Us ing This B o o k

This book tells the story of the evolution of the US . National Park 1 System , the first of its kind in the world . In Part , Bureau Historian Barry Mackintosh discusses the origins of the System and describes ’ the complexity of the System s designations . In Part 2 he chronicles the step- by- step growth of the System from its beginnings to its 357 3 areas at the beginning of 1 99 1 . Part contains maps showing the extent of the System , a listing of areas outside but affiliated with the System , and a list of all National Park Service directors with their tenures . An

x Sha in the S s tem inde completes the book . This revised edition of p g y , 1 985 which was first published in , is produced on the occasion of the

- 75th 1 9 1 6 1 99 1 . anniversary of the National Park Service ,

Library of Co ngress Ca taloging in Pu blicatio n Da ta

Mackintosh , Barry.

The national parks .

Includes index . I2 2 P2 . : 9 . : 3 3 Supt of Docs . no . / — 2 . 1 . United States . National Park Service History. National parks — — and reserves United States History. I . United States . National Park

Service . Division of Publications . II . Title . 4 A4M24 1 984 84- 600068 SB 82 . Introd uction 4

A Few Words About This Book 6

Shaping the System 8

Before the National Park Service 1 0 1 9 1 6 1 933 1 8 Forging a System , to The Reorganization of 1 933 24

From the New Deal to War and Peace , to 1 95 1 44 66 Mission and the Environmental Era , to 1 972 62 1 973 1 990 Rounding Out the System , to Ideals Into Reality 1 06

Appendix 1 1 0

Affiliated Areas 1 1 2 hdaps 1 1 4 The Natio nal Park System G rowth of th e Natio nal Park System National Park Service Directors 1 20

Index 1 22

A Few Words About this Book

When did the National Park System begin $ The usual response is 1 872 , when an act of Congress set aside Yellowstone National Park , the first area so titled . Like a river formed from several branches , however, the System cannot be traced to a single source . Certain — ’ later additions the parks of the Nation s Capital , Hot Springs , parts of Yosemite —preceded Yellowstone as parklands reserved or estab $ $ lish ed by the Federal Government . And there was no real system u of national parks ntil a federal bureau , the National Park Service , 1 9 1 6 was created in to manage those areas then assigned to the US.

Department of the Interior. The establishment of a systematic park administration within Inte rior paved the way for the annexation of comparable areas from 1 3 . 9 3 other federal agencies In a government reorganization , the National Park Service acquired the War Department ’ s national mili ’ tary parks and monuments , the Agriculture Department s national m monu ents , and the national capital parks . Thereafter the Service would be the primary federal agency preserving and providing for ’ public enjoyment of America s most significant natural and cultural properties in a fully comprehensive National Park System . ’ Fam il Tree the Na ti n l Park S s tem . o o a Ronald F Lee s y f y , pub lished by the Eastern National Park and Monument Association in 1 72 ’ 9 u . , chronicled the System s evol tion to that date Its usefulness led the Service to issue a revised and expanded account titled The

Na tio nal Parks : Shaping the Sy s te m in 1 985 . The present edition has ’ been further revised and updated for the Service s 75th anniversary in 1 99 1 . The nomenclature of National Park System areas is often confus 2 . 0 ing Units now bear some titles besides national park , which commonly identifies the largest , most spectacular natural areas . Other designations such as national seashore , national lakeshore , national river, and national scenic trail serve useful descriptive purposes . In — contrast , the national monument title applied impartially to natu ral areas as vast as Death Valley and cultural sites as small as the — Statue of Liberty says little about a place . For no obvious reason , some historic forts are national monuments and others are national historic sites , while historic battlefields are variously titled national Barry M ackinto sh B ureau Histo rian Natio nal Park Se rvice ,

a milit ry parks , national battlefields , and national battlefield parks , among other things . All these designations are rooted in the System ’ s legislative and administrative history. Where distinctions in title denote no real dif ferences f in character or management policy, the dif ering designa tions usually reflect changes in fashion over time . Historical areas u u that once wo ld have been named national mon ments , for exam ple , more recently have been titled national historic sites , if small , or national historical parks , if larger. Regardless of their titles , all units of the System are referred to generically as parks , a practice followed in this book . The dates used here for parks are usually those of the earliest u laws , Presidential proclamations , or departmental orders a thorizing or establishing them . In some cases these actions occurred before the areas were placed under National Park Service administration 1 97 and thus in the National Park System . In 0 Congress defined the System as including $ any area of land and water now or hereafter administered by the Secretary of the Interior through the National

Park Service for park , monument , historic , parkway, recreational , or $ other purposes . This legal definition excludes a number of national historic sites , memorials , trails , and other areas assisted but not admin $ $ istered by the Service . These affiliated areas are listed in the

x Appendi . ’ Famil Tree its Lee s y , with chronological listing of park additions and concise discussion of significant examples , developments , and a trends , was an indispensable orient tion and reference tool to Ser vice personnel and others tracking the System’ s growth to Yellow ’ Sha in stone s centennial year. It is hoped that this revised edition of p g ’ the S s tem y , still owing much to Lee s work , will serve the same pur pose as the Service celebrates its diamond anniversary.

Before the N ational Park Service

— N ational Parks The national park idea the concept of large — scale natural preservation has been credited to the artist George

Catlin , best known for his paintings of American Indians . On a trip a 1 832 to the Dakot region in , he worried about the destructive effects ’ of America s westward expansion on Indian civilization , wildlife , and $ wilderness . They might be preserved , he wrote , by some great pro ’ m a n i cent ar tecting policy of government in a g fi p k . A natio n s

ark and p , containing man beast , in all the wild$ness $and freshness of their nature’ s beauty $$ Catlin’ s vision of perpetuating indigenous cultures in this fashion

was doubtless impractical , and his proposal had no immediate effect . u Increasingly, however, romantic portrayals of nat re by writers such as James Fenimore Cooper and Henry David Thoreau and painters like Thomas Cole and Frederick Edwin Church would compete with

older views of wilderness as something to be subdued and exploited . As appreciation for unspoiled nature grew and as spectacular natu z ral areas in the American West were discovered and publici ed , notions

of preserving such places began to be taken seriously. u V One s ch place was Yosemite alley, where the national park idea

came to partial fruition in 1 864 . In response to the desires of various

gentlemen of California , gentlemen of fortune , of taste , and of refine $ ment , Senator John Conness of California sponsored legislation to transfer the valley and the nearby Mariposa Big Tree Grove to the state so that they might $ be used and preserved for the benefit of

mankind . The act of Congress , signed by President Abraham Lin 30 coln on June , granted California the lands on condition that they

would be held for public use , resort , and recreation inalienable

for all time .

The geological wonders of the Yellowstone region , in the Montana 1 869 -7 1 and Wyoming territories , remained little known until , when

successive expeditions led by David E . Folsom , Henry D . Washburn , V and Ferdinand . Hayden traversed the area and publicized their

remarkable findings . Several members of these parties suggested the possibility of reserving Yellowstone for public use rather than allow

ing it to fall under private control . The park idea received influential s support from agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, whose projected main line through Montana stood to benefit from a major tourist destination in the vicinity.

Yosemite was cited as a precedent , but differences in the two situ atio ns required different solutions . The primary access to Yellow a stone was through Montana , and Mont nans were among the leading park advocates . Most of Yellowstone lay in Wyoming , however, and neither Montana nor Wyoming was yet a state . So the park legisla 1 87 1 l tion , introduced in December by Senate Pub ic Lands Commit tee chairman Samuel C . Pomeroy of Kansas , was written to leave

Yellowstone in federal custody. The Yellowstone bill encountered some opposition from congress $ men who questioned the propriety of such a large reservation . The geysers will remain , no matter where the ownership of the land may be , and I do not know why settlers should be excluded from a tract of land forty miles square in the Rocky mountains or any other place , complained Sen . Cornelius Cole of California . But more were 1 persuaded otherwise . The bill passed Congress , and on March ,

1 872 . , President Ulysses S Grant signed it into law. The Yellowstone act withdrew more than one million acres of the $ public domain from settlement , occupancy, or sale to be dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit $ and enjoyment of the people . It placed the park under the exclu sive control of the Secretary of the Interior$ and charged him to i provide for the preservat on , from injury or spoliation , of all timber, mineral deposits , natural curiosities , or wonders within said park , $ and their retention in their natural condition . He was also to pre vent the $ wanton destruction$ and commercial taking of fish and

$ 1 894 game problems addressed more firmly by the Lacey Act of , which prohibited hunting outright and set penalties for offenders . ’ a With Yellowstone s est blishment , the precedent was set for other 1 875 natural reserves under federal jurisdiction . An act of Congress modeled on the Yellowstone act made most of Mackinac Island in ’ Michigan a national park . Because of the Army s presence there at r res o nsibil Fort Mackinac , however, the Secreta y of War was given p ity for it . Mackinac National Park would survive only 20 years as : 1 895 such when the fort was decommissioned in , the federal lands

1 1 on the island were transferred to Michigan for a state park . — The next great scenic national parks Sequoia , General Grant , — u 1 890 18 and Yosemite , all in California did not come about ntil , years after Yellowstone . The initial Sequoia legislation , signed by 25 President Benjamin Harrison on September , again followed that u for Yellowstone in establishing a public park , or pleas re ground , $ for the benefit and enjoyment of the people . Another act approved 1 October set aside General Grant , Yosemite , and a large addition to Sequoia as $ reserved forest lands$ but directed their management along park lines . Sequoia , General Grant (later incorporated in Kings

Canyon National Park) , and Yosemite were given their names by the V Secretary of the Interior. Yosemite alley and the Mariposa Grove 1 906 remained under state administration until , when they were returned to federal control and incorporated into Yosemite National

Park . 1 89 1 In the Forest Reserve Act of , Congress authorized Presidents to proclaim permanent forest reserves on the public domain . Forest 1 907 reserves or national forests , as they were retitled in , would be managed for their long-term economic productivity under multiple 1 . 6 s use conservation principles Within year , Presidents Grover Cleve M cKinle 1 59 land , William y, and Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed 1 national forests comprising more than 50 million acres . William How ard Taft and Woodrow Wilson added another 26 million acres by

19 1 6 .

re re National parks , preserved largely for their esthetic qualities , p sented a greater willingness to forego economic gain . Congress thus maintained direct control over the establishment of national parks and frequently had to be assured that the lands in question were worthless for other purposes . Park bills were usually enacted only after long and vigorous campaigns by their supporters . Such cam paigns were not driven solely by the idealistic impulse to preserve u : nat re as with Yellowstone , western railroads regularly lobbied for the early parks and built grand rustic hotels in them to boost their passenger business . Mount Rainier National Park in Washington was the next of its

1 899 . kind , reserved in Nine more parks were established through 1 9 1 6 , including such scenic gems as Crater Lake in Oregon , Glacier in Montana , Rocky Mountain in Colorado , and Hawaii in the Hawai ian Islands . There were as yet no clear standards for national parks , and a few suffered by comparison . One such was Sullys Hill , an undis tinguish ed tract in North Dakota that was later transferred to the

Agriculture Department as a game preserve . The Secretary of the Interior was su pposed to preserve and pro

1 2 t tec the parks , but early depredations by poachers and vandals at Yellowstone revealed the difficulties he would face in managing these 1 8 3 remote areas . In 8 Congress authorized him to call upon the Sec r tar e y of War for assistance , and three years later he did so , obtain ing a cavalry detail to enforce Yellowstone’ s regulations and army engineers to develop park roads and buildings . Although the military presence was extended to Sequoia , General Grant , and Yosemite in

1 89 1 s . , the later parks received civilian superintendent and rangers

N ational M onuments While the early national parks were being established , a separate movement arose to protect the prehistoric u cliff dwellings , pueblo r ins , and early missions found by cowboys , x u army officers , ethnologists , and other e plorers on the vast p blic lands of the Southwest . Efforts to secure protective legislation began among historically minded scientists and civic leaders in Boston and spread to similar circles in other cities during the 1 880s and 1 8905 . Congress took a first step in this direction in 1 889 by authorizing the President to reserve from settlement or sale the land in Arizona containing the massive Casa Grande ruin . President Benjamin Harri son ordered the Casa Grande Ruin Reservation three years later. In 1904 ’ , at the request of the Interior Department s General Land Office , archeologist Edgar Lee Hewett made a comprehensive review of pre o n historic features federal lands in Arizona , New Mexico , Colo rado , and Utah and recommended specific sites for protection . The following year he drafted general legislation for the purpose . Strongly supported by Rep . John F. Lacey of Iowa , chairman of the House

Public Lands Committee , it passed Congress and received President ’

8 1 906 . Theodore Roosevelt s signature on June , 1 89 1 Comparable to the Forest Reserve Act of , the Antiquities Act of 1906 was a blanket authority for Presidents to proclaim and $ reserve historic landmarks , historic and prehistoric structures , and other objects of historic or scientific interest$ on lands owned or $ $ controlled by the United States as national monuments . It also prohibited the excavation or appropriation of antiquities on federal lands without permission from the department having jurisdiction . Separate legislation to protect the spectacular cliff dwellings of southwestern Colorado moved through Congress simultaneously, result ing in the creation of Mesa Verde National Park three weeks later.

Thereafter, the Antiquities Act was widely used to reserve such cul — 1 8 tural features and natural features as well . Roosevelt proclaimed s f 1 909 1 2 national monument before leaving of ice in March , of which fell in the latter category. The first monument was Devils Tower in 867 - northeastern Wyoming , a massive foot stone shaft of volcanic

13 24 1 906 . origin , proclaimed September , The next three followed that : December El Morro , New Mexico , site of prehistoric petroglyphs and historic inscriptions left by Spanish explorers and American pio neers - ; Montezuma Castle , Arizona , a well preserved cliff dwelling ;

and Petrified Forest , Arizona . National monuments were proclaimed on lands administered by

the Agriculture and War departments as well as Interior. Proclama tions before 1 933 entailed no change of administration ; a monument reserved under Agriculture or War would customarily remain there 1 . 908 unless Congress made it a national park In , broadly construing ’ $ the Antiquities Act s provision for objects of scientific interest , Roosevelt proclaimed part of Arizona’ s Grand Canyon a national u monument . Because the mon ment lay within a national forest , the Agriculture Department ’ s Forest Service retained jurisdiction until 1 9 1 9 , when Congress established a larger Grand Canyon National Park in its place and assigned management responsibility to Interi ’ or s National Park Service . Similarly, Lassen Peak and Cinder Cone 1 907 national monuments in California , proclaimed in under Forest u 19 1 6 Service j risdiction , were transferred to Interior in when Lassen V olcanic National Park was established and encompassed them . 1 906 1 978 1 2 u Between and , Presidents sed the Antiquities Act to — proclaim 99 national monuments 38 mostly historic or prehistoric

- and 6 1 mostly natural . Fifty two of them retained that designation at 2 1 990 . 8 the end of Of the remainder, had become or contributed to 25 u national parks or national preserves , fo r had become national historical parks , one was a national battlefield , one was a national historic site , two had been incorporated in a national parkway, and ’ 1 1 s had been abolished . Nearly a quarter of the unit of today s National

Park System thus sprang in whole or part from the Antiqu ities Act .

M ineral Springs Two mineral spring reservations also contributed to the emerging National Park System . The first preceded all other ’ ’ components of today s system outside the Nation s Capital . $ $ Taking the cure at mineral spring resorts became highly fashion in u u 1 8 1 9 u able E rope d ring the th and th cent ries , when thousands u - - - visited such famo s spas as Bath , Aix les Bains , Aachen , Baden Baden , V and Karlsbad (Karlovy ary) . As mineral springs were discovered in

America , they too attracted attention . Places such as Saratoga Springs in New York and White Sulphur Springs in Virginia (now West Vir ginia) were developed privately, but Congress acted to maintain fed

eral control of two springs west of the Mississippi . Hot Springs in Arkansas Territory comprised 47 springs of salubri 1 832 ous repu te emerging from a fault at the base of a mountain . In

14 Congress reserved four sections of land containing Ho t Springs for

u u . the f t re disposal of the United States After the Civil War, the Interior Department permitted private entreprene urs to build and operate bathhouses to which the spring waters were piped , and Hot

Springs became a popular resort . In 1902 the Federal Government purchased 32 mineral springs near u Sulph r, Oklahoma Territory, from the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations ’ u u u to create the S lph r Springs Reservation , also under Interior s j ris 1 904 diction . The reservation was enlarged in , and two years later Congress renamed it Platt National Park after the recently deceased

Sen . Orville Platt of Connecticut , who had been active in Indian affairs . Congress redesignated Hot Springs Reservation a national park in

1921 . u s u Altho gh the park encompa sed some nat ral terrain , it remained more an urbanized spa than a natural area . Platt , an equally anoma 1 976 inco r o lous national park , lost that designation in when it was p rated in the new Chickasaw National Recreation Area .

1 5 Legislative and Executive Actions Relating to Areas M anaged by the Department of the Interior through 1 9 1 6

1 832 20 April Hot Springs Reservation , Arkansas (redesignated Hot Springs NP 1 92 1 ) 1 864 30 o June Yosemite State Park , California (incorp rated in Yosemite NP 1 906) 1 872 1 March Yellowstone NP, Wyoming , Montana , and Idaho 1 889 2 March Casa Grande Ruin Reservation , Arizona (redesignated Casa Grande NM 1 9 1 8) 1 890 25 Sept . Sequoia NP, California 1 Oct . General Grant NP, California (incorporated in Kings Canyon NP 1 940)

Yosemite NP, California

i Mount Rainier NP, Wash ngton

Crater Lake NP, Oregon

Sulphur Springs Reservation , Oklahoma (redesignated Platt NP 1 906 ; incorporated in Chickasaw NRA 1 976) 1 903

. 9 Jan Wind Cave NP, South Dakota 1 904 27 April Sullys Hill NP, North Dakota (transferred to Agriculture 1 1 Dept . as game preserve 93 )

Antiquities Act V Mesa erde NP, Colorado

Devils Tower NM , Wyoming

El Morro NM , New Mexico

Montezuma Castle NM , Arizona 1962 Petrified Forest NM , Arizona (redesignated a NP )

Chaco Canyon NM , New Mexico (incorporated in Chaco Culture NHP 1 980)

Muir Woods NM , California

1 6

Fo i S st m 1 91 6 to 1 rg ng a y e , 933

By August 1 9 1 6 the Department of the Interior oversaw 14 national 2 1 u s parks , national mon ment , and the Hot Springs and Casa Grande

Ru in reservations . This collection of areas was not a true park sys

. u tem , however, for it lacked systematic management Witho t an orga

nization ur equipped for the p pose , Interior Secretaries had been forced to call on the Army to develop and police Yellowstone and the Cali

formia parks . The troops protected these areas and served their visi but tors well for the most part , their primary mission lay elsewhere ,

and their continued presence could not be counted on . Civilian

appointees of varying capabilities managed the other national parks , u while most of the national mon ments received minimal custody. In

the absence of an effective central administration , those in charge

operated with little coordinated supervision or policy gu idance . u Lacking nified leadership , the parks were also vulnerable to com advo peting interests . Conservationists of the utilitarian school , who cated the regulated use of natural resources to achieve the greatest $ good for the greatest number, championed the construction of dams

by public authorities for water supply, electric power, and irrigation

purposes . When the city of San Francisco sought permission to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park for its water supply

after the turn of the century, the utilitarian and preservationist wings of the conservation movement came to blows . Over the bitter oppo sitio n 19 13 of John Muir and other park supporters , Congress in approved what historian John Ise later called $ the worst disaster ever

to come to any national park . $ r The rape of Hetch Hetchy, as the preservationists te med it , pointed utilitar up the institutional weakness of the park movement . While ian conservation had become well represented in government by the

U S. Geological S u rvey (established the Forest Service and the Reclamation Service no comparable entity spoke for

park preservation in Washington . The need for an organization to operate the parks and advocate their interests was clearer than ever. l m n . a A ong those recog izing this need was Stephen T Mather, a we thy

Chicago businessman , vigorous outdoorsman , and born promoter. In

19 14 Mather complained to Secretary of the Interior Franklin K .

Lane , a former classmate at the University of California at Berkeley,

1 8 about the mismanagement of the parks . Lane invited Mather to come to Washington and do something about it . Mather accepted the chal 1 9 1 5 a lenge , arriving early in to become assistant to the secret ry for

- - - r . . park matte s Twenty five year old Horace M Albright , another Berke r ley graduate who had recently joined the Interior Depa tment , became ’ Mather s top aide . Previous efforts to establish a national parks bureau in Interior ’ had been resisted by the Agriculture Department s Forest Service , which rightly foresaw the creation and removal of more parks from u its national forests . Mather and Albright lobbied skillf lly to over u come such opposition , gathering support from influential jo rnalists , railroads likely to profit from increased park tourism , and members 25 1 9 1 6 of Congress . Success finally came on August , , when Presi dent Woodrow Wilson signed legislation creating the National Park

Service . The act made the Service responsible for the 35 national parks and monuments then under Interior, Hot Springs Reservation , and $ such other national parks and reservations of like character as may be hereafter created by Congress . In managing the parks , the Ser vice was directed to conserve the scenery and the natural and his toric objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations . ’ Lane appointed Mather the Service s first director. Albright served 1 9 1 9 as assistant director until , then as superintendent of Yellow 1 2 stone and field assistant director before succeeding Mather in 9 9 . a Mather was initially incapacit ted by illness , leaving Albright to orga nize the bureau , obtain its first appropriations from Congress , and i prepare ts first park policies . 1 3 1 9 1 8 The policies , issued in a May , , letter from Lane to Mather, elaborated on the Service’ s dual mission of conserving park resources $ and providing for their enjoyment by the public . Every activity of the Service is subordinate to the duties imposed upon it to faithfully $ preserve the parks for posterity in essentially their natural state , the ’ ’ letter stated . At the same time , it reflected Mather s and Albright s conviction that more visitors must be attracted and accommodated

1 9 if the parks and the Park Service were to prosper. Automobiles , not 1 9 1 5 permitted in Yellowstone until , were to be allowed in all parks . $ Low- priced camps as well as comfortable and even luxurious $

. a hotels would be provided by concessioners Mount in climbing , horse back riding , swimming , boating , fishing , and winter sports would be u u enco raged , as would natural history muse ms , exhibits , and other u activities s pporting the educational use of the parks . The policy letter also sought to guide further expansion of the : u o u park system In st dying new park projects , y should seek to find scenery of supreme and distinctive quality or some natural feature so extraordinary or unique as to be of national interest and impor u tance . You should seek disting ished examples of typical forms of

exem world architecture ; such , for instance , as the Grand Canyon , as lif in h p y g the ighest accomplishment of stream erosion , and the high , rugged portion of Mount Desert Island as exemplifying the oldest rock forms in America and the luxuriance of deciduous forests . The national park system as now constituted should not be low ered in standard , dignity, and prestige by the inclusion of areas which express in less than the highest terms the particular class or kind of exhibit which they represent . The first national park following establishment of the National u M cKinle 1 9 17 Park Service was Mo nt y in Alaska , reserved in to protect the mountain sheep , caribou , moose , bears , and other wild life on and around the highest mountain in North America . The incomparable Grand Canyon National Park , incorporating the For ’

1 9 1 9 . est Service s Grand Canyon National Monument , followed in 1 933 Other national parks established through included Lafayette , 19 1 9 19 1 9 Maine , in (renamed Acadia in Zion , Utah , in ; Bryce a 1 928 1929 Canyon , Ut h , in ; Grand Teton , Wyoming , in ; and Carls in 1 930 . bad Caverns , New Mexico , Like Grand Canyon , all these except Grand Teton incorporated earlier national monuments . Casa Grande Ruin Reservation remained under Interior’ s General 1 9 1 8 Land Office until , when it became a national monument and was reassigned to the National Park Service . Two Alaska monuments proclaimed during the period , Katmai and Glacier Bay, were each larger than any national park and until 1978 the largest areas in the 1 . 9 1 8 system Katmai , established in , protected the scene of a major 1 925 volcanic eruption six years before . Glacier Bay, established in , contained nu merous tidewater glaciers and their mountain setting .

