INDEX • • •
i
" , ~,
) , I INDEX
Abalone (Haliotis spp.), 124 Aldabra, 161, 166, 173-174 Abies magnifica, 33 Allee effects, 14, 123, 293 Aborigines, 159, 173 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator), Abutilon 471,473 Abutilon theophrastis, 481 Allocasuarina, 257 Acacia, 256, 259, 261, 265-266, 268, 291 Allozyme diversity, 86 A. anomala (Chittering Grass Wattle), 262 Allozymes, 346, 446 A. cyclops, 291 Alosa A. harpophylla (brigalow), 259 A. alosa (Allis shad), 205 A. koa (koa), 312 A. tal/ax rhodanensis, 206 A. saligna, 291 A. tal/ax (Twaite shad), 205 Ace Williams Mountain, 31 Alpine larkspur (Delphinium nelsonii), 355 Acer Alps, 479 A. platanoides, 289 Alsophis A. rubrum, 481 A. antillensis, 171 A. saccarum, 481 A. ater (Jamaica tree snake), 240 Acid rain, 280 A. sancticrucis (SI. Croix racer), 240 Acipenser Amaranthus, 481 A. dabryanus, 198 Amazon Basin, 192, 213 A. gueldenstaedti (Russian sturgeon), 206 Amazon River, 213 A. naccarii, 208 Ambystoma maculatum, 504 A. nudiventris, 198 Ameca, 201, 216 A. ruthenus (sterlet), 206 American Fisheries Society (AFS), 214 A. schrencki (Amur sturgeon), 211 American crocodiles, 293 A. sirensis (Chinese sturgeon), 211 American ginseng, 51 A. stellatus (stellate sturgeon), 206 American kestrel (Falco sparverius), 372 A. sturio, 198, 208 American Samoa, 177 beluga, 206 Ammotragus laevis, 326 Adamson's grunter (Hephaestus adamsoni), Amphicarpaea bracteata, 346 217 Amsinckia, 102-103 Adaptation, 346-348, 352, 355-356, 360, 452 A. grandiflora, 99-100 Adaptive management, 20-21, 120,421 Amur River, 211 Adaptive radiation, 318 Amyema miquelli, 266 Adenanthos, 265 Anatidae, 414 Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), 462 Anatolia, 209 Adriatic sea, 208 Anchored Microsatellites, 337 Adriatic River, 207-208 Anolis, 178 Agavaceae, 325, 329 A. carolinensis, 175 Age structure, 50 A. distichus, 175 Agenda 21,327 A. extremus, 178 Agonis, 266 A. grahami, 178 Agroecosystems, 429 A. leachi, 178 Agrostis tenuis, 346 A. roosevelti, 160 Air pollution, 394 A. sagrei, 165, 175 Akaike information criteria, 16 Antarctica, 115, 257,412 Alabama, 215 Antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), 347 Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis), 307, 313-314 Anthias salmopunctatus, 213 Albania, 207-208 Anthidium edwards;;, 369 Albany pitcher plant (Cephalotus [ollicularis), Anthoxanthum odoratum, 346, 354 264 Antigua, 166-167, 174 Alburnus Apalachicola rosemary, 94 A. albidus, 206 Apapane (Himatione sanguinea), 308, 310 INDEX 517
Aphanius, 201 Victoria, 257-258 A. fasciatus, 205 Western Australia, 255, 257-258, 261, 263- A. iberus, 206 265, 267, 269, 270 Apis mellifera, 230 Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus foresteri), Aplocheilidae, 213 212 Apocynaceae, 385 Australian Network for Plant Conservation, 88 Apomixis, 50 Autocorrelation, 51 Appalachian Mountains, 479 A vena fatua, 99 Aquaculture, 133, 220,416-417 Avian malaria, 306, 309-310, 314, 465 Arabis stricta, 92 Avian pox, 306, 310 Aral Sea, 198,204,217 A vicennia marina, 52 Araucaria A. cunningham;;, 52 Bachman's sparrow, 12 A. excelsa, 320 BACI, Before-After-Control-Impact, 244, 246 A. hunstein;;, 52 Bacillus thuringiensis, 239 Araucariaceae, 320 Background extinction rate, 179 Arboreal marsupials, 12 Bacuit Bay, 393 Arbutus, 325 Bagangan (Mandibularca resinus), 211 A. menzies;;, 31 Bagridae, 210 Archipelago Juan Fernandez, 318 Bahamas, 160 Arecaceae, 321, 325, 330 Baja California, 165, 167, 370 Argentina, 382, 395, 410, 414, 416, 418-419, Balanced lethals, 263 422, 467, 469 Balancing selection, 359 Argentinean National Park Service, 417 Balearic Islands, 161 Argyranthemum, 318, 323 Balitoridae, 199 Argyroxiphium Ballast water, 116, 134 A. sandwicense subsp. sandwicense, 334 Baltic Sea, 207 A. virescens, 325 Banana poka (Passiflora mollissima), 308, 312 Arisaema triphyllum, 28, 52, 55 Banded rails (Rallus phillippensis), 171 Aristelliger Banksia, 264, 265 A. titan (giant gecko), 160 B. cuneata, 50, 51, 262, 268, 269 Arizona, 288 B. goodii, 268 Arthrocnemum subterminale, 367, 370 B. seminuda ssp. remanens, 264 Artificial propagation, 121 B. tricuspis, 268 Ascension, 281, 320, 322 Barbados, 178 Ascension Island, 335 Barbary goat (Ammotragus laevis), 326, 336 Asian bonytongue (Scleropages formosus), Barbuda, 160, 166-167, 178 210,211 Barbus, 199, 208, 209 Asian clam (Potamocorbula amurensis), 132- B. erubescens (Twee River redfin), 209 134, 142 B. Jucini, 206 Asteraceae, 318, 323, 325, 330, 331, 334 B. plebejus plebejus, 206 Astiria rosea, 339 B. trevelyani (Treue River barb), 209 Astragalus osterhout;;, 89 Barley (Hordeum spp.), 99 Astrocaryum mexicanum, 52-53, 57-58 Barley (Hordeum vulgare), 354 Atherinidae, 216 Barro Colorado Island (BCI), 166-167 Atlantic bluefin tuna, 114 Bastard Gumwood (Commidendrum rotundifol• Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), 218 ium), 332, 334 Atlantic herring (Clupea harengeus), 218 Batrachoididae, 214 Atriplex, 264 Bay checkers pot butterfly (Euphydryas editha A. watson;;, 367 bayensis), 482 Augmentation, 83, 417 Bayesian estimation, 19, 20 Australia, 73, 76,111,159,164-166,174, Beaufort Sea, 137 212-213, 231, 239, 255-261, 263, 267, Beauvaria, 431 337,412 Belding's Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sand- New South Wales, 257-258 wichensis beldingi), 364 Northern Territory, 257 Belgium, 395 Queensland, 257 Belize, 214 South Australia, 258 Belontidae, 211 Tasmania, 257, 267 Beluga (Huso huso), 198 518 INDEX
Berberis darwinii, 288 Buffer zones, 375 Bering Sea, 137 Bycatch, 5, 197 Bermuda, 320 Betta, 211 Cabbage Tree, 330 Betula papyrifera, 481 Cabo Verde, 327 Betulaceae, 291 Caladenia, 264-266, 268 Beverton-Ho1t models, 128 C.flava, 266 Bidens, 318 California, 31, 33, 92-93, 122-123, 194,214- Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), 99 215, 345, 347, 350-351, 353, 357, 364, Big-bellied seahorse (Hippocampus abdomi- 376,451,467 nalis), 217 California Coastal Commission, 375 Biodiversity, 104, 111-112, 192,228,239, California Native Plant Society, 364 259-260, 262, 328, 335, 338, 345, California State Coastal Conservancy, 364 359-360, 364, 374, 382, 384-386, California least tern (Sterna antillarum 388-389,391,393-394,396,398,402, browni), 364 407,411,427,439,478,493,506,510 California melic (M elica californica), 353 global,229 California sea otter (Enhydra lutris), 293 marine, 113, 338 Calliandra calothrysus, 434 terrestrial, 338 Callionymidae, 217 Biodiversity prospecting, 403 Calocedrus decurrens, 31 Biological control, 229, 230-231, 239-240 Calochortus, 31-33, 35-46, 52, 54 Biological diversity, 104 C. albus, 31, 33-34, 36-37, 39,41,44,54 Biotic resistance, 