Insetti Per Uso Alimentare Umano: Aspetti Nutrizionali E Igienico-Sanitari

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Insetti Per Uso Alimentare Umano: Aspetti Nutrizionali E Igienico-Sanitari Universitá degli studi di Padova Facoltá di Medicina Veterinaria Corso di Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico in Medicina Veterinaria Tesi di laurea INSETTI PER USO ALIMENTARE UMANO: ASPETTI NUTRIZIONALI E IGIENICO-SANITARI. Relatore: Ch.mo Prof. VA L E R I O G I A C C O N E Correlatore: Ch.mo Prof. M A U R I Z I O G . PA O L E T T I Laureando: S I M O N E B E L L U C O Anno accademico 2008-2009 Simone Belluco: INSETTI PER USO ALIMENTARE UMANO: ASPET- TI NUTRIZIONALI E IGIENICO-SANITARI., Corso di Laurea spe- cialistica a ciclo unico in Medicina Veterinaria, © Anno accademico 2008-2009 Because in the Amazon, by day we ate bugs; by night, they ate us. — Peter Menzel He was a bold man that first eat an oyster. — Jonathan Swift, 1738 ABSTRACT The need of new food sources in relation to the continuous increase in human population, especially in developing countries, bring us to consider insects as an alternative protein source. Entomophagy is not a novelty but it exists all along in human habits and is a popular practice among several populations. Classic livestock (especially beef) is not ecologically produced and represent an environmental hazard. Our study goal, matched with literature evaluation, had the purpose to answer the question about hazards and benefits of eating insects. This kind of food is not so different from other common animal products. Analysis on living insects demonstrate good microbiologic featu- res, considered the origins of the samples. In the samples we have analysed we never isolated Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and en- terotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The Total Viable Count and the charges of total and faecal coliforms were quite high in raw matter, but it should be considered that insects would be never con- sumed as raw food, but instead as pasteurised food. Tests made on products sold for human consumption proved their suitability from the hygienical point of view. On the other hand, from the nutritional point of view, studying the chemical composition of some important species of edible insects, we can confirm that they should be seen as a very precious source of noble proteins; at the same time, insects, despite their high content of fat, are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and poor of saturated fatty acids. The inconstant parameters, however, are linked to some variables like age, preparations, species... Insects use for human consumption is an interesting possibility to be considered and studied in relation to developing countries food programs and common diets implementation. v INDICE 1 introduzione1 i rassegna bibliografica3 2 storia dell’entomofagia5 2.1 Preistoria 5 2.2 Storia antica 7 2.3 Il medioevo 10 2.4 Storia moderna 10 3 il mondo degli insetti 15 3.1 Classificazione 15 3.2 Morfologia 15 3.2.1 Addome 17 3.3 Anatomia 17 3.3.1 Sistema muscolare 17 3.3.2 Apparato digerente 18 3.3.3 Apparato respiratorio 19 3.3.4 Apparato circolatorio 19 3.3.5 Sistema nervoso 20 3.3.6 Apparato escretore 20 3.3.7 Apparato secretore 21 3.3.8 Apparato riproduttore 21 3.4 Ciclo Biologico 22 3.4.1 Riproduzione 22 3.4.2 Sviluppo embrionale 23 3.4.3 Sviluppo post-embrionale; metamorfosi 23 3.4.4 Diapausa 25 4 il consumo di insetti ai giorni nostri 31 4.1 Africa 32 4.2 Sud America 34 4.3 America Centrale e Settentrionale 34 4.4 Oceania 35 4.5 Asia 36 4.6 Europa 38 5 aspetti nutrizionali 41 5.1 Energia 42 5.2 Proteine 42 5.3 Lipidi 46 5.4 Fibra 46 5.5 Microelementi 48 5.6 Variabili che influenzano il valore nutritivo 48 5.7 Proprietà nutraceutiche 49 6 entomofagia e sanità 53 6.1 Allergie 53 vii viii indice 6.2 Rischi microbiologici 55 6.3 Rischi parassitari 57 6.4 Tossicità 59 7 ecologia ed entomofagia 63 8 legislazione 67 ii parte sperimentale 71 9 cenni microbiologici 73 9.1 LAB 73 9.2 Enterobacteriaceae 74 9.2.1 Coliformi 75 9.2.2 Salmonella 75 9.3 Bacillus spp. 76 9.3.1 Bacillus cereus 76 9.3.2 Paenibacillus 77 9.4 Listeria 77 9.5 Altri batteri ricercati 78 10 materiali e metodi 79 10.1 Materiali 79 10.2 Metodi per esame microbiologico 80 10.2.1 Metodica per la determinazione del profilo mi- crobiologico quantitativo. 