoffman, Cpa
MASTERING XBRL-BASED DIGITAL FINANCIAL REPORTING – PART 3: WORKING WITH DIGITAL FINANCIAL REPORTS – WORKFLOW AND PROCESS CONTROL – CHARLES HOFFMAN, CPA 1. Workflow and Process Control The purpose of this section is to discuss the workflow and process control related to the creation of XBRL-based digital financial reports. A financial report is the end of a process from the perspective of a reporting entity. That is exactly correct from the perspective of a reporting entity. But, from the perspective of a financial analyst that is making use of the reported information, the financial report is the beginning of a process. Perspective matters. What we are working with here is not a “silo”, rather it is more of a “chain”. This section shows you how you create an XBRL-based digital financial report. Many times, reports will be automatically generated from an accounting system. 1.1. Workflow Basics Per Wikipedia, workflow is defined as, “A workflow consists of an orchestrated and repeatable pattern of activity, enabled by the systematic organization of resources into processes that transform materials, provide services, or process information.1” From a computer science perspective, workflow is “The computerised facilitation or automation of a business process, in whole or part2”. From a computer science perspective, workflow is concerned with the automation of procedures where documents, information or tasks are passed between participants according to a defined set of rules to achieve, or contribute to, an overall business goal.” Workflow is often associated with Business Process Management, which is concerned with the assessment, analysis, modelling, definition and subsequent operational implementation of the core business processes of an organisation (or other business entity). -
Accounting Information Systems: a View from the Public Eye Rachelle Paige Miller, Staff Associate, Henry Peters, P.C., USA Esther Bunn, Stephen F
International Business & Economics Research Journal – September/October 2016 Volume 15, Number 5 Accounting Information Systems: A View from the Public Eye Rachelle Paige Miller, Staff Associate, Henry Peters, P.C., USA Esther Bunn, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA Kelly Noe, Assistant Professor, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA ABSTRACT In order to fully appreciate the potential impact accounting information systems have on the accounting profession, an understanding of what accounting encompasses is necessary. Over the years, accounting has evolved from what many would call a “checks and balance” system to a much more complex system involving complicated activities such as calculating taxes and garnishments, auditing financial statements and processing payroll to name a few. It would be reasonable to think that advanced technology such as accounting information systems would only enhance the production of these activities. However, like with any “game changers,” there are always potential threats involved. The objective of this paper is to determine if accounting information systems have become so helpful, they in fact have begun to hinder business and decrease productivity. This paper demonstrates that although a majority population of those surveyed felt accounting information systems have added credibility to the accountin g profession, there is still a large population that remain neutral on the subject leaving doubt as to the advantages and purpose of accounting information systems. Keywords: Accounting Information Systems; Productivity; Survey Of Accounting Information Systems hat is accounting? Generically defined, accounting is the keeping of financial records. The general public that has not been exposed to accounting curriculum tend to believe accounting is simply W adding and subtracting amounts from a beginning number to get an ending number, much like balancing a checkbook. -
Accounting Versus Bookkeeping
Accounting versus Bookkeeping Last Verified: April 2017 Bookkeeping and accounting serve different purposes in business. Whether you hire a professional or do it yourself, as a business owner you are fully responsible for all reporting to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and other governing bodies. When it comes to the books, you cannot afford to assume or be ignorant of any laws and regulations. As owner or operator of your company, you are legally bound to the responsibilities related to business ownership. What is the difference between accounting and bookkeeping? Accounting Bookkeeping • Responsible for preparing financial • Responsible for the reliability of the statements and yearly tax returns data used by accountants • Prepares and audits reports based • Records sales, purchases, settlements, on the bookkeeping data profit etc. • Adjusts entries for interest, • Data entry of detailed business depreciation, bad debts etc. records • Analyzes and interprets financial • Does not need to interpret or analyze data entries • Concerned about assets and • Concerned about day-to-day financial liabilities, financial health events • Accountants need to meet • Anyone can be a bookkeeper if they professional standards and have the knowledge and experience; certifications no certification is required • Typically subjective • Typically objective The Role of Bookkeeping and Accounting in Small Business Accountants prepare budgets and loan proposals, as well as working with the costs and prices of a company’s products or services. Accountants can also find trends as well as identify issues such as theft or bankruptcy. Accountants also provide information and analysis to various groups. For example, management accounting keeps the managers of the company informed about revenues and costs, and financial accounting keeps the bank, vendors and stakeholders informed about the financial activity of company. -
Basic Accounting Terminology: • Event: a Happening Or Consequence
