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MEMORIALIZING THE GDR MEMORIALIZING THE GDR Monuments and Memory after 1989 Anna Saunders berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com First published in 2018 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2018 Anna Saunders All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Saunders, Anna, 1967- author. Title: Memorializing the GDR : monuments and memory after 1989 / Anna Saunders. Description: New York : Berghahn Books, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017053208 (print) | LCCN 2018017101 (ebook) | ISBN 9781785336812 (ebook) | ISBN 9781785336805 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Germany (East)--History. | Memorials--Germany (East) | Memorialization--Political aspects--Germany (East) | Collective memory--Germany (East) | Germany--History--Unification, 1990--Influence. Classification: LCC DD282 (ebook) | LCC DD282 .S385 2018 (print) | DDC 943/.1087--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017053208 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78533-680-5 hardback ISBN 978-1-78533-681-2 ebook For David, Scott and Rowan Contents Contents List of Illustrations x Acknowledgements xii List of Abbreviations and Key Terms xiv Introduction 1 Memory Debates and the Built Environment since Unification 5 ‘Working Through’ the GDR Past 10 A Shifting Memorial Culture 15 Chapter 1. Memory, Monuments and Memorialization 25 Notions of, and Problems with, Collective Forms of Memory 27 Monuments, Memorials and ‘Memory Markers’ 36 Chapter 2. Socialist Icons: From Heroes to Villains? 55 The Role of Monuments in the GDR 57 Transition: October 1989 to October 1990 62 Eastern Berlin I: From Unification to Lenin’s Fall 65 Eastern Berlin II: From the Commission’s Recommendations to Thälmann’s Survival 72 Demolition Debates beyond Berlin: Chemnitz’s ‘Nischel’ 77 Modification: A Modern Makeover for Halle’s Flag Monument 85 Relocation: Finding a New Home for Leipzig’s Karl Marx Relief 91 Conclusion: The Ever-Present Narrative of 1989 95 viii • Contents Chapter 3. Soviet Special Camps: Reassessing a Repressed Past 110 Special Camps and Interrogation Centres 112 Commemoration without Monumentalization: Representing Silenced Memories at Buchenwald 117 Emotive Symbolism and Reconciliation at Fünfeichen 128 Breaking the Silence: Historical Revision in Greifswald 135 A Monument without Answers? HaftstättePrenzlauer Allee, Berlin 140 Conclusion: Revoking Silence 147 Chapter 4. 17 June 1953 Uprisings: Remembering a Failed Revolution 159 Conflicting Interpretations in Berlin: Katharina Karrenberg, Wolfgang Rüppel and Beyond 165 Remembering Hennigsdorf’s Steelworkers 174 Tank Tracks in Leipzig 178 Tank Tracks in Dresden 181 Conclusion: Diverse Remembrance 185 Chapter 5. The Berlin Wall: Historical Document, Tourist Magnet or Urban Eyesore? 194 The Early Post-Wende Years: From Commodification to Preservation 197 Übergänge: Remembering Border Crossings and Transitions 201 Bernauer Straße Wall Memorial (Part I): Peripheral Remembrance? 207 Victimhood and Visibility I: Remembering Child Victims in Treptow 214 Victimhood and Visibility II: White Crosses in Duplicate 218 Victimhood and Visibility III: The Freedom Memorial, Checkpoint Charlie 224 Towards Decentralized Remembrance: The Gesamtkonzept and Bernauer Straße (Part II) 231 Conclusion: Shifting Remembrance 236 Chapter 6. Remembering the ‘Peaceful Revolution’ and German Unity 251 Building National Memory? Berlin’s Freedom and Unity Monument 256 Remembering the Leipzig Demonstrations: The Nikolaikirchhof and Beyond 268 Contents • ix Schwerin’s Controversial Remembrance of the Round Table 277 Swords into Ploughshares: Dessau’s Peace Bell 281 Transforming the Fortunes of Magdeburg? The Development of a Citizens’ Monument 286 A Truly Democratic Project? Plauen’s Wende Monument 291 Conclusion: The Concrete Legacy of the Peaceful Revolution 296 Conclusion. Beyond the Palimpsest 314 What Remains? 