Definition of Debit and Credit in Accounting Terms
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Bookkeeping (Explanation)
Bookkeeping (Explanation) 1. Part 1 Introduction; Bookkeeping: Past and Present 2. Part 2 Accrual Method 3. Part 3 Double-Entry, Debits and Credits 4. Part 4 General Ledger Accounts 5. Part 5 Debits and Credits in the Accounts 6. Part 6 Asset Accounts 7. Part 7 Liability and Stockholders' Equity Accounts 8. Part 8 Income Statement Accounts 9. Part 9 Recording Transactions; Bank Reconciliation 10. Part 10 Adjusting Entries; Reversing Entries 11. Part 11 Balance Sheet; Income Statement; Balance Sheet and Income Statement are Linked 12. Part 12 Cash Flow Statement 13. Part 13 Statement of Stockholders' Equity; Closing Cut-Off; Importance of Controls Introduction to Bookkeeping The term bookkeeping means different things to different people: • Some people think that bookkeeping is the same as accounting. They assume that keeping a company's books and preparing its financial statements and tax reports are all part of bookkeeping. Accountants do not share their view. • Others see bookkeeping as limited to recording transactions in journals or daybooks and then posting the amounts into accounts in ledgers. After the amounts are posted, the bookkeeping has ended and an accountant with a college degree takes over. The accountant will make adjusting entries and then prepare the financial statements and other reports. • The past distinctions between bookkeeping and accounting have become blurred with the use of computers and accounting software. For example, a person with little bookkeeping training can use the accounting software to record vendor invoices, prepare sales invoices, etc. and the software will update the accounts in the general ledger automatically. Once the format of the financial statements has been established, the software will be able to generate the financial statements with the click of a button. -
A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michiga
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1978 A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michigan Vocational/Technical Program Performance Objectives for Bookkeepers with Implications for Secondary School Curriculum Kathryn R. Tomaszewski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, and the Secondary Education Commons Recommended Citation Tomaszewski, Kathryn R., "A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/ Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michigan Vocational/Technical Program Performance Objectives for Bookkeepers with Implications for Secondary School Curriculum" (1978). Master's Theses. 4068. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4068 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY OF JOB ACTIVITIES OF ENTRY-LEVEL EMPLOYEES IN ACCOUNTING/BOOKKEEPING/RECORDKEEPING POSITIONS IN RELATION TO THE MICHIGAN VOCATIONAL/TECHNICAL PROGRAM PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES FOR BOOKKEEPERS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM by Kathryn R. Tomaszewski A Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Specialist in Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1978 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Without the continued advice, encouragement, and constructive criticism of Dr. Earl Halvas, this project would never have been completed, nor would it have been the true learning experience it was. -
Learn Debits and Credits
LEARN DEBITS AND CREDITS Written by John Gillingham, CPA LEARN DEBITS AND CREDITS Copyright © 2015 by John Gillingham All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................... 6 More Resources .............................................................................................. 7 Accounting Play – Debits & Credits ......................................................... 7 Accounting Flashcards ............................................................................ 7 Free Lessons on Podcast and Downloads ................................................ 8 Intro to Debits and Credits .............................................................................. 9 Debits and Credits Accounting System .................................................... 9 The Double Entry System ........................................................................11 Different Account Types..........................................................................12 Debits and Credits Increases and Decreases ...................................................15 Increases and Decreases .........................................................................15 Debits and Credits by Account ................................................................16 -
When to Debit and Credit in Accounting