80 10.2.2 Colorazione di Gram 80 10.2.3 Prove biochimiche 81 10.2.4 Ricerca di Salmonella spp. 85 10.2.5 Ricerca di Listeria monocytogenes 85 10.2.6 Ricerca di Paenibacillus larvae 86 10.2.7 Ricerca di Burkholderia cenocepacia 86 10.3 Metodi di analisi nutrizionale 86 11 risultati 91 11.1 Risultati esame microbiologico 91 11.2 Risultati esame chimico 91 12 discussione 101 12.1 Profilo microbiologico 101 12.2 Composizione centesimale 103 13 conclusioni 107 bibliografia 109 ELENCODELLEFIGURE Figura 1 Bambino con Sago grubs 2 Figura 2 Bassorilievo Ninive 14 Figura 3 Scimpanzè e termiti 14 Figura 4 Anatomia: sistemi assili 18 Figura 5 Ciclo biologico di Bombyx Mori 30 Figura 6 Ciclo biologico di un Orthoptera 30 Figura 7 Ciclo biologico di un Coleoptera 30 Figura 8 Degustazione di insetti 40 Figura 9 Mealworm spaghetti 40 Figura 10 Spiedini di grillo 40 Figura 11 Distribuzione shock anafilattici 58 Figura 12 Alcuni campioni analizzati 88 Figura 13 Metodologia d’analisi 89 Figura 14 Contenuto energetico Bombyx mori 98 Figura 15 Contenuto proteico Bombyx mori 98 Figura 16 Contenuto lipidico Bombyx mori 98 Figura 17 Contenuto di carboidrati Bombyx mori 99 Figura 18 Composizione centesimale a confronto 99 Figura 19 Composizione centesimale crisalide Bombyx mo- ri 99 ELENCODELLETABELLE Tabella 1 Consumo di insetti nel mondo 32 Tabella 2 Nutrienti in specie reperibili in Italia 43 Tabella 3 Contenuto energetico nei diversi ordini 43 Tabella 4 Variabilità contenuto proteico 45 Tabella 5 Insetti e amino acid score 45 Tabella 6 Contenuto lipidico insetti 47 Tabella 7 Lipidi in specie reperibili in Italia 47 Tabella 8 Insetti e fibra 47 Tabella 9 Microelementi nei diversi ordini 50 Tabella 10 Composizione e alimentazione 50 Tabella 11 Composizione e stadio di sviluppo 51 Tabella 12 Composizione pupa Bombyx mori 51 Tabella 13 Composizione e metodo di cottura 51 Tabella 14 Shock anafilattici e insetti 58 Tabella 15 Flora microbica Alphitobius diaperinus 58 ix x Elenco delle tabelle Tabella 16 Proteine e lipidi in baco, feci e gelso 63 Tabella 17 Confronto tra ECI 64 Tabella 18 Classificazione insetti usati per analisi 82 Tabella 19 Provenienza dei campioni 82 Tabella 20 Campioni per analisi microbiologiche 83 Tabella 21 Campioni per analisi nutrizionali 84 Tabella 22 T 0 e tempo di incubazione terreni. 84 Tabella 23 Identificazione batteri su terreno 84 Tabella 24 Carica totale e Coliformi 92 Tabella 25 Carica totale e Coliformi in campioni tratta- ti 92 Tabella 26 Micrococcus spp. e Staphylococcus spp. campioni vivi 93 Tabella 27 Micrococcus spp. e Staphylococcus spp. in cam- pioni trattati 93 Tabella 28 Aeromonas spp. e Pseudomonas spp. in campioni vivi 94 Tabella 29 Aeromonas spp. e Pseudomonas spp. in campioni trattati 94 Tabella 30 Bacillus cereus spp. e Paenibacillus spp. in cam- pioni vivi 95 Tabella 31 Bacillus spp. e Paenibacillus spp. in campioni trattati 95 Tabella 32 Profilo nutrizionale 96 Tabella 33 Profilo nutrizionale crisalide 96 Tabella 34 Profilo degli acidi grassi della crisalide 97 Tabella 35 Confronto tra stadi di Bombyx mori 97 INTRODUZIONE 1 Il titolo: Insetti per uso alimentare umano lascia di certo interdetti. Pochi, soprattutto nel mondo occidentale e, oserei dire, soprattutto in Italia accettano di considerare questi come potenziale componente della loro dieta. Eppure le ragioni che porterebbero a farlo sono numerose. Innanzitutto stiamo parlando di un alimento presente in notevoli quantità, specialmente nelle aree povere del nostro pianeta. Recentemente la FAO ha stimato che il numero di persone denutrite, nel mondo, supera il miliardo di individui e questo rappresenta una conseguenza della crisi economica mondiale che, riducendo l’occupa- zione, ha privato molti delle risorse necessarie per l’accesso al cibo. La stessa FAO sostiene che l’aumento di 100 milioni nel numero delle persone che soffrono la fame possa minacciare la pace e la sicurezza mondiale e auspica interventi per favorire lo sviluppo locale dell’a- gricoltura, dimostrando forse una visione limitata delle risorse che il pianeta offre. Inoltre le dinamiche di crescita della popolazione mondiale studiate dalle UN (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Af- fairs, Population Division) evidenziano un incremento demografico enorme dagli attuali 6.5 miliardi ai 7,8 previsti per il 2050. Tutto l’incremento, inoltre, risulterà a carico delle nazioni meno sviluppate dove la maggior fertilità, la minor età di primo parto e una concezione differente della società portano a crescite notevoli, a differenza dei paesi industrializzati dove il numero resterà, escludendo l’apporto dell’immigrazione, pressochè invariato. Se Malthus sostiene che: “...per quella legge della nostra natura che fa dipendere la vita dal cibo, la popolazione non può moltiplicarsi più di quanto permetta il più limitato nutrimento capace di sostenerla, così s’incontra sempre un forte ostacolo al suo incremento nella difficoltà di nutrirsi”, é lecito domandarsi fino a che punto stiamo sfruttando le risorse che abbiamo a disposizione e quanto un rifiuto ideologico possa valere su questioni strettamente umanitarie. Un altro interessante settore dove misurare questa possibile fonte di cibo di origine animale é quello dell’impatto ambientale dell’alleva- mento, un problema di certo molto sentito. La FAO afferma, infatti, che la produzione zootecnica é la maggior minaccia che l’ambiente deve fronteggiare.
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