315 Dominant Narratives 317 Dialogic Remembrance and Entangled Memories 322 Bibliography 329 Index 351 Illustrations 2.1 Lenin Monument (Nikolai Tomski, 1970) on the former Leninplatz, Berlin (destroyed 1991/92) 67 2.2 Thälmann Monument (Lev Kerbel, 1986), Greifswalder Straße, Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin 73 2.3 Karl Marx Monument (Lev Kerbel, 1971), Brückenstraße, Chemnitz 78 2.4 Flag Monument (original monument by Siegbert Fliegel, 1967 / redesigned by Steffen O. Rumpf, 2004), Hansering, Halle 90 2.5 Karl Marx Relief (Rolf Kurth, Klaus Schwabe and Frank Ruddigkeit, 1974), now located in the university campus on Jahnallee, Leipzig 91 3.1 Waldfriedhof (installed 1995/96), Buchenwald Memorial Site 125 3.2 Memorial ensemble at Fünfeichen, including the leaning cross (Uwe Grimm, 1993) and the bell (to the right) from Neubrandenburg’s Marienkirche 131 3.3 Commemorative stele in memory of Greifswald’s victims of Soviet special camps (Thomas Radeloff, 1997), between the station and Lange Straße (on the site of the former town walls), Greifswald 139 3.4 Denkzeichen on ‘Haus 3’ (Karla Sachse, 1997), Prenzlauer Allee, Berlin 143 4.1 Memorial to 17 June 1953 (Wolfgang Rüppel, 2000), also showing mural by Max Lingner (1953) on the wall of the Federal Ministry for Finance, Berlin 170 Illustrations • xi 4.2 ‘17 June 1958 – Autumn 1989’ (Heidi Wagner-Kerkhof, 1993), Platz des 17. Juni 1953, Hennigsdorf 176 4.3 17 June 1953 Memorial (Young Social Democrats Forum, 2003), Salzgäßchen, Leipzig 180 4.4 17 June 1953 Memorial (Heidemarie Dreßel, 2008), Postplatz, Dresden 182 5.1 ‘Stone, paper, scissors’ (Thorsten Goldberg, 1997), Oberbaumbrücke, Berlin (Übergänge competition) 203 5.2 ‘Illuminated box’ (Frank Thiel, 1998), former Checkpoint Charlie, Berlin (Übergänge competition) 205 5.3 Berlin Wall Memorial (Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff, 1998), Bernauer Straße, Berlin 210 5.4 Memorial to Treptow’s Wall victims (Jan Skuin and Rüdiger Roehl, 1999), Kiefholzstraße, Berlin-Treptow 217 5.5 White crosses (Cornelia Müller and Jan Wehberg, 2003), Spreeufer, Berlin 220 5.6 White crosses (in this location since 1995), Ebert-/ Scheidemannstraße, Berlin (showing wreaths laid on 13 August 2011) 221 5.7 Window of Commemoration (2010), Berlin Wall Memorial Site, Bernauer Straße, Berlin 234 6.1 St Nicholas Column in memory of the demonstrations of 9 October 1989 (Andreas Stötzner, 1999), Nikolaikirchhof, Leipzig 271 6.2 Round Table (Guillermo Steinbrüggen, 1990), Großer Moor/ Puschkinstraße, Schwerin 278 6.3 Peace Bell (frame designed by Dieter Bankert, 2002), Platz der Deutschen Einheit, Dessau 285 6.4 Citizens’ Monument (Norbert Zagel, 2003), west of cathe- dral entrance, Magdeburg 289 6.5 Wende Monument (Peter Luban, 2010), Melanchthonstraße (‘Tunnel’), Plauen 294 Acknowledgements I am indebted to numerous individuals and organizations, who have all made this book possible in so many different ways. Throughout the course of my research, I have corresponded with and visited archives, local government offices, memorial sites, diverse institutions, artists and memory activists. Time and again, I have been met with generosity, enthusiasm and patience concerning my requests for information, for which I am extremely grateful. I would like to thank all those who spent time providing me with personal insights, showing me sites of interest, and often allowing me to consult their private archives or collections: Lothar and Heidrun Brauer, Ekkehard Brunstein, Norbert Credé, Lothar Ehm, Rudolf Evers, Manfred Fischer, Falk-Thoralf Günther, Wolfgang Hocquél, Andreas Kahl, Martin Klähn, Rainer Klemke, Wolfgang Krause, Egon Kühlbach, Mathias Lindner, Peter Luban, Rita Lüdtke, Thomas Meyer, Max Renkl, Friedrich Riechel, Bodo Ritscher, Rüdiger Roehl, Wolfgang Sachs, Jan Skuin, Guillermo Steinbrüggen, Annette Tietz, Andreas Wagner, Heidi Wagner-Kerkhof, Barbara Wils, Christopher Zenker and Barbara Zibler. In particular, I would like to express my gratitude to Elfriede Müller, whose time and generosity in allowing me access to materials at Berlin’s Office for Art in the Public Sphere during the early stages of my research proved immensely help- ful, to Axel Klausmeier for many stimulating discussions and insights into developments in Berlin and at Bernauer Straße, and to Joachim Schwend for providing a stream of newspaper cuttings and taking me on an enlightening memorial day trip. My thanks also go to Alan Deighton and Stephanie Bostock, both of whom have allowed me to use their photographs. Many of my research trips were made possible Acknowledgements • xiii by funding from a British Academy Small Research Grant as well as an Early Career Fellowship from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, which above all enabled me to devote much-needed time to the project. Study leave granted by Bangor University also allowed me the time to finish the manuscript when it was most critical. I am especially grateful to those who read or commented on all or part of the manuscript at various stages and provided invaluable advice on how it might be improved: Debbie Pinfold, Bill Niven, Dennis Tate, Carol Tully, Andrew Barker and Andrew Hiscock. Colleagues past and present at Bangor University
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