Chancen Für Nepals Angeschlagene Demokratie?

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Chancen Für Nepals Angeschlagene Demokratie? Nepal Chancenfür Nepalsangeschlagene Demokratie? NCP-ML beteiligt sich an der Koirala-Regierung von Karl-Heinz Krämer Nach Monaten der Diskussionund indirekterUnterstützung der'Nepali Congress'-Minderheitsregierung von PremierministerGiriia Prasad Koirala mittels Stimmenthaltungkam es am 26. August 'Nepal 1998 zur formellenBeteiligung der CommunistParty (Marxist-Leninist)'(NCP-ML) an der Regierung.Dies soll Anlaß zu einer Bestandsaufnahmesein: Was sind die Hintergründefür die Regierungsbitdung,und vor allem, welche Perspektiven eröffnen sich durch diese Koalition für die angeschtagenenepalische Demokratie und die Gesellschaft des Landes? Seit den letzten Parlamentswahlen vom ker tun sich ganz offensichtlich schwer schließen. November 1994 hat es keine stabile Re- im demokratischen Umgang mit die.ser Der einzigennoch rational einstufba- glenrng menrmehr gegeben. Die Ursache Situation. Anstatt nach Wegen ffir eine ren Minderheitsregierungder'Commu- hierfür liegt:st in dem Umstand. daß keine dem l-and dienliche vernänftige Koaliti- nist Party of Nepal (United Marxist- Partei über eine absolute Mehrheit im onsbasis zu suchen, nutzen sie die Gunst kninist)' (CPN-UML), die nur neun Unterhaus des Parlaments ('Pratinidhi der Stunde, um sich Macht um jeden Monaie überlebte, folgten drei weitere Sabha')verfügt. Die Parteienund Politi- Preis und wirtschaftliche Pfrände an er- Koalitionsregierungenunterschiedlicher, Für die Menschen in Ncpd übcrrhbgen sich die Meldungen über Regienrngsrmbildungen @oto: Walter Keller) Südasien5/9E 4i Nepal parteiideologisch kaum nachvollziehba- Mohan Adhikari, welcher der Partei ein Umstand, der zur Grundlage frr die rer Zusammensotanng. In den ersüendrei trotz ihres kommunistischen Namens Bildung einer Minderheitsregierung un- Jahren dieser l-egislahrrperiode wech- auch über die l:ndesgrenzen hinaus An- ter Premierminister Girija Prasad Koi- selten wiederholt Politiker die Partei und erkennung verschaffte, und der General- rala wurdo. Damit hat Koirala zum trugen hierdurch zu Verschiebungen der sekretär Madan Kumar Bhandari, der die aveiten Mal seit der Demokratisierung möglichen Mehrheitsverhälhrissen bei' Partei auf eine gemeinsame sozialdemo- des knde.s die Regierungsverantwortung Die größten Vorteile aus diesem Ver- kratische Linie einschwor. übernommen. Voräbergehend sind die 'Nepali halten zog der Congress', dessen Mit dem frähen Tod von Bhandari - innerparteilichen Zwistigkeiten durch Stärke im Repräsentanüenhaus(205 Mit- er starb 1993 bei einem Autounfall, der diese Entwicklung in den Hintergrund glieder) von urspränglich 83 auf 89 an- von vielen noch immer als Mordan- getreüen, doch häufen sich in letüer Zeit wuchs. Dennoch reichte dies nicht, um schlag interpretiert wird - vedor die wieder verbale Attacken gegen die ei- stärkste Partei im Padament an werden, Parlei jedoch ihre starke ordnende Hand. gene Regierung aus dem Kreis innerpar- da auch die CPN-UML von Parteiwech- Zunehmend machten sich nicht nur un- leilicher Konkurrenten; namentlich zu seln profitierte und dank erfolgreicher terschiedliche Auffassungen über die nennen sind in diesem