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Lomahasha Inkhundla in Lubombo Region, Swaziland

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Lomahasha Inkhundla in Lubombo Region, Swaziland University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment RESEARCH REPORT: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT FOR LOMAHASHA INKHUNDLA IN LUBOMBO REGION, SWAZILAND Bernard Jacques Ndisebuye A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Research Supervisor: Prof Adesola Ilemobade School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Johannesburg 2014 Lomahasha Inkhundla – Water Supply Assessment NOMENCLATURE / LIST OF ACRONYMS AADD Annual Average Daily Demand ADB African Development Bank Amsl Above Mean Sea Level CLGF Commonwealth Local Government Forum CSO Central Statistics Office CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DCP Dynamic Cone Penetration DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism DFID Department For International Development DWA Department of Water Affairs EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act HDPE High Density Polyethylene GWP Global Water Partnership I&APs Interested and Affected Parties JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency KDDP Komati Downstream Development Project KOBWA Komati Basin Water Authority MOAC Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives MoPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport NERCHA National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS NGO Non-Government Organisation i Lomahasha Inkhundla – Water Supply Assessment O&M Operation and Maintenance RDMU Restructuring and Diversification Management Unit RSSC Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation RWSB Rural Water Supply Branch SABS South African Bureau of Standards SANS South African National Standards SEA Swaziland Environment Authority SEC Swaziland Electricity Company SMP Site Management Plan SNL Swazi National Land SPTC Swaziland Postal and Telecommunications Corporation STI Sexual Transmitted Infection SWADE Swaziland Water and Agricultural Development Enterprise SWALIM Somalia Water and Land Information Management SWSC Swaziland Water Services Corporation TAC Technical Advisory Committee TOR Terms of Reference UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme uPVC Unplaticised Polyvinyl Chloride WTP Water Treatment Plant WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant ii Lomahasha Inkhundla – Water Supply Assessment LIST OF MEASURING UNITS ha Hectare kg kilogram km Kilometre kV Kilo Volt kW Kilo Watt l litre l/s Litres per second l/c/d Litres per capita per day l/d Litres per day m3 Cubic metre m3/s Cubic metres per second m3/d Cubic metres per day Mm3 Million cubic metres m3/a Cubic metres per annun m a.s.l Metres Above Sea Level E Emalangeni (Swaziland currency = SA Rand) iii Lomahasha Inkhundla – Water Supply Assessment LIST OF CONTENTS NOMENCLATURE / LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................. I LIST OF MEASURING UNITS ...................................................................................................... III LIST OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ IX DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. XI ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... XIV 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 Objective Statement ................................................................................................. 4 1.3.2 Methodology used to achieve the study objective .................................................. 4 1.4 LAYOUT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT .................................................................................. 6 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOMAHASHA INKHUNDLA .............................................. 7 2.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 DATA SOURCES .................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Population Data ........................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Meteorological data .................................................................................................. 8 2.2.3 Geological data ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.4 Maps and aerial photos ............................................................................................ 9 2.3 LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Administrative location ............................................................................................. 9 2.3.2 Physical location ..................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3 Socio-economic location ........................................................................................ 12 2.4 CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................ 14 2.4.1 Rainfall .................................................................................................................... 14 2.4.2 Temperature ........................................................................................................... 16 2.4.3 Evaporation ............................................................................................................. 17 2.4.4 Geology ................................................................................................................... 17 2.5 WATER RESOURCES ......................................................................................................... 19 2.5.1 Surface Water ......................................................................................................... 19 2.5.2 Groundwater ........................................................................................................... 23 3. WATER RECONCILIATION ................................................................................................. 25 3.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 25 3.2 DEMOGRAPHICS ............................................................................................................... 26 3.2.1 Determination of the Analysis Period .................................................................... 26 3.2.2 2007 Census Data ................................................................................................. 27 3.2.3 Population projections ............................................................................................ 28 3.3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN LOMAHASHA ......................................................... 30 3.3.1 Discussions with stakeholders ............................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Interviews at homestead level ............................................................................... 31 iv Lomahasha Inkhundla – Water Supply Assessment 3.3.3 Lomahasha Chiefdom ............................................................................................ 33 3.3.4 Ka-Shewula Chiefdom ........................................................................................... 44 3.4 WATER DEMAND FORECAST ............................................................................................. 48 3.4.1 Urban and peri-urban areas................................................................................... 48 3.4.2 Rural areas ............................................................................................................. 49 3.4.3 Estimation of the water demand ............................................................................ 51 3.5 TOTAL DEMAND FORECAST .............................................................................................. 56 3.6 PEAK FLOW ...................................................................................................................... 57 4. ASSESSEMENT OF WATER SOURCE OPTIONS ........................................................... 59 4.1 LISTING OF POSSIBLE WATER SOURCE OPTIONS ................................................................ 59
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