Congress made both of them national parks in 1980 . Badlands National a Monument , South Dakot , and Arches National Monument , Utah ,

1 929 1 970s . both established in , became national parks in the Badlands was the first national monu ment established by an indi

20 vidual act of Congress rather than by a Presidential proclamation under 1 990 th e Antiquities Act . By Congress had applied this designation - desi to 36 units of the System . Twenty six of them then retained the g nation , seven had been renamed , and three had been abolished . Through the 1 920s the National Park System was really a western ’ La park system . Of the Service s holdings , only fayette (Acadia) National

Park in Maine lay east of the Mississippi . If the System were to bene ’ fit more of America s predominantly eastern population and maxi mize its support in Congress , it would have to expand eastward .

Unfortunately, natural areas meeting national park standards were less common in the East , and most eastern land was privately owned . 1 26 u In 9 Congress a thorized Shenandoah , Great Smoky Moun tains , and Mammoth Cave national parks in the Appalachian region

. . Jr. but required that their lands be donated John D Rockefeller, , $3 who gave more than million for lands and roads for Acadia , con tributed more than $5 million for Great Smoky Mountains and a lesser amount for Shenandoah . With such private assistance , the states involved gradually acquired and turned over the lands needed to establish these parks in the following decade . The Service’ s greatest opportunity in the East lay in another realm that of history and historic sites . The War Department had been s involved in preserving a range of historic battlefields , fort , and memo

1890s . s rials there since the Horace Albright , whose expansionist instinct were accompanied by a personal interest in history, sought the trans fer o f these areas to the Service soon after its creation . He argued that the Service was better equipped to interpret them to the public , but skeptics in the War Department and Congress questioned how the bureau ’ s focus on western wilderness qualified it to run the mili tary parks better than the military. 1 929 After succeeding Mather as director in , Albright resumed his

. histo ri efforts As a first step , he got Congress to establish three new cal parks in the East under Service administration : George Washing V ton Birthplace National Monument , at Wakefield , irginia ; Colonial V National Monument , at Jamestown and Yorktown , irginia ; and Mor ristown National Historical Park , New Jersey, where Washington and the Continental Army spent two winters during the Revolution . 2 1 933 desi Morristown , authorized March , , was the first area g nated a national historical park , a more descriptive label that Con gress would apply to Colonial in 1936 and other larger historical ’ areas thereafter. Of more immediate significance , Colonial s Yorktown Battlefield and Morristown moved the Service directly into military ’ its history, advancing case for the War Department s areas . They u wo ld not be long in coming .

2 1 N ational Park System Additions 1 9 1 7- 33

1 9 1 7

2 u M cKin le . 6 Feb Mo nt y NP, Alaska (incorporated in Denali NP and NPres 1 980) u 29 V 1 95 J ne erendrye NM , North Dakota (abolished 6) 1 9 1 8

Au . 3 g Casa Grande NM , Arizona (Casa Grande Ruin Reservation redesignated and transferred from General Land Office) 24 . NPres Sept Katmai NM , Alaska (incorporated in Katmai NP and 1 980)

1908 Grand Canyon NP, Arizona (incorporated Grand

Canyon NM from Agricultu re Dept . ) 26 u Feb . Lafayette NP, Maine (incorporated Sie r de Monts NM ; redesignated Acadia NP 1 929) M ukuntuwea Zion NP, Utah (incorporated p NM) u Scotts Bl ff NM , Nebraska u Y cca House NM , Colorado

1 956 Fossil Cycad NM , South Dakota (abolished )

Aztec Ruins NM , New Mexico

Ho venwee p NM , Colorado and Utah

Pipe Spring NM , Arizona

Carlsbad Cave NM , New Mexico (redesignated Carlsbad Caverns NP 1 930)

Craters of the Moon NM , Idaho Wu atki p NM , Arizona

Glacier Bay NM , Alaska (incorporated in Glacier Bay NP and NPres 1 980) Califo rm a Lava Beds NM ,

Great Smoky Mountains NP, North Carolina and Tennessee V Shenandoah NP, irginia

Mammoth Cave NP, Kentucky

1 923 Bryce Canyon NP, Utah (incorporated Bryce Canyon

NM from Agric ulture Dept . )

22 Grand Teton NP, Wyoming u 1 978 Badlands NM , So th Dakota (redesignated a NP ) a 197 1 Arches NM , Ut h (redesignated a NP )

V George Washington Birthplace NM , irginia V NHP 1936 Colonial NM , irginia (redesignated a )

Canyon de Chelly NM , Arizona

Isle Royale NP, Michigan

Bandelier NM , New Mexico (date transferred from Agri 1 1 u . 9 6 c lture Dept , where proclaimed )

Great Sand Dunes NM , Colorado

Grand Canyon NM , Arizona (incorporated in Grand Canyon NP 1 975) 1 933 1 . 8 Jan White Sands NM , New Mexico 1 1 V Feb . Death alley NM , California and Nevada 2 March Black Canyon of the Gunnison NM , Colorado 2 NHP March Morristown , New Jersey 1 Aug . 0 Reorganization

Abbrev iation s Used in the Table

NB National Battlefi eld NM National M onument NRA National Recreation Area NBP National Battlefield Park NM em National M emorial NS Nat i onal Seashore NBS National Battlefield Site NM P National Military Park NSR National Scenic Riverway NHP National Histor i cal Park NP National Park NST National Scenic Trail NHS National Historic Site NPres National Preserve WSR Wild and Scenic River NL National Lakeshore NR National River

23 The Reorganization of 1 933

3 1 33 9 . v On March , , President Herbert C Hoo er approved legisla tion authorizing Presidents to reorganize the executive branch of the government . He had no time to take advantage of the new authority, u for he wo ld leave office the next day. The beneficiary was his suc cessor, Franklin D . Roosevelt . Hoover had arranged to give the government his fishing retreat on the Rapidan River in Virginia for inclusion in Shenandoah National 9 Park . On April Roosevelt motored there to inspect the property for his possible use . Horace Albright accompanied the party and was invited to sit behind the President on the return drive . As they passed through Civil War country, Albright turned the conversation to history and mentioned his desire to acquire the War Department’ s historical areas . Roosevelt readily agreed and directed him to initiate x an e ecutive order for the transfer. ’ — 1 0 28 Roosevelt s order actually two orders signed June and July , f u 1 0 — ef ective Aug st did what Albright had asked and more . Not only did the National Park Service receive the War Department’ s u parks and mon ments , it achieved another longtime objective by getting the national monuments then held by the Forest Service and responsibility for virtually all monuments created thereafter. It also f took over the national capital parks , then managed by a separate of ice ’

. u in Washington When the dust settled , the Service s previo s hold ings had been joined by a dozen predominantly natural areas in eight western states and the District of Columbia and 44 historical areas in 1 8 1 3 . the District and states , of them east of the Mississippi 1 0 1 933 The reorganization of August , , was arguably the most sig nificant event in the evolution of the National Park System . There was now a single system of federal parklands , truly national in scope , ’ embracing historic as well as natural places . The Service s major involvement with historic sites held limitless potential for the Sys ’ tem s further growth . Unlike the War Department , the Service was not constrained to focus on military history but could seek areas ’ representing all aspects of America s past . Management of the parks in the Nation’ s Capital would afford the Service high visibility with members of Congress and visitors from around the Nation and influ ence expansion of the System into other urban regions . Although

24 the reorganization was the George Washington Memorial Parkway. A 1928 act of Congress authorized the Mount Vernon Memorial High way, linking the planned Arlington Memorial Bridge and Mount Ver

’ non , to be completed for the bicentennial of Washington s birth in 1 930 1932 . In Congress incorporated the highway in a greatly enlarged

a x George Washington Memorial Parkway project , which ent iled e ten sive land acquisition and scenic roadways on both sides of the Poto V mac River from Mount ernon upstream to Great Falls . Although u never f lly completed as planned , the project proceeded far enough 19605 f by the to buf er significant stretches of the river with parkland . The national capital parks were managed by a succession of admin istrato rs , beginning with the commissioners appointed by President 1 ’ Washington to establish the federal city. From 802 to 1 867 the city s public bu ildings and grounds were under a superintendent and then a commissioner of public buildings , who reported to the Secretary of 4 the Interior after the Interior Department was established in 1 8 9 . In 1 867 the parks and buildings were turned over to the chief engi neer of the Army. His Office of Public Buildings and Public Grounds 1 925 ran them until , when it was succeeded by the Office of Public u B ildings and Public Parks of the National Capital . The latter office , still headed by an army engineer officer but directly under the Presi

u 1 933 . dent , lasted ntil the reorganization Its responsibility for fed eral buildings as well as parks passed to the National Park Service , which was renamed the Office of National Parks , Buildings , and Res ’ ervatio ns in Roosevelt s executive orders . The organization carried this title for less than seven months , regaining its old name in a 2 1 934 March , , appropriations act ; but it did not shed the public buildings function until 1939 . The term National Capital Parks (usually capitalized) has been variously used since the reorganization as a collective designation for the national parklands in and around Washington and as the name of the Park Service office managing them . Today, National Capital Parks officially denotes only those miscellaneous parklands in the District of Columbia and nearby Maryland not classed as discrete u nits of the National Park System . The designation thus excludes the

National Mall , the Washington Monument and other major memori als , Rock Creek Park , and areas of similar status . In practice , how

it . ever, is often used informally to encompass them as well

N ational M emorials National memorials in and outside Washing h . t e ton , D C . , formed most distinctly different class of areas added in the reorganization . Among them are such great national symbols as the Statu e of Liberty and the Washington Monument . These and

26 r but several othe s are not officially titled memorials , they count as such by virtue of being primarily commemorative , in contrast to pre served sites and features directly associated with historical subjects . The first federal action toward a national memorial now in the 1783 National Park System came in , when the Continental Congress resolved $ that an equestrian statue of General Washington be erected $ ’ ’ LEnf n where the residence of Congress shall be established . a t s plan for the city of Washington provided a prominent location for the

but u . statue , it was not f nded A private organization , the Washington co nstruc National Monument Society, acquired the site and began 1 848 its u tion of an obelisk in , but reso rces proved inadequate for 1 876 the task . In , the centennial of American independence , the government assumed responsibility for completing and maintaining the Washington Monument . Army engineers finished it in accordance

1 885 . with a simplified design , and it was dedicated in During the centennial France offered the Statue of Liberty as a

f . gi t to the United States Congress authorized acceptance of the statue , provision of a suitable site in New York Harbor, and preservation of the structure as a monument of art and the continued good will of the great nation which aided us in our struggle for freedom . In

- effect a memorial to the Franco American alliance , the Statue of

Liberty was dedicated in 1 886 . It was proclaimed a national monu

its 1 924 . ment under the War Department , custodian , in In 19 1 1 Congress authorized construction of the Lincoln Memo ’ rial in Washington s Potomac Park , aligned with the Capitol and the s r Washington Monument . The completed ma terpiece of architect Hen y

Bacon and sculptor Daniel Chester French was dedicated in 1 922 . u Another memorial to Lincoln , enshrining his s pposed birthplace 1907- 1 1 cabin at Hodgenville , Kentucky, had been privately erected in from a design by John Russell Pope , who later designed the Thomas

Jefferson Memorial in Washington . The birthplace property was given to the United States in 1 9 1 6 and administered by the War Depart ment as Abraham Lincoln National Park . Under the National Park

Service after the reorganization , the area was ultimately redesignated a national historic site , but the character of its development makes it in effect a memorial . Other memorials authorized by Congress before 1 933 included one u u to Port guese explorer Juan Rodrig ez Cabrillo in San Diego , pro claimed Cabrillo National Monument under the War Department in 1 9 13 ’ Vi 1 9 19 ; Perry s ctory Memorial , Ohio , in ; Mount Rushmore 1 925 National Memorial , South Dakota , in ; Kill Devil Hill Monu ment (later Wright Brothers National Memorial) , North Carolina , in 1927 r V mcennes ; the George Roge s Clark Memorial in , Indiana , in

27 1 928 D C 1 932 . ; and Theodore Roosevelt Island in Washington , , in Cabrillo National Monument and Kill Devil Hill Monument were transferred from the War Department and Theodore Roosevelt Island from the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National

Capital in the reorganization . The Park Service assumed fiscal respon sibility for the commissions developing the Mount Rushmore and

George Rogers Clark memorials at the same tim e . The Service received Mount Rushmore itself in 1939 and the Clark memorial through a 1 966 act of Congress authorizing George Rogers Clark National His to rical Park . Several historic sites proposed for the latter were never acquired , leaving the area essentially a national memorial . The Ser ’ Vi vice had no responsibility for Perry s ctory Memorial , constructed 1 936 by another commission , until , when Congress authorized its addition to the National Park System as Perry ’ s Victory and Interna tio nal Peace Memorial National Monument ; the national monument suffix was dropped in 1 972 . - V The Custis Lee Mansion in Arlington , irginia , transferred from the War Department in the reorganization , was retitled Arlington

1 72 . No wi h u . 9 t t Ho se , The Robert E Lee Memorial , by Congress in u standing its memorial designation , the house is a historic str cture — restored to reflect its historic occupancy a de facto national his toric site .

N ational Battlefields and Cemeteries The first official step to com memorate an American battle where it occurred was taken in 178 1 .

Inspired by the victory at Yorktown that October, the Continental $ Vi Congress authorized to be erected at York , rginia , a marble col umn the , adorned with emblems of the alliance between United States and His Most Christian Majesty ; and inscribed with a succinct narra $ tive of the surrender. Funds were not immediately available , and Con gress did not follow through until the centennial of the surrender in

1 88 1 . Then the Yorktown Column was raised as prescribed by the

Continental Congress . It is now a prominent feature of Colonial

National Historical Park . The battlefield monument idea received major impetus in 1 823 when Daniel Webster, Edward Everett , and other prominent citizens formed the Bunker Hill Battle Monument Association to save part of ’ Breed s Hill and erect a great obelisk on it . Webster delivered a mov 1 825 ing oration before a large audience at the cornerstone laying in , h the 50t anniversary of the battle . The Bunker Hill Monument dem o nstrated how commemorative sentiment might be crystallized and became the prototype for many other battlefield monuments . Dur ing the centennial years of the Revolution , Congress appropriated

28 funds to s upplement local contributions for monuments at Benning u ton Battlefield , Saratoga , Newb rgh , and Oriskany, New York ; Kings u a u u Mo nt in , So th Carolina ; Monmo th , New Jersey ; and Groton , Con

necticut . u u Like the Yorktown Column , the B nker Hill , Kings Mo n tain , and Saratoga monuments later became features of National Park

System areas . The $ mystic chords of memory elicited by such Revolutionary War mon uments in both the North and the South helped draw the two sections together after the Civil War. Confederate veterans from South Carolina and Virginia participated in the Bunker Hill centen 1 875 0 0 nial in , the first time former Union and Confederate tr ps publicly fraternized after the war. The practice of joint reunions later ’ u u spread to Civil War battlefields , c lminating in h ge veterans encamp ments at Gettysb urg in 1 888 and Chickamauga in 1 889 .

Even before the Civil War ended , Pennsylvania had chartered the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association in 1 864 to co mm emo $ rate the great deeds o f valor and the signal events which render

- these battle grounds illustriou s . A preservation society also began ’ work at Chickamauga and Chattanooga . Prompted by veterans orga nizatio ns and others influential in such activities , Congress began in the 1 8905 to go beyond the battlefield monument concept to full scale battlefield preservation . 1 9 1 890 ’ On August , , a month before Sequoia National Park s estab lishment , Congress authorized Chickamauga and Chattanooga National

Military Park . Three more national military parks followed by the : 1 894 u 1 895 c 5 end of the century Shiloh in , Gettysb rg in , and burg in 1 899 . The War Department purchased and managed their lands , while participating states , military units , and associations pro

vid ed . monuments at appropriate locations At Antietam , on the other hand , Congress provided for acquisition of only token lands where monuments and markers might be placed . It and other places where this less expansive policy was adopted were designated national bat tlefield sites . In later years Antietam and most of the other sites bearing this designation would be enlarged and retitled national battlefields . 1 7 The 90 authorization of the Chalmette Monument and Grounds , 1 8 1 2 commemorating the Battle of New Orleans during the War of , u ration . The res lts guided Congress in adding 1 1 more areas to the ’ War Department s park system before the reorganization : the site of the opening engagement of the French and Indian War at Fort Neces sity in Pennsylvania ; the Revolutionary War battlefields of Cowpens and Kings Mountain in South Carolina and Moores Creek in North

Carolina ; and the Civil War sites of Appomattox Court House , Fred ericksbur s u Vi g and Spot ylvania County, and Petersb rg in rginia , Brices

Cross Roads and Tupelo in Mississippi , and Fort Donelson and Stones

River in Tennessee . ’ u 10 1 933 Roosevelt s initial executive order of J ne , , had provided for all the War Department’ s domestic national cemeteries to be trans ferred to the National Park Service along with its battlefield parks . ’ u At Horace Albright s rging , this wholesale transfer was amended in the follow-up order of July 28 to include only 1 1 cemeteries associ ated with the battlefields or other Service holdings : Antietam

(Sharpsburg) National Cemetery, Maryland ; Battleground National D C t Cemetery, Washington , ; Chat anooga National Cemetery, Ten nessee (returned to the War Department in Fort Donelson u (Dover) National Cemetery, Tennessee ; Fredericksb rg National Cem eter V y, irginia ; Gettysburg National Cemetery, Pennsylvania ; Poplar Vi s Grove (Petersburg) National Cemetery, rginia ; Shiloh (Pitt burg Land ing) National Cemetery, Tennessee ; Stones River (Murfreesboro) V National Cemetery, Tennessee ; icksburg National Cemetery, Mis i V siss i . pp ; and Yorktown National Cemetery, irginia

Most famous among these is Gettysburg National Cemetery. The battle of Gettysburg was scarcely over when Gov. Andrew Y. Curtin of Pennsylvania hastened to the field to help care for the casualties . More than Union soldiers had been killed in action ; many ’ Curtin s were hastily interred in improvised graves . At request , Get tysburg attorney David Wills purchased 17 acres and engaged Wil liam Saunders , an eminent horticulturalist , to lay out the grounds for a cemetery. Fourteen northern states provided the necessary funds . 1 9 1 863 At the dedication on November , , President Abraham Lin coln delivered his Gettysburg Address . Gettysburg National Ceme ter 1 872 23 y became the property of the United States in , years before establishment of the national military park there . Similar events took place on the other great battlefields of the l z i the s Civi War. Congress recogni ed the mportance of caring for remain of the Union war dead with general legislation in 1 867 enabling the extensive national cemetery system developed by the War Depart ment . As at Gettysburg , each of the battlefield cemeteries was care $ $ fully landscaped to achieve an effect of simple grandeur, and each preceded establishment of its related battlefield park .

3 1 The 1 867 act also led to preservation of an important battleground 1 87 of the Indian wars . In 9 the Secretary of War established a national cemetery on the Little Bighorn battlefield in Montana Territory. In 1 886 President Grover Cleveland reserved a square mile of the bat ’ tlefield for what was then called the National Cemetery of Custer s

Battlefield Reservation . The reservation was transferred to the National Park Service in 1940 and retitled Custer Battlefield National Monu ment by Congress in 1 946 . Other national cemeteries acquired by the Service after the reorganization were Andrew Johnson National r Cemete y, a component of Andrew Johnson National Monument , 1935 Tennessee , authorized in ; Chalmette National Cemetery, trans ferred by the War Department for Chalmette National Historical Park 1 939 in ; and Andersonville National Cemetery, part of Andersonville 1 970 . National Historic Site , Georgia , authorized in Until 1 975 the national cemeteries acquired in the reorganization were listed as separate units of the National Park System . Since then the cemeteries , while retaining their special identities , have been car ried as components of their associated parks .

Other War Department Properties As national monuments were being reserved under Interior Department jurisdiction , others were proclaimed on War and Agriculture department lands . Ten national monuments were on military reservations before their transfer to the

National Park Service in 1 933 .