When to Debit and Credit in Accounting Journal entries show a firm’s transactions throughout a period of time; for example, when a company purchases supplies a journal entry will show the amount of supplies bought and money spent. According to the practice of double-entry accounting, every journal entry must: • Include at least two distinct accounts with at least one debit and one credit. • Have the total monetary amount of debits equal to the total monetary amount of credits. • Be consistent with the accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Equity. (Wild, Shaw, and Chiappetta, 55) An asset is loosely defined as a resource with economic value that a particular firm has, and includes accounts such as cash, accounts receivable, and office supplies. Liabilities are the debts and obligations a company accumulates in operating the business; it includes accounts such as accounts payable, wages payable, and interest payable. Equity represents the amount of ownership in an asset that is not financed through debt. Equity begins with the owner’s capital, which are personal investments of assets by the owner, and grows as revenues are accrued over the course of business operations. Equity shrinks when the owner withdrawals capital and/or expenses are incurred. Thus the accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Equity, can be roughly translated as, “things we have are backed by things we owe and things we own.” A chart of accounts, which list commonly used accounts and their type, is included as an appendix in most accounting text books. The following diagram depicts the accounting equation such that equity is broken down into the component accounts of Capital, Withdrawals, Revenue, and Expenses, and illustrates how each type of account reacts to debits and credits. -
Accounting Information Systems: a View from the Public Eye Rachelle Paige Miller, Staff Associate, Henry Peters, P.C., USA Esther Bunn, Stephen F
International Business & Economics Research Journal – September/October 2016 Volume 15, Number 5 Accounting Information Systems: A View from the Public Eye Rachelle Paige Miller, Staff Associate, Henry Peters, P.C., USA Esther Bunn, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA Kelly Noe, Assistant Professor, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA ABSTRACT In order to fully appreciate the potential impact accounting information systems have on the accounting profession, an understanding of what accounting encompasses is necessary. Over the years, accounting has evolved from what many would call a “checks and balance” system to a much more complex system involving complicated activities such as calculating taxes and garnishments, auditing financial statements and processing payroll to name a few. It would be reasonable to think that advanced technology such as accounting information systems would only enhance the production of these activities. However, like with any “game changers,” there are always potential threats involved. The objective of this paper is to determine if accounting information systems have become so helpful, they in fact have begun to hinder business and decrease productivity. This paper demonstrates that although a majority population of those surveyed felt accounting information systems have added credibility to the accountin g profession, there is still a large population that remain neutral on the subject leaving doubt as to the advantages and purpose of accounting information systems. Keywords: Accounting Information Systems; Productivity; Survey Of Accounting Information Systems hat is accounting? Generically defined, accounting is the keeping of financial records. The general public that has not been exposed to accounting curriculum tend to believe accounting is simply W adding and subtracting amounts from a beginning number to get an ending number, much like balancing a checkbook. -
From Debits and Credits to Financials: a Quick Review of Accounting
Journal of Business Cases and Applications Volume 28 From debits and credits to financials: a quick review of accounting Keith Richardson Bellarmine University David Collins Bellarmine University Patricia Selvy Bellarmine University ABSTRACT This case facilitates a rapid understanding of the accounting process in motivated students. It explains, in simple English, the financial accounting model from start to finish without resorting to extensive explanations. This is a very practical, nuts and bolts approach, progressing rapidly from debits and credits, to the accounting model, to recording cash and accrual transactions in the accounts, to their reflection in the financial statements. Using this case with a textbook has been successful with MBA students in a team-based program and eliminated the requirement for prerequisite coursework in accounting. The case also ensures that students have a common understanding of accounting to support more advanced subsequent coursework. For students who have completed an undergraduate accounting course, but do not use accounting in their career, the case provides a good review. It also allows students, who have extensive accounting knowledge, to help team members without an accounting background learn basic accounting concepts. Keywords: accounting model, debits, credits, journal entries, financial statements Copyright statement: Authors retain the copyright to the manuscripts published in AABRI journals. Please see the AABRI Copyright Policy at http://www.aabri.com/copyright.html From debits and credits, Page 1 Journal of Business Cases and Applications Volume 28 INTRODUCTION It is commonly stated that accounting is the language of business (Wild, 2018), and that both managers and investors need to know accounting to read financial statements. -
Accounting Versus Bookkeeping
