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Finlandiya Türkologlari Ve Finlandiya'da Türkoloji

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Finlandiya Türkologlari Ve Finlandiya'da Türkoloji FĐNLAND ĐYA TÜRKOLOGLARI VE F ĐNLAND ĐYA’DA TÜRKOLOJ Đ ÇALI ŞMALARI B ĐBL ĐYOGRAFYASI Dr. Ba ğdagül MUSA * ÖZ: Finlandiya’da Türkoloji çalı şmalarının kökeninin, Finlilerin millet olarak geçmi şlerini ve köklerini ara ştırmalarına dayandı ğı malûmdur. Önce Đsveç’in, daha sonra da Rusya’nın hâkimiyeti altında bulunan Finlandiya halkı, millî varlıklarını korumaları için mücadele vermek zorundaydı. Millî kimliklerini ortaya koymaları için halkın geçmi şine ait bilgiye sahip olma arzusu Fin bilim adamlarını ta Sibirya’ya ve Mo ğolistan’a kadar götürür. Bu yerlerde ara ştırmalar yaparken Fin halkının gemi şini Türk boylarından, Türk lehçelerinden ayrı ele alamayacaklarını anlamakta geç kalmazlar. Fin halkının uzak geçmi şini ararken Türklerin de uzak geçmi şini ara ştırmı ş olmaları, Fin-Ugor ve Altay dillerinin akrabalık ili şkilerini tespit etmeleri ve böylece onların yakınlıklarını ilk olarak ispatlamaları açısından Fin bilim adamlarının ara ştırmaları, hem Türkolojide hem dünya dil biliminde büyük önem arz eder. Söz konusu makalede Finlandiya’daki Türkoloji çalı şmalarıyla ilgili genel bilgilerin yanı sıra Martti Räsänen’in etimoloji sözlü ğünün tanıtımına çalı şılmı ştır. Makalenin sonunda ayrıca Finlandiya’da yapılmı ş Türkoloji çalı şmalarının bibliyografyası de yer almaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkçe, Türk lehçeleri, Altayca, Türkoloji, Türkolog, eski Türk âbideleri Turcologists of Finland and A Bibliograpy of Turcology Studies In Finland ABSTRACT: It is well known that the origin of the Turcology Studies in Finland is based on the history and roots’ research of the Finns as a nation. Finns, who had been under domination of Sweden, then under domination of Russia, had to fight to protect their national assets. Desire of Finnish scientists to have knowledge of the history of Finnish people to formulate national identities, made them go to Siberia and Mongolia. * Ürdün Üni. Yabancı Diller Fak. Asya Dilleri Böl., [email protected] 222 TÜBAR-XXXII-/2012-Güz / Ba ğdagül MUSA While the scientists were doing researches they understood that they could not research the history of Finnish people separately from the Turkish tribes and their dialects. The researches of Finnish scientists are very important in both of Turcology and worldwide linguistics, since the Finnish scientists had researched the history of the Turks while they had been researching the history of Finnish people and determined the kinship relations of Finno-Ugric and Altaic languages and proved their closeness the first time. This article studies the promotion of Räsänen’s Etymology Dictionary as well as general information about the Turcological studies in Finland. Attached to the end of the article, a bibliography of Turcological studies in Finland can be found. Key Words : Turkish, Turkish dialects, Altaic languages, Turcology, Turcologist, the old Turkish monuments GĐRĐŞ 19. yüzyılın ba şlarına kadar altı asırdan fazla bir zaman Đsveç Krallı ğı’nın bir parçası olan, Napolyon Sava şları (1803-1815) sırasında, 1809 yılında da Rus Çarlı ğı tarafından ele geçirilen