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Insects As a Viable Source of Proteins- a Review

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Insects As a Viable Source of Proteins- a Review Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20190 DoI No.: 10.5958/0974-8172.2021.00017.1 INSECTS AS A VIABLE SOURCE OF PROTEINS- A REVIEW THIRULOGASUNDHAR BALAKAMATCHI* AND PRIYA SETHURAMAN Department of Food Processing Technology, AMET deemed to be University, Kanathur, Chennai 603112 *Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT This review focuses on how the world population of the future needs more readily accessible and economic proteins- derived from insect meat. It addresses how man can broaden his scope of food sources. Insects can contribute to the demand for cheap and accessible proteins. The review also brings into its ambit the basic entomology of edible insects, the nutritional value of insect proteins, protein derivation methods, and industrial applications along with the rearing of insects. This article serves as a comparative review of conventional meat versus edible insects as sources of proteins and why insect meat has an advantageous edge. Apart from all these, the review article also brings into light a few disadvantages of consuming insect proteins such as the nutritional drawbacks. For the purpose of scientific research and analysis, this review would be neglecting the disgust factor associated with insects among the general population that adhere to conventional protein sources and or plant-based proteins. Key words: Edible insects, protein, nutritional value, insect farming, sustainable food, entomophagy, entomological feed, futuristic food, insect nutrition, insect livestock The world is constantly changing and so is the way currently facing a food shortage can benefit from an we live. But one thing has remained a constant from entomological diet (Lupton and Turner, 2018). This is time immemorial- our protein requirement. And for a broad review looking at aspects from the nutritional this protein requirement human beings have been long value of different edible insect species to their dependent on livestock. And with our current day animal incorporation in the livestock industry as an animal feed. husbandry and farming methods we are unable to feed our current day population, let alone be able to feed Edible insects our future population. According to the UN’s report, The most widely consumed edible insect species the world population is estimated to rise to 9.8 billion which have been commercialized are: crickets by 2050 (DESA, 2019), we need alternative sources of (Gryllidae), honeybee (Apis), domesticated silkworm proteins in order to satisfy a hungry population’s protein (Bombycidae), a few caterpillar varieties (Saturniidae), needs. And this alternative source of protein would be and the grubs of a few weevils (Curculionoidea) native derived from insects. The rearing of insect meat does not to the African continent and the larval stage of the only take up lesser space but produces more biological darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) commonly referred to protein output relative to the amount of feed it consumes as meal worms. A few of the insects such as the African as well. On top of the substantially high protein levels, palm weevil, mopane caterpillar and the yellow meal they also are rich in other nutrients. Insects consume worm are eaten in their larval stages on accounts of relatively lesser amounts of resources and space to their plentiful fat reserve which is known to have a grow and can be easily cultivated in a laboratory or at good