The first War Department national monument , Big Hole Battle in 1 9 1 0 field , Montana , was proclaimed to preserve the site of an 1 77 8 battle between U S. troops and Nez Perce Indians . Five later ones resulted from a single proclamation by President Calvin Coo 1 1 5 924 . lidge on October , Fort Marion National Monument , later retitled with its old Spanish name Castillo de San Marcos , recog nize d . . an ancient Spanish fort in St Augustine , Florida Fort Matan zas National Monument protected an outpost built by the Spanish in 1742 to defend the southern approaches to St . Augustine . Fort Pulaski National Monument contained a brick fort built during the 1 8305 outside Savannah that had yielded under bombardment by Federal

1 862 . rifled cannon in The Statue of Liberty, based on Fort Wood in

New York Harbor, became a national monument (to which Ellis Island was added in A small national monument for Castle Pinckney in Charleston Harbor was later abolished . Two War Department areas acquired in the reorganization were then titled national parks . Abraham Lincoln National Park has been McHenr cited above in connection with memorials . The other was Fort y 1 2 in Baltimore . A 9 5 act of Congress directed the Secretary of War

32

1 932 Monument , proclaimed in and assigned to the Park Service , was incorporated in the national park in 1975 . 2 1 909 On March , , two days before leaving office , Theodore Roo sevelt proclaimed another large natural monument , Mount Olympus in Olympic National Forest , Washington . Encompassing acres , it was intended to protect the Roosevelt elk and important stands of u r s- s Sitka spr ce , weste n hemlock , Dougla fir, and Ala ka cedar. It formed the nu cleus for Olympic National Park in 1 938 .

: The other natural monuments included four caves Jewel Cave ,

South Dakota ; Oregon Caves , Oregon ; Lehman Caves , Nevada ; and

Tim ano os . u p g Cave , Utah In the National Park System they wo ld r m join Carlsbad Cave ns , Mam oth Cave , and Wind Cave national parks (and two national monuments later abolished : Lewis and Clark Cav ern , Montana , and Shoshone Cavern , Wyoming) . The first of only five archeological monuments in the group was 1 7 6 190 . Gila Cliff Dwellings , New Mexico , proclaimed November , It was followed by Tonto and Walnu t Canyon in Arizona and then by

Bandelier, New Mexico , established within the Santa Fe National For est in 19 1 6 . President Hoover enlarged Bandelier and reassigned it to 1 932 the National Park Service in February , a year and a half before u the reorganization . The fifth was Old Kasaan National Mon ment ,

1 955 . Alaska , abolished in A limited reversion to Agriculture Department administration of 1 1978 national monuments came on December , , when President Jimmy Carter proclaimed the Admiralty Island and Misty Fjords To n ass national monuments within g National Forest , Alaska , and ordered their retention by the Forest Service . Congress confirmed their status in the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 1 1 982 . of 980 . In Congress established Mount St Helens National Volcanic Monument at the site of the recent eruption in Gifford

Pinchot National Forest , Washington , and kept it under the Forest V Service . It did the same with Newberry National olcanic Monu

1 990 . ment , established in in Deschutes National Forest , Oregon The Forest Service has also managed Gila Cliff Dwellings since 1975 under an agreement with the Park Service , which retains formal jurisdiction .

34

Background to the Reorganization of 1 933

Natio nal Ca ital Parks 1 790-1 933 p , 1 790 1 6 July District of Columbia authorized , including

National Capital Parks , National Mall , White House

’ Ford s Theatre , District of Columbia (date acquisition authorized ; designated a NHS 1 970) 1 890 27 Sept . Rock Creek Park , District of Columbia 1 896 1 1 June House Where Lincoln Died , District of Columbia (date ’ acquisition authorized ; incorporated in Ford s Theatre NHS 1 970) 1 897 3 March Potomac Park , District of Columbia (component of National Capital Parks) 1 928 23 V V May Mount ernon Memorial Highway, irginia (incorporated in George Washington Memorial Parkway 1 930) 1 930 29 V May George Washington Memorial Parkway, irginia and Maryland

M e r al 1 7 -1 Na tio nal m o i s, 8 6 933 1 876 2 t August Washing on Monument , District of Columbia (date accepted by United States ; dedicated 1 885) 1 877

3 a March St tue of Liberty, New York (date accepted by United States ; dedicated 1 886 ; also listed with Other War Department Properties) 1 9 1 1 1 922 . 9 Feb Lincoln Memorial , District of Columbia (dedicated ) 1 9 1 3 1 4 Oct . Cabrillo NM , California (also listed with Other War Department Properties)

36 Abraham Lincoln NP, Kentucky (also listed with Other War Department Properties) 1 925

23 NM em a March Mount Rushmore , South Dakot 1 927 2 March Kill Devil Hill Monument , North Carolina (redesignated Wright Brothers NM em 1 953 ; also listed with Other War Department Properties) 1 928 23 May George Rogers Clark Memorial , Indiana (incorporated in George Rogers Clark NHP 1 966) 1 932 2 1 May Theodore Roosevelt Island , District of Columbia

N atio nal Ba ttle ield A reas 1 890-1 933 f , 1 890 1 . 9 NMP Aug Chickamauga and Chattanooga , Georgia and Tennessee

. 30 1 978 Aug Antietam NBS , Maryland (redesignated a NB ) 1 894 27 NMP Dec . Shiloh , Tennessee 1 895 1 1 . NMP Feb Gettysburg , Pennsylvania 1 899 2 1 . V NMP Feb icksburg , Mississippi 1 907

4 u March Chalmette Monument and Grounds , Lo isiana (redesignated Chalmette NHP 1 939 ; incorporated in Lafitte NHP and Preserve 1 978)

NBP Kennesaw Mountain NBS , Georgia (redesignated a 1 935) 2 NMP March Guilford Courthouse , North Carolina 1 926 2 NMP June Moores Creek , North Carolina (redesignated a NB 1 980) NMP V 1 962 Petersburg , irginia (redesignated a NB )

37 Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields NMP V Memorial , irginia NMP 1 Stones River , Tennessee (redesignated a NB 980)

NM P 1 Fort Donelson , Tennessee (redesignated a NB 985)

Brices Cross Roads NBS , Mississippi 1 96 1 Tupelo NBS , Mississippi (redesignated a NB ) 1 972 Cowpens NBS , South Carolina (redesignated a NB )

V Appomattox Court House monument , irginia (designated Appomattox Court House National Historical Monument 1 935 ; redesignated Appomattox Court House NHP 1 954) 1 93 1 4 1 96 1 March Fort Necessity NBS , Pennsylvania (redesignated a NB ) 4 NMP March Kings Mountain , South Carolina

Other War De artmen t Pro e rties 1 91 0-1 933 p p , 1 9 1 0 23 June Big Hole Battlefield NM , Montana (redesignated Big Hole NB 1 963) 1 9 1 3 1 4 Oct . Cabrillo NM , California (also listed with National Memorials)

1 939 Abraham Lincoln NP, Kentucky (redesignated a NHP ; redesignated Abraham Lincoln Birthplace NHS 1 959 ; also listed with National Memorials)

u u Mo nd City Gro p NM , Ohio

u 1956 Castle Pinckney NM , So th Carolina (abolished )

Fort Marion NM , Florida (redesignated Castillo de San Marcos NM 1 942)

Fort Matanzas NM , Florida

Fort Pulaski NM , Georgia

38 1 5 s Oct . Statue of Liberty NM , New York (also li ted with National Memorials

e Meriwether L wis NM , Tennessee (incorporated in Natchez Trace Parkway 1 96 1 ) 3 M cHenr McHenr March Fort y NP, Maryland (redesignated Fort y NM and Historic Shrine 1 939) 4 - V March Custis Lee Mansion , irginia (date restoration authorized ;

designated Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , 1 972) 4 . 5 1 9 9 Sept Father Millet Cross NM , New York (abolished ) 1 927 2 March Kill Devil Hill Monument , North Carolina (redesignated Wright Brothers NMem 1 953 ; also listed with National Memorials) 1 930 29 May Fort Washington , Maryland (date transfer to George Washington Memorial Parkway authorized ; transferred 1 940)

A riculture De artm ent N atio nal M o num en ts 1 907-1 933 g p , 1 907 6 May Cinder Cone NM , California (incorporated in Lassen Volcanic NP 1 9 1 6)

Lassen Peak NM , California (incorporated in Lassen Volcanic NP 1 9 16) f Gila Clif Dwellings NM , New Mexico

Tonto NM , Arizona

Grand Canyon NM , Arizona (incorporated in Grand Canyon NP 19 1 9)

1 6 . Jan . Pinnacles NM , California (transferred to Interior Dept 1 9 10) 7 Feb . Jewel Cave NM , South Dakota 7 1 950 Dec . Wheeler NM , Colorado (abolished ) 1 909

2 u March Mount Olymp s NM , Washington (incorporated in Olympic NP 1 938) u 1 2 J ly Oregon Caves NM , Oregon 39

Present-day N PS Areas from the 1 933 Reorganization

NHS Abraham Lincoln Birthplace , Kentucky

Antietam NB , Maryland

x NHP V Appomatto Court House , irginia

. V Arlington House , The Robert E Lee Memorial , irginia

Big Hole NB , Montana

Brices Cross Roads NBS , Mississippi

Cabrillo NM , California

Castillo de San Marcos NM , Florida u NMP Chickama ga and Chattanooga , Georgia and Tennessee

Chiricahua NM , Arizona NHP V — Colonial , irginia Yorktown National Cemetery

Cowpens NB , South Carolina Po st ile Devils p NM , California ’ NHS Ford s Theatre , District of Columbia

Fort Donelson NB , Tennessee M cHenr Fort y NM and Historic Shrine , Maryland

Fort Matanzas NM , Florida

Fort Necessity NB , Pennsylvania

Fort Pulaski NM , Georgia Fredericksbu rg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial NMP V , irginia V George Washington Memorial Parkway, irginia and Maryland NMP Gettysburg , Pennsylvania

Gila Cliff Dwellings NM , New Mexico — Great Basin NP, Nevada Lehman Caves NM portion u u NMP Guilford Co rtho se , North Carolina NHP — Jean Lafitte and Preserve , Louisiana Chalmette Unit u Jewel Cave NM , So th Dakota NBP Kennesaw Mountain , Georgia NM P Kings Mountain , South Carolina

Lincoln Memorial , District of Columbia

Moores Creek NB , North Carolina

Mound City Group NM , Ohio — Natchez Trace Parkway, Mississippi Meriwether Lewis Park u National Capital Parks , District of Col mbia and Maryland

National Mall , District of Columbia — u Olympic NP, Washington Mount Olymp s NM portion

Oregon Caves NM , Oregon V Petersburg NB , irginia

42 Rock Creek Park , District of Columbia

Saguaro NM , Arizona NMP Shiloh , Tennessee u Stat e of Liberty NM , New York and New Jersey

Stones River NB , Tennessee u V S nset Crater olcano NM , Arizona u Theodore Roosevelt Island , District of Col mbia Tim ano os p g Cave NM , Utah

Tonto NM , Arizona

Tupelo NB , Mississippi V icksburg NMP, Mississippi u Waln t Canyon NM , Arizona u Washington Monument , District of Col mbia

White House , District of Columbia NM em Wright Brothers , North Carolina

43 F m h N D l r P ro t e ew ea to Wa and eace, 1 933 to 1 95 1

Along with the great influx of parks from the reorganization , the National Park Service received another mission in 1 933 as President : Franklin D . Roosevelt launched his New Deal helping to relieve the great economic depression then gripping the Nation . Under Park the r Service supervision , new Civilian Conservation Co ps would employ thousands of jobless young men in a wide range of conservation , s rehabilitation , and construction project in both the national and ’ 1 935 600 state parks . At the program s peak in , the Service oversaw 1 1 8 482 CCC camps , of them in national parklands and in state parks , staffed by some enrollees and professional supervisors . its s Besides many park improvement , the CCC had lasting effects on Service organization and personnel . Regional offices established to coordinate the CCC in the state parks evolved in 1 937 into a permanent regional structure for management of the National Park bio lo System . Many of the landscape architects , engineers , foresters , s gist , historians , archeologists , and architects hired under the pro ’ gram s auspices remained on the rolls as career Service employees . The Service had encouraged the state park movement ever since

Stephen T. Mather had helped organize the National Conference on

192 1 . State Parks in Most states lacked any park system plans , leading the Service to advocate comprehensive new planning legislation as it became directly involved with state parks and recreational demon i strat o n . areas under the New Deal The resulting Park , Parkway, and 1 936 Recreation Area Study Act of enabled the Service , working with others , to plan parklands and facilities at federal , state , and local levels throughout the country. Its first comprehensive report A Stud o the Park and R ecreatio n Pro blem in the under the act , y f

United States 1 941 . , was published in i 9 Horace Albright left the Serv ce for private business on August ,

1933 . , just before the reorganization became effective Secretary of Cammerer the Interior Harold L . Ickes named Arno B . , who had served as associate director, to succeed him . A competent if not ’ Cammerer dynamic director, found life difficult under Roosevelt s irascible Interior Secretary but remained in charge of the greatly

x . e panded organization until 1 940 . Ickes then persuaded Newton B

- Drury, a respected conservationist who had headed the Save the

44 e Redwoods L ague in California , to lead the National Park Service . ’ 1 941 With America s entry into World War II in December , Drury had to preside over a drastic retrenchment in Service activity. The

CCC program was dismantled , regular appropriations for the Park $2 1 1 940 $5 1 943 System declined from million in to million in , the number of full-time employees was slashed from to fewer than and public visits to the parks fell from 2 1 million in 1 941 to 6 million in 1 942 . Nonessential functions were ordered out of Wash ington to free space for the war effort ; Park Service headquarters ended up in Chicago for the duration .

The war had other impacts on the System . Many of the national capital parklands , including the Washington Monument grounds and f b Potomac Park , were covered with temporary o fice buildings and ous ing for the influx of war workers . Park hotels such as the Ahwahnee at Yosemite were commandeered for servicemen undergoing rest and rehabilitation . The armed forces used Mount Rainier for mountain warfare training , Joshua Tree National Monument for desert train

McKinle u u s . ing , and Mount y for eq ipment testing nder arctic condition

Some wartime pressures seriously threatened park resources . Tim ber interests sought to log Sitka spruce in Olympic National Park for airplane manufacture . Ranchers pushed to open many areas for graz ing . Mining companies wanted to search for copper at Grand Can yon and Mount Rainier, manganese at Shenandoah , and tungsten at e Yosemite . L aders of scrap metal drives eyed historic cannon at the ’ Service s battlefields and forts . Drury successfully defended the parks against most such demands , yielding only in exceptional circumstances . ’ As America s energies were redirected to domestic pursuits after the war, the accelerated development of river basins by the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation posed a new round of threats to the System . The proposed Bridge Canyon Dam on the Colorado River would have impounded water through Grand Can yon National Monument into the adjacent national park ; Glacier View Dam on the Flathead River in Montana threatened to flood acres of Glacier National Park ; the reservoir behind the proposed Mining City Dam on Kentucky ’ s Green River would have periodi cally flooded the underground Echo River in Mammoth Cave ; and

45 dams on the Potomac above and below Great Falls would have sub

40 of u merged miles the historic Chesapeake and Ohio Canal . Burea of Reclamation plans to flood wilderness canyons in Dinosaur National Monument with dams at Echo Park and Split Mountain on the Green and Yampa rivers touched off a conservation battle recalling Hetch ’ Hetchy. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L . Chapman s decision to ’ support the project over Park Service opposition contributed to Drury s

forced resignation in March 1 95 1 . Congress later declined to approve o the Dinosaur dams , however, and most other such pr posals affect

ing parklands were dropped as well .

Arthur E . Demaray, long a Service mainstay as associate director Camm erer under and Drury, became director for the eight months 1 remaining before his retirement in December 95 1 . He was followed

by Conrad L . Wirth , a landscape architect and planner who had led ’ ’ the Service s CCC program in the state parks . Wirth s major contri bu io n 6 u t 6 . as director, Mission , is to ched on in the next chapter The Depression years saw no downturn in the growth of the National

Park System . Expansion nearly ceased during the war but fully recov 1 1 ’ . 95 60 s ered thereafter From the reorganization through , of today

- u . nits were added to the rolls Forty one of them were historical areas , increasing the numerical majority attained by this category in the

reorganization . Eleven were predominantly natural in character, and

eight would be classified as recreational .

N atural reas A Two entirely new national parks , one national memo

rial park later redesignated a national park , and eight national mon um ents protecting natural features joined the System between August 1 933 and 1 95 1 ; and three essentially new national parks were formed

x or e panded from preexisting holdings . Five of the national monu ments were later converted to or incorporated in four national parks

and a national seashore . Everglades National Park in Florida was authorized in 1 934 to pro

tect the largest tropical wilderness in the United States . It was the only national park in the far southeastern states until 1980 and remains

the only one of its kind . Congress authorized Big Bend National Park a year later to encompass more than acres of unique Chisos wilderness country in southwestern Texas , including the Moun tains and three magnificent canyons in the great bend of the Rio

Grande . Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park , established 1 947 1978 in and redesignated a national park in , includes scenic ’ badlands along the Little Missouri River and part of Roosevelt s Elkh om

Ranch in North Dakota . Du ring his first seven years in office Franklin Roosevelt routinely

46 proclaimed seven natural monuments . Cedar Breaks protected a remark able natural amphitheater of eroded limestone and sandstone in south — western Utah ; Joshu a Tree preserved a characteristic part initially — acres of the Mojave and Colorado deserts in southern Cali fornia ; Organ Pipe Cactus incorporated acres of the Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona ; Capitol Reef preserved a 20-mile seg ment of the great Waterpocket Fold in south- central Utah ; and Chan a nel Islands protected Sant Barbara and Anacapa islands , the smallest in a group of eight off the coast of southern California . Capitol Reef and Channel Islands later became national parks . Zion National Mon ument 1 937 , proclaimed in , was incorporated in the existing Zion

National Park in 1 956 . Santa Rosa Island National Monument near ro cla Pensacola , Florida , was abolished only seven years after its p 1 939 u mation in , but the island returned to the System as part of G lf

Islands National Seashore in 1 97 1 . Roosevelt ’ s eighth natural monument proclamation was far from I . ts routine subject was Jackson Hole , Wyoming , discussed as a pos

1 892 . . sible addition to Yellowstone as early as John D Rockefeller, 1 26 su rin n Jr. 9 e te , visited the area in with Horace Albright , then p of dent Yellowstone , and was disturbed to see commercial develop ment on private lands despoiling the view of the Teton Range . With u official encouragement , he began an ndercover land acquisition pro gram . In a few years his Snake River Land Company purchased more than acres for donation to the United States .

When the scheme became public , cattlemen , hunters , timbermen , ’ and other local interests bitterly opposed the land s removal from ’

u . economic productivity, h nting , and taxation Wyoming s congres sional delegation responded by thwarting passage of park enabling 1 4 . 9 3 legislation In , after Rockefeller expressed impatience with hold ing and paying taxes on his acquisition , Roosevelt proclaimed the

Jackson Hole National Monument to accept it . The monument also included acres from Teton National Forest adjoining the lim ited 1 2 Grand Teton National Park established in 9 9 . ’ Roosevelt s proclamation unleashed a storm of criticism about Jack son Hole in particular and use of the Antiquities Act to circumvent

Congress in general . Bills were introduced to abolish the monument ’ and repeal the act s proclamation authority. Legislation abolishing the monument passed Congress in 1 944 but was vetoed by Roose velt ; the proclamation was also contested unsuccessfully in court . ’ Meanwhile , the monument s foes insured that Congress appropriated i no money for ts management . A legislative compromise was finally 1950 reached in , when most of Jackson Hole National Monument and the old Grand Teton National Park were incorporated in a new

47 Grand Teton National Park of some acres . The act contained special provisions for tax revenue compensation and hunting in the park ; it also prohibited establishing national monuments or enlarg ing national parks in Wyoming thereafter except by congressional action .

After the Jackson Hole controversy, Presidential proclamation of s national monuments virtually ceased out ide Wyoming as well . Only 1 4 five more monuments were so established between 9 3 and 1 978 . : V Two were natural features Buck Island Reef in the irgin Islands , 1 6 1 . 9 ordered by President John F Kennedy in ; and Marble Canyon ,

Arizona , proclaimed by President Lyndon B . Johnson on his last day in office in 1 969 (and added to Grand Canyon National Park in : The others were of mostly cultural significance Effigy Mounds , Iowa , by President Harry S Truman in 1 949 ; the Chesapeake and Ohio

Canal in Maryland , by President Dwight D . Eisenhower two days f 1 961 before he left o fice in ; and Russell Cave , Alabama , by Presi ’ 1 1 dent Kennedy in 1 96 1 . Jimmy Carter s proclamation of Alaska monuments for the park system in 1978 was the final and major excep tion to the general eschewal of the Antiquities Act and occurred

a . under exceptional circumst nces As a rule , the executive branch henceforth deferred to Congress when it came to expanding the System . Olympic and Kings Canyon were the other two essentially new national parks from 1 933 to 1 95 1 that encompassed existing hold

. m s i ings Oly pic National Park in Wa hington , incorporat ng Mount Olym 1 938 pus National Monument , was established in following an ardent campaign by park preservationists against timber interests . After a 50- u year str ggle involving power and irrigation proponents , lumbermen , ranchers , and hunters , Kings Canyon National Park came to fruition in 1 940 to protect some acres of mountain and canyon wil derness on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada . It superseded Gen ’ 1 890 . eral Grant , one of California s three original national parks of Four previously authorized national parks were formally established during the period after sufficient lands were acquired from no nfed : 1 934 1 935 eral sources Great Smoky Mountains in , Shenandoah in , 1 41 1 940 9 . Isle Royale in , and Mammoth Cave in President Roose velt also used the Antiquities Act to order significant additions to several existing national monuments before the Jackson Hole pro cla Val mation controversy forced a moratorium on such actions . Death ley was expanded by nearly acres in 1 937 ; acres containing the spectacular wild canyons of the Yampa and Green rivers were added to Dinosaur in 1 938 ; Glacier Bay received an addi tio nal acres for wildlife and glacier protection in 1 939 ; and

acres were added to Badlands that year.

48

resource disciplines to review selected properties and recommend those found nationally significant for secretarial designation or inclu

sion in the System . The first secretarial designation under the Historic Sites Act was

. u the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in St Louis , Misso ri , 2 1 0 935 . 37 on December , The designated area , encompassing city

blocks on the Mississippi riverfront , was also the first extensive urban

D C . responsibility of the Service outside Washington , Ironically, the designation was made to j ustify federal expenditures for urban renewal and a mo defn memorial to western expansion rather than historic

preservation . Most of the area was bulldozed , and the soaring Gate way Arch designed by Eero Saarinen was constructed as its center

piece in the 1 9605 .