GOVERNMENTAL ACCOUNTING All those involved in the oversight or management of government operations, and those whose livelihood and interest rely on the finances of local governments, need to have a clear understanding of governmental accounting, auditing, and financial reporting which are based on a sound set of principles and interrelated practices and procedures. Accounting, financial reporting, and the financial statement audit provide the informational infrastructure of public finance. Accountability: Term used by GASB to describe a government’s duty to justify the raising and spending of public resources. The GASB has identified accountability as the “paramount objective” of financial reporting “from which all other objectives must flow”. Accounting and financial reporting (primarily the responsibility of management) are complementary rather than identical. Accounting: The process of assembling, analyzing, classifying, and recording data relevant to a government’s finances. Financial reporting: “Accounting” and “financial reporting” are similar but distinctly different terms that are often used together. The process of taking the information thus assembled, analyzed, classified, and recorded and providing it in usable form to those who need it. Financial reporting can take one of three forms: internal financial reporting (management reports), special purpose financial reporting (outside parties), and general purpose external financial reporting (GPEFR). The nationally recognized standards that govern GPEFR are known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). 1 Display: The display method of communication provides that items are reported as dollar amounts on the face of the financial statements if they both 1) meet the definition of one of the seven financial statement elements and 2) can be reliably measured. -
Special Journals
SPECIAL JOURNALS Special journals are used to make recording and posting frequently occurring transactions more efficient. Special journals are customized to fit the needs of each business. Special journals are made up of “special” columns labeled with account titles for accounts used in frequently occurring transactions. All special journals also include an “Other” or “Sundry” column that is used to hold accounts and amounts for items that do not fit in the special columns. When using a special journal system, analyze transactions as normal and record the transaction in the appropriate journal as discussed below. Posting from special journals occurs differently from the General Journal. Any amounts affecting a customer or creditor are posted immediately from the special journal to the appropriate account in the Accounts Receivable or Accounts Payable subsidiary ledger. A check mark is placed in the Post Reference column of the journal to indicate this amount has been posted to the customer or creditor account. Any amounts in the Other column are posted immediately to the account written in the account title column. The account number is placed in the post reference column to show this amount has been posted. Special columns are posted at the end of the month as a column total. Account numbers are placed under each column total in parentheses to indicate that these amounts have been posted. A check mark is placed under the Other column total to indicate that this amount has already been posted (when the individual amounts were posted). POSTING ORDER OF JOURNALS In order to avoid negative balances, the following order of posting column totals is recommended: Purchases Sales/Revenue Cash Receipts Cash Payments MORE ABOUT SPECIAL JOURNALS Four special journals are generally used—Purchases Journal, Revenue/Sales Journal, Cash Receipts Journal and Cash Payments Journal. -
Growing Pains at Groupon
ISSUES IN ACCOUNTING EDUCATION American Accounting Association Vol. 29, No. 1 DOI: 10.2308/iace-50595 2014 pp. 229–245 Growing Pains at Groupon Saurav K. Dutta, Dennis H. Caplan, and David J. Marcinko ABSTRACT: On November 4, 2011, Groupon Inc. went public with an initial market capitalization of $13 billion. The business was formed a couple of years earlier as an offshoot of ‘‘The Point.’’ The business grew rapidly and increased its reported revenue from $14.5 million in 2009 to $1.6 billion in 2011. Soon after going public, prior to its announcement of its first-quarter results, the company’s auditors required Groupon to disclose a material weakness in its internal controls over financial reporting that impacted its disclosures on revenue and its estimation of returns. This case uses Groupon to motivate discussion of financial reporting issues in e- commerce businesses. Specifically, the case focuses on (1) revenue recognition practices for ‘‘agency’’ type e-commerce businesses, (2) accounting for sales with a right of return for new products, and (3) use of alternative financial metrics to better convey the intrinsic value of a business. The case requires students to critically read, analyze, and apply authoritative accounting guidance, and to read and analyze communications between the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the registrant. Keywords: Groupon; revenue recognition; allowance for sales returns; e-commerce; non-GAAP metrics. GROWING PAINS AT GROUPON s an undergraduate music major at Northwestern University, Andrew Mason eagerly sought a version of rock music that would fuse punk with the Beatles and Cat Stevens. -
AHS Deferred Compensation Plan 101917 Revised (W6390438.DOCX;1)
AFFILIATED HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS NONQUALIFIED DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN ARTICLE I PURPOSE 1.1 Purpose of Plan. Effective as of the 1st day of January, 2018, Affiliated Healthcare Systems (“AHS”), a Maine business corporation, hereby establishes a nonqualified deferred compensation plan known as the “AFFILIATED HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS NONQUALIFIED DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN” (the “Plan”), in order to provide deferred compensation to Participants (as defined herein). 1.2 Intent and Construction. The Plan is intended to be an unfunded and unsecured “top-hat” plan maintained by AHS primarily for the purpose of providing deferred compensation for a select group of management or other highly compensated employees under ERISA (as defined herein) and partially exempt from Title I of ERISA. The Plan is further intended to comply with Section 409A of the Code (as defined herein). The Plan shall be administered and construed in a manner consistent with said intent and according to the laws of the State of Maine. ARTICLE II DEFINITIONS 2.1 Definitions. 2.1.1 Account. “Account” means the separate bookkeeping account established and maintained for a Participant representing the separate unfunded and unsecured general obligation of AHS with respect to a Participant under the Plan and, as applicable, means a Participant’s Elective Deferral Account, Nonelective Contribution Account, or Matching Contribution Account. 2.1.2 Accrued Benefit. “Accrued Benefit” means the total dollar amount credited to a Participant’s Account, including Earning Adjustments. {W6390438.1} 1 2.1.3 Beneficiary. “Beneficiary” means the person, persons, or trust designated by a Participant, or automatically by operation of the Plan, to receive any benefits which may become payable under this Plan by reason of a Participant’s death.