280, 284-285 C. coxii, 31-34, 36-37, 39, 45 biotic resistence hypothesis, 285 C. howellii, 31-36, 38-39, 41 Bitungu (Ospatulus truncatus), 211 C. obispoensis, 31-34, 36-37,41-42,44, Black Sea, 198, 207-208, 217 54 Blackberry (Rubus spp.), 312 C. pulchellus, 33, 37, 92 Blackburnian warbler, 484 C. tiburonensis, 31, 33-34, 36-37, 40, 42, Boa constrictor, 174 44-45, 54 Bok Tower Gardens, 94 C. umpquaensis, 31-34, 36-37,41,45 Bolivia, 259 C. westonii, 33-34, 36, 38-39, 41, 43-45 Bolyeria, 163 Calothamnus, 265 B. multocarinata, 163 Cameroon, 209-210, 393 Bolyerinae, 163 CAMP, 333 Bombus Canada, 95, 214, 347, 397 B. californicus, 369 Canada thistle (Circium arvense), 96 B. crotchii, 369 Canary Islands, 160-161, 172 Bonytail chub (Gila elegans), 74 Cane toad, Bufo marinus, 240 Bootstrapping, 447-448, 457, 512 Canis Boraginaceae, 326, 333 C. latrans (coyotes), 358, 372 Botanic gardens, 80, 320, 326, 333-334 C. lupus (North American wolf), 358 Botanic Gardens Conservation International, 88 Canthigaster rapaensis, 217 Botany Bay, 256 Cape Verde Islands, 164 Bottleneck, 90 Capelin (Malotus villosus), 218 Bouteloa gracilis, 481 Captive breeding, 19,339,467,511 Brachylophus, 163 Captive population, 87 Brachymera lasus, 240 Captive propagation, 313-314 Brazil, 214, 393, 467 Caribbean Conservation Association, 337 Brazilian Amazon, 393 Caribs, 326 British Columbia, 31, 120 Carrying capacity, 13, 233 British Isles, 204 Casarea dussumieri, 163 British Virgin Islands, 327 Caseria, 164 Bromus tectorum, 481 Castilleja Broombush, 269 C. densijlora, 482 Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), 239 C. purpurascens, 482 Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), 172- Casuarina equesitifolia, 320 173,307,311 Casuarinaceae, 291, 320 Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), 75 Catastrophes, 38 Brownstripe grunt (Anisotremus moricandi), Catastrophic stochasticity, 11 213 Category size, 36 INDEX 519
Catharanthus roseus, 322 Climate change, 478-480, 482, 484, 486, 489, Catostomidae, 199,215 492,493 C. discobolus (bluehead sucker), 74 Cnemidophorus vanzoi, 171 C. lalipinnis (ftannelmouth sucker), 74 Coast Ranges, 31 C. platyrhynchus (mountain sucker), 74 Coastal Conservancy, 375 Cats (Felis catus), 163-164, 169, 172, 179, Cobitidae, 199,205 307 Codling moth, (Cydia pomonella), 237 Cattle grazing, 45 Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae), 190, 194, Cauqu~n (Chloephaga picla), 414 197 Cellular automata, 294 Coleomegilla fuscilabris, 370 Center for Plant CQnservation (CPC), 80, 83, Collared turtle dove (Streptopelia decaocto), 86-87,94,103-104 293 CPC Guidelines, 88 Colorado, 89, 229, 347 Hawaii Endangered Plant Task Force, 337 Colorado River, 73-75, 215-216 Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group, 337 Colorado River squawfish (Ptychocheilus luc- Center of Plant Conservation for Hawaii, ius),74 337,338 Columbia, 214 Cephalakompsus pachycheilus, 211 Columbia River Basin, 117, 199 Cephalotaceae, 264 Commercial rye (Secale cereale), 352 Cephalotus follicularis, 266 Commidendrum, 331 Cercocarpus spp" 323 C. robustum, 332 Cercophonius squama, 70 C. rotundifolium, 332, 334 Cereal leaf beetles (Oulema melanopus), 294 C. spurium, 332 Chaetodon obliquus, 213 Common Agricultural Policy, 402 Chaetophraclus villosus, 414 Common Amakihi (Hemignathus virens), 310 Char, 413 Comoros, 175, 197, 327 Characodon, 201, 216 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Chatham Island forget-me-not, 333 Compensation and Liability Act Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), 98, 99 (CERCLA), 127 Chelaner, 229 Conepatus Chelonia mydas, 321 C. chinga, 414 Chenopodiaceae, 264, 318 C. humboldtii, 414 Chenopodium spp., 318 Conolophus subcristatus, 164 Chesapeake Bay, 115, 133 Conostylis, 266 Chihuahuan Desert, 216 Conradina, 94, 103 Chile, 201, 214, 337, 410, 414, 417 Conradina China, 210, 211 C. glabra, 94 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyscha), Conservation Assessment Management Plan 117, 346 (CAMP),333 Choique, Pterocnemia pennala, 414 Conservation biology, 2, 112, 255, 282 Cholla (Opuntia imbricata), 293 Conservation genetics, 441, 456 Chondrostei, 198 Contingent valuation (CV), 389 Chondrosloma Convention on Biological Diversity, 338 C. nasus, 205 Convention on International Trade in Endan- C. scodrensis, 208 gered Species (CITES), 414 C. loxosloma, 205 Copetona (Eudromia elegans), 414 Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), 308 Cordgrass, 370, 376 Chukchi Sea, 137 Cordylanthus, 365-371, 374 Cichlasoma minckleyi, 216 C. maritimus ssp. maritimus, 366 Cichlidae, 194,201,209,215 C. maritimus ssp. palustris, 366 CiMabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae), 231, 240 Core habitat, 3 CiMamon fungus (Phytophlhora cinnamaml), Coregoninae, 199 259 Coregonus, 200 Cirsium C. alpenae (Iongjaw cisco), 200 C. vinaceum, 290 C. johannae (deepwater cisco), 200 C. vulgare, 43 C. lavaretus (powan), 205 CITES, 415 C. nigripinnis (blackfin cisco), 200 Clapper rails (Rallus longirostris), 366, 370, C. oxyrinchus (houting), 205 372, 374, 451 Corridors, 457 Clelia delia, 171 Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), 462 520 INDEX
Corvidae, 306 Darling Scarp, 264 Costa Rica, 393, 397, 400, 432 Darwinia, 265 Cottonwood (Populus sargentii), 73, 293 D. carnea, 267 Cottus bairdi (mottled sculpin), 74 Dasyatidae, 216 Cotula coronopifolia, 368 Davesia, 450 Covariance, 51 D. mimosoides, 450 Crassostrea gigas, 116 D. suaveolens, 450 Crataegus (hawthorn), 287 DDT,115 C. monogyna, 289 Death Valley National Monument, 292 Craterocephalus, 217 Debt-for-nature swaps, 403 Craveri's murrelet (Endomychura craveri), 469 Decision analysis, 19, 20 Critical habitat, 19 Decision table, 19 Croatia, 207-208 Decision trees, 19 Crotalus Deepwater jack (Pontinus nigropunctatus), 217 C. potterensis, 159 Deforestation, 386, 388, 428, 433, 478 C. virdis, 159 Degelia flabellata, 264 Cryopreservation, 333 Deleterious recessives, 50 Cryostorage, 270 Demographic rates, 30 Cryptoblepharus Demographic stochasticity, 3, 10-11, 13,49, C. boutonii, 167, 171 51-53, 55, 57-58, 89-90 Crytobagus salviniae, 486 Dengue, 489 CSIRO, 239 Density dependence, 13-15, 17,20,30,51 Cuatro Cienegas, 216 Density-independent, 13 Cuba, 217 Desert tortoises, 9, 12 "Cucamonga" Brome (Bromus arizonicus), 357 Desmognatus quadramaculatus, 447 Cucumber Mosaic virus, 332 Deterministic models, 11 Culex, 309 D ialictus, 369 Culicidae, 237 Dictyosperma, 325 Cupressaceae, 320 Diploglossus Cura~ao, 160 D. occiduus, 160 Cyanide fishing, 218 Dipsacus sylvestris, 52 Cyclocephala, 430 Directional selection, 355 Cyclodina Discount factor, 400 C. alani, 160 Discount