Accounting versus Bookkeeping Last Verified: April 2017 Bookkeeping and accounting serve different purposes in business. Whether you hire a professional or do it yourself, as a business owner you are fully responsible for all reporting to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and other governing bodies. When it comes to the books, you cannot afford to assume or be ignorant of any laws and regulations. As owner or operator of your company, you are legally bound to the responsibilities related to business ownership. What is the difference between accounting and bookkeeping? Accounting Bookkeeping • Responsible for preparing financial • Responsible for the reliability of the statements and yearly tax returns data used by accountants • Prepares and audits reports based • Records sales, purchases, settlements, on the bookkeeping data profit etc. • Adjusts entries for interest, • Data entry of detailed business depreciation, bad debts etc. records • Analyzes and interprets financial • Does not need to interpret or analyze data entries • Concerned about assets and • Concerned about day-to-day financial liabilities, financial health events • Accountants need to meet • Anyone can be a bookkeeper if they professional standards and have the knowledge and experience; certifications no certification is required • Typically subjective • Typically objective The Role of Bookkeeping and Accounting in Small Business Accountants prepare budgets and loan proposals, as well as working with the costs and prices of a company’s products or services. Accountants can also find trends as well as identify issues such as theft or bankruptcy. Accountants also provide information and analysis to various groups. For example, management accounting keeps the managers of the company informed about revenues and costs, and financial accounting keeps the bank, vendors and stakeholders informed about the financial activity of company. -
Basic Accounting Terminology: • Event: a Happening Or Consequence
GOVERNMENTAL ACCOUNTING All those involved in the oversight or management of government operations, and those whose livelihood and interest rely on the finances of local governments, need to have a clear understanding of governmental accounting, auditing, and financial reporting which are based on a sound set of principles and interrelated practices and procedures. Accounting, financial reporting, and the financial statement audit provide the informational infrastructure of public finance. Accountability: Term used by GASB to describe a government’s duty to justify the raising and spending of public resources. The GASB has identified accountability as the “paramount objective” of financial reporting “from which all other objectives must flow”. Accounting and financial reporting (primarily the responsibility of management) are complementary rather than identical. Accounting: The process of assembling, analyzing, classifying, and recording data relevant to a government’s finances. Financial reporting: “Accounting” and “financial reporting” are similar but distinctly different terms that are often used together. The process of taking the information thus assembled, analyzed, classified, and recorded and providing it in usable form to those who need it. Financial reporting can take one of three forms: internal financial reporting (management reports), special purpose financial reporting (outside parties), and general purpose external financial reporting (GPEFR). The nationally recognized standards that govern GPEFR are known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). 1 Display: The display method of communication provides that items are reported as dollar amounts on the face of the financial statements if they both 1) meet the definition of one of the seven financial statement elements and 2) can be reliably measured. -
Beginning Governmental Accounting
Beginning Governmental 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100Accounting 1011 Presented by: Elizabeth Alba, Instructor Yakima Valley Community College 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 WMCA Workshop 1 March 19, 2014 2 45 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Please turn your cell phone to vibrate mode…. Thank you 12 45 Agenda • Basic Accounting Theory – Understanding the basic accounting equation – Identify asset and liability accounts • Double Entry Accounting – Record transactions using debits and credits – Understand how debits and credits affect accounts • Accounting System and Records – Understand the difference between journals and ledgers – Relate the journals and ledgers to computerized records – Learn the value and purpose of a trial balance • The Basis of Accounting – Define the basis of accounting – Contrast the three common bases of accounting – Understand when to recognize a revenue or expense under the modified accrual basis of accounting. • Budgets – Why are they important – Analysis of the budget Basic Accounting Theory Why Use Accounting? Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is a set of rules for businesses and governments to follow so their financial statements/reports can easily be compared to other businesses. Without GAAP, businesses could record and report data in any manner – making comparison difficult. Government vs. Private Business 0011 0010• Providing 1010 1101 0001services 0100 1011 • Profit driven • Fiscal and operational • Value for the owner or accountability shareholder is a major • Must comply with focus finance related legal • Income is expect to be and contractual issues more than the1 cost • Sometimes Revenues (Revenues must will not cover the cost exceed expenses to be of governmental profitable) 2 activites 45 Understanding the Accounting Equation • The basic accounting equation is the cornerstone of the accounting process. -
AHS Deferred Compensation Plan 101917 Revised (W6390438.DOCX;1)