Salem Maritime National Historic Site was the first area so titled . 17 1 938 u Designated by Secretary Ickes on March , , it incl ded several important structures on Salem ’ s waterfront dating from the city ’ s mar V itim e 1 8 1 9 . prominence in the th and th centuries Hopewell illage , 3 Pennsylvania , became the second national historic site on August ,

1 938 . The CCC was put to work restoring portions of the site , a rural ironmaking plantation of the 1 9th century containing a blast fur ’ nace , ironmaster s mansion , and auxiliary structures . Its redesignation as Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site in 1985 reflected the his

toric name of the complex . 1 948 u In , responding to recommendations of a st dy commission , Congress authorized another major historical project in an urban — setting Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia . One

of the most important historic districts in the United States , the park

includes Independence Hall , Congress Hall , Carpenters Hall , and other features associated with the winning of American independence 1 and the establishment of government under the Constitution . In 959 it was enlarged by incorporation of the old Philadelphia Custom House

(Second Bank of the United States) , which had been designated a

national historic site 20 years before . Another commission was estab lish ed for New York City, where Federal Hall and Castle Clinton joined the Statu e of Liberty under Park Service administration . Six Presidents of the United States were honored by National Park u u System additions during the period , f rthering a trend that wo ld ulti mately number Presidential sites second only to battlefields in the ’ System s historical ranks . The Thomas Jefferson Memorial in Wash

ingto n was authorized in 1 934 and completed nine years later. Andrew ’ Johnson s home and tailor shop in Greeneville , Tennessee , were ’ acquired in 1 935 . Franklin D . Roosevelt s Hyde Park estate was des ign ated a national historic site in 1 944 and donated after his death a

50 year later. The home of John Adams and his son John $ uincy Adams 1 4 9 6 . in $ uincy, Massachusetts , followed in Theodore Roosevelt

National Memorial Park , as noted under natural areas , was estab lish ed in 1 947 .

The first new battlefield park to be authorized was Monocacy, scene of an 1 864 Civil War engagement in Maryland ; but the lands s were not donated as expected , and the site remained out ide the System until Congress reauthorized its acquisition with appropriated 1 7 9 6 . funds in Civil War battlefield parks at Richmond and Manassas , V 1936 1 94 0 . irginia , authorized in and , were more readily achieved 1 938 Saratoga National Historical Park , New York , was authorized in to commemorate the pivotal Revolutionary War battle there . As noted ’ previously, the National Cemetery of Custer s Battlefield Reserva 1940 tion , Montana , was transferred from the War Department in 1 4 and redesignated Custer Battlefield National Monument in 9 6 .

There were also more forts in the military category. Franklin Roo ’ sevelt s first historical monument proclamation was for Fort Jeffer

- son , Florida , the largest all masonry fortification in the Western

1935 . Hemisphere , in Congress authorized Fort Stanwix National Mon um ent , New York , the same year, but the Park Service did not acquire the site on which it later reconstructed the colonial and Revolution ’ ary War fort until 1 973 . Roosevelt s second historical monument was 1 938 — Fort Laramie , Wyoming , in the first of several western mili

- i . V tary and fur trading posts to jo n the System Fort ancouver, Wash in n 1 4 to 9 8 . g , followed by act of Congress in Fort Sumter, the famous

Civil War landmark at Charleston , South Carolina , was also transfer red to the Service that year by the Army. Although sites representing political and military history predomi nated , a few areas representing other themes were admitted during the period . Two national historic sites treating commerce and industry — Salem Maritime and Hopewell Village have been mentioned . The 1 85 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal , running miles from Washington , D C , to Cumberland , Maryland , was acquired from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1 938 as partial repayment of the railroad ’ s gov m ern ent . loans This abandoned commercial waterway, little altered its 1 828 1 850 from the time of construction between and , was pro claimed a national monument in 1 96 1 and included in a national V . i historical park a decade later Harpers Ferry, West rginia , noted 1 859 for the John Brown Raid and Civil War activity, was an impor tant manufacturing center before the war. Congress authorized a national monument there in 1 944 and an expanded national histo ri 1 cal park in 963 . The first of several areas commemorating black

Americans was George Washington Carver National Monument ,

52 ’ authorized by Congress at the scientist- educator s Missouri birth place just after his death in 1 943 .

Recreational Areas Another new group of areas came u nder - 1 National Park Service administration during the 1933 5 period . Some were based on roads or reservoirs—modern artificial features rather than natural or historic resources . Others were based on natural resources that did not necessarily meet national park or monument standards and were set aside primarily to be developed for public use . Hunting and other activities traditionally barred from the national

- parks might be permitted in these places . The reservoir based areas were officially titled national recreation areas ; the others were variously named but also came to be known collectively as recreational areas . Among them were parkways — elongated parklands containing carefully designed and landscaped limited-access roads intended for

- - - recreational motoring rather than high speed point to point travel .

Automobile parkways originated in Westchester County, New York , during the second decade of the century, when Congress also author ized the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway connecting Potomac Park with Rock Creek Park and the National Zoological Park in Washing - 1 . . 936 ton , D C The four mile parkway, completed in , is classed as a component of National Capital Parks rather than a separate unit of the National Park System . The next federal parkway was the Mount V - 1 928 32 . ernon Memorial Highway of As mentioned previously, it was incorporated in the larger George Washington Memorial Park

in . way, acquired the reorganization During World War II the national capital parkway network was expanded with the authorization of

Suitland Parkway, a landscaped access route to Andrews Air Force

- Base , Maryland , and the Baltimore Washington Parkway, providing i il . res o ns b access to Fort Meade , Maryland The Service acquired p ity for these parkways in 1949 and 1 950 and later sought u nsuccess 7 fully to transfer them to Maryland . Since 1 9 5 they have been classed as components of National Capital Parks rather than discrete park units . 23- Colonial Parkway, providing a mile scenic drive between James Vi s town and Yorktown , rginia , was the first federal parkway out ide the national capital area . It was authorized in 1 930 as part of Colo nial National Monument and is carried as a component of the pres ent national historical park . By far the greatest federal projects of this kind were the Blue Ridge

u 1 3 1 4 . and Natchez Trace parkways , a thorized in 9 3 and 93 Rather than serving primarily local traffic , these protected recreational roads traversed long stretches of scenic and historic rural landscape . Both

53 were begun as New Deal public works projects and were soon made units of the National Park System .

The Skyline Drive in Shenandoah National Park , personally pro moted by President Hoover and begun as a Depression relief project u 1 932 nder his administration in , was the prototype for the Blue ’ Ridge Parkway. After Franklin Roosevelt s inauguration , the National 1 6 1 933 u Industrial Recovery Act of June , , a thorized Secretary Ickes in his capacity as public works administrator to prepare a compre

$ h ensive u p blic works program , including the construction , repair, $ and improvement of public highways and park ways . Sen . Harry F. V Byrd , Sr. , of irginia and others seized the opportunity to propose a scenic parkway linking the Skyline Drive to Great Smoky Mountains

. V National Park Roosevelt and Ickes embraced the proposal , irginia r -of- and No th Carolina agreed to donate the right way, and that Decem ber the Service received an initial $4 million allotment for the proj ect . Jointly planned by the Service and the Bureau of Public Roads , it was named the Blue Ridge Parkway and legally assigned to Service 1 47 - 936 . 0 administration in The popular mile parkway, completed u over several decades , alternates sweeping views of the so thern high lands with intimate glimpses of Appalachian flora and fauna and log ’ structures typical of the region s past . 19 During the early th century the Natchez Trace from Nashville ,

Tennessee , to Natchez , Mississippi , became an important route bind ing the Old Sou thwest to the rest of the country. Congress author ized a survey for a Natchez Trace Parkway along the historic route in 1934 and gave the Service responsibility for its development and admin u 450 istration in 1 938 . Four h ndred of the projected miles of road have now been completed , linking such features as Mount Locust , the earliest surviving inn on the trace , and Emerald Mound , one of the largest prehistoric ceremonial structures in the United States . u 1 9305 Proposals for other parkways proliferated d ring the , and many were revived after the war. Among them were an Appalachian Parkway continu ing the Skyline Drive to Maine and a southern exten sion of the Blue Ridge Parkway to Georgia , a Mississippi River Park s way, a southern extension of the George Wa hington Memorial Parkway ’ u to Wakefield (Washington s birthplace) and Williamsb rg , a parkway u from Washington to Gettysb rg , and a Chesapeake and Ohio Canal

Parkway along and atop the historic waterway. These proposals had much appeal in the era before other well

- - engineered limited access highways eased long distance travel , but they also encountered opposition . The Wilderness Society was organ ized in 1 935 partly to protest such ridgecrest roadways as the Skyline

Drive and Blue Ridge Parkway, criticized as intrusions on the natural US. u us 1 954 0 . environment . In William Douglas , Supreme Co rt j

- tice and wilderness advocate , led a highly publicized week long hike ’ along the C O Canal to fight the Service s parkway plan there , effectively killing it . Such stands by conservationists , the interstate highway program , and economic considerations virtually halted new

- parkway construction by the mid 1 9605 . The National Industrial Recovery Act also authorized federal pur chase of lands considered submarginal for farming but su itable for Af recreation . ter acquisition by the Federal Emergency Relief Admin istration , they were transferred to the Resettlement Administration and then to the Park Service as recreational demonstration projects . By 1936 the Service had set up 46 projects encompassing acres in 24 states . From the beginning it was intended that most of the recreational demonstration areas would be turned over to state and local govern

1 942 . ments , and in Congress provided the necessary authority By 1946 the Service had largely completed the conveyances but retained portions of several areas . Most of the retained lands were added to existing units of the Park System , including Acadia and Shenandoah V11 national parks , White Sands National Monument , and Hopewell lage National Historic Site . Two recreational demonstration areas , u : Cho awam sic Vir however, became discrete nits of the System p in 1948 ginia , retitled Prince William Forest Park in ; and part of Catoctin

1 954 . in Maryland , retitled Catoctin Mountain Park in The latter surrounds the Presidential retreat inaugurated by Franklin Roosevelt

- as Shangri La and renamed Camp David by Dwight Eisenhower.

Greenbelt Park , Maryland , like Catoctin Mountain and Prince Wil $ $

u . liam Forest parks , lacks national stat s It was transferred to the Service from the Public Housing Authority in 1950 when the adjoin ing Baltimore-Washington Parkway was acquired from the Bureau of

Public Roads . Originally carried as a component of National Capital 7 1 9 5 u . Parks , it has been listed since as a separate nit The suburban park offers camping for visitors to the Washington area and other recreational facilities for regional residents .

As noted above , fierce conservation battles were fought during the period against dams that threatened to inundate unspoiled can yons in and near certain national parks and monuments . There was some displeasure , then , when the Park Service joined forces with the dam builders to administer recreational developments and activities at major impoundments . The first of these involvements came at Lake Mead in Nevada and

Arizona , created by Hoover Dam . The Bureau of Reclamation com leted p the dam , then called Boulder Dam , on the Colorado River in

55 1 935 . x The ne t year, under an agreement with Reclamation , the Ser vice assumed responsibility for all recreational activities on its reser voir at what was first titled Boulder Dam National Recreation Area .

The responsibility became a major one , for Lake Mead at capac 1 1 5 550 ity is miles long with miles of shoreline , affording extensive

. 1952 opportunities for boating , swimming , and camping By Davis u the 67 - - Dam had been b ilt downstream , impounding mile long Lake

Mohave , and the Service acquired similar duties there . The total 1 947 Lake Mead National Recreation Area , as it was renamed in , covers both lakes and surrounding lands totaling nearly acres , making it the largest as well as the first area with this designa tion in the System .

The second such unit , Coulee Dam National Recreation Area in 1 946 Washington , was established in under another agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation patterned after that for Lake Mead . The 4 u 19 1 . Grand Co lee Dam , completed in , created Franklin D Roosevelt

— - Lake 1 5 1 miles long with a 660 mile shoreline . The Service devel oped campgrounds , marinas , bathing facilities , and other amenities at 35 locations around the reservoir. The Service’ s other major recreational initiative during the period 1 34 addressed seashores . In 9 it surveyed the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and identified 12 significant areas deserving federal protection . Among them was Cape Hatteras , North Carolina , which Congress author ized as the first national seashore in 1 937 . Land acquisition lagged until after World War II ; the Mellon family foundations then made substantial grants to help North Carolina purchase and donate the 100 needed lands . The seashore encompasses almost miles of barrier islands and beaches , providing an outstanding natural resource base for surf bathing , sport fishing , nature study, and other recreational activities .

56

N ational Park System Additions 1 933-5 1

V Blue Ridge Parkway, North Carolina and irginia (acquired 1 936)

Cedar Breaks NM , Utah

Everglades NP, Florida Ocmul ee g NM , Georgia

Natchez Trace Parkway, Mississippi , Alabama , and Tennessee (acquired 1 938) u 2 1 NMP J ne Monocacy , Maryland (reauthorized and redesignated a NB 1976) 26 June Thomas Jefferson Memorial , District of Columbia (dedicated 1 943)

Fort Jefferson NM , Florida

x Big Bend NP, Te as Historic Sites Act 1973 Fort Stanwix NM , New York (acquired ) NHS Andrew Johnson NM , Tennessee (redesignated a 1963) 20 Dec . Jefferson National Expansion Memorial , Missouri 1 954 1 968 (Gateway Arch authorized , dedicated )

NBP V Richmond , irginia d Homestea NM of America , Nebraska

Fort Frederica NM , Georgia ’ Vi Perry s ctory and International Peace Memorial NM , Ohio (redesignated Perry ’ s Victory and International Peace Memorial 1 972)

Park , Parkway, and Recreation Area Study Act NHS Whitman Mission NM , Washington (redesignated a 1 963)

u Josh a Tree NM , California

Boulder Dam NRA , Nevada and Arizona (redesignated Lake Mead NRA 1 947) 14 Nov. Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area , Maryland (redesignated Catoctin Mountain Park 1954) 14 Ch o awam sic V Nov. p Recreational Demonstration Area , irginia (redesignated Prince William Forest Park 1 948)

58 1 956 Zion NM , Utah (incorporated in Zion NP )

Organ Pipe Cactus NM , Arizona 1 97 1 Capitol Reef NM , Utah (redesignated a NP )

Cape Hatteras NS , North Carolina

Pipestone NM , Minnesota

NHS Salem Maritime , Massachusetts

Channel Islands NM , California (incorporated in Channel Islands NP 1 980) NHP Saratoga , New York

Olympic NP, Washington (incorporated Mount Olympus NM) NHS 1 960 Fort Laramie NM , Wyoming (redesignated a ) Vi NHS Hopewell llage , Pennsylvania (redesignated Hopewell Furnace NHS 1 985) 2 . 3 Sept Chesapeake and Ohio Canal , District of Columbia , V Maryland , and West irginia (date acquired ; designated a NM 1 961 ; incorporated in Chesapeake and Ohio Canal NHP 1 97 1 ) 2 A ki . 5 c a Oct Battleground NM , Mississippi (incorporated in Natchez Trace Parkway 1 96 1 )

1 4 Santa Rosa Island NM , Florida (abolished 9 6 ; island included in Gulf Islands NS 1 97 1 ) 26 NHS May Federal Hall Memorial , New York (redesignated Federal Hall NM em 1 955) 26 NHS May Philadelphia Custom House , Pennsylvania (incorporated in Independence NHP 1 959) NM em Mount Rushmore , South Dakota (date acquired) uzi oo t T g NM , Arizona

Kings Canyon NP, California (incorporated General Grant NP) NEP Vi Manassas , rginia NHP u Vi Cumberland Gap , Kent cky, rginia , and Tennessee ’ National Cemetery of Custer s Battlefield Reservation , Montana (date acquired ; redesignated Custer Battlefield NM 1 946)

59 Fort Washington Park , Maryland V NHS anderbilt Mansion , New York

NHS Fort Raleigh , North Carolina

Jackson Hole NM , Wyoming (incorporated Grand Teton NP 1 950)

George Washington Carver NM , Missouri

NHS Home of Franklin D . Roosevelt , New York V Harpers Ferry NM , West irginia and Maryland (redesignated a NHP 1 963) NHS 1 950 Atlanta Campaign , Georgia (abolished )

Castle Clinton NM , New York NHS Adams Mansion , Massachusetts (redesignated Adams NHS 1 952)

Coulee Dam NRA , Washington

Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park , North Dakota (redesignated a NP 1 978)

DeSo to NM em , Florida

Fort Sumter NM , South Carolina V u NM NHS 1961 Fort anco ver , Washington (redesignated a ) NHS Hampton , Maryland NHP Independence , Pennsylvania

NHS San Juan , Puerto Rico

Saint Croix Island NM , Maine (redesignated an International Historic Site 1 984) 1 7 Aug . Suitland Parkway, Maryland and District of Columbia (date acquired ; incorporated in National Capital Parks 1975) f Ef igy Mounds NM , Iowa

- Baltimore Washington Parkway, Maryland (date acquired ; incorporated in National Capital Parks 1 975)

. 3 Aug Greenbelt Park , Maryland

60 14 1 929 Sept . Grand Teton NP, Wyoming (incorporated NP and Jackson Hole NM) 2 1 Sept . Fort Caroline NMem , Florida 1 95 1 1 5 NHS 1 958 Sept . Grand Portage , Minnesota (redesignated a NM )

Abbrev iation s Used in the Table

NB National Battlefield NM National M onument NRA Nat i onal Recreation Area NBP National Battlefield Park NM em National Memori al NS National Seashore NBS National Battlefield Site NMP Nat i onal M ilita ry Park NSR National Scenic Riverway NHP National Historical Park NP National Park NST National Scen ic Trail NB S National Historic Site NPres National Preserve WSR Wi ld and Scenic River NL National Lakeshore NR National Ri ver M issio 66 an h E vi o m t n d t e n r n en al Era, 1 952 to 1 972

When Conrad L . Wirth took over as National Park Service director 195 1 in December , he inherited a National Park System besieged by

its admiring public . Increasing personal incomes , leisure time , and automobile ownership fueled a postwar travel boom for families young

and old , and the national parks , it seemed , bore the brunt of it . Visits to the parks mounted from the six million of 1 942 to 33 million 7 in 1 950 en route to 2 million in 1 960 . With few improvements since the CCC era and park appropriations again cut during the Korean fl u Con ict , obsolete and deteriorating park roads , campgro nds , employee

housing , sanitary systems , and other facilities were overwhelmed . ’ 66 10- Wirth s response was Mission , a year program to upgrade

facilities , staffing , and resource management throughout the System h by the 50t anniversary of the Service in 1 966 . President Eisenhower endorsed the program after Wirth gave a slide presentation of park

conditions at a January 1956 Cabinet meeting . Congress proved equally 10- receptive , appropriating more than a billion dollars over the year

66 . period for Mission improvements Dozens of park visitor centers ,

hundreds of employee residences , and the Mather and Albright employee training centers at Harpers Ferry and the Grand Canyon ’ are among the program s enduring legacies . Mission 66 covered an array of other activities that the Service its al had foregone during lean years , including resumption of the Nation S urvey of Historic Sites and Buildings to aid in planning for the Sys ) ’ x 1 960 tem s orderly e pansion . Beginning in , most historic properties surveyed and found nationally significant were designated national

historic landmarks by Secretaries of the Interior. A similar program 1 962 for natural lands was launched in , resulting in the designation

of national natu ral landmarks . Although these programs continued

to help identify areas meriting inclusion in the System , their larger function was to officially recognize outstanding places not proposed 1 990 as parks and encourage their preservation by others . By nearly historic properties and nearly 600 natural areas had received

landmark designation . 4 1 96 . Jr. George B . Hartzog , , succeeded Wirth in January A hard

driving lawyer and administrator, Hartzog had made his mark as super inten n de t of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial , where he laid the foundation for the Gateway Arch . Stewart L . Udall , Interior

Secretary under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B . Johnson , found Hartzog a willing ally in advancing an activist park policy for ’ ’ u Hartzo s - 69 Johnson s Great Society. D ring g nine year tenure , of

’ — - today s park units were added to the System nearly three quarters as many as had been permanently added in the preceding 30 years . — There were new kinds of parks rivers , trails , performance facilities , urban recreation areas — and new directions for Service managers and professionals . Natural resource management was restru ctured along ecological lines following a 1 963 report by a committee of distingu ished scien $ i . . t sts chaired by A Starker Leopold As a primary goal , we would recommend that the biotic associations within each park be main tained , or where necessary recreated , as nearly as possible in the condition that prevailed when the area was first visited by the white $ re re man , the Leopold Report declared . A national park should p sent a vignette of primitive America . The natural roles of preda rs e u l i to , onc ro tinely kil ed , and w ldfire , customarily suppressed , received special emphasis .

In the field of interpretation , living history programs ranging from military demonstrations to farming became popular attractions at r many areas . Environmental inte pretation , emphasizing ecological rela tio nshi s p , and special environmental education programs for school classes reflected and promoted the Nation’ s growing environmental awareness . The Service’ s historic preservation activities expanded further beyond f s the parks . Responding to the destructive e fect of urban renewal , s highway construction , and other federal project during the postwar 1 966 era , the National Historic Preservation Act of authorized the Service to maintain a comprehensive National Register of Historic — Places . National Register properties locally significant places as well as national historic landmarks in both public and private ownership would receive special consideration in federal project planning and various forms of preservation assistance . u 10 1 964 On J ly , , Secretary Udall signed a management policy $ memorandum prepared by Hartzog and his staff . In looking back at the legislative enactments that have shaped the National Park Sys tem , it said , it is clear that the Congress has included within the — histo ri growing System three different categories of areas natural , cal , and recreational . Each of these categories requires a sepa rate management concept and a separate set of management principles coordinated to form one organic management plan for the entire $ System . Natural areas were to be managed for perpetuation and restoration of their natural values , although significant historic fea tures present should be maintained $ to the extent compatible with $ b the primary purpose for which the area was established . In istori u cal areas these emphases were reversed . In recreational areas , nat ral and historic resource preservation would be subordinate to public use ; the primary objective was to foster active participation in out $ door recreation in a pleasing environment . 1 953 Previously, a act of Congress had legally defined the National

Park System to exclude most areas in the recreational category. That i law had reflected concern that if reservo rs , hunting , and other such developments and uses were allowed anywhere in the System , they ’ might spread to the more traditional areas as well . Udall s memoran dum seemingly violated the 1 953 act by granting System membership to all recreational areas , but it allayed the concern that had prompted it by placing them in a distinct subclass with distinct management policies . Separate policy manuals were developed for the three area 1 categories and published in 968 . Two years later law caught up with : 1 8 administrative initiative the General Authorities Act of August , 1970 $ , redefined the System to include all areas managed for park , $ r monument , historic , parkway, recreational , or other pu poses by the

National Park Service . Udall ’ s memorandum also called for continued expansion of the $ System through inclusion of additional areas of scenic , scientific , $ o b ec historical and recreational value to the Nation . This perennial j 1 8 tive was reiterated in another policy memorandum signed June , ’

1 969 . , by President Richard Nixon s first Interior Secretary, Walter J Hickel : The National Park System should protect and exhibit the best examples of our great national landscapes , riverscapes and shores and undersea environments ; the processes which formed them ; the life communities that grow and dwell therein ; and the important land f marks o our history. There are serious gaps and inadequacies which must be remedied while opportunities still exist if the System is to fulfill the people’ s need always to see and understand their heritage of history and the natural world . $ You should continue your studies to identify gaps in the System and recommend to me areas that would fill them . It is my hope that

64

in Arizona , was later incorporated Grand Canyon National Park . Vi r rgin Islands National Park , the fi st natural addition of the period , was authorized in 1 956 to protect nearly two-thirds of the land mass u and most of the colorf l offshore waters of St . John Island . The park owes its existence to the contributions of Laurance Rockefeller’ s Jack

. u V son Hole Preserve , Inc B ck Island Reef , also in the irgin Islands , 1 1 was the first natural monument of the period in 96 .