Finlandiya, ba ğımsızlı ğına ancak I. Dünya Sava şı’nın patlak vermesinden ve Rus Çarlı ğı’nın sonunu getiren Ekim Devrimi’nden sonra 6 Aralık 1917’de kavu şur. V.B. Muravyev’e göre, siyasi ba ğımsızlı ğına kavu şmasından sonra bile, Finlandiya’da Đsveç nüfuzunun hâkim oldu ğunu ve bu sebeple Fin aydınları kendi ana dili ve kültürlerini ihmal etmek pahasına daha geli şmi ş oldu ğunu ileri sürerek Đsveç kültürüne ba ğlı kalmı şlardır (Muravyev 1961). Đsmi sadece Türkiye’de de ğil dünya Türkolojisinde de tanınmı ş olan Hasan Eren, asırlar boyunca kom şu devletlerin hâkimiyeti altında kalan Finlandiya’nın bu ülkelerin kültürel ve siyasi baskısına kar şı sava ş açmak zorunda kaldı ğını, bu sava şın parolasını Arvidson’un “Đsveçli de ğiliz, Rus olmak istemiyoruz, Finli kalmak dile ğimizdir. ” sözleriyle açıklayarak Finlandiya’nın o zamanki konumu ve durumunu en güzel şekilde dile getirmi ştir. Hasan Eren ayrıca böyle bir baskı altında kalmı ş olan Finlilerin, ulusal yalnızlık duygusu içinde ya şadıklarını, bu duygudan kurtulmak için Finli bilim adamlarının, Fin halkının uzak geçmi şini ara ştırma ihtiyacını duyduklarını, tarihî belgelerin azlı ğı kar şısında ana dillerinin kaynaklarına ba şvurmaktan ba şka çıkar yol bulamadıklarını, dolayısıyla Finlandiya’da dil çalı şmalarına, özellikle kar şıla ştırmalı dil bilimi ve diyalektoloji alanındaki çalı şmalara öncelik tanındı ğını ilave etmektedir (Eren 1998: 60). I. F ĐNLAND ĐYALI TÜRKOLOGLAR VE F ĐNLAND ĐYA’DA TÜRKOLOJ Đ Hasan Eren’in sözlerinden de anla şılaca ğı gibi Finlilerin millet olarak geçmi şlerini ve köklerini ara ştırmaları, Finlandiya’da Türkoloji 223 TÜBAR-XXXII-/2012-Güz / ...Finlandiya’da Türkoloji Çalı şmaları çalı şmalarının ba şlamasına ve geli şmesine vesile olan çok önemli bir faktördür. Fin halkının uzak geçmi şine ait herhangi bir belge Finli bilim adamları için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Đş te bu sebeple Mo ğolistan’da ve Sibirya’da bulunmu ş olan eski Türk yazıtlarına ilgi duymu şlardır. Bu mezar ta şları ve yazılı eserlerde kendi kimliklerine ait bilgi ararken kar şılarına hep Türkler, Türkçe ile ilgili malzemeler çıkmı ştır. Dolayısıyla Finlandiya’da yapılmı ş olan dil alanındaki ilmî ara ştırmaların büyük bir kısmını Altay dilleri ve Türk lehçeleri ile ilgili çalı şmalar olu şturmaktadır. Bu çalı şmaların ba şında hiç şüphesiz Fin Arkeoloji Cemiyeti ile Fin-Ugor Cemiyetinin çalı şmaları gelmektedir. Mo ğolistan’a ve Sibirya’ya düzenledikleri seyahatlerle ve seyahat sonrası ortaya koydukları eserleriyle bu iki cemiyetin Türkolojinin geli şmesindeki katkısı paha biçilmez niteliktedir. Bunlardan Fin-Ugor Cemiyeti, Fin bilim adamı Otto Donner’ın teklifi üzerine 1883’te Helsinki’de Fin-Ugor dillerini ara ştırma amacıyla kurulmu ştur. Ancak daha sonra görülece ği gibi, cemiyet çalı şmaları arasında sadece Fin-Ugor dillerini de ğil, Türk lehçelerini ara ştırmaya da yer vermi ş, özellikle Altay dilleri konusunda sürekli incelemeler ortaya koymu ştur. Çünkü bu dernek, her ne kadar Altay dilini ara ştırıyorsa da hep Türk lehçeleriyle kar şı kar şıya kalmı ştır. Fin-Ugor Cemiyeti, bu amaçla 1890 yılında bir ba şka Fin bilim adamı Heikel’in ba şkanlı ğında Orhun Vadisi’ne ara ştırma heyeti gönderir. Bu seyahatin neticesi olarak 1891 yılında ne şredilmi ş olan Đnscriptions