rates, 400 C. macgregori, 160 Distichlis spicata, 367 C. northlandi, 159, 167 Disturbance regimes, 60 Cyclura, 160, 172 Dogs, 161, 164, 169, 171-172, 179 C. carinata, 171 Dombeya rodriguesiana, 334 C. collei, 240 Dominant latent root, 29 C. pinguis, 160 Don River, 198 Cynolebias, 213 Dorgogne River, 205 Cyperaceae, 265-266 Dormancy, 31 Cyperus, 265 Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), 346 Cyprinidae, 194, 198-199, 201, 205-209, 215 Dracaena draco, 325 Cypriniformes, 198 Drakaea, 268 Cyprinodon, 201, 216 Drepanidinae, 306 C. diabolis (Devil's Hole pupfish), 201 Dromicus Cyprinodontidae, 200, 201, 205, 215 D. cursor (Martinique racer), 240 Cyprinodontiformes, 200 D. ornatus (St. Lucia racer), 168, 240 Cyprinus Drosera, 266 C. carpio (common carp), 207 Dryandra, 264-265 Cyprus, 163 Dusky seaside sparrow (Ammodramus mariti• Cytisus scoparius, 294-300 mus nigrescens), 281 Cytisus spp., 300 Dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), 197 Czech Republic, 207 Dwarf pygmy goby (Pandaka pygmaea), 211
Damping ratio, 40 Danube huchen (Hucho hucho), 199, 207 Eagle Borax Spring, 292 Danube River, 198, 207-208 Easter Island butterfiyfish (Chaetodon litus), Daphnia, 10 214 INDEX 521
Eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii), Ethnobiology, 510-511 449 Ethnobotany, 510-511 Echium, 326 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus), 256, 265-266, 308 E. gentianoides, 336 E. brevistylis (Rate's Tingle), 261, 266 E. pininana, 326 E. c. ssp. magna, 262 E. simplex, 326 E. caesia, 257, 262, 268 E. wildpretii ssp. trichosiphon, 326 E. crucis, 262 Ecological Society of America, 220 E. diversicolor (karri), 258, 266 Economic development, 410 E. macrocarpa x pyriformis, 262 Economic failure, 393-394, 396, 398 E. petrensis (Rock Mallee), 261 Economic valuation, 382, 385-386 E. rameliana, 263 Economidichthys pygmaeus, 208 E. redunca, 266 Ecosystem management, 104, 220, 283, 510 E. regnans (mountain ash), 258 Ecotourism, 394, 399, 416, 510 E. rhodantha, 262, 268, 270 Ecuador, 393 E. suberea (Mount Lesueur Mallee), 261 Edge effects, 2, 66, 68, 72 E. wandoo, 266 Eel (Anguilla anguilla), 205 Eucalyptus forests, 16 Effective population size (N,), 441-443, 445- Eugongylus 446,449,452,455 E. annulatus sulphureus, 370 Eidothea zoexylocarya, 261 E. microlepus, 163 Eigenvalue, 29-30, 36, 41-42, 512 Euploea eleutho, 240 Eigenvector, 29 Europe, 71 Elaeagnaceae, 291 European green crab (Carcinus maenas), 133 Elasmobranchi, 197 European honey bee (Apis mellifera), 230 Elasticities, 30, 42-43 European mudminnow (Umbra krameri), 206 Elasticity analysis, 6, 11, 60 European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), 293 Elasticity values, 30 European sturgeon, 206 Eleotridae, 217 European Union, 402 Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis), 311 Evapotranspiration, 292 Elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), 413, 415 Evarra, 201, 216 Emoia Evita hyalinaria, 240 E. cyanura, 175-176 Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU), 119, 194 E. impar, 175-176 Ex situ conservation, 332-333, 339 E. nigra, 171 ex situ, 91, 339 E. trossula, 171 ex situ botanical conservation, 339 Empetrichthys, 201, 216 ex situ collections, 81-82, 88, 326 Encheloclarias, 211 ex situ facilities, 333, 339 Endangered species, 5, 21, 50, 82, 88,440, ex situ methods, 88, 104 444,448,467-468,473,511 ex situ propagation, 93, 334 Endangered Species Act (ESA), 4, 28, 74, 96, ex situ samples, 88, 104 117, 119, 124, 130, 194,214,240-241, ex situ storage, 93 366,451,511 Exotic species, 355 Endocrinology, 438, 461 Expected population size, 29 conservation endocrinology, 463 Exponential population growth, 13 field endocrinology, 462-463, 465 Externality tax, 399 stress endocrinology, 438 Extinction, 10,90-91, 157-158, 164-165, England,232 169, 202, 219, 314, 322, 339, 370, 385, English sparrow (Passer domesticus), 293 484,499,504 Enhancement, 123 animal extinctions, 398 Environmental economics, 384-385 "background" extinction rates, 167 Environmental pollutants, 438 extinction rates, 165, 167 Environmental stochasticity, 3, 11, 13, 30, 49, extinction risk, 165, 167 51-55,57-59,89-91,96, 102 extinction thresholds, 51 Environmental variability, 4, 10-11 mammalian extinctions, 168 Environmental variation, 12 reptilian extinctions, 158, 168, 173-174 Epacridaceae, 256, 259, 265, 267 Extinction probabilities (EP), 10, 20, 50-52, Ericaceae, 325 54-55, 59, 90 Eschscholzia californica (California poppy), 285 Extinction risks, 2-3, 6, 17,49-50,59,61,91 Ethics, 511 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), 110, 124-127, environmental ethics, 511 141 522 INDEX
Fabaceae, 259, 265-266, 320, 323, 336, 339 Ganges shark (Glyphis gangeticus), 197 Fagus grandifolia, 481 Garonne-Dordogne-Gironde River system, 198 Faunal relaxation, 165 Garonne River, 205 Felis Gaura brachycarpa, 481 F. concolor ssp. coryi (Florida panther), Gehyra 348,473 G. mutilata, 176-177 F. concolor ssp. stanleyana, 348 G. oceanica, 177 Fence lizards, 466 Gene banks, 330, 338 Fender's blue butterfly, 241-245 Gene flow, 349, 357, 358-359, 446, 448 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), 288 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Feral cats, 171, 335 (GATT), 397, 402 Feral donkeys', 321 Genetic bottlenecks, 49 Feral pigs, 308, 312, 336 Genetic contamination, 356-358, 360 Fertilizers, 392, 395, 401 Genetic Data Analysis (GDA), 455-456 Field gene banks, 332-334, 339 Genetic diversity, 134, 442, 89 Fiji, 157, 163, 170, 173-177 Genetic drift, 90-91, 99, 103, 333, 346, 355, Filariasis, 489 358, 442-443, 446, 453 Fire suppression, 45, 355, 463 Genetic provenance, 347 Firetree (Myrica Jaya), 308 Genetic stochasticity, 49, 90 Fisheries, 16 Genetic swamping, 358 Fitzgerald River National Park, 265 Genista benehoavensis, 336 Florida, 463, 471 Genista spp., 300 Florida Keys, 129 Geochelone, 160 Florida Keys bridge replacement, 129-131 G. wilsoni, 159 Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Geographic information systems (GIS), 438, (FKNMS), 137 497, 506 Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), Geographic positioning systems, 440 463,465,473 Geomyidae, 453 Forest fragments, 70, 75 Germplasm, 346-349, 354, 356, 358, 360 Forest patches, 2 Giant freshwater stingray (Himantura chao- Fragmentation, 2, 448, 452 phraya), 197,210 France, 205, 231, 285, 337 Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), 123 Frankenia grandifolia, 367 Giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas), 216 Frankia, 291 Giant skinks, 158 F-statistics, 441, 443-445, 447-448, 450, 455 Giant tortoises, 161, 169