Zusammenhang Nachwahlen ihre ffihrende Position auf Parteiideologie bemerkbar, sondem es insbesondere die fräheren Premiermini- 90 Abgeordnete ausbauen konnüe. wurden auch ganz persönliche ster Krishna Prasad Bhattarai und Sher Doch die schmutzigen Machenschaften Machtanspräche einzelner Politiker in Bahadur Deuba. äußerten sich nicht nur im Parteiwechsel aller Offentlichkeit erhoben. Madhav Die Minderheitsregierung von Koirala von Abgeordneten, sondern auch in Kumar Nepal, Bhandaris Nachfolger als war zunächst möglich, weil sie von der schwenviegenden Differenzen innerhalb Generalsekretiir, hat nicht das Charisma CPN-UML geduldet und von außen un- aller im Parlament vertretenen Parteien. seines Vorgängers. Mit Bam Dev terstätzt wurde. Doch schon bald wurde Zwur hat man sich in jängster 7*it dant Gautam erwuchs ihm ein innerparteili- Kritik an Führungsstil und politischem durchgemngen, weiteren Parteiwechsel,n cher Widersacher, der die CPN-UML Gehalt der Koirala-Regierung laut, und durch ein entsprechendes Gesetz einen zunächst in eine unverständliche Koaliti- die CPN-UML distenzierte sich zuneh- Riegel voranschieben, doch konnte man onsregierung mit einer Gruppe der NDP mend. Koirala hielt weiterhin Ausschau damit nicht verhindern, dqß die inner- manövrierte und dabei sogar noch das nach einem potentiellen Koalitionspart- parteilichen Konflikte im Laufe dieses einstige'Panchayat'-Mitglied Chand als ner und wurde schon bald ffindig in der Jahres vu Parteispaltungen führten. Premierminister akzeptierte. Als auch größten Konkurren4artei der CPN- Sowohl die CPN-UML als auch die diese Regierung scheiterte und Gautam UML, nämlich der NCP-ML. Die Ver- 'Nationd Democratic Party' (NDP) bra- sich zu Beginn des Jahres auf dem Par- handlungen über einen möglichen Regie- chen auseinander, weil seit langem teitag der CPN-UML nicht durchsetzen rungsbeitritt zogen sich über Monate schwelende persönliche Machtansprüche konnte, spaltete er schließlich im März hin. In dieser Zeit stützte die NCP-ML von Parteifrhrem nicht durch parteiin- die Partei. Seine Splitüerpartei trägt den die Koirala-Regierung wiederholt von 'Nepal üerne Abkommen befriedigt werden Namen Communist Party außen, indem sie sich bei Abstimmungen konnten. Politisch-ideologische Diffe- (Marxist-Leninist)' (NCP-ML). Die der Stimme enthielt. Dies geschah selbst ren:ran, die nach außen hin als Haupt- Spaltungen von NDP und CPN-UML bei so strittigen Themen wie dem 'Anti 'Kalapani-Konflikt' grund frr die Spaltungen angegeben konnten trotz des neuen Defection mit Indien oder dem wurdei, sind bei genauem Hinsehen I-aw' erfolgen, weil in beiden Fällen brutalen Vorgehen der Sicherheitskräfte kaum erkennbar. mehr als 40 Prozent der Abgeordneten bei der Unterdräckung des maoistischen So zerbrach die NDP wieder genau in absprangen, um eine neue Partei zu Volkskriegs. Am 26. August erfolgte jene beiden Gruppen um die Parteiführer gränden. schließlich der formelle Eintritt in die Surya Bahadur Thapa und Lokendra Ba- Von einer formellen Spaltung ver- Koirala-Regierung, als 13 Abgeordnete 'Congress', hadur Chand, in denen sich zu Beginn schont blieb bisher der ob- der NCP-ML in den Ministerrat aufge- der neunziger Jahre die Politiker des ein- gleich die Partei seit den Wahlen von nomrnen