- In Hawaii , the crater of foot Haleakala on the island of Maui was taken from Hawaii National Park in 1 960 and placed in a separate Haleakala National Park . The parent park was retitled Hawaii V 1 1 96 . olcanoes in This division of a national park remains unique . Canyonlands National Park was established in 1 964 to protect a remote region of exceptional scenic quality and archeological and scientific importance at the confluence of the Green and Colorado 1 7 1 ’ rivers in southeastern Utah . A 9 addition brought the park s total area to more than acres . Congress authorized Guadalupe Mountains National Park in 1 966 to preserve an area in West Texas possessing outstanding geological values together with scenic and other natural values of great signifi 1 933 cance . Proposed for inclusion in the System as early as , the park ’ s mountain mass and adjoining lands cover more than acres and include portions of the world ’ s most extensive Permian limestone fossil reef .

North Cascades National Park , Washington , embraces nearly u acres of wild alpine co ntry with jagged peaks , mountain lakes , and u u glaciers . The park proposal was s rro nded by intense controversy involving timber and mining interests , conservationists , local govern ments , the Forest Service , and the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation as 1 968 well as the Park Service . The park was finally authorized in

u u . sim ltaneo sly with Redwood National Park , California

Redwood , which also came into being after long and bitter contro vers y, was intended to preserve significant examples of the primeval coastal redwood forests and the streams and seashores with which they are associated for purposes of public inspiration , enjoyment and $ 1 978 scientific study. Within its legislated boundaries , enlarged in to 19205 encompass acres , are three state parks dating from the , ’ ’

30 . miles of Pacific coastline , and the world s tallest trees Redwood s establishment and enlargement entailed the taking of valuable pri vate timberlands and compensatory benefits to affected loggers . It

x was by far the most e pensive park ever, costing some billion for land acquisition alone . V The last new national park of the period was oyageurs , on Min ’ $ neso ta s u 1 97 1 northern border, a thorized in to preserve the sce u nery, geological conditions , and waterway system which constit ted a part of the historic route of the Voyage urs who contributed sign ifi $ s cantly to the opening of the Northwest United States . It occupie

acres of remote northern lake country.

Besides the seven new national parks , Arches and Capitol Reef national monuments in Utah were promoted to national park status 1 97 1 u by legislation in , and a new national mon ment , Biscayne in u the pper Florida keys , formed the basis for Biscayne National Park — u s in 1980 . Congress a thorized three other new monument Agate Fos sil Beds , Nebraska ; Florissant Fossil Beds , Colorado ; and Fossil Butte , — u Wyoming to preserve o tstanding deposits of mammal , insect , and fish fossils . Of great importance to natural preservation in the System during 3 1 964 and after this period was the Wilderness Act of September , , $ which read in part : In order to assure that an increasing popula mech aniza tion , accompanied by expanding settlement and growing tion , does not occupy and modify all areas within the United States its and possessions , leaving no lands designated for preservation and protection in their natural condition , it is hereby declared to be the policy of the Congress to secure for the American people of present and future generations the benefit of an enduring resou rce of wilder ness . For this purpose there is hereby established a National Wilder ness Preservation System to be composed of federally owned areas ‘ ’ designated by Congress as wilderness areas , and these shall be admin istered for the use and enjoyment of the American people in such manner as will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness . The act defined wilderness as an area where the earth and its u comm nity of life are untrammeled by man , where man himself is a $ visitor who does not remain . For designation as wilderness an area a was to be without permanent improvements or human habit tion , to $ u retain its primeval character and infl ence , and generally to con tain at least acres . Among other provisions , the act directed the Secretary of the Interior to review within 1 0 years all roadless areas of acres or more in the National Park System and report to the President on their suitability for wilderness designation . The President was then to report his recommendations to Congress for action . Although many portions of the System were clearly wilderness and had long been managed as such , the act forced a careful examina tion of all potentially qualifying lands and consideration as to which should be perpetuated indefinitely without roads , use of motorized u eq ipment , structures , or other development incompatible with for 1 mal wilderness designation . By 990 many potential wilderness areas had been studied and parts of 4 1 parks had been confirmed as wil derness by Congress .

Historical Areas Fifty-nine historical areas joined the System from 1 72 — 1 52 9 . the beginning of 9 to the end of Three of them St . Thomas and Mar-A-Lago national historic sites and the National Visitor Center

u 56 . were s bsequently dropped , leaving still present Presidential sites accounted for eleven of the additions — nearly a ’ fifth of the permanent total . Theodore Roosevelt s New York City birthplace and Sagamore Hill , his estate at Oyster Bay, New York , 1 1 962 . 966 were donated in In the Ansley Wilcox House at Buffalo , M cKin New York , where Roosevelt became President after William ’ ley s assassination , was added to the System , becoming known as

Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site . (The Roose D C velt memorial on Theodore Roosevelt Island in Washington , , was dedicated a year later. ) Another Abraham Lincoln site , Lincoln i Boyhood National Memor al , was accepted from the state of Indiana 1 962 ’ in , and Lincoln s residence in Springfield , Illinois , became the

Lincoln Home National Historic Site a decade later. This fifth and most illustrative Lincoln site brought him to a tie with Theodore

Roosevelt as the most commemorated President in the System . Grant’ s Tomb in New York City became General Grant National

Memorial in 1958 . A national historic site was established at Herbert ’ 1965 Hoover s birthplace and grave in West Branch , Iowa , in , a year

1 7 . after his death . In 96 Dwight D Eisenhower saw his last residence and farm at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , designated a national historic site , and John F. Kennedy was posthumously honored by a national

s s r . historic site at his Brookline , Ma sachusett , bi thplace William How ’ ard Taft National Historic Site , containing Taft s Cincinnati birth place and boyhood home , and Lyndon B . Johnson National Historic ’ Site , ultimately comprising Johnson s birthplace , boyhood home , grand ’ ll father s ranch , and LBJ Ranch in Blanco and Gi espie counties , Texas , 1 were authorized together in 969 .

Even more sites addressed military history. Representing the Civil ’ War were Pea Ridge National Military Park , Arkansas , Wilson s Creek

National Battlefield , Missouri , and Andersonville National Historic

Site , containing the notorious Civil War prison stockade in Georgia .

Horseshoe Bend National Military Park , Alabama , preserved the site 1 1 4 . 8 where Gen Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks in , and Min ute Man National Historical Park included the first battlegrounds of

s . the American Revolution in Lexington and Concord , Massachusett s There were more frontier fort , including Fort Union , New Mexico ;

68

’

Bent s Old Fort , Colorado ; Fort Davis , Texas ; Fort Smith , Arkansas ;

Fort Bowie , Arizona ; Fort Larned , Kansas ; and Fort Union Trading

Post in North Dakota and Montana . Fort Point National Historic Site encompassed a major coastal fortification of the mid- 19th century at

San Francisco . An unassuming Philadelphia boardinghouse became Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial in 1 972 to honor the PO1 ish military engineer who served in the American Revolution and

briefly occupied the property later.

There was increasing representation of other themes as well . Christiansted National Historic Site preserved structures associated Vi with Danish colonial development of the rgin Islands . Ed ison National Historic Site comprised the inventor’ s last laboratory and residence

at West Orange , New Jersey. Golden Spike National Historic Site marked the joining of the first transcontinental railroad in 1 869 at a Promontory Summit , Utah ; Allegheny Port ge Railroad National His toric Site contained the remains of an earlier mechanical convey

ance over the mountains in Pennsylvania . Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site encompassed a reconstructed 1 7th -century industrial

complex near Boston . Another facet of economic and social history

- was addressed by Grant Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site , Mon

- tana , containing one of the largest post Civil War open range ranches

in the country. The homes of three figures important in American literature o u — Henry Wadsworth L ngfellow, John M ir, and Carl Sandburg became

national historic sites , as did the home and studio of the sculptor

- Augustus Saint Gaudens . A national memorial was authorized for u Roger Williams , fo nder of Rhode Island and a pioneer in religious

freedom . Chamizal National Memorial in El Paso , Texas , was estab lish ed to commemorate the peaceful settlement of a border dispute

with Mexico . Two more noted black Americans attained recognition with the establishment of Booker T: Washington National Monument V in irginia and the Frederick Douglass Home , later a national his

D C . toric site , in Washington , Two other historical additions in the national capital region war 1 96 1 rant mention . Piscataway Park was authorized in to preserve the view from Mount Vernon across the Potomac River into Mary

in . land , large measure through the acquisition of scenic easements It is the only unit of the System existing primarily for scenic pro tec

tion of another property. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National 1 97 1 Historical Park , authorized by Congress in , incorporated the former national monument and significant additional land on the

north bank of the Potomac between Great Falls and Cumberland ,

Maryland . Thus buffered , the canal combines natural , historical , and

70 recreational values to a degree unequaled by any other single resource in the System . 1 966 After the National Historic Preservation Act of , all historical parks were entered in the National Register of Historic Places . This made Service and other federal agency actions affecting them sub j ect to review by state historic preservation off icers and the Advisory

Council on Historic Preservation , a new federal agency established by the act . 1 97 1 u Under a executive order, the Service was also req ired to nominate to the National Register all qualifying historic features in its natural and recreational areas . These resources , most of local or regional significance , were then entitled to the same consideration as the historical parks when faced with harmful actions . The effect ’ its u was to broaden the Service s concern for all c ltural properties , including those that had previou sly received little attention . The increased recognition given historic resources ou tside parks catego

‘ rized as historical tended to soften the distinctions among the area categories , contributing to a decision to terminate their official sta 1 77 tus in 9 .

R cr a ional reas 32 e e t A As noted above , permanent additions to the System from 1 952 through 1 972 fell in the recreational category. More than half were seashores and reservoir-related areas along with : another parkway. The others were new kinds of areas lakeshores , recre rivers , performing arts facilities , a trail , and two major urban ation complexes . 1 963 In the recently formed Recreation Advisory Council , com

- posed of six Cabinet level officials , proposed a system of national recreation areas and set criteria for them . They were to be spacious , generally including at least acres of land and water. They 250 were to be within miles of urban centers and designed for heavy, - s multi state patronage . Their natural endowment would need to be $ well above the ordinary in quality and recreation appeal , being of lesser significance than the unique scenic and historic elements of ex e the National Park System , but affording a quality of recreation p rience which transcends that normally associated with areas provided $ by State and local governments . The scale of investment and devel o pment was to be high enough to warrant federal involvement . Coop erative management arrangements involving the Forest Service , the

Corps of Engineers , and possibly other federal bureaus besides the

Park Service were expected . The recreational area category formally adopted by the Park Ser ’ in 1 964 vice reflected the Recreation Advisory Council s criteria , although not all units that the Service assigned to the category were of the type envisioned by the council . Several of the seashores , lakeshores , rivers , and reservoir areas most nearly complied with the criteria ; other areas were categorized as recreational by default , because ’ they were not fully in accord with the Service s criteria and policies for natural or historical areas . The Service resumed shoreline studies in the mid - 19505 with gen ero us support from the Mellon family foundations . Their results were published in Ou r Vanishing Sh o reline A R ep o rt o n the Sea sh o re R ecreatio n Survey of the A tlantic and Gulf Coas ts Our Fou rth Sh ore : Great Lakes Sh oreline R ecreation A rea Survey and Pacific Coas t R ecreatio n A rea Survey Detailed studies of individual projects also were prepared . The fruits of this program included eight more national seashores and four national lakeshores during the period . Most of them forestalled development of residen tial subdivisions , highways , and commercial facilities and preserved ’ threatened natu ral and historical features . s 196 1 Cape Cod National Seashore , Massachusett , authorized in , protects the dunes and marshes of Cape Cod ’ s outer arm along a

- 40 mile strip . It was the first large natural or recreational area for which Congress at the outset permitted the use of appropriated funds for land acquisition . Another novel provision of the Cape Cod legis lation prevented the Secretary of the Interior from condemning pri vate improved property once local jurisdictions had irnplemented zoning $ $ regulations meeting his approval . This Cape Cod formula , designed to forestall serious conflicts between the government and local com m unities and stabilize the landscape without forced resettlement of a numerous families , was an import nt precedent for legislation author izing other such additions to the System . A third innovation in the

Cape Cod act , also adopted elsewhere , was the establishment of a park advisory commission representing the state and affected local jurisdictions . Point Reyes and Padre Island national seashores followed two weeks 1 962 ’ apart in , extending the Service s seashore holdings to the Pacific 40 and Gulf coasts . Point Reyes incorporates more than miles of

Pacific shoreline north of San Francisco , including Drakes Bay and 80 Tomales Point . Padre Island National Seashore covers miles of the long Texas barrier island on the Gulf of Mexico . Fire Island 1 964 s 25 National Seashore , authorized in , protect some miles of ’ barrier beach on Long Island s south shore 50 miles from M anh at tan . Congress distanced Fire Island from the recreational area con cept by ordering the Secretary of the Interior to administer it $ with $ the primary aim of conserving the natural resources located there .

72 and scenic value . Had the laws authorizing most of the seashores u and lakeshores not permitted h nting , many would have readily fit ’ ted the Service s natural area category. The Service became involved during the 1 952-72 period at 12 exist ing or proposed reservoirs . Ten of these national recreation areas are still in the System , two having been transferred to Forest Service administration . As with their predecessors , Service responsibilities at u most were set by cooperative agreements with other agencies , altho gh several were authorized by specific acts of Congress . Four deserve special mention . 1958 encom Glen Canyon National Recreation Area , inaugurated in , passes Lake Powell , formed by Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado

x 1 River in Arizona and e tending into southeastern Utah . The 86 mile- long impoundment was the price conservationists paid for their defeat of the Echo Park Dam in Dinosaur National Monument ear lier that decade . An arm of the reservoir provides boat access to u Rainbow Bridge National Monument , formerly remote and diffic lt to reach .

Ross Lake and Lake Chelan national recreation areas , Washing in 1 968 ton , were authorized together with the adjacent North Cas cades National Park . They were planned as areas in which to s concentrate development , especially visitor accommodations , out ide the national park the first time such an arrangement was made in conjunction with initial park legislation . The Ross Lake area lies between the north and south units of the national park , which is adjoined by Lake Chelan on the southeast . Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in Pennsylvania and New Jersey was authorized in 1 965 to include the proposed Tocks Island Reservoir and scenic lands in the Delaware Valley totaling ’ acres . The System s first national recreation area east of the e 1 0 Mississippi , it was envisioned to s rve million visitors annually from the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas . But the Tocks Island Dam came under heavy attack from conservationists and others , especially after the National Environmental Policy Act of 1 969 forced greater consideration of the environmental effects of

s . such project Without repealing the authorization for the dam , Con gress in 1 978 ordered the transfer of lands acquired by the Corps of Engineers to the Service and made the Delaware River within the — recreation area a national scenic river a designation incompatible with its damming . No other unit of the System differs more from its original concept . The first of the national rivers and scenic riverways was Ozark u National Scenic Riverways in so theastern Missouri , authorized by

74 Congress in 1 964 for the purpose of conserving and interpreting unique scenic and other natural values and objects of historic inter

est u of , incl ding preservation portions of the Jacks Fork River in -flowin Missouri as free g streams , preservation of springs and caves , use management of wildlife , and provisions for and enjoyment of the outdoor recreation resources thereof This linear area inco rpo

rates some 140 miles of river and three state parks in its acres . The Ozark authorization foreshadowed the comprehensive Wild

2 1 968 . and Scenic Rivers Act of October , In it Congress stated that $ it is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States that cer envi tain selected rivers of the Nation , which , with their immediate

ro nm ents u , possess o tstandingly remarkable scenic , recreational , u u u geologic , fish and wildlife , historic , c lt ral , or other similar val es , -flowin shall be preserved in free g condition , and that they and their immediate environments shall be protected for the benefit and enjoy $ ment of present and future generations . The act identified eight rivers and adjacent lands in nine states as

initial components of a national wild and scenic rivers system , to be administered variously by the Secretaries of Agriculture and the Inte

rior. Only one of them , St . Croix National Scenic Riverway in Min

neso ta . and Wisconsin , became a unit of the National Park System

200 . Ideal for canoeing , it contains some miles of the St Croix River and its Namekagon tributary noted for clear flowing water and abun

dant wildlife . The act named 27 other rivers to be studied as potential additions u to the wild and scenic rivers system . All or parts of four of the st dy

x areas later joined the Park System : the Lower St . Croi National 1972 Scenic Riverway was authorized in , Obed Wild and Scenic River 1 976 in Tennessee was authorized in , and the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River and the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River 1 7 1 72 followed in 9 8 . In 9 Congress also authorized a related addi tion not proposed in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act— Buffalo National 1 32 River, Arkansas . Its acres encompass miles of the clear,

- flowin f u u u . free g Buf alo River, m lticolored bluffs , and n mero s springs On the same day that President Johnson approved the Wild and

Scenic Rivers Act , North Cascades and Redwood national parks ,

and Lake Chelan and Ross Lake national recreation areas , he also

signed the National Trails System Act . The act provided for national

recreation trails accessible to urban areas , to be designated by the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Agriculture according

to specified criteria ; and national scenic trails , generally longer and

a . more remote , to be est blished by Congress It designated two national scenic trails as initial components of the trails system : the Appala

75 t chian Trail , extending miles from Mount Ka ahdin , Maine , to u Springer Mountain , Georgia ; and the Pacific Crest Trail , r nning

miles from Canada to Mexico along the Cascades , Sierras , and other ranges . The Pacific Crest Trail was to be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Appalachian Trail by the Secretary of the Inte rior. The Appalachian Trail was thus brought into the National Park 1 2 1 K . 9 M ac a e System Conceived in by Benton y , forester and philos i 1 937 . ts opher, it had been largely completed by With inclusion in the System , the Park Service became responsible for its protection , development , and maintenance within federally administered areas ; states were encouraged to care for portions outside federal j urisdic tion . An advisory council appointed by the Secretary of the Interior under the act includes representatives of the Appalachian Trail Con 14 ference , the states through which the trail passes , other private organizations , and involved federal agencies . The National Trails System Act ordered 14 other routes to be stud i ed for possible national scenic trail designation . Four of them later s received the designation , two becoming unit of the National Park 1 983 : i System in Natchez Trace National Scenic Tra l , paralleling the

Natchez Trace Parkway, and Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail , running from the mouth of the Potomac to Conemaugh Gorge in

Pennsylvania and including the C O Canal towpath . Five more became national historic trails upon enactment of legislation in 1 978 and 1 987 ; for these the Service received coordinating roles but not administrative responsibilities sufficient to qualify them as Park Sys tem u nits . The last of the four parkways now classed as System units was

1 972 . . Jr. authorized in The John D Rockefeller, , Memorial Parkway is an 82-mile scenic corridor linking West Thumb in Yellowstone

' and the south entrance of Grand Teton National Park . The only national parkway west of the Mississippi , it commemorates Rocke ’ feller s generous financial support for several parks , including Grand

Teton . The Service became involved with another new kind of park in 1966 , when department store heiress Catherine Filene Shouse donated Vi part of her Wolf Trap Farm in Fairfax County, rginia , to the United

- States for a performing arts center. The Filene Center, an open sided

1 97 1 . auditorium , was completed for its first summer season in Per formances at Wolf Trap Farm Park for the Performing Arts are arranged

- by the private but well subsidized Wolf Trap Foundation .

The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washing ton , D . C . , became the second and last place added to the System as

76 a performance facility. Designed by Edward Durrell Stone and opened 72 s u a in 19 , the ma sive str cture cont ins a concert hall , an opera house , the Eisenhower Theater, two smaller theaters , a library, and three $ restaurants . Congress charged the Service with maintenance , secu rity, information , interpretation , and all other services necessary to $ u the nonperforming arts f nctions of the center, which doubles as the national memorial to President Kennedy. Performing arts assumed major roles at two other park units dur ing the period , Chamizal National Memorial in El Paso , Texas , and

’

DC . Ford s Theatre National Historic Site in Washington , To further its theme of international amity, Chamizal accommodates perform ing groups from Mexico and the United States . The Service restored ’ 1 933 Ford s Theatre , which it had acquired in the reorganization and

- 1965 68 . maintained as the Lincoln Museum , as an operating theater in Because both places had historical commemoration and interpreta tion as their primary purposes , they were classed as historical rather than recreational areas . 27 1 972 On October , President Nixon approved the last two addi tions of the Hartzog years . Gateway National Recreation Area in New York City and nearby New Jersey and Golden Gate National

Recreation Area in San Francisco and Marin County, California , may also have been the most consequential innovations of the period . inclu Each contained seacoast beaches , but their locations and the sion of other elements made them far more urban in character and patronage than the national seashores . Gateway encompasses four major units totaling more than acres . In Jamaica Bay, the primary aim is conservation of bird life and other natural resources . At Breezy Point , Staten Island , and Sandy

Hook , recreational beach use predominates , although the legislation made special provision for preserving and using the historic struc ’ tures on Sandy Hook and Staten Island . Sandy Hook s Fort Hancock and the Sandy Hook Proving Grounds were designated a national historic landmark in 1 982 . Golden Gate was established to preserve for public use and enjoy a ment cert in areas possessing outstanding natural , historic , sce r the nic , and recreational values , and in order to p ovide for maintenance of needed recreational open space necessary to urban environment and planning . As at Gateway, much was taken from decommissioned ’ military installations . Within Golden Gate s acres are a red wood forest , historic coastal defense works , and Alcatraz Island with the remains of its infamous penitentiary. Another original compo u off nent , a maritime museum and historic ship collection , was sp n as San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park in 1988 ; but a larger addition was forecast as the Army prepared to relinquish the historic Presidio of San Francisco to the national recreation area in

1995 .