FST, 441-449, 452, 455-457 Gila Fundulus G. cypha (humpback chub), 74 F. heteroclitus, 206 G. elegans (bony tail chub), 74 Furbish's lousewort (Pedicularis Jurbishiae), G. robusta (roundtail chub), 74 90,91 G/L/F triangle, 43, 44 Global climate change, 142, 376, 438-439 Galapagos Islands, 164, 171, 173-174,218 Global Environment Facility, 388, 403 Galaxias, 217 Glossogobius ankarensis, 210 G. brevipinnis (climbing galaxias), 213 Glucocorticoids, 462, 466-467 G. Jontanus (swan galaxias), 213 Glycine max, 481 G. Juscus (barred galaxias), 213 GnRH,461 G. johnstoni (clarence galaxias), 213 Goats, 161 G. maculatus (common galaxias), 212 Gobiidae, 194 G. pedderensis (pedder galaxias), 213 Golden perch (Macquaria ambigua), 212 Galaxidae, 200 Gonadotropins, 461 Gallardia pulchela, 481 Goodeidae, 200-201, 215 Gallotia, 161, 162, 174 Goodeniaceae, 266 G. crassicutata, 159 Gorse (Ulex europaeus), 312 G. galloti, 161 Gtiteborg Botanic Gardens, 337 G. goliath, 161, 174 Gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), 294 G. maxima, 161, 174 Grayling (Thymallus thymallus), 205 G. simonyi, 160-161 Great Barrier Reef, 258 G. stehlini, 161 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Gambusia 137 G. ajfinis, 205 Great Basin wildrye (Elymus cinereus), 99 INDEX 523
Great Dividing Range, 257 Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius), 313 Great Lakes, 134 Helmeted honeyeater, 16 Great Rift Lakes, 201-202 Hemidactylus Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 447 H.frenatus, 167, 176-178 Greater Antilles, 171, 175 H. garnotii, 176-177 Greece, 208 H. mabouia, 174 Green revolution, 401 H. mercatorius, 167 Greenhorn Mountain region, 33 H. turcicus, 174 Greenhouse gases, 478 Heterosis, 355 Grevillea, 265, 268 Heterozygosity (H), 442-443 Grizzly bears, 503 Hibiscadelphus Groundwater contamination, 401 H. gijfordianus, 325 Growth (G), 43 H. hualalaiensis, 325 Guam, 172-173, 175,217,240,307,311 Hibiscus, 325 Guanaco (Lama guanicoe), 414, 415 Hieracium lepidulum, 285 Guanches, 161 High yielding varieties (HYV s), 401 Guatemala, 31, 429 Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus), 293 Guava (Psidium spp), 308 Hippocampus Gulf butterfish (Peprilus burti), 114 H. bissulcus (Huemul), 414 Gulf of Guinea Islands, 320 H. capensis (Knysna seahorse), 210 Gulf of Mexico, 216 Hippopotamus, 318 Gumwood (Commidendrum robustum), 330 Hispaniola, 160 Guyana, 214 Honduras, 393 Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, 240 Honduras Export Development and Services Project, 429 Habitat degradation, 280, 349 Honey bees, 268 Habitat destruction, 4, 60 Hookworms, 489 Habitat fragmentation, 61, 66, 68, 75-76, 86, Hoplodactylus Ill, 115,229,233,268,356,453-454 H. delcourti, 159, 167 aquatic fragmentation, 70 H. duvaucelii, 160 forest fragmentation, 67-68 House finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), 293 marine habitat fragmentation, 115 Humpback chub (Gila cypha), 74 terrestrial fragmentation, 70 Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), 218 Habitat matrix, 70 Hybrid speciation, 262 Habitat patches, 66, 68, 70, 441, SOl, 503 Hybridization, 262, 281, 291, 332-333, 355, forest patches, 70 358 Habitat restoration, 121 Hydrocarbons, 115 Haddock, 114 Hydrologic cycles, 292 Haemodoraceae, 266 Hylemya seneciella (ragwort seedily), 231 Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, 311- Hymenoxys, 102, 103 312,314 H. acaulis var. glabra, 95 Hakea, 265 Hyophorbe amaricaulis, 334 Haleakala National Park, Hawaii, 309, 336 Hyperaspis pantherina, 330 Haliaspis spartina, 371 Hypolimnas Halodule wrightii (shoal grass), 129, 132 H. anomala, 240 Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, 309 H. bolina, 240 Haplochromine cichlids, 202 H. octoculata, 240 Haplotype diversity, 447-448 Hypomesus Hardyhead (Craterocephalus lacustris), 217 H. nipponensis (wakasagi), 200 Harvesting, 51 H. transpacificus (delta smelt), 200 Hawaii, 92, 157, 169-170, 173, 175-177, 292, Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 462 309-312, 314, 318, 325, 330, 333-334, Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, 337,465 461 Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Re• Hyrtl's tandan (Neosilurus hyrtli), 212 sources, 313 Hawaii Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating Iberian peninSUla, 205 Committee, 337 Ictaluridae, 215 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 309, 325 Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea), 308, 310-311 Hawaiian crow (Corvus hawaiiensis), 313 Illinois, 95, 96 Hawaiian goose (Branta sandvicenses), 307 In situ conservation, 332, 339, 510 524 INDEX
Inbreeding, 50, 90, 91, 263, 268, 333, 442 Juniperus bermudiana, 320 inbreeding coefficient, 91 Junonia coenia, 486 inbreeding depression, 49, 91, 99, 100 Index of Dissimilarity, 29, 39, 40 Kaluga (Huso dauricus), 211 Indian Ocean, 163, 169 Kama'o (Myadestes myadestinus), 307 Indian Ocean Commission, 337 Kaua'i Nuku-pu'u (Hemignathus lucidus), 307 Indicator species, 135 Keauhou Bird Conservation Center, 314 Indirect values, 387 Kendall Warm Springs dace, 74 Indonesia, 210, 218, 259 Kenya, 209, 401 Inga edulis, 434 Keystone species, 136 Inland silverside (M enidia beryllina), 200 Kimberley region, 257 Insecticides, 230, 237-239 Kincaid's lupine, 245 Intellectual property rights, 338 Kings Park, 269-270 Intercropping, 239 Kirtland's warbler, 484 Intermediate disturbance, 60 Koa, 312 International Institute for Biological Control, Kokia cookei (Malvaceae), 334 328 Komodo dragons, 159 International Institute for Environment and De• Konia, 210 velopment, 329 Kutubu tandan (Oloplotosus torobo), 217 International Union for the Conservation of Na• Kwongan, 258-259, 263, 265, 267, 270 ture and Natural Resources (IUCN), 192, 194, 197-198, 201-202, 205-207, Labrador, 218 209,211-214,217,233,415 Labridae, 217 Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Lacerta 333 L. siculimelitensis, 161 Red Data Book, 157,207 Lachanodes arborea, 330-332 Intertidal salt marsh, 366 Lake Apopka, 471, 472, 473 Intrinsic value, 407 Lake Barombi, 210 Introgression, 262, 325 Lake Bermin, 210 Invasion biology, 284 Lake Bratran, 210 Invasions, 134 Lake Ejagham, 210 Invasive species, 134, 281, 335 Lake El'gygtgyn, 200 Ionian Sea, 208 Lake Eyre, 213 Ips beetle (Ips paraconfusus), 93 Lake Kutubu, 217 Ireland, 205 Lake Kyoga, 202 Iridomyrmex, 229 Lake Lanao, 211 Ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia), 293 Lake Malawi, 202 Isla de Provivencia, 214 Lake Malili, 210 Island biogeography, 68 Lake Matano, 210 Islas Canarias, 281, 320, 322, 325-327, 336 Lake Mead, 72 Isotoma Lake Nabugabo, 202 I. petraea, 262 Lake Nicaragua, 202 Italy, 206, 231 Lake Ohrid, 200 Lake Ohrid trout (Acantholingua ohridana), 200 Jack pine, 484 Lake Poso, 210 Jack-in-the-pulpit, 28 Lake Pedder, 213 Jamaica, 160, 170, 174, 178,218 Lake Sasko, 208 Jamaican gaint galliwasp (Diploglossus occi- Lake Skadar, 208 duus),240 Lake Tanganyika, 202 Japan, 113,217,236,394 Lake Tawar, 210 Japanese Bush-Warbler (Cettia diphone), 311 Lake Titicaca, 201 Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus), Lake Toba, 210 308, 311 Lake Tota, 214 Juan Fernandez Archepelago, 334 Lake Towuti, 210 Juglans Lake Victoria, 111,202,209-210 J. hindsii, 358 Lakeside daisy, 95, 96 J. regia, 358 Lambda, 29-30, 34, 36-39,42, 50, 52, 55, Juncaginaceae, 266 58-60 INDEX 525