wurden. stigen parteilosen Panchayat-Systems ge- 1991 faktisch in mehrere l-ager gespal- Bam Dev Gautam, der die CPN-UML sarnmelt hatten. Damals, bei den Wahlen ten ist. Wie bei den anderen Parteien ge- gespalten hatte, weil sie, wie er sagte, 'Congress' von 1991, nahm man sich gegenseitig hen die Differenzen auch im nicht mehr revolutionär genug und vom die Stimmen weg und konnte trotz eines von Fährerpersönlichkeiten aus. Girija urspränglichen kommunistisch-ideologi- gemeinsamen Stimmenanteils von über Prasad Koirala, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai schen Pfad abgewichen war, ging ein avölf Prozent nur vier Parlamentssitze und bis zu seinem Tode im vergangenen Bündnis mit dem als Kommunistenfeind erringen. Dieses Ergebnis hatte letztlich Jahr auch Ganesh Man Singh bekämpf- bekannten und eher zum konservativen 'Nepali den Ausschlag für den Zusammenschluß ten sich gegenseitig mit unsaubersten Kreis des Congress' zählenden gegeben; die persönlichen Machtansprä- Mitteln in aller Offentlichkeit. Von einer Koirala ein. Was mag Gautam zu diesem che und Differenzen von Thapa und vernunftgeleiteten Politik für Staat und Schritt bewogen haben? Persönliches Chand ließen sich aber nicht baseitigen. Gesellschaft konnte unter diesen Voraus- Machtstreben, wie es beispielsweise Die Gruppe um Chand nennt sich heute setzungenkeine Rede sein. 1997 offensichtlich vodag, als Gautam 'New NDP'. die CPN-UML in eine Koalition mit der Nur wenig anders ist die Situation in Koirala-Regierungtr Chand€ruppe trieb und er selbst das der linken Volkspartei. Die CPN-UML Amt des Vizepremiers übernahn, entstand erst Anfang 1991, als sich die Die Parteispaltungen zu Beginn deg scheint diesmal als Beweggrund auszu- bedeutendsten Splittergruppen der Jahres haben jedoch die potentielle Ko- scheiden; dafür spricht, daß Bam Dev 'Nepal Communist Party' im Vorfeld alitionslandschaft völlig verändert. Gautam selbst kein Ministeramt über- 'New der Padamentswahlen zusarnmenschlos- Sowohl NDP und NDP' als auch nommen hat. sen. Trotz heißer Diskussion über die CPN-UML und NCP-ML sind unterein- Es liegt daher auf der Hand, daß der idmlogische Ausrichtung der Partei er- ander völlig zerstritten, so daß Koalitio- Grund für diese rationalpolitisch emeut schien die CPN-UML nach außen hin nen mit den einstigen Parteigenossen zur nicht erklärbare Koalition in der Kon- annehmend gefestigter. Maßgeblichen Zeit undenkbar sind. Dank der Spaltung kurrenz mit den allen Genossen der 'Congress' Anüeil an dieser Entwicklung hatten der der CPN-UML wurde der CPN-UML zu suchen ist. Die ersten unumstrittene Parteivorsitzende Man über Nacht wieder zur stiirksten Parüei, Monate nach der Spaltung der UML ha- u Südasien5/98 Nepal Viele Menrchen rind dcr politischcn Querclcn überdrärsig (Foto: Wslter Ke[er) M geznigt, dnß die neue NCP-ML in weiterung handelt. Man Mohan Adhi- daß sich die meisüenFährer der Partei der Offentlichkeit längst nicht so großen kari, Vorsitzender der CPN-UML und im Hinüergrund gehalüenhaben; tedig- Rüclüalt hat, wie die Partei gerne vor- Oppositionsführer im Repräsentanüen-lich Radha Krishna Mainali tritt hier als gibt. Angesichtsbevorsüehender Wahlen haus, sprach der neuen Regierung
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