’ Before Gateway and Golden Gate , nearly all the Service s hold ings in major urban areas outside the national capital region had been small historic sites , where the primary concerns were historic preservation and interpretation . These two acquisitions placed the Service squarely in the business of urban mass recreation for essen — tially local populations not previously a federal responsibility. Like u earlier depart res into historic sites , parkways , and reservoir areas , ’ this move generated controversy about the bureau s proper role . Atten u dant burdens of f nding , staffing , and management refocus would prove significant challenges for years to come .

78

N ational Park System Additions 1 95 2 -72

1 952 4 Vi NHS Vi March rgin Islands , rgin Islands (redesignated Christiansted NHS 1 96 1 ) 27 June Shadow Mountain NRA , Colorado (transferred to Forest Service 1 978) 9 NM em July Coronado , Arizona 1 954 28 June Fort Union NM , New Mexico 1 955

’ 26 NHP ii Pu uho nua July City of Refuge , Hawa (redesignated o Honaunau NHP 1 978) NH . 6 S Dec Edison Home , New Jersey (incorporated in Edison NHS 1 962)

V Booker T. Washington NM , irginia

Edison Laboratory NM , New Jersey (incorporated in Edison NHS 1 962) NMP Pea Ridge , Arkansas NMP Horseshoe Bend , Alabama V V irgin Islands NP, irgin Islands

Glen Canyon NRA , Utah and Arizona NM em Fort Clatsop , Oregon NM em General Grant , New York

NHS NHP Minute Man , Massachusetts (redesignated a 2 1 Sept . )

’ NEP Wilson s Creek , Missouri (redesignated a NB 1 970) ’ NHS Bent s Old Fort , Colorado NM em Arkansas Post , Arkansas

Haleakala NP, Hawaii (detached from Hawaii NP) NH V 1 975 . S i St Thomas , rgin Islands (abolished )

Russell Cave NM , Alabama

Cape Cod NS , Massachusetts NHS Fort Davis , Texas NHS Fort Smith , Arkansas

80

Agate Fossil Beds NM , Nebraska

Pecos NM , New Mexico (incorporated in Pecos NHP 1 990) NHS 1 957 Golden Spike , Utah (designated ) NHS Herbert Hoover , Iowa NHS Hubbell Trading Post , Arizona Alibates Flint $ uarries and Texas Panhandle Pueblo x Alibates Culture NM , Te as (redesignated Flint $ uarries NM 1 978)

Delaware Water Gap NRA , Pennsylvania and New Jersey Assatea ue V g Island NS , Maryland and irginia NM em Roger Williams , Rhode Island

Amistad Recreation Area , Texas (redesignated Amistad NRA 1 990)

Cape Lookout NS , North Carolina NHS Fort Union Trading Post , North Dakota and Montana NM em Chamizal , Texas NHP George Rogers Clark , Indiana NHP San Juan Island , Washington National Historic Preservation Act u Guadalupe Mo ntains NP, Texas NL Pictured Rocks , Michigan

Wolf Trap Farm Park for the Performing Arts , Virginia u NHS Theodore Roosevelt Ina gural , New York NL Indiana Dunes , Indiana

NHS John Fitzgerald Kennedy , Massachusetts NHS Eisenhower , Pennsylvania

V National isitor Center, District of Columbia (abolished 1 98 1 ) NHS Saugus Iron Works , Massachusetts National Trails System Act Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

82 2 V Oct . Appalachian NST, Maine , New Hampshire , ermont , s Massachusett , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey, V V Pennsylvania , Maryland , West irginia , irginia ,

s Tenne see , North Carolina , Georgia

Lake Chelan NRA , Washington

North Cascades NP, Washington

Redwood NP, California

Ross Lake NRA , Washington

x St . Croi NSR , Minnesota and Wisconsin NHS Carl Sandburg Home , North Carolina

Biscayne NM , Florida (incorporated in Biscayne NP 1 980)

-A- NHS 1 980 Mar Lago , Florida (abolished )

Marble Canyon NM , Arizona (incorporated in Grand Canyon NP 1 975)

Florissant Fossil Beds NM , Colorado NH . S Lyndon B Johnson , Texas (redesignated a 1 980) NHS William Howard Taft , Ohio

NL Apostle Islands , Wisconsin NHS Fort Point , California NHS Andersonville , Georgia NL Sleeping Bear Dunes , Michigan

NHP Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ,

District of Columbia , Maryland , and West Virginia (incorporated Chesapeake and Ohio Canal NM)

Gulf Islands NS , Florida and Mississippi V oyageurs NP, Minnesota NHS Lincoln Home , Illinois

u B ffalo NR , Arkansas

John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing District of Columbia (date acquired) Puuko hola NHS Heiau , Hawaii - NHS Grant Kohrs Ranch , Montana

83 Au . 25 . Jr. g John D Rockefeller, , Memorial Parkway, Wyoming o NHS L ngfellow , Massachusetts

Hohokam Pima NM , Arizona u NM em Thadde s Kosciuszko , Pennsylvania

Cumberland Island NS , Georgia

Fossil Butte NM , Wyoming NSR Lower St . Croix , Minnesota and Wisconsin

Gateway NRA , New York and New Jersey

Golden Gate NRA , California

Abbrev iation s Used in th e Table

NB National Battlefield NM National Mon ument NRA National Recreation Area NB P Nati onal Battlefield Park NM em National Memorial NS National Seashore NBS National Battlefield Site NM P National M i litary Park NSR National Scenic Riverway NHP Nat i onal Historical Park NP National Park NST National Scenic Trail NHS National Historic Site NPres National Preserve WSR Wild and Scenic River NL Nat i onal Lakeshore NR National River

84

Rou di Out the S st m n ng y e , 1 973 to 1 990

In the final years of this account , expansion of the National Park

x System outpaced the e plosive growth of the preceding period , despite a marked slowdown during most of President Ronald Reagan’ s admin

- istratio n . Ninety seven new or essentially new parks were created 1 7 9 3 1 990 . u between and This number does not tell the f ll story, for 1 978 1980 ’ as a result of huge additions in Alaska in and , the System s total land area more than doubled . In January 1 973 President Nixon replaced George Hartzog with

. u Ronald H Walker, a former White House assistant . Lacking previo s park experience , Walker selected Russell E . Dickenson , a career park ranger and manager who had lately headed the national capital parks , ‘ as deputy director. Walker and Dickenson sought to consolidate past gains rather than expand the System at the previous rate , believing that Service funding and staffing would be insufficient to sustain such continued growth . Departing from recent stands , the Service and

Interior Department , backed by the Advisory Board on National Parks , opposed proposals for two more big urban recreation areas : Cuyahoga V alley between the Ohio cities of Akron and Cleveland , and Santa

Monica Mountains near LO S Angeles . Gateway and Golden Gate had been intended as models for state and local recreation areas u s elsewhere , they contended , not as prototypes for f ture unit of the

National Park System serving local populations .

The attempt to apply the brakes had little apparent effect . Con ’ gress authorized 1 3 more parks during Walker s two years as director.

Six were small historic sites assembled in an omnibus bill . But they u also incl ded a major historical park in Boston , the first two national V preserves , the controversial Cuyahoga alley National Recreation Area ,

and another national seashore . ’ ’ Walker s political base evaporated with Nixon s resignation in August

1 974 1 975 . , leading to his departure at the beginning of Secretary of

the Interior Rogers C . B . Morton returned to the career ranks of the

Service for his successor, Gary Everhardt , who had joined the bureau as an engineer in 1 957 and risen to the superintendency of Grand ’ 1 72 Everhardt s Teton National Park in 9 . In first year as director the

Service tightened its criteria for national parklands . To be favorably

recommended before , an area had to be nationally significant and

86 use . lend itself to administration , preservation , and public Now the bureau would also consider whether the area was assured of ade quate protection outside the System and whether it would be avail

u . able for public appreciation and use nder such protection If so , it would not ordinarily be endorsed for the System .

A majority in Congress , however, still favored expansion . Section 8 7 1 976 of the General Authorities Act of October , , ordered spe $ cific measures to that end : The Secretary of the Interior is directed u u to investigate , st dy, and contin ally monitor the welfare of areas whose resources exhibit qualities of national significance and which may have potential for inclu sion in the National Park System . At the beginning of each fiscal year, the Secretary shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the President of the Senate , comprehensive reports on each of those areas upon which studies have been completed . On this same date the Secretary shall transmit a listing of not less than twelve such areas which appear to be of national significance and which may have potential for inclu $ 1 sion in the National Park System . A 980 amendment to Section 8

$ also required submission of an updated National Park System plan $ from which candidate areas can be identified and selected to con $ stitute units of the National Park System . 1 77 ’ 9 . In July Cecil D Andrus , President Jimmy Carter s Interior

Secretary, replaced Everhardt with William J . Whalen , who had worked in the national capital parks and been superintendent of Golden Gate ’

. u National Recreation Area Whalen s backgro nd and backing by Rep . u Phillip Burton of California , the powerf l chairman of the House subcommittee on parks , inclined him to favor urban parks and the many other new area proposals advanced by Burton and his col ’ leagues . Burton s expansionism was epitomized by another omnibus 10 enactment , the National Parks and Recreation Act of November , 7 $ $ 19 8 . Characterized by some as park barrel legislation , it author ized 14 additions to the System . Among them , despite another oppos ing resolution by the advisory board , was Santa Monica Mountains

National Recreation Area . Three weeks later, by different means , came the even greater influx of Alaska parklands . Friction with park concessioners in 1980 prompted Andrus to return Whalen to Golden Gate that May, and Russell Dickenson , who had ’ 1975 directed the Service s Pacific Northwest Region since December , came back to Washington in the top job . His less expansive posture ’ would soon win greater favor : when President Reagan s first Interior f 1 1 . 98 Secretary, James G Watt , took of ice in January , Dickenson found him in agreement that the Service should improve its steward ship of what it had before seeking to absorb more . Consistent with 97th 1 98 1 -82 their position , the Congress ( ) eliminated appropriations 8 for the new area studies dictated by Section , acquiesced in Dickenson’ s decision to shelve the expansionist National Park Sys tem plan , and did not authorize a single new park . Instead , it and the next Congress supported the Service’ s Park Restoration and

Improvement Program , which devoted more than a billion dollars over five years to stabilize and upgrade existing park resources and facilities . In 1 978 the Carter administration had taken from the Service its several programs of recognizing and assisting natural and cultural properties outside the System and assigned them to the Heritage Con servation and Recreation Service , an administrative reconstitution of the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation . The new Interior bureau , com bining such activities as the National Register of Historic Places , the natural and historic landmarks programs , and the Land and Water

Conservation Fund , did not function smoothly. Secretary Watt , a pre c u HCRS retum vi s director of BOR , wasted no time in abolishing and ing all its functions to the National Park Service in 1 98 1 . ’ Dickenson s nearly five-year tenure restored stability to the Ser vice after its frequent turnover in leadership during the 1 9705 . The moratorium on new parks also helped the bureau catch its breath . There was only one concrete addition from the beginning of 1 98 1 to Dickenson’ s retirement in March 1 985 and for more than a year

: thereafter Harry S Truman National Historic Site . Two national sce nic trails were authorized in 1 983 but advanced little beyond the planning stage . ’

1985 Jr. Dickenson s successor in May was William Penn Mott , , a Service landscape architect and planner during the 1 9305 and head of the California state park system under Gov. Ronald Reagan from

1967 1975 . r to Deeply interested in inte pretation , Mott sought a greater Service role in educating the public about American history and ex an environmental values . He also returned the Service to a more p sio nist posture , supporting the addition of Steamtown National His 1 986 toric Site and Great Basin National Park in October , Jimmy Carter National Historic Site and El Malpais National Monument in 1 987 1988 . December , and a dozen more areas in One desired acqui

88 assignment of each park to a single category was no longer appropri 1 977 ate , and in the area categories were officially abolished . For convenience , of course , most areas may still be identified informally at ri as natural , historical , or recreational based on their primary t

u . b tes , as is done here

N atural Areas Twenty- nine natural areas in the present System 1 8 1973 were added , in whole or large part , during the years from 2 through 1 990 . This was six more than the 3 existing natural areas that arrived during the 39 -plu s years following the 1 933 reorganiza

1 72 . 2 7 9 9 1 . tion through Of the , Alaska accounted for Three new national parks o u tside Alaska incorporated previous n ational u s : mon ment Channel Islands , California ; Biscayne , Florida ; and Great

Basin , Nevada . Two more preexisting units , Badlands and Theodore

Roosevelt in the Dakotas , achieved national park status without suf f n u icie t alteration to count as new areas . The other nine nat ral areas ou tside Alaska were entirely new. r u 1 1 1974 r The fi st two of these , both a thorized on October , , fo med : a new subcategory as well Big Cypress , Florida , and Big Thicket ,

Texas , were made national preserves . The Service explained national $ A preserves as primarily for the protection of certain resources . ctiv ities such as hunting and fishing or the extraction of minerals and fu els may be permitted if they do not jeopardize the natural values . Although such uses had rendered other areas ineligible for natural classification and had caused them to be labeled recreational , Big

Cypress and Big Thicket were even less suited for the latter category. The two preserves intensified the awkwardness of the management categories and became another argument for their abandonment in 1 77 9 .

Big Cypress National Preserve , encompassing acres adjoin h ing Everglades National Park on the nort west , was established pri marily to protect the freshwater supply essential to the Everglades ecosystem . Containing abundant tropical plant and animal life , it continues to serve the Miccosukee and Seminole Indian tribes for u s bsistence hunting , fishing , and trapping and traditional tribal cere monies . Big Thicket National Preserve includes a significant portion 1 2 of the Big Thicket area of East Texas . Its detached units , totaling

acres in seven counties , protect dense growths of diverse plant species of great botanical interest at the crossroads of several North

American plant and animal habitats .

John Day Fossil Beds , Oregon , and Hagerman Fossil Beds , Idaho , became national monuments by acts of Congress in 1 974 and 1988 .

They joined Agate Fossil Beds , Florissant Fossil Beds , and Fossil Butte

90 national monuments among the System ’ s important paleontological u u areas . Congaree Swamp National Monument , So th Carolina , a thor ized 1 976 in , contains the last significant tract of virgin bottomland

u . hardwoods in the So theast El Malpais National Monument , New

x 1 987 Me ico , established in , includes volcanic spatter cones , a - - 1 988 1 7 . mile long lava tube system , and ice caves Among other addi tions were the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve , a diverse tidelands area in northeastern Florida ; the National Park of Ameri can Samoa , containing tropical rain forests , beaches , and coral reefs ; and City of Rocks National Reserve , a landscape of historic as well as geological interest in southern Idaho . The national reserve designation given City of Rocks denoted an arrangement whereby the administration of acquired lands would be transferred to the state or local governments once they had estab lished zoning or other land protection measures in accordance with ’ a comprehensive plan . Ebey s Landing National Historical Reserve u 1 978 in Washington , a thorized in , was the prototype for this man agement arrangement ; it is classed as an affiliated area (see Appendix) .

Historical reas - 1973 1 990 A Fifty one additions from through , more ’ than half the period s total , deal primarily with American history or prehistory. A third of these are military and Presidential sites ; the remainder address themes less represented in the System . The bicentennial of the American Revolution was a major focus - 1 9705 of Service activity in the mid , and three of the new parks con

v a . tributed to that obser nce Boston National Historical Park , a mosaic u u of properties in p blic and private ownership , incl des the Bunker s Hill Monument , Dorchester Height , Faneuil Hall , Old North Church , u — Old So th Meeting House , and the Charlestown Navy Yard berth n t tu t V Co s i io n . for USS alley Forge , long a Pennsylvania state park , 4 became a national historical park on the bicentennial date of July , 1 7 9 6 . u Ninety Six National Historic Site , South Carolina , a thorized 1 7 1 8 . the next month , was the scene of military action in Three other American wars achieved representation in the Sys

. u tem Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site , Texas , was a thor ized in 1978 to recognize the first important Mexican War battle on

American soil ; its acquisition , however, was deferred . War in the Pacific National Historical Park on Guam and the USS A rizona Memo at rial Pearl Harbor, Hawaii , commemorate important events of World

. V V D C War II The ietnam eterans Memorial in Washington , , bears i the names of more than dead and missing in V etnam . The Presidential sites include a landscaped memorial to Lyndon

. D C Van B Johnson in Washington , , and the residences of Martin

9 1

. . o Buren in Kinderhook , New York ; Ulysses S Grant in St L uis County,

Missouri ; James A . Garfield in Mentor, Ohio ; Harry S Truman in

Independence , Missouri ; and Jimmy Carter in Plains , Georgia .

The barely tapped subjects of literature , drama , and the arts made further progress in the System with the addition of national historic ’ u O Neill sites for playwright E gene near Danville , California ; author and critic Edgar Allan Poe in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; landscape architect and author Frederick Law Olmsted in Brookline , Massa

ch usetts . ; and impressionist painter J Alden Weir in Ridgefield ,

Connecticu t . s Among new parks treating social and humanitarian movement , : three focus on women Clara Barton National Historic Site , Mary of land , containing the home the founder of the American Red Cross ; ’ Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site , preserving Mrs . Roosevelt s ’ retreat at Hyde Park , New York ; and Women s Rights National His to rical Park , including the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other ’ sites related to the early women s rights movement at Seneca Falls ,

New York .

Black history received added attention at four new areas . Tuskegee

Institute National Historic Site , Alabama , includes portions of the pioneering industrial education school established by Booker T. Wash

in o n 1 1 . t 88 . g , in Maggie L Walker National Historic Site contains the ’ home of a leading figure in Richmond s black community. Boston African American National Historic Site comprises an antebellum meetinghouse and more than a dozen other historic structures . Mar

Jr. tin Luther King , , National Historic Site includes the Atlanta birth

s . place , church , and grave of the civil right leader There were two additions in the Nation’ s Capital beyond those already mentioned . Constitution Gardens covers a part of West Poto $ $ mac Park occupied until 1970 by temporary World War I military office buildings ; its centerpiece is a memorial to the Signers of the

Declaration of Independence . Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site had been designated by Secretary Udall in 1965 to support the ’ Ex an avenue s redevelopment , a tactic recalling the Jefferson National p

. 30 u sion Memorial designation in St Louis years before . Fort nately, the plans for Pennsylvania Avenue were revised in the 1 9705 to pro vide for much historic preservation . The Park Service assumed increas ing management and maintenance responsibilities along the avenue ’ as it was redeveloped , justifying the site s listing as a Park System 1987 unit in . Three additions of the period deal with America’ s industrial and

. s transportation history Springfield Armory, Massachusett , made a 1 974 national historic site in , was a center for the manufacture of military small arms and the scene of many technological advances 7 4 1 9 1 968 . from to Lowell National Historical Park , also in Massa ch usetts u 1 9 - u , incl des th cent ry factories , a power canal system , and ’ other elements of the Nation s first planned industrial community. ’ 1 978 o Established in , it helped revitalize L well s depressed economy and inspired several other communities to seek similar assistance

u . d ring the next decade In Scranton , Pennsylvania , Congress estab lish ed 1 u Steamtown National Historic Site in 986 . It was nusual and controversial in several respects : it was created through an appropri atio ns act rather than by traditional legislative means , its primary resource was not a site but an eclectic collection of railroad lo com o tives and rolling stock , and the high cost of needed restoration prom u u ised to make it among the most expensive c lt ral units in the System . Most of the cultural properties assigned to the Service upon its 1 9 1 6 creation in dealt with aboriginal peoples , and such properties continued as a major component of the Park System throughout its evolution . Outside Alaska , there were five entirely new parks in this V category from 1973 through 1990 . Knife River Indian illages National

Historic Site , North Dakota , contains important Hidatsa village rem

- nants . Kaloko Honokohau National Historical Park includes three large fishponds , house sites , and other archeological evidences of Hawai ian native culture . Poverty Point National Monument in northeast ern Louisiana preserves traces of a c ulture that flourished during the

- B C . first and second millennia . Zuni Cibola National Historical Park ,

x New Me ico , contains sites associated with the Zuni people over

years . Petroglyph National Monument , also in New Mexico , dis plays rock inscriptions of both prehistoric and recent origin and has

contemporary cultural significance . Four previou s national monuments treating Indians and Spanish

' missions in the Southwest were also inco ipo rated in expanded parks . Chaco Culture National Historical Park superseded Chaco Canyon National Monument and added 33 outlying Chaco Culture Archeo S logical Protection Sites . Congress authorized pecial protective mea sures for the outlying sites that were threatened by mineral exploration

and development . Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument incor po rated the old Gran $ u ivira National Monument and two state mon

um en ts containing Pueblo Indian and Spanish mission ruins . Tumacacori National Historical Park encompassed the mission at the

former Tumacacori National Monument and two nearby mission sites . Pecos National Historical Park combined the pueblo and mission at its predecessor monument with sites of the Civil War battle of Glorieta

Pass , where Union troops blocked a Confederate attempt to take the

Southwest in 1 862 .

94 Recreational Areas Seventeen areas that would formerly have been categorized as recreational joined the system after 1 973 . One was a

- national seashore , one was a reservoir based area , three were urban recreation areas , two were national scenic trails , and the remainder were river areas of various designation . 1975 Canaveral National Seashore , authorized in , is the most recent 25 national seashore . It occupies miles of an undeveloped barrier island ’ on Florida s Atlantic coast supporting many species of birds and other wildlife . The lands and waters administered by the Service adjoin the Kennedy Space Center and Merritt Island National Wildlife Ref ’ uge . Emphasizing natural preservation , Canaveral s legislation pro hibited new development beyond that necessary for public safety and proper administration .