Lamiaceae, 323 Local market failure, 394 Lampetra Loggerhead sea turtles, 10 L. fiuviatilis (river lamprey), 205 Loiasis, 489 L. minima, 194 Longhom beetle (Alosterna tabacicolor), 229 Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes), 194, 197 Longleaf pine (Pinus elliottli), 94 Lampropholis, 176 Lonicera L. delicata, 174, 176 L. japonica, 288 Lana'i Apapane (Himatione sanguinea), 307 L. tartarica, 289 Land crabs, 173 Lord Howe Islands, 172-174 Land tenure, 393 Lotus, 323 Landscape ecology, 66, 438, 497, 510 Loxodonta africana (Mriean elephant), 233 Landscape models, 498-499, 506 Lupinus Lantana camara, 335 L. laxifiorus (spurred lupine), 241 Large-flowered fiddleneek, 99-100 L. sulphureus spp. Kincaidii (Kincaid's lu• Lasiorhinus pine),241 L. krefftii (northem hairy-nosed wombat), L. texensis, 481 448-449 Lysimachia minoricensis, 334 L. latifrons (southem hairy-nosed wombat). 448-449 M. arion, 232 Lates, 210 M. sabuleti, 232 Lavandula. 323 M. wrighfii, 172 Lechenaultia, 266 Mabuya, 164 Leiocephalus, 160, 165 M. mabuya, 171 L. eremitus, 160 M. wrightii, 172 L. herminieri, 160 Macrocystis, 413 Leiolopisma Macroscinus, 164 L. fallai, 160 M. coctei, 164 L. gracilocorpus, 159, 167 Macrotermes be/licosus, 229 L. lichenigerum, 172 Maculinea arion, 232 L. mauritiana, 163 Madagascan periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), L. telfairii, 163 385 Leiopelma, 160 Madagascar, 161, 166-167,209-210,216 L. hamiltoni, 160 Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), Leishmania, 489 415. 469-470, 473 L. donovani, 489 Maine, 72 Leishrpaniasis, 489 Maladaptation, 347 Lepidodactylus, 176 Malaria, 237, 489 L. lugubris, 167, 173, 176-177 Malawi,202 Lepidogalaxidae, 200 Malaysia, 210-211 Lepomis cyanellus, 206 Malheur wirelettuce, 97-99 Leporella fimbriata, 266 Mallee, 258, 259, 267 Lesser Antilles, 171, 178 Malpelo Island, 164 Lesueur National Park, 265 Malta, 161 Leucisans cephalus, 206 Malvaceae, 325 Leuciscus, 199 Malvinas Islands fox (Dusicyon australis), 415 Leucochrysum Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla), 308 L. albicans, 267 Management, 15, 17,20,45-46,59,61, 100, Leucopogon, 264, 265, 266 135,236,241, 247, 255. 263, 307, 336, Life history graph, 28 421 Life table, 28 active management, 269 Light-footed clapper rail (Rallus longirostris collection management, 103 levipes), 364-365, 370-371. 373, 376 environmental pest-management, 237 Likelihood ratio test, 16 ex situ management, 325, 332-333 Lilium occidentale, 82 forest management, 397 Limiting factors, 14, 45 genetic management, 102, 332 Linear models, 13-14 habitat management, 94, 335 Liophis ornatus, 171 integrated species management, 330 Lithocarpus densijiora, 32 invasive species management, 339 Lobeliaceae, 262 land management. 447, 497 526 INDEX
long-tenn management, 95, 352 Micropterus salmoides, 206 management interventions, 60 Microsatellite DNA, 446, 448 management options, 19, 82,452 Midway, 173 management plans, 102 Migration, 452 management programs, 441 Mil/otia tenuifolia, 266 management scale, III Mimosa pigra, 293 management strategies, 19, 21, 338 Mimosaceae, 265 management treatments, 60 Minimum viable population (MVP), 49-51, management units, 312,453 57-58, 90, 102, 120 pest management, 328, 429 Minisatellites, 446, 451 population-specific management, 46 Minorca, 334 resource management, 89, 328, 397,418, Mississippi River, 345 419,420 Mitigation, 60, 366, 371, 375, 451 species management, 317 habitat mitigation plans, 402 Maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), 467- mitigation requirements, 370 468 mitigation success, 376 Mangroves, 258 on-site mitigation, 375 Mara (Dolichotys patagona), 414 Mitochondrial DNA, 447 Marattia purparescens, 320 Modidae, 217 Marattiaceae, 320 Mogurnda,217 Mare Longue Reserve, 330 Mojave Desert, 466-467 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 120, 125 Molaka'i I'iwi (Vestiaria coccinea), 307 Marquesas, 173, 175-176 Molecular genetics, 438 Martinique, 160 Molecular population genetics, 440 Martinique giant ameiva (Ameiva major), 240 Monanthochloe littoralis, 367 Mascarenes, 157, 161, 172, 174,329,335,337 Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), 240 Maui, 309, 313 Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), 169- Maui Akepa (Loxops coccineus), 307 171, 174, 179,240,307,312,335 Maui Nuku-pu'u (Hemignathus lucidus), 307 Monitoring, 59, 95, 102, 121, 130, 333, 347, Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, 330 498, 502 Mauritius, 158, 163, 166-167, 174,327,330, demographic monitoring, 94-97, 102 333-336, 339, 398 monitoring programs, 59, 89, 102,502-503 Maximum sustainable yield, 15 post-mitigation monitoring, 131 Mediterranean, 71, 489 post-transplantation monitoring, 130 Mediterranean Basin, 205 presence/absence monitoring, 502 Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), 329 Monoculture crops, 335 Megalania, 159 Montenegro, 207, 208 Megupsilon, 201, 216 Mordacia, 194 Mekosuchus inexpectatus, 163 M. lapicida, 214 Melaleuca, 265 Monnyridae, 190 M. uncinata, 269 Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus), 306, 492 Melanesians, 175 Mozambique, 202 Melanotaeniidae, 217 Mt. Bartle Frere, 261 Melaphagidae, 306 Mt. Diablo, 31, 99 Melissodes, 369 Mt. Lesueur, 265 M. tepida timberlakei, 369 Murray cod (Maccullochella pee/ii), 212 Melodius Laughing-Thrush (Garrulax ca• Murray-Darling River System, 258 norus), 311 Muscicapidae, 306 Meta-analysis, 17, 21 Mutation, 444, 446, 451, 453 Metapopulation, 61, 90, 452, 499-501 Myaka sarotherodon, 210 metapopulation dynamics, 90 Mycorrhizae, 359 metapopulation structure, 102 Mycteroperca microlepis, 213 Metapopulation dynamics, 61, 68 Myosotidium hortensia, 333 Metapopulation models, 502 Myotragus,318 Mexico, 71, 177, 215, 259, 397 Myrica faya, 291 Michigan, 484 Myricaceae,291 Miconia calvescens, 308 Myrsinaceae, 291 Micropropagation, 333 Myrtaceae, 256, 265- 267 INDEX 527