AFFILIATED HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS NONQUALIFIED DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN ARTICLE I PURPOSE 1.1 Purpose of Plan. Effective as of the 1st day of January, 2018, Affiliated Healthcare Systems (“AHS”), a Maine business corporation, hereby establishes a nonqualified deferred compensation plan known as the “AFFILIATED HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS NONQUALIFIED DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN” (the “Plan”), in order to provide deferred compensation to Participants (as defined herein). 1.2 Intent and Construction. The Plan is intended to be an unfunded and unsecured “top-hat” plan maintained by AHS primarily for the purpose of providing deferred compensation for a select group of management or other highly compensated employees under ERISA (as defined herein) and partially exempt from Title I of ERISA. The Plan is further intended to comply with Section 409A of the Code (as defined herein). The Plan shall be administered and construed in a manner consistent with said intent and according to the laws of the State of Maine. ARTICLE II DEFINITIONS 2.1 Definitions. 2.1.1 Account. “Account” means the separate bookkeeping account established and maintained for a Participant representing the separate unfunded and unsecured general obligation of AHS with respect to a Participant under the Plan and, as applicable, means a Participant’s Elective Deferral Account, Nonelective Contribution Account, or Matching Contribution Account. 2.1.2 Accrued Benefit. “Accrued Benefit” means the total dollar amount credited to a Participant’s Account, including Earning Adjustments. {W6390438.1} 1 2.1.3 Beneficiary. “Beneficiary” means the person, persons, or trust designated by a Participant, or automatically by operation of the Plan, to receive any benefits which may become payable under this Plan by reason of a Participant’s death. -
Defining Accounting Information Systems Boundaries
Defining Accounting Information Systems boundaries Iacopo Ennio Inghirami [email protected] University of Milan-Bicocca Abstract. It is clear that organizations today expect much more than simple double-entry bookkeeping from their Accounting Information System (AIS): ERPs not only support all transaction-related activities, but also provide com- prehensive tools that are useful to analyze data and make decisions. In fact, AISs support managers in all their tasks. Just as managers make different kinds of decisions depending on their man- agement level and the typology of the decision, AISs also do not consist of a single large system or even of a single computer environment. However, the definition of an AIS, or what it should be, is highly dependant on the definition of accounting itself. Academic courses usually present two main accounting systems: Financial Ac- counting and Management Accounting. An initial objective of this paper is therefore to not only analyze the various kinds of accounting which are adopted in companies and any related computer-based subsystems, but also to determine if the contents of our accounting courses, particularly Management Accounting courses, are effectively aligned with the current needs of organizations. Secondly - this work will try to assess if the current definition and contents of Management Accounting (MA) are still valid or rather new perspectives sug- gest to broad its focus, to include new and promising fields of interest. In other words, by analyzing the available literature on MA, AIS and MAS and observing some empirical evidences, this paper attempts to assess current and future divisions within Accounting Systems and their related implementation in Accounting Information Systems. -
Accounting 101U Script Slide 1
Accounting 101U Script Slide 1 (SCEIS Accounting 101U) Welcome to SCEIS Accounting 101U. This class is designed to give a general overview of fundamental accounting principles, concepts and terminology used in organizations. Slide 1A (Accounting 101 Index) The lessons in this course include General Accounting Overview and Fundamentals, Accounting Concepts and Methods, General Ledger Accounts and Account Structure, and the Accounting Cycle. Slide 2 (Lesson 1) Lesson 1: General Accounting Overview and Fundamentals Slide 3 (Accounting Overview) Accounting is the process used to identify, record and communicate finances and financial activities in businesses and organizations. Accounting is often referred to as the “language of business”. 1 Slide 4 (Accounting Overview) Accounting records and tracks financial transactions and business events showing what a business owns and what it owes others. Organizations analyze this information. Slide 5 (Accounting Overview) With the need to provide financial information to internal and external users, there becomes a logical division of accounting to help meet the needs of both types of users. Financial Accounting is concerned with providing financial information and reporting to users outside the organization. This is a diverse group and could include stockholders, government/tax authorities, customers, creditors and external auditors. Since this reporting is distributed outside of the organization for external use it is subject to certain guidelines and standards so all users can interpret information equally. 2 Slide 6 (Accounting Overview) The second division of accounting is Managerial Accounting which provides accounting information and reporting to internal users. Managerial accounting is especially important to an organization’s management team. The internal users could consist of managers, owners and even employees.