de l’Orkhon reccueillies par l’expedition Finnoise 1890 et publiees par la Societe Finno-Ougrienne atlasının Orhon Abideleri ile ilgili çalı şmaların hız kazanmasındaki ehemmiyeti büyüktür. Otto Donner, bu atlastan hareketle Yenisey Yazıtları sözlü ğünü hazırlamı ştır (1892). Cemiyet, yayımladı ğı ilmî Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen dergileriyle Türkolojiye büyük hizmetlerde bulunmu ştur. Finlandiya’da Türkoloji çalı şmaları deyince akla gelen önemli di ğer dernek ise hiç şüphesiz Fin Arkeoloji Cemiyetidir. A. Bican Ercilasun, Fin Arkeoloji Cemiyeti’nin 1887 ve 1888 yıllarında Fin arkeolo ğu Johan Aspelin’in ba şkanlı ğında Abakan ve Altay bölgelerine iki defa sefer düzenleyip, eski ve yeni ta şların kopyalarını aldı ğını, 32 ta şın kopyasını ihtiva eden eserin 1889 yılında Đnscriptions de l’Iénisséi (Yenisey Yazıtları) adıyla ne şredildi ğini zikretmektedir (Ercilasun 1995: 5). Necib Âsım’ın Orhon Abideleri kitabının mukaddemesinde anılan eserin adı “Yeniçay Mahkûkâtı” şeklinde geçmektedir (Balcı 2011: 151). Fransız Đhtilali’nden sonra milliyetçilik akımının hız kazanması ile Macarların, Finlilerin kendi millî-ırki geçmi şlerini ö ğrenmek arzu ve ihtiyacı, Türkolojinin geli şmesine, Türk tarihi, dili ve kültürü üzerine çok 224 TÜBAR-XXXII-/2012-Güz / Ba ğdagül MUSA mühim çalı şmalara imza atan Finli bilim adamlarının yeti şmesini sa ğlamı ştır. Finlandiya’daki filoloji ve Türkoloji çalı şmaları o kadar ilerler ki, Finlandiya’nın büyük devlet adamı Mare şal Karl Gustav Mannerheim dahi bu ara ştırmalara katılır. Danimarkalı Wilhelm Thomsen’ın Mo ğolistan’daki ve Sibirya’daki ara ştırmaları da Finliler tarafından yayımlanır. Finlandiya’daki ilmî ara ştırmalar, Türkolojiye Matthias Alexandr Castren, Axel Olai Heikel, Kai Donner, Heikki Paasonen, Gustaf John Ramstedt ve Martti Räsänen gibi isimleri kazandırır. Altay dilleri, özellikle Türkçe ile ilgili çok önemli ilmî eserler ortaya koymu ş olan bilim adamları, isimlerini sadece Finliyanda’da değil, dünyanın me şhur Türkologları arasında altın harflerle yazdırmı ştır.Bu ba ğlamda me şhur Finlandiyalı Türkologlar şu şekilde zikredilebilir: Matthias Alexandr Castren (1813-1853), Axel Olai Heikel (1851- 1924), Heikki Paasonen (1865-1919), Gustaf John Ramstedt (1873- 1950), Kai Donner (1888-1935), Martti Räsänen (1893-1976) ve devlet adamı Mare şal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867-1951). Bu listenin ba şında hiç şüphesiz Matthias Alexandr Castren gelmektedir. Babasını küçük ya şta kaybetti ği için amcasının himayesine geçen Catsren, Alexander Üniversitesini (günümüzdeki Helsinki Üniversitesi) kazandıktan sonra, önceleri hayatını Fin dilinin men şe itibarıyla ba ğları oldu ğu dü şünülen Yunancayı ve Đbraniceyi ö ğrenmeye adadıysa da, daha sonra ana diline olan sevgisi onu Fin dili ve folkloruyla ilgili ara ştırmalara yöneltir. Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884)’un Finlandiya’da milliyetçilik akımında oldu ğu gibi Fin edebiyatında da büyük etki yaratan ünlü “Kalevala Destanı”, Castren’in bakı ş açısını de ğiştirerek onun hayatını bundan sonra Fin halkının ve onunla akraba di ğer bütün toplulukların dilini, dinini, örf âdetlerini ara ştırmaya ve Fin halkının “insanlık soya ğacındaki yerini” tespit
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