Nactus sepensinsula, 163 Oloma'o (Myadestes lanaiensis), 307 Nassella pulchra, 349-351 Omao (Mydestes obscurus), 310 National Biological Service (NBS), 138,312- Onchocerciasis, 489 313 Oncorhynchus National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), O. clarki stomias (Greenback cutthroat 114 trout), 74 National Research Council, 4, 376 O. formosanus, 217 National Strategy for the Conservation of Aus- O. ishikawai (Satsukimasu salmon), 217 tralia's Biological Diversity, 259 O. kisutch (coho salmon), 215 Native Americans, 245 O. mykiss mykiss (steelhead trout), 206, 215 Natural catastrophes, 49, 91 O. tshawytscha (chinook salmon), 215 Natural resources, 382, 410 Taiwan, 217 Natural Resources Management Unit, 337 Ontario, 95 Nelson's checkermallow, 96, 97 Onthophagus gazella, 231 Neochanna, 217 Option values, 388-390, 404-405 Nesiota elliptica, 331-332, 334 Orange roughy (Hoplostesthus atlanticus), 114 Nesohedyotis arborea, 332 Orchidaceae, 265-266 Nest parasitism, 75 Oreochromis, 202 New Brunswick, 230 Orestrias, 201, 214 New Caledonia, 163, 166, 168, 170, 174,320 Organization for Economic Cooperation and New Guinea, 173 Development (OECD), 395 New South Wales, 259, 263 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, 337 New Zealand, 157, 159-160, 166, 168-169, Organochlorines, 471 172-174,213,216-217,285,288,293, Ornate paradisefish (Parosphromenus harveyi), 336-337, 395, 412 211 New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax), 329 Orthezia insignis, 330 Newfoundland,218 Osmeridae, 200 NGOs, 338-339,419 Osmeriformes, 200 Nile perch (Lates niloticus), Ill, 202 Osmerus eperlanus, 205 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 202 Outbreeding depression, 262, 355 Nitrogen fixation, 291 Overconsumption, 396 Nonindigenous species, 134 Overfishing, 139 Non-integrated trend analysis, 60 Oxylapia, 210 Non-use value, 388-390 Oysters (Crassostrea virginica), 116 Norfolk Islands, 172, 174 Ozone layer, 394, 398 North America, 71, 76 North American Free Trade Agreement Pacific cordgrass, 366 (NAFrA), 397 Pacific Northwest, 12, 497 Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), 311 Pacific Ocean, 113 Northern cod (Gadus morhua), 114 Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), 133 Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), 372 Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), 119, 194, Northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis), 5, 199 12, 233 Paddlefish, 198 North Sea, 207 Palila (Loxioides bailleui), 308, 314 Nothofagus, 412, 414 Pallimnarchus pollens, 159 Notropis, 201, 216 Panama, 115, 393 Null model, 504 Panama Canal, 167 Nuytsia floribunda, 266 Panax quinqefolium, 36 Pantanodon madagascariensis, 201, 210 O'ahu creeper (Paroreomyza maculata), 307 Papilio machaon, 234 O'ahu 'Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis), Papua New Guinea, 216 307 Paraguay, 467 O'ahu I'iwi (Vestiaria coccinea), 307 Parapholis incurva, 368 Oenothera Paraphoxinus, 199 O. laniculata, 481 Paretroplus, 210 Office of Technology Assessment, 133 Parnassius mnemosyne, 234 Olinda Endangered Species Propagation Facil• Parsimony, 16-17 ity, 313 Pascagoula River, 71 528 INDEX
Paschalococos disperta, 321 Pinus, 103, 308 Patagonia, 382, 410, 412-415, 417-419, 421 P. jeffreyi, 31, 32 Argentinean Patagonia, 412 P. lambertiana, 32 Patagonia pampa, 414 P. ponderosa, 33 Patagonian steppe, 410, 412 P. radiata, 289 Patch dynamics, 28, 260 P. sabiniana, 31 PCB,115 P. strobus, 481 Pear psyUa (Cacopsylla pyricola), 237 P. taeda, 481 Pearl River, 211 P. torreyana, 92-93 Pedicularis furbishiae, 43, 60, 90 Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), 214 Pegasidae, 217 Pittosporum terminalioides, 292 peladilla (Haplochiton), 417 Pladaroxylon leucadendron (Asteraceae), 332 Peludo, 414 Plantago, 481 Penguins, 413 P. erecta, 482 Pentaclethra macroloba, 52 P. lanceolata, 481 Percichthydae, 214 Plasmodium, 310,465-466 Percidae, 207, 215 P. mexicanum, 465 Perciformes, 201 P. relictum, 309 Perth,264 Plasticity, 347 Peru, 214, 467 phenotypic plasticity, 355 Pest control, 237 Plectrachne, 256 Pest management, 283 Pleurophascum occidentale, 264 Pesticides, 230, 237, 239, 392, 395,401,429- Plotosidae, 216 431,471 Podocarpaceae, 266 azinphosmethyl, 237 Podocarpus drouynianus, 266 DDT,471 Poecilia vetiprovidentiae, 214 dicofol, 471 Poeciliidae, 201, 215 diflubenzuron, 237, 239 Polish orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii), 229 fenitrothion, 230 Pollination, 229, 268, 270 organophosphate terbufos, 430 Pollinator limitation, 229, 369 trichlorfon, 230 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 310, 440 Petrobium arboreum, 332 Polynesians, 175 Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey), 205 Polyodon spatula, 198 Petromyzontidae, 214 Polypogon monspeliensis, 368 Phaseolus vulgaris, 432 Pomacentridae, 217 Pheidole, 229 Poo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma), 307, 314 Phelsuma, 171 Population and Habitat Viability Assessment P. edwardnewtonii, 163 (PHVA), 313, 339 P. gigas, 163 Population growth, 391-392, 399 P. guentheri, 163 Population growth rates, 30 Phillipines, 210, 211, 216, 218 Population viability (or vulnerability) analysis Phlebotomus argentipes, 489 (PVA), 2, 4-6, 9-13,16-17,20-21, Phlox drumondii, 481 90, 128,438 Phoenix canariensis, 325 Porongurup Range, 264 Phosphate mining, 320 Portugal, 205 Phoxinellus Possums (Didelphis virginianus), 372 P. egridiri, 209 Potamocorbula amurensis, 133 P. handlirschi, 209 Predator naYvete, 158 P. stimphalicus montenegrinus, 208 Priapella, 201, 216 Phrynosoma josecitensis, 159 Prince William Sound (PWS), 110, 124-126, Phylica polifolia, 332 141 Phyllodactylus Pristidae, 197, 216 P. guentheri, 172 Pristis microdon, 197, 210 Phylophaga, 430 Producer Subsidy Equivalent (PSE), 394 Physiculus helenaensis, 217 Programme of Action for the Sustainable De- Pigs, 161, 164 velopment of Small Island Developing Pike (Esox lucius), 205 States, 337 Pilbara region, 258 Property rights, 393 Pink (Dianthus deltoides), 229 Prosopis juliiflora, 320, 321, 322 INDEX 529