Chickasaw National Recreation Area , Oklahoma , the reservoir addi tion , supplanted Arbuckle National Recreation Area and Platt National 7 1 9 6 . Park in This solved something of a problem for Platt , a small desi mineral spring area , had never measured up to its prestigious g in nation . Its incorporation the national recreation area was a wel come solution . V Congress established Cuyahoga alley National Recreation Area , $ between Cleveland and Akron , Ohio , to preserve the historic , sce nic , natural , and recreational values of the Cuyahoga River and the adjacent lands of the Cuyahoga Valley and for the purpose of pro viding for the maintenance of needed recreational open space neces $ sary to the urban environment . Its acres included part of the Ohio and Erie Canal previously designated a national historic land

. a s a mark Chatt hoochee River National Recreation Area out ide Atlant , u v altho gh considerably smaller, was designed to ser e similar purposes for that metropolitan area . Santa Monica Mountains National Recre ation Area was authorized to cover acres of rugged chaparral covered landscape fronting on the beaches northwest of Lo s Angeles . Congress prescribed its management $ in a manner which will pre its serve and enhance its scenic , natural , and historical setting and public health value as an airshed for the Sou thern California metro politan area while providing for the recreational and educational needs $ of the visiting public . The first national river of the period added to the Park System u was Big So th Fork National River and Recreation Area , centered on the Big South Fork of the C umberland River and its tributaries in ’ m Tennessee and Kentucky. The area s scenic gorges and valleys enco u pass numero s natural and historic features . Next came Obed Wild and Scenic River in East Tennessee , where the Obed and its princi u pal tributaries cut through the C mberland Plateau . The National Parks and Recreation Act of 1 978 authorized five river additions :

Delaware National Scenic River in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, con taining the Delaware within Delaware Water Gap National Recre ation Area ; Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River, including most of the Delaware between Pennsylvania and New York ; Mis -flowin souri National Recreational River, one of the last free g stretches of the Missouri between Nebraska and South Dakota ; New River Vi Gorge National River, West rginia , encompassing a rugged section of one of the oldest rivers on the continent ; and Rio Grande Wild 1 9 1 and Scenic River, including miles of the American bank of the

Rio Grande downstream from Big Bend National Park , Texas . A decade passed before Congress authorized the three most recent river areas in 1 988 . Mississippi National River and Recreation Area encompasses 69 miles of the Mississippi between Dayton and Has tings , Minnesota . Bluestone National Scenic River in southwestern Vi West rginia offers fishing , boating , and hiking in addition to sce V nery ; Gauley River National Recreation Area , also in West irginia , presents one of the most exciting whitewater boating opportunities in the East .

Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail , paralleling the Natchez Trace

Parkway, and Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail , from the mouth its r z of the Potomac to Pennsylvania headwate s , were authori ed together

1 983 . s in A few segment of the former were gradually developed , ’ 7 4 27 1 . 0 primarily for equestrian use Of the latter s projected miles , V C&O miles comprising the existing Mount ernon bicycle path ,

Canal towpath , and Laurel Highlands Trail in Pennsylvania had been designated by the end of the period .

N ew Alaska Parklands One of the great conservation campaigns of the century provides a fitting climax to this account of the National ’ Park System s evolution : the new national parklands in Alaska . Alas ka’ s admission to the Union in 1 959 led to the Alaska Native Claims 1 8 1 97 1 Settlement Act of December , , which contained a provision of great consequence for land conservation . It directed the Secre tary of the Interior to withdraw from selection by the state or native 80 groups , or from disposition under the public land laws , up to million acres that he deemed $ suitable for addition to or creation as if units of the National Park , Forest , Wildl e Refuge , and Wild and Sce $ recommen nic Rivers Systems . He had two years to make specific dations for additions to the four systems from the withdrawn lands . The recommended additions would remain withdrawn until Congress acted or for five years , whichever came first . a rs t On the second anniversary deadline , Secret ry Roge Mor on trans

96 and preserves , the latter permitting sport hunting and trapping . Before 1 978 two December Alaska had contained one national park , national monuments , and two national historical parks . After December 1 980 s there were eight national parks , two national monument , ten national preserves , two national historical parks , and one wild river. Mount M cKinley National Park was renamed Denali National Park u after the Indian name for the mo ntain , which remained Mount M cKinle y, and was joined by a Denali National Preserve . Together the park and preserve are more than four million acres larger than the old park . The old Glacier Bay and Katmai national monuments became national parks , with adj oining national preserves . The Glacier Bay park and preserve gained some acres over the old monument , while the two Katmai areas exceed the old Katmai monument by nearly acres .

- Wrangell St . Elias National Park contains acres . Adja

- cent Wrangell St . Elias National Preserve encompasses acres . Together they are larger than the combined area of Vermont and New Hampshire and contain the continent ’ s greatest array of glaciers — and peaks above feet among them Mount St . Elias , rising ’ second only to Mount M cKinley in the United States . With Canada s u adjacent Kl ane National Park , this is one of the greatest parkland regions in the world .

Gates of the Arctic National Park , all of whose acres lie

- north of the Arctic Circle , and the acre national preserve of u the same name incl de part of the Central Brooks Range , the north m ern o st . extension of the Rockies Gentle valleys , wild rivers , and numerou s lakes complement the jagged mountain peaks . Adjoining

Gates of the Arctic on the west is Noatak National Preserve . Its r u acres , drained by the Noatak River unning thro gh the 65 - - mile long Grand Canyon of the Noatak , contain a striking array of plant and animal life and hundreds of prehistoric archeological sites in what is the largest untouched river basin in the United States .

Bering Land Bridge National Preserve , with acres on the

Seward Peninsula , covers a remnant of the isthmus that connected

North America and Asia more than years ago . Modern Eski ln mos manage their reindeer herds and around the preserve , which features rich paleontological and archeological resources , large migra tory bird populations , ash explosion craters , and lava flows . At their 1 990 June summit meeting in Washington , President Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev endorsed a proposed Beringian inter national park encompassing the American preserve and a new park across the Bering Strait that would reflect the shared cultural heritage of the two nations .

98 The -acre Lake Clark National Park and the - acre Lake Clark National Preserve are set in the heart of the Chigmit

s u Mountains on the we tern shore of Cook Inlet , so thwest of Anchor 50- - 20 age . The mile long Lake Clark , largest of more than glacial u u u lakes , is fed by h ndreds of waterfalls tumbling from the s rro nding mountains and is headwaters for an important red salmon spawning u ground . Jagged peaks and granite spires have ca sed the region to be called the Alaskan Alps . Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve protects 1 1 5 miles of the Yukon and the entire 88-mile Charley River basin within its ’ s ll u acres . Abandoned cabins and other cultural remnant reca the Y kon s

1 898 u . role during the Alaska gold r sh The Charley, running swift and clear, is renowned for whitewater recreation . Grizzly bears , Dall sheep , and moose are among the abundant wildlife . V Kobuk alley National Park , another Arctic area of acres , adjoins the south border of Noatak National Preserve . Its diverse terrain incl udes the northernmost extent of the boreal forest and the 25— u - u sq are mile Great Kobuk Sand Dunes , the largest active d ne field in arctic latitudes . Archeological remains are especially rich , reveal ing more than years of human activity.

Kenai Fjords National Park contains acres . On the Gulf of -carved f o rds Alaska near Seward , it is named for the scenic glacier j along its coast . Above is the Harding Icefield , one of four major ice

34 . caps in the United States , from which radiate major glacier arms

Sea lions and other marine mammals abound in the coastal waters . u Cape Kr senstern National Monument , north of Kotzebue on the u 1 978 -80 redomi Ch kchi Sea , was the single Alaska addition of p nan l u t y cult ral rather than natural significance . Embracing acres , it is by far the largest such area in the National Park System . One hundred fourteen lateral beach ridges formed by changing sea levels and wave action display chronological evidence of years of marine mammal hunting by Eskimo peoples . Older archeological sites are found inland . s The smallest of the new Alaska parks , preserves , and monument u is Aniakchak National Mon ment , whose acres lie on the harsh Aleutian Peninsula southwest of Katmai . It is adjoined by the

- acre Aniakchak National Preserve . Their central feature is 30- - the great Aniakchak Caldera , a square mile crater of a collapsed volcano . Within the caldera are a cone from later volcanic activity, lava flows , explosion pits , and Surprise Lake , which is heated by hot springs and cascades through a rift in the crater wall . ANILCA also designated 13 wild rivers for Park Service adminis i trat o n . s Twelve are entirely within parks , monument , and preserves and are not listed as discrete System units . Part of the remaining Ala nak u one , g Wild River, lies o tside and westward of Katmai ; it is therefore counted separately. It offers salmon sport fishing and whitewater floating . s Overall , the size and quantity of the new Ala ka parklands are matched fully by their superlative quality. Although political and economic arguments had been raised against them , few persons , if any, ques tio ned the inherent natural and cultural merits that made the lands so clearly eligible for the National Park System . They have enriched it immeasurably.

100

N ational Park System Additions 1 973-90

1 973 28 Dec . Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac , District of Columbia

u Big South Fork NR and Recreation Area , Kent cky Tennessee (assigned to NPS 1 976) NHP Boston , Massachusetts NPres Big Cypress , Florida

NPres x Big Thicket , Te as NHS Clara Barton , Maryland

John Day Fossil Beds NM , Oregon V NHS Knife River Indian illages , North Dakota Van NHS Martin Buren , New York NHS u Springfield Armory , Massach setts u NHS Tuskegee Instit te , Alabama u V C yahoga alley NRA , Ohio

Canaveral NS , Florida

Chickasaw NRA , Oklahoma (incorporated Platt NP Arbuckle NRA) NHP Klondike Gold Rush , Alaska and Washington V alley Forge NHP, Pennsylvania NHS Ninety Six , South Carolina WSR Obed , Tennessee

Congaree Swamp NM , South Carolina ’ O Neill NHS Eugene , California

Monocacy NB , Maryland (reauthorization and redesignation of Monocacy NMP)

NHS Eleanor Roosevelt , New York

Constitution Gardens , District of Columbia NHP Lowell , Massachusetts

Chattahoochee River NRA , Georgia NHP War in the Pacific , Guam NHS Fort Scott , Kansas NSR Delaware , Pennsylvania and New Jersey NHS Edgar Allan Poe , Pennsylvania

102 NHS Friendship Hill , Pennsylvania NHP Jean Lafitte and Preserve , Louisiana (incorporated Chalmette NHP) - NHP Kaloko Honokohau , Hawaii NH V . S Maggie L Walker , irginia

Missouri National Recreational River, Nebraska and South Dakota V New River Gorge NR , West irginia NHS Palo Alto Battlefield , Texas WSR Rio Grande , Texas ’ NHS 1 943 St . Paul s Church , New York (designated ) NHP San Antonio Missions , Texas

Santa Monica Mountains NRA , California NHS Thomas Stone , Maryland

Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River, Pennsylvania and New York

Dec . Aniakchak NM , Alaska (incorporated in legislated Aniakchak NM and NPres by ANILCA 1980) NPres Dec . Bering Land Bridge NM , Alaska (redesignated a by ANILCA 1 980)

Cape Krusenstern NM , Alaska M cKinle Denali NM , Alaska (incorporated with Mount y NP in Denali NP and NPres by ANILCA 1 980)

Dec . Gates of the Arctic NM , Alaska (incorporated in Gates of the Arctic NP and NPres by ANILGA 1 980)

Dec . Glacier Bay NM , Alaska (addition to existing NM ; total incorporated in Glacier Bay NP and NPres by ANILCA 1 980)

Dec . Katmai NM , Alaska (addition to existing NM ; total incorporated in Katmai NP and NPres by ANILCA 1 980)

. ANILCA Dec Kenai Fjords NM , Alaska (redesignated a NP by 1 980)

. V ANILCA Dec Kobuk alley NM , Alaska (redesignated a NP by 1 980)

Dec . Lake Clark NM , Alaska (incorporated in Lake Clark NP and NPres by ANILCA 1 980)

. NPres Dec Noatak NM , Alaska (incorporated in Noatak by ANILCA 1 980)

103 - 1 S . . t Dec Wrangell Elias NM , Alaska (incorporated in - NPr s ANILCA 1 Wrangell St . Elias NP and e by 980) 1 u - - Dec . Y kon Charley NM , Alaska (redesignated Yukon Charley Rivers NPres by ANILCA 1 980)

NHS s Frederick Law Olmsted , Massachusett

Channel Islands NP, California (incorporated Channel Islands NM)

Biscayne NP, Florida (incorporated Biscayne NM) V V ietnam eterans Memorial , District of Columbia

A rizo na USS Memorial , Hawaii NHS Boston African American , Massachusetts NH Jr. S a Martin Luther King , , , Georgi Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA)

Ala nak g Wild River, Alaska NHP Chaco Culture , New Mexico (incorporated Chaco Canyon NM) 1 . 9 Dec Salinas NM , New Mexico (incorporated Gran $ uivira NM ; redesignated Salinas Pueblo Missions NM 1 988) NHP Kalaupapa , Hawaii NHS James A . Garfield , Ohio ’ NHP r Women s Rights , New Yo k

Natchez Trace NST, Mississippi , Alabama , and Tennessee a NST Potomac Herit ge , Maryland , District of Columbia V irginia , and Pennsylvania NHS 1 982 Harry S Truman , Missouri (designated )

NHS Steamtown , Pennsylvania

Great Basin NP, Nevada (incorporated Lehman Caves NM)

NHS Pennsylvania Avenue , District of Columbia (designated 1965) NHS Jimmy Carter , Georgia

El Malpais NM , New Mexico

u Timuc an Ecological and Historic Preserve , Florida

104

Ideals into Reality

All national parklands are not created equal . Besides the obvious physical distinctions among and within the basic types of areas in — the National Park System natural and cultural , urban and wilder — ness , battlefield and birthplace , arctic and tropical there are quali ’

tative . differences as well Plainly put , some of the System s areas are

better than others .

From the beginning , the National Park Service has professed to $ a acquire only the most outst nding lands and resources , with national $ $ significance as the primary criterion . In studying new park pro ects o u j , y should seek to find scenery of supreme and distinctive quality or some natural feature so extraordinary or uniqu e as to be $ of national interest and importance , declared the policy letter Hor ’ 1 $ ace Albright prepared for Secretary Lane s signature in 1 9 8 . The national park system as now constituted should not be lowered in standard , dignity, and prestige by the inclusion of areas which express in less than the highest terms the particular class or kind of exhibit $ which they represent . its 1 936 At second meeting in May , the Advisory Board on National u u Parks , Historic Sites , B ildings , and Mon ments addressed historical

V . parks in a similar policy statement prepared by erne E Chatelain ,

’ $ the Service s chief historian . The general criterion in selecting areas administered by the Department of the Interior through the National

Park Service whether natural or historic , is that they shall be out $

in . standing examples their respective classes , it declared The num ber of Federal areas must be necessarily limited , and care should be exercised to prevent the accumulation of sites of lesser rank . Guidelines for evaluating national significance have been devel oped and refined over the years . The current criteria appear in the ’ M a na e e t P l u Service s g m n o icies . A natural park sho ld be an out o r standing rare example of a geologic landform or biotic area , a place of exceptional ecological or geological diversity, a site with a concentrated population of rare plant or animal species or unusually abundant fossil deposits , or an outstandingly scenic area . Historical u r s parks sho ld be associated with pe sons , event , or themes of national importance ; should encompass structures or features of great intrin sic or representational value ; or should contain archeological resources

106 I n te rit of major scientific consequence . g y is vital for natural and

: historical areas they must not be so altered , deteriorated , or other wise impaired that their significance cannot readily be appreciated

u . u by the p blic The criteria for recreational areas stress spacio sness , high resource quality, proximity to major population centers , and potential for attracting national as well as local and regional visitation . A few of the early parks and monuments did not measure up to the ideals expressed in these policies and criteria . Platt and Sullys s Hill national park , established just after the turn of the century, have V been mentioned previously in this regard . erendrye National Monu 1 9 17 u ment , North Dakota , proclaimed in , was fo nd to have no his to rical connection with the French explorer alleged to have visited the site . Fossil Cycad National Monument , South Dakota , later dis closed few of the fossils for which it had been proclaimed in 1 922 . In ’ 1956 Congress approved Verendrye s transfer to the state and Fossil ’ Cycad s return to the public domain . More than a dozen units of the System have lost that status over the years following reappraisal of their significance . A few other places of questionable national significance have been admitted to the System and remain in its ranks . What accounts for these imperfections$ u si nifi In tr th , the professional guidelines for evaluating national g cance have not always been foremost in the minds of those responsible mm n for new parklands . The Service customarily transmits its reco e dations on new area legislation through the Interior Department to

Congress , but Congress makes the final decisions . As a representa tive body, it normally and naturally will give greater weight to vocal public sentiment behind a park proposal than to abstract standards that might support a negative vote on it . A park bill backed by an influential constituency and lacking significant outside opposition is thus apt to proceed without great regard for the opinions of bistori

o r s . ans , scientists , other professional specialist in the bureaucracy u Once established via this process , a park is nlikely to be abolished or demoted to other custody. ’ $ Can Congress be blamed for the System s shortcomings , then Not

. s entirely The Service it elf is no ivory tower institution , immune from

107 public and political pressures . It is a government bureau dependent on congressional appropriations and popular support for its survival i Al t . ts t and prosperi y From earliest days , Stephen Ma her, Horace bright , and most of their successors sought to enlarge its public and politi — cal constitu encies by acquiring more parks in more places natural

areas in the East , the military parks and other historic sites , park ways , reservoir areas , seashores , urban recreational areas . These aims have made most Service managers reluctant to vigorously resist pop ular park proposals questioned only by their professional advisers ; little advantage has been seen in opposing an influential congress ’ man s desire for a park in his or her district . Under the circum it ’ stances , is hardly surprising that all parks do not equal the System s $ $ crown jewels . The System has also been faulted for its unevenness in represent ’ ing America s natural and cultural heritage . The idea that there should be parks for all the major facets of natural and human history under P lay the 1 972 National Park Sy s tem lan . As the expansionist impulse 1 9805 behind that document cooled in the , its rationale came under critical scrutiny. Extant sites and related physical features capable of being preserved and appreciated by park visitors are not evenly dis ersed p among the many themes of human history, nor are all themes well communicated via such resources . The fact that the System deals more with military history than the history of philosophy or educa tion , for example , may be justified by the nature and availability of ’

u u . sites and str ct res , the System s primary historical media Most natural geographic featu res or phenomena are capable of being represented by parks , but judging them all worthy of park rep

‘ resentatio n oversteps the traditional concept of parks as places for ’ A m erica Na ti nal Parks and Their Kee ers public enjoyment . In s o p

(Resources for the Future , Ronald A . Foresta faulted the nat ural history component of the N atio nal Park Sy s tem Plan for relying on purely scientific criteria and ignoring the scenic or human appeal $ factor. This comes close to abandoning the idea of a park altogether, $ he observed . Perhaps some representative of exposed Silurian rock face should be preserved on a federally owned site . There is no reason for such a site to be called a park , however, or for it to be part of the National Park System unless it has more to recommend it

than pure representativeness .

At bottom , much of the controversy over what should be added to the System over the years has stemmed from different perceptions of what the System should be . Purists in and outside the Service deplored u the acquisition of s ch natural parks as Shenandoah , which had been

cut over and existed in a less than primeval state . They and others

108

As of 1990 there were 32 areas with which the National Park Service

had particular connections but which it did not administer. These $ $ affiliated areas , designated by Congress or by Secretaries of the

Interior under the Historic Sites Act , may receive technical or finan cial assistance in accordance with the legislation or cooperative agree

ments defining their relationships with the Service . The areas are listed alphabetically below with the dates of their

The Nati nal Parks : designation . Brief descriptions of each appear in o

u 1 8 1978 American Memorial Park , Saipan ; Aug st , 25 1972 Benjamin Franklin National Memorial , Pennsylvania ; October , V Blackstone River alley National Heritage Corridor, Massachusetts 10 1986 and Rhode Island ; November , 3 1 952 Chicago Portage National Historic Site , Illinois ; January , 2 1 956 Chimney Rock National Historic Site , Nebraska ; August , 5 1980 David Berger National Memorial , Ohio ; March ,

Delaware and Lehigh Navigation Canal National Heritage Corridor, 1 8 1 988 Pennsylvania ; November , ’ Ebey s Landing National Historical Reserve , Washington ; November 1 1 0 , 978

u 20 1 975 Father Marq ette National Memorial , Michigan ; December , ’ Penns lva Gloria Dei (Old Swedes ) Church National Historic Site , y 1 7 1942 nia ; November , V 1 2 1 977 Green Springs Historic District , irginia ; December , 24 1 982 Historic Camden , South Carolina ; May , 3 1980 Ice Age National Scenic Trail , Wisconsin ; October , 1 3 1 964 Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin ; October , 10 1 978 Iditarod National Historic Trail , Alaska ; November , a rr l u Illinois and Michigan Canal National Herit ge Co idor, I linois ; Aug st

24 , 1 984

International Peace Garden , North Dakota and Manitoba ; October 2 1 4 5 , 9 9 V 1 8 1 940 Jamestown National Historic Site , irginia ; December ,

Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail , Illinois to Oregon ; Novem 10 1 978 ber , M cLeo d u u Mary Bethune Co ncil Ho se National Historic Site , Dis o 1 5 1 982 tri t of Columbia ; October , M cLo u hlin 27 194 1 g House National Historic Site , Oregon ; June ,

1 1 2

MO NTANA

NO RT

O R EGO N IDAHO

W$ O MING

CALIF.