Prosopium williamsoni (mountain whitefish), Rare species, 4, 41, 45, 450 74 Rats, 161, 163-164, 169, 173, 179 Proteaceae, 256, 259, 261-262, 264-266 Rattus Prunus serotina, 481 New Zealand, 172 PSE, 394, 402 R. exulans (Polynesian rat), 160, 171-172, Psephurus gladius, 198 307 Pseudacris crucifer, 504 R. juscipes, 75 Pseudalopex R. leucopus, 75 P. culpaeus, 415 R. norwegicus (Norway rat), 172,307 P. griseus, 414-415 R. rattus (black rat), 171,307 P. gymnocercus, 414 Ravenala madagascariensis, 330 Pseudanthias regalis, 217 Razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), 74 Pseudobarbus, 199 Reaction-diffusion equations, 293 P seudoscaphirhynchus, 198 Reciprocal transplant studies, 356 P. fedtschenkoi (Asian Syr-Dar shove1nose), Recovery plan, 81, 99, 121, 135 198 sea otter recovery plan, 127 P. hermanni (small Amu-Dar shove1nose), Red ant (Myrmica sabuleti), 232 198 Red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus francis- P. kaufmanni (large Amu-Dar shove1nose), canus), 122-123 198 Red tides, 116 Pseudomugilidae, 217 Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), 311 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 31, 32, 33 Red-cockaded woodpecker, 484 Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado squawfish), 74 Red-eared turtles (Chrysemis nelsoni), 473 Ptychochromis, 210 Reforestation, 312 Ptychochromoides, 210 Regional Coordinating Unit for the Caribbean, Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri), 314 337 Puerto Rico, 160, 166, 169, 174 Rehabilitation, 335, 338 Puma (Puma concolor), 414 Reintroduction, 4, 28, 80, 82-83, 88-90, 92- Pumpkin fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), 329 93, 95-98, 100, 102-103, 326, 334- Pungitius hellenicus, 208 336,338,358-359,368,463,465 Puntius, 211 reintroduction sites, 102-103 Purple-needlegrass (Nassella pulchra), 349 reintroduction strategies, 102-103 Relaxation rate, 165 Quasiextinction, 6, 9, 92 Reproductive values, 29, 41, 46, 50 Quasiextinction contours, 9 Restionaceae, 256-257, 265-267 Quasiextinction curves, 6, 9 Restoration, 28, 129, 141,269,281,310,335- Quasiextinction probabilities, 6, 14 336, 338, 345-346, 348-349, 352-353, Quasiextinction rates, 92 355, 358-360, 364, 374-375, 451 Quasiextinction threshold, 6 ecological restoration, 281, 345 Queensland, 259, 261 forest restoration, 310 Quercus habitat restoration, 317, 330, 332, 335, 366 Q. agrifolia, 31 marine restoration, 131 Q. kelloggii, 33 restoration plantings, 346, 352 Q. vaccinifolia, 32 restoration site, 348 Quinettia urvillei, 266 soil restoration, 329 Quinkana fortirostrum, 159 wetland restoration, 131, 365, 377 Restriction fragment length polymorphisms Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidijlorus), 99 (RFLPs),446 Radio telemetry, 440 Retropinnidae, 200 Ragwort flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaeae), Reunion, 163, 166-167, 174,333 231 Revegetation, 269, 352, 354 Ragwort seedfly (Hylemya seneciella), 231 RFLP, 447 Rallidae, 365 Rhamnaceae, 331, 334 Ramosmania heterophylla, 322 Rhinichthys osculus (speckled dace), 74 Rana pipiens, 504 Rhizanthella Rapa Nui, 281, 318, 320-321, 334-336 R. gardneri (underground orchid), 269 RAPDs, 337 R. slateri, 269 Rare plants, 59, 80, 86, 91, 93, 101, 103,260, Rhizobium, 291 263 Rhizosomichthys totae, 214 530 INDEX
Rhynichthys osculus thermalis San Diego Bay. 282. 365, 369-370. 376 Ricker model, 17, 128 San Francisco Bay. 33, 132-134, 218 Ring Mountain, 33 San Jose Provincial Marine Park, 416 Ripgut (Bromus diandrus), 99 Santa Lucia Mountains. 32 Risk analysis, 4 Sapium sebiferum. 288-289 Risk assessment, 260, 269-270, 284 Sarcopterygii, 197 River Malabon, 211 SardiniUa Cuatro Cienegas (Lucania inter;. River Nagara, 217 oris). 216 River pipefish (Syngnathus watermayeri), 201 Savannah River. 355 River Rioni, 198 Scarabaeidae, 430 River Totsukawa, 217 Scelotes bojerii. 163. 171 Rodrigues, 174, 321-322, 330, 334 Schistosomiasis. 489 Rodrigues Island, 163 Sciaenidae, 216 Rosaceae, 323 Scirpus olneyi, 481 Rose clover (Trifolium hirtum), 356 Sc/eropages Round Island, 163 S. jardinii (southern saratoga). 212 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 320, 326, 329 S. leichhardti (northern saratoga), 212 Rubiaceae, 322 SclerophyU forests, 258 Rumex crispus, 368 SclerophyU shrublands, 258 Russia, 210, 211 Scorpaenidae.217 Russian-olive (Elaeganus angustifolia). 293 Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), 294 Rutilus Scotland. 236 R. aula, 206 Scrophulariaceae, 365 R. rubilio, 206 Sea level rise, 376 Ryncocephalia. 172 Sea lions (Otaria j/avescens). 413. 415 Sea of Cortez. 164, 168-169 S alleles, 95 Sea otters (Enhydra lutris). 124-128 Sacramento River winter-run chinook, 141 Sea turtles, 5 Safe sites, 14 Seagrass beds, 259 Saint Lucia muUet (Liza luciae), 210 Seagrasses. 128-130 Salamanderfish (Lepidogalaxias salaman- Sedimentation. 393 droides), 212 SEDS.329 Salangidae, 200 SEDS Response Committee, 328 Salicomia Seed banks, 333 S. subterminalis, 367 Seed zones, 349, 360 S. virginica, 367, 368 Self-incompatibility, 95 Salmo Seminaturai landscapes. 111, 510 S. marmoratus (marbled trout), 200, 208 Senecio, 325 S. obtusirostris zetensis, 208 Sensitivity analyses, 6, 14, 17, 20, 50, 52 S. salar (Atlantic saimpn), 205 SEPMs, 498-499,506 S. trulta (brown trout), 199,200,213 Serengeti wildebeest, 16-17 S. trurta trutta (sea trout), 205 Serpentinite, 31-32, 46 Salmonid enhancement program (SEP), 120 Sexton Mountain, 31 Salmonidae, 199,208 SeycheUes, 157, 161, 169, 172, 174-17!!, 337 Salmonids (Onchorynchus spp.), 111, 117 Shark Specialist Group (SSG), 197 Saimoninae, 199 Sheephead fish (Semicossyphus pulcher), 124 Salmothymus obtusirostris zetensis, 208 Short-eared owl (Asio j/ammeus), 307 Salt marsh bird's beak (Cordylanthus mariti• Sicily, 161 mus ssp. maritimus), 282 Sicyopus axillimentus, 211 Saltcedar, 292 Sidalcea, 102 Salvelinus S. nelsoniana, 96 S. salpinus (Arctic charr), 205 Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, 430 S. japonicus (Kirikuchi char), 217 Sierra Nevada, 31, 33 Salvethymus svetovidovi, 200 Siluriformes. 214 Salvinia molesta, 486 Silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus), 212 Samea multiplicalis, 486 Siskiyou Mountains, 32 Samoa, 173, 174, 176 Site selection, 129 San Andres Island, 214 Sium burchellii (Apiaceae), 332 INDEX 531
Skiffia, 201, 216 Spiny lobster (Panulirus interuptus), 124 Skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 372 Spiny pipehorse (Solegnathus spinosissimus), Slash-mulch agriculture, 432 217 SLOSS, 234-235 Spiranthes diluvialis, 229 Slovakia, 207 Spotted owls, 10, 16 Slovenia, 207, 208 Spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana), Small population paradigm, 4 230 Snail kite, 12 Sri Lanka, 210-212, 216 Snake River, 117, 135 St. Helena, 217, 320-323, 325, 327-332, 334- Snake River salmon, 121 336 Snake River Salmon Recovery Team, 119 St. Helena Nature Conservation Group, 329 Snout-nosed moth (Liphographis fenestrella), St. John's River, 90-91 369 Stabilizing selection, 353 Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), 113, Stable age distribution, 29 117 Stable size distributions, 39 Soil erosion, 355, 388, 431, 433 Stable stage distributions, 30, 39, 46 Solanaceae, 265, 322 Stage-classified population model, 10 Solanum, 264 Stage-projection matrix, 50 S. nava, 322 Stasis (or L), 41-43, 50 Solomons, 173, 174 Stegastes santipaulae, 214 Sonoran topminnow (Poeciliopsis occiden- Stephanomeria, 102, 103 talis), 451 S. exigua ssp. coronaria, 91, 98 Sooty shearwaters, 20 S. malheurensis, 83, 91, 97-100 Sooty tern, 321 Sterculiaceae, 325, 330, 339 Sophora toromiro, 332, 336-337 Sterna fusca, 321 Source-sink models, 503 Stirling Range, 264-265 South Africa, 201, 209-210, 213, 236 Stochastic models. 6. 51 South Pacific Biodiversity Conservation Pro• Stochastic population modeling. 49 gram, 337 Stochastic simulations, 11 Southern Australia, 16 Stochastic viability models, 49 Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis), Stomatepia.210 413,415 Streber (Zingel streber), 207 Southern sand perch (Pinguipes spp.), 416 Streblorrhiza speciosa. 339 Soviet Union, 71 Strelitziaceae. 330 Spain, 201, 205 Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. 123 Spartina Structured models. 5 S. anglica, 291 Stylidium. 262. 265-266 S. foliosa, 366 S. coroniforme (Wongan triggerplant), 262- Spatial models, 12, 13, 438 263. 267 Spatially explicit models, 12, 13, 438, 497, S. merrallii. 263 502, 504, 506 Stypodon, 201. 216 Spatially explicit population models (or Subfossils. 159, 161 SEPMs),497 Subpopulations, 12 Species diversity, 68, 285 Subsidies. 394-396, 399 Species extinction, 21 Sudan. 259 Species richness, 68, 70 Sulawesi. 210 Species Survival Commission, 338 Sumatra. 210 Invasive Species Specialist Group, 338 Sundasalangidae. 200 Island Plants Specialist Group, 338 Sustainability. 375 Re-introduction Specialist Group, 338 Sustainable agriculture. 382, 401 Sperchios River, 208 Sustainable development. 5. 382,427-428. Spermophilus beecheyi, 368 510 Sphenodon Sustainable Environment and Development S. diversum, 159 Strategy (SEDS). 326-327 S. guntheri, 159 Sustainable fisheries management, 394 S. punctatus, 159 Sustainable land use, 400. 415. 421 Spiculaea ciliata, 266 Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, Sp;n;iex hummock grasslands, 256, 258 365-366. 369, 371. 374 532 INDEX
Synaphea, 261, 264 Total economic value, 387 Synchytrium decipiens, 346 Totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldO, 216 Syngnathidae, 217 Tourism, 326-327, 335 Syngnathus Transition matrices, 2, 28-31, 33, 35, 37, S. watermayeri (freshwater river pipefish), 45-46 210 Transition rates, 35 Syringodium filiforme (manatee grass), 129, Transitional Rainfall Zone, 265 132 Translocation, 325, 335, 451-452 Transplantation, 141 Tabouriente National Park, 336 Trichogramma chilonis, 240 Tahiti, 170, 177-178 Trichomycterus, 214 Taiwan, 217 Trifolium, 448 Tallitridae, 70 T. repens, 346 Tamarix ramossissima (saltcedar), 292 Trinia glauca, 92 Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), 231 Triodia, 256 Tanzania, 202, 209 Triumjetta, 265 Tarentola, 164, 174 Trochetiopsis, 325, 329 T. borneensis, 164 T. erythroxylon, 325, 330, 332 T. capoverdianus, 164 T. melanoxylon, 325, 331 T. darwini, 164 Trout, 413 Tamdale bully (Gobiomorphus alpinus), 217 Trypanosomiasis, 489 Tasmania, 263, 449 Tsuga canadensis, 481 Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris), 290 Tuatara, 159-160, 172 Tectiphiala, 330 Turkey, 201, 209-210 T. ferox, 330 Turkey oak (Quercus laevis), 94 Temporal autocorrelation, 12 Turtle Exclusion Devices (TEDs), 5 Tenerife, 174 Typha Tennessee, 214 T. domingensis, 371 Terapontidae, 217 T. orientalis, 288 Tetradacylus eastwoodae, 158 Typhleotris, 210 Tetramolopium arenarium, 36 Typhlops Thailand, 210, 211, 259 T. braminus, 167 Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass), 129, 132 Tyria jacobaeae, 231 The Berry Botanic Garden, 99 The Nature Conservancy (TNC), 72, 94-95, Uganda, 209, 229 312,479 UK Dependent Territories Conservation Fo- The Peregrine Fund, 313-314 rum, 338 The Toromiro Management Group, 336 Ukraine, 210, 211 Theoretical priority area analysis, 405-406 Umbra, 207 Thomomys Unionidae, 76 T. bottae, 368 United Kingdom, 205, 327 T. mazama, 453 United Nations Conference on Environment Threatened species, 438, 440, 442, 449, 455 and Development, 327 Three Gorges Dam, 198 United Nations Environment Program, 337 Three Kings Islands, 160 Uruguay, 467 Tierra del Fuego, 414 Usta terpsichore, 229 Tijuana Estuary, 368-369, 373-374 Utah,229 Tijuana Estuary Management Authority, 374 Utilitarianism, 410-411 Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Re- serve, 374 Tilapia, 210 Vaccinium Tiliaceae, 265 V. angustifolium, 230 Tiliqua adelaidensis, 168 V. myrtilloides, 230 Time series data, 16, 20 V. occidentale, 32 Tisza River, 207 Vagrans egistina, 240 Tonga, 163, 173-174 Valencia, 201 Toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides), 414 V. hispanica, 206 Tor canis, 209 Vanuatu, 175, 177-178 Torrey pine, 93-94 Vaquita, 16 INDEX 533
Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) Wicken Fen, 234 markers, 450 Wild leek, 51 Variance/mean ratios (VIM), 2, 53-55 Wild radish (Raphanus sativus), 358 Venezuela, 214, 259 Wildlife Conservation Act, 261, 264 Verbenaceae, 335 Wildlife Conservation Society, 419 Vernal pools, 359 Wildlife products, 397 Veronica peregrina, 359 Willamette Valley, 96, 241, 243-245 Verticordia, 261, 266 Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis), 261 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) , 292 Wonambi naracoortensis, 159 Viability analyses, 9, 15, 19,20 World Conservation Union, 338 Viability models, 4 Victoria, Australia, 449 Xanthoparmelia Vimi del Mar Botanic Garden, 334 X. gerhardii, 264 Vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sp.), 329 X. nana, 264 Vistula River, 207 Xantus' rnurrelet (Synthliboramphus breviros- Vital rates, 45, 50 tris),469 Volga, 198 Xenobiotics, 471 Xiphophorus gordoni, 216 Wahlenbergia Xyrauchen texanus (razorback sucker), 74 W. larrainii, 334 Xyrichtys virens, 217 W. linifolia, 332 Xyridaceae, 266 Wales, 236 Warea amplexifolia, 88 Yangtze River, 198, 211 Washington, 194,285,294,453 Yellow fever, 489 Weatherfish (Misgurnus fossilis), 207 Yellow pope (Gymnocephalus schraetser), 207 Weed science, 283 Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), 230- West Indies, 167, 170-171 231 Western agriculture, 352 Yellow-crowned butterflyfish (Chaetodon f1a• Western Australia, 111 vocoronatus), 217 Western fence lizards (Sceloporus occiden- Yellowstone Park, 503 talis), 465, 467 Western lily (Lilium occidentale), 82 Zaire, 259 Western Samoa, 177 Zander (Stizostedion lucioperca), 209 Western spruce budworrn (Choristoneura occi• Zebra mussel, 134 dentalis), 240 Zeiraphera diniara, 232 Whiskered auklet (Aethia pygmaea), 469 Zingel (Zingel asper), 205 White-tailed kite (Elanus caeruleus), 372 Zona (Rheocles wrightae), 210