NEVADA UTAH C O LO RADO

ad and 20-2 1 23 ana era 95 102 N umbers in italics refer to B l s NP , , C v l NS ,

h oto ra hs ma s or 48 , 90 Can onlands p g p , p , y NP a re- a n n a e Cod 72 80 89 illustra tio ns. B ltimo W shi gto C p NS , , ar a 53 55 60 a e Ha era Abraham Lincoln P kw y , , C p tt s NS ande er N M 23 34 4 1 59 Birthplace NB S B li , , r ee ara M ar n a a. S a e Kru en tern N 33 37 38 42 B to , Cl C C p s s , , , l a 17 22 ar n NHS 99 103 Acadi NP , , B to , att e r und N Cem 3 1 a e ut 73 82 55 B l g o C p Looko NS , en a n ran n NM em a to ee 47 59 da NHS 52 60 B j mi F kli C pi l R NP , A ms , f r ard 49-50 86 1 1 2 67 Adviso y Bo , , ’ en Old r NHS70 a u n o ano N M 1 7 106 B t s Fo t , C p li V lc Advisory Council on 80 Carl Sandburg Home er n and r d e N HS70 83 Historic Preservation 86 B i g L B i g , N Pres 98 103 ar ad a ern 22 Agate Fossil Beds NM 67 , C lsb C v s NP , M r See Mar et une a . 34 82 B h , y y n un i Ala nak d er 100 McLeod e u e ar er J 34 , 48 , 97 . g Wil Riv , B th Co c l C t , immy 104 House NHS See also Jimmy Carter end 46 48 NHS Alaska National Interest Big B NP , re NPres 90 ar er e r e Lands Conservation Act Big Cyp ss , C v , G o g - - 1 2 n ee G e r e 1 980 34 97 98 99 1 00 0 Washingto . S o g ( ) , , , H e 32 W a in n ar er NHS 104 Big ol NB , sh gto C v rn an n 8 1 a a rande NM 1 3 1 6 Alaska Native Claims Bigho C yo NRA C s G , , Settlement Act ( 1 971 ) 96 Big South Fork NR and 95 102 a de San M ar o r H ra e M . , Alb ight , o c RA C stillo c s - et NPres 90 NM 32 1 9 20 2 1 44 47 Big Thick , , , , , , 62 106 120 1 02 Castle Clinton NM , a ne 67 83 90 ato t n M unta n ar Alibates Flint $ uarries Bisc y NP , , , C c i o i P k

NM 82 104 55 , 58 h M 47 Allegheny Portage Black Canyon of t e Cedar Breaks N 58 n M 23 See Na na Railroad NHS70 8 1 Gunniso N Cemeteries . tio l l American M emorial Park Blackstone River Val ey Park Service : National 1 1 2 National Heritage Battlefields and Amistad NRA 82 Corridor 1 1 2 Cemeteries ue d e ar a a o u ture NHP 1 6 nder on l e N B S32 Bl Ri g P kw y Ch c C l , A s vi l , - 4 3 53 5 , 58 94 104 68 , 8 , R 105 ue tone N S 96 a e e N HP. See Andrew J ohnson NHS Bl s , Ch lm tt a n ton Jean a e NHP and 32 50 58 Booker T . W shi g L fitt , , N M 70 80 re n ru l . 87 , A d s , Ceci D P s Aniakchak NM and NPres Boston African American Chamizal NM em 4 1 01 103 NHS93 , 10 82 99 , , n NHP 9 1 102 104 anne and 47 n e a 2 9 30 3 1 Bosto , , ; Ch l Isl s NP A ti t m NB , , , and un er i 59 90 104 B k H ll , ,

M nu en 28 30 a an ar . 46 nt u t e 1 906 13 o m t , , A i$ i i s Act ( ) , Ch pm Osc L 14 48 Brices Cross Roads NBS Charles Pinckney N HS , - 42 1 05 o e and N L 73 74 3 1 , 38 , Ap stl Isl s ,

r e an n te a n erne E . 106 83 B yc C yo NP Cha l i , V a a an NST 75-76 4 1 Chattahoochee River App l chi , u and ee NM 48 95 1 02 83 B ck Isl R f , NRA , Appomattox Court House Chesapeake and Ohio u a 75 83 ana NHP 52 55 NHP 3 1 B lo NR , C l , , , ff ureau of u d r 59 70 r e 20 23 67 B O t oo , A ch s NP , , e reat n 65 66 88 a o r a e N HS Arkansas Post N M em 80 R c io , , Chic g Po t g r n n H u e The 1 1 2 A li gto o s ,

Lee M emorial a r o N M 27 36 , 38 , a au a and Robert E . C b ill Chick m g 28 33 39 42 42 Chattanooga NM P , , , 44 Assatea ue and 73 Cammerer rn . , 42 g Isl NS , , A o B a 1 6 95 82 47 1 20 Chickas w NRA , , Aztec Ruins NM 22 Canyon de Chelly NM 23 102 ; and Platt NP

1 22 n r d n H 1 1 2 u a reder . See r n a Chimney Rock N S Do gl ss , F ick Fo t U io T i g Post 2 ir ahua N M 4 1 42 Frederi k D u ass ome N HS70 , 8 Ch ic , c o gl H r an u er N HS 52 r an ed N HS70 80 NHS Fo t co v , Ch isti st , V - 60 n er ne N M . See rur e n . 44 45 Ci d Co D y , N wto B ,

La sen ani NP 46 1 20 r a n n ar 33 , s Volc c , Fo t W shi gto P k

a na 39 60 . See also G e r e City of Rocks N tio l , o g ’ e er e 9 1 105 Ebey s Landin g N HR es Was ington M emoria R s v , h l n n er a n 9 1 1 1 2 arkw a Civilia Co s v tio , P y Ed ar an Poe N HS 93 u e N M r 44 45 50 g A , Fossil B tt Co ps , , ll

ara ar n N HS 93 102 ran n en a n . See Cl B to , F kli , B j mi 102 Edison NHS 8 1 Benj amin Franklin NM em E fi M und N M 48 60 r der u a Ho e ar e r e o er . e Cl k , G o g R g s f gy o s , F ick Do gl ss m See G e r e R er ark E en er N HS 68 82 N B S 8 1 o g og s Cl is how , NHP Eleanor Roosevelt N B S Frederick Law Olmsted e e and r er 32 93 102 N HS93 1 04 Cl v l , G ov , , n a N HP 2 1 -22 23 E and 32 reder ur and Colo i l , , llis Isl F icksb g El M a a N M 9 1 1 02 t an a unt 53 lp is , Spo sylv i Co y r d N M 17 El M rr NM 1 4 1 6 att efi e d M e r a Colo a o o o , B l l s mo i l ’ n aree S a N M 9 1 Eu ene O N eill N HS93 N M P 3 1 38 42 Co g w mp , g , , 102 1 02 Friendship Hill N HS 103 on tu n arden 25 E er ade 46 58 C sti tio G s , v gl s NP ,

93 102 E er ardt ar ar ie d J a e . See , v h , G y G f l , m s A ar e NHS Coronado N M em 80 1 2 1 James A . G fi ld u ee Dam 56 60 a e the r Co l NRA , G t s of A ctic NP en 3 1 a er M ar ue te N M em and NPres 98 103 Cowp s NB , F th $ t , ra er a e 1 2 1 6 1 1 2 ate a 77 84 109 C t L k NP , G w y NRA , ra er the M n N M edera Hall NM em 48 au e er C t s of oo F l , G l y Riv NRA 22 50 59 n r l u r A , Ge e a A tho ities ct P re and 72 8 1 1 4 Cumberland Gap NH Fi Isl NS , ( 970) 6 59 r ant ed enera rant N M em 68 Flo iss Fossil B s G l G , u er and and NM 67 83 80 C mb l Isl NS , ’ rd ea re N HS36 r r r Fo s Th t , Geo ge Roge s Cla k Curecanti 8 1 N HP 27 -28 82 NRA , u er at e ie d NM 32 rt o e N HS70 e r e a n n C st B tl f l , Fo B wi G o g W shi gto 52 59 r ar ne N M em 6 1 rt a e N M 2 1 23 , Fo t C oli Bi hpl c , Cuyahoga Valley NRA Fort Clatsop NM em 80 George Washington r a NHS70 80 M e r a ar a 26 Fo t D vis , mo i l P kw y , rt ne on NM P 3 1 36 3 42 53 Fo Do ls , , 9 , , ea a e NM 23 48 eor e a n ton D th V ll y , G g W shi g e a are and e r reder a NM 58 ar er N M 52—53 60 D l w L high Fo t F ic C v , ana at na Her ta e rt J e er n N M ett ur N MP 30 3 1 C l N io l i g Fo ff so G ysb g , , rr d r 1 1 2 ort ara e N HS 52 59 Co i o F L mi , Delaware NSR 102 Fort Larned NHS Gila Cliff Dwellings NM Delaware Water Gap Fort M cHenry N M and 42 74 82 H t r r ne 32 -33 39 a er Ba and NRA , is o ic Sh i , , Gl ci y NP 42 e ara r ur E . 46 N Pres 22 98 1 03 D m y , A th , , , 48 1 20 rt M atan a N M 32 a er 1 2 1 7 , Fo z s , Gl ci NP , , ena and NPres 22 48 D li NP , 98 103 as M un rt e e 3 1 38 en an n , ; o t Fo N c ssity NB , Gl C yo NRA ’ McKinle NP 20 45 ort o nt NHS70 79 r a Dei Old ede y , F P i , , Glo i ( Sw s ) Desoto NM em 60 83 Church N HS 1 1 2 e Post ile N M rt u a N M 32 38 o den ate 77—78 D vils p Fo P l ski , , G l G NRA ,

- 42 e er NM 1 3 1 4 84 , 109 D vils Tow , rt a e NB S60 den e N HS70 82 1 6 Fo R l igh Gol Spik , rt t NHS70 80 rand an n en on u e E . 86 Fo Smi h , G C yo NP Dick s , R ss ll , r tan x N M - 4 88 1 2 1 Fo t S wi 22 , 23 , 33 3 , and , r u er N M 52 60 Mar e an n NM 48 n aur NM 17 45 48 Fo t S mt , b C o , Di os , , l y ort n n NM 68 80 - 74 F U io , 65 66 , 83

1 23 M 6 1 Hot r n 14-1 5 J ohnstown d NM em Grand Portage N Sp i gs NP , Floo ran eton 20 1 6 1 9 8 1 G d T NP , , - 1 Hovenwee N M 22 J o ua ree N M 47 48 , 60 , 6 p sh T H r n t 58 rant e . See u e ad G , Ulyss s S bb ll T i g Pos G enera G ran NMem NHS82 l t , Kin Can n NP Ka au a a HP 104 gs yo , l p p N NHS I ce A e N ST 1 1 2 Ka -H no au N HP e S. G ran Ulyss s t , g loko o koh - Ic A e at ona 94 103 Grant Kohrs Ranch NHS e g N i l , 70 83 en i e er e 1 1 2 Kat a and NPres 20 , Sci tif c R s v m i NP ,

e Har d . 44 54 22 98 103 Great Basin NP Ick s , ol L , , , 88 1 04 and e an d ar d NHT 1 1 2 Kena rd 99 103 , ; L hm I it o i Fjo s NP ,

n n M n Kenned J n . See Caves NM 34 Illi ois a d ichiga y , oh F

n M 23 Canal at ona Her ta e J n F. Kenned en er Great Sand Du es N N i l i g oh y C t , K enn NH Great Smoky M ountains Corridor 1 1 2 John F. edy S nde enden e N HP 50 Kenne a M unta n 2 1 I p c , s w o i NP , r 5 1 59 60 N BP Green Springs Histo ic , ,

nd ana une N L 73 82 K n M art n ut er J r. District 1 1 2 I i D s , i g , i L h , See Mar in u er K n reen e t ar 55 60 nternat ona ea e t L th i g , G b l P k , I i l P c NHS Guadalupe M ountains Garden 1 1 2 Jr. I J n 1 8 K n an on 1 2 1 6 66 82 se, oh i gs C y NP , , NP , e o a e 48 59 Guilford Courthouse Isl R y l NP , Kin M ounta n N MP 30 N M P 30 gs i , , u and 47 59 J a n ndre 35 68 42 G lf Isl s NS , ckso , A w ,

73 83 J a n H e NM 1 6 . See K ond e o d u , ckso ol l ik G l R sh also G rand Teton NP N HP 102 ar e d NHS Hagerman Fossil Beds J ames A . G fi l Knife River Indian Villages M 90 1 05 93 104 NH 4 102 N , , S9 , See J a e to n NHS 1 1 2 Ha ea a a 66 80 . K u a e 99 103 l k l NP , m s w ob k V ll y NP , also a aii an e J ean afitte NHP and K u addeu . H w Volc o s L osci szko , Th s re 4 1 103 and NP P s , ; See Thaddeus Kosciuszko a e e N 30 32 Hamilton Grange N M em Ch lm tt HP , NMem

J e er on o a . See 8 1 ff s , Th m s Ha t n N HS49 60 Jeffer n Na na a a ette See A adia mp o , so tio l L f y NP c Ex an n M e ria Har er err N HP 52 , NP p s F y , p sio mo l T a Je er n 60 a itte J ean . See Jean hom s ff so L f , Harry S Truman N HS Memorial Lafitte NHP and Pres 88 1 04 J e erson National a e e an 74 83 , ff L k Ch l NRA , H r B r Ex an n M e or a n art eo e . J . a e r a zog , G g , p sio m i l L k Cla k NP d 2 3 8 1 20 J e e a e NM 42 NPr 1 6 , 6 , 65 , 6 , w l C v es 99 , 03 Ha a an e 1 2 J arter N HS 88 a e M ead 55—56 w ii Volc o s NP , immy C , L k NRA ,

93 , 1 04 58

Her ert Hoo er NHS68 J n . o e e er J r. a e M ered t 8 1 b v oh D R ck f ll , , L k i h NRA H r 64-65 M e or a ar a 76 84 n n r e a te J . a d a d ate ick l , W l m i l P kw y , L W Historic Camden 1 1 2 J ohn Day Fossil Beds Conservation Fund Act H t r te Act 1 935 NM 90 1 02 is o ic Si s ( ) , - - 49 50 58 J n . Kenned enter ane ran n K. 1 8 1 9 , oh F y C L , F kli , Hohokam Pima NM 84 for the Performing Arts 1 06 H r 83 14 e an n . a en an om of F kli D L ss Volc ic NP ,

e e t N HS 50 52 60 J n . Kenned NHS 1 7 33 39 Roos v l , , oh F y , Ho e tead N M of 68 76-77 82 aure H and ra 96 m s , L l ighl s T il America 58 J ohn M uir N HS70 Lava Beds N M 22

J n n ndre . See r H r H r 24 o o . See G ea o e e ert . e an a e o v , b C , h s , A w L hm C v s t ndre J n n NHS 34 82 . See a ls o er er a in NP , H b t A w oh so B s

H r NH J o n on nd n . See r r 63 e S d . ta e oov h s , Ly o B Leopol , A S k H H e e urna e N B S nd n B . J n n N S e and ar NHT 1 12 op w ll F c Ly o oh so , L wis Cl k nd n a ne J n n ee 50 55 59 n n ra a . S , , Ly o B i s oh so Li col , Ab h m Horseshoe Bend N M P M emorial G rove on th e Abrah am Lincoln ’ 68 80 a r a e NHS F rd , Potom c Bi thpl c , o s

1 24

NH nna e N M S, T e d re R e e u and ar a 53 60 Pi cl s h o o oos v lt S itl P kw y , e S r n N M 22 ir a e NHS Pip p i g B thpl c , Sulphur Springs Pipestone N M 59 Theodore Roosevelt Reservation 1 6 ata a ar 70 8 1 Inau ura NHS T e d re un et rater ano Pisc w y P k , g l , h o o S s C Volc R e e and att . See i N Pl NP Ch ckasaw oos v lt Isl , M NRA Theodore Roosevelt NP nt e e 72 8 1 a e a t H r a a d . Poi R y s NS , Ross L k NRA T f , Willi m ow Poe Ed ar Allan See u e a e N M ee Wi ia . S war T , g R ss ll C v ll m Ho d aft Edgar Allan Po e NHS NHS a Her T a a re H NHS68 Potom c itage N S S g mo ill , Thaddeus Kosciuszko 76 1 04 8 1 N M m , e 70 , 84 t a ar 25 36 45 a uar N M 4 1 43 eo re e e t Po om c P k , , S g o Th do Roos v l o ert o nt NM 94 a nt r x and rt a e NHS P v y P i , S i C oi Isl Bi hpl c 105 International Historic Theodore Roosevelt Prince William Forest Site 60 Inaugural NHS ar 55 58 a nt r x 75 83 e d re e e P k , S i C oi NSR , Th o o Roos v lt ’ Pu uhonua Honaunau a nt- auden N HS and 28 37 43 68 o S i G s Isl , , , ’ N HP 80 Saint Paul s Church N HS Theodore Roosevelt NP Puukohola He au N HS 103 46 60 90 i , , 83 a e M ar e NHS49 a tone NHS 103 S l m itim , Thom s S 50 59 Tim ano os a e NM , p g C v a n r d e N M 17 a na ue M n 34 41 43 R i bow B i g S li s P blo issio s , , 74 N M 1 04 Timucuan Ecological and e rea on d r San nt ni M n H tor re er e 9 1 104 R c ti A viso y A o o issio s is ic P s v , oun 7 1 -72 73 N HP 103 nto N M 24 C cil , To , Red H atr H nr n r our na u N H e a d u ar . See ar e S ill P ick y S b g , C l C l T o Sy gog NM em 1 1 3 Sandburg Home NHS 1 1 3 ed d 66 83 San ran o M ar t e ra ear NHT 1 1 3 R woo NP , F cisc i im T il of T s n N BP 2 HP 77-7 1 ru n H rr ee d 5 58 N 8 05 a a . S Richmo , , T m , y S den ur J a M H Harr STru an NHS e . 89 San J uan N S60 Ri o , m s , y m 1 2 1 San J uan Island NHP 82 Tumacacori N HP Rio Grande WSR Santa Fe N HT 1 1 3 1 05 103 Santa M onica M ountains Tupelo NB 3 1 o ree ar 25 36 103 u e ee n itute N HS R ck C k P k , , NRA T sk g I st 43 arat a N HP 30 52 59 93 102 S og , , , Rock Creek and Potomac Saugus Iron Works NHS Tuzigoot NM 59 Parkway 53 D a - o e e er J o n . J r. ott u NM 22 d te art . 63 64 R ck f ll , h , Sc s Bl ff U ll , S w L 2 7 See a ls n 1 4 53 . o H J eat n red . 49 e . rant N S , oh S o , F A Ulyss s S G R e r r . e NP 1 2 93 105 e J . e uo a D ock f ll , , S $ i , , Memorial Parkway Sewall-Belmont House Upper Delaware Scenic e e r r H 1 1 and e reat na r e au an e . N S 3 e Rock f ll , L c S R c io l Riv enand a 2 1 22 75 96 103 Sh o h NP , , , , o M ounta n 17 24 45 48 55 Ari ona M r R cky i NP , , , USS z emo ial er l a N M em i o N M P 30 43 9 1 1 04 Rog Wi li ms Sh l h , , 70 82 t a NHP 17 , Si k oo e e t E n r n r HP ea . See ee ear un N L a le o e N R s v l , l o Sl pi g B D es V l y F g 9 1 Eleanor Roosevelt NHS 102 V n M n ee oo e e t r n n r n fi r r H a uren art . S R s v l , F a kli Sp i g eld A mo y N S B , i n 24 46-47 2 - 4 2 M ar n Van uren NHS e a 5 . See 93 9 10 D l o , , ti B also e Fran t tue f N M 27 Vanderbflt M an on N HS Hom of klin D . S a o Liberty si R e e NHS R e el 32 36 39 40 43 49 60 oos v lt , oos v t , , , , , Campobello International Steamtown NHS Vicksburg NMP Park 104 e na eteran e e t a n . See Roos v l C mpobello Sto e, Thomas Vi t m V s nternat ona ar 103 a S ne NHS M e or a 25 9 1 104 I i l P k Thom s to m i l , oo e e n r 3 1 38 r n and t eod re 1 3 . to e e R s v l , Th o S s Riv NB , , Vi gi Isl s NP See a lso Sa a re 43 o a eur 66 67 83 g mo Hill V y g s NP ,

1 26 ’ 10 1 1 1 2 he Na i n rinci a r M a e . See $ e te As t Walke , ggi L os mi NP , , , t o s p p l Wa er NHS 1 3 n er a i n a en the Ma ie L. gg lk , co s v t o g cy , H u e NM 22 ar en th e In e a er na d H . 1 2 1 $ u a e W lk , Ro l cc o s D p tm t of t a nut an n NM 34 $ u on- ar e er ri r has re n i i for W l C yo , k Ch l y Riv s o spo s bil ty NPres 99 104 o ur na i na , most of t o lly War in the Pacific NHP owned public lands and $ n 1 7 20 59 T in 102 na ura re ur e . i 9 1 io NP , , t l so c s h s - NHP 94 105 n n er . $ un o a s r n i e use Washi gto , Book T i Cib l , clud e foste i g w s

See Booker T . of our land and water Wa in n NM re ur e r e n our sh gto so c s , p ot cti g

a n t n e r e 25 . i and i d i e re er W shi g o , G o g f sh w l l f , p s v See also G eorge ing th e environmental and Washington Birthplace cultural values of our na NM G e r e Wa n n tional ark and r a , o g shi gto p s histo ic l Me ria ar a a e and r idin fo r mo l P kw y , pl c s , p ov g Washington Monument th e enjoyment of life Washington M onument through outdoor recrea 25 27 36 43 45 Th e ar en n . e , , , , tio D p tm t

a t J a e . 88 a e se our ener and W t , m s G ss s s gy e r ar NHS93 105 inera re ur e and W i F m , m l so c s

n a J . 87 r e r Whale , Willi m works to assu e that th i 88 1 2 1 de e en is in the e , v lopm t b st n- Whiskeytow Shasta interest of all o ur people . Trinity NRA 8 1 Th e Department also pro te H u e 25 e th e a the Whi o s , mot s go ls of te and NM 23 55 T Pr de in er a Whi S s , ake i Am ic Whitman M ission NHS c ampaign by encouraging 58 stewardship and citizen Wild and Scenic Rivers responsibility for th e pub Act 1 968 75 82 and r n i ( ) , lic l s p omoti g c ti Wilderness Act ( 1 964) zen participation in their 67 -68 8 1 The e ar en a are . , c D p tm t lso Wilderness Society 54-55 h as a major responsibility William Howard Taft fo r American Indian res N HS68 83 i n un ie and , ervat o comm it s

a er. See f e in Willi ms , Rog or people who liv Roger Williams NMem island territories under n dr 19 S. a n ra n . Wilso , Woo ow U. dmi ist tio ’ l n ree 68 Wi so s C k NB , 80 National Park Service f h Inter or U. S. art ent o t e Wind Cave NP Dep m i

nrad . Wirth , Co L

65 , 1 20 Wolf Trap Farm Park for the er r n rt 76 P fo mi g A s , 82 ’ Women s Rights NHP

93 , 104 - E as Wrangell St . li NP

and NPres 98 , 104 Wright Brothers NMem

Wupatki NM 22

$ e o tone 4-5 ll ws NP , - 10 1 1 1 6 , 20 $ orktown National Cemetery 3 1 fir GPO : 1 99 1 28 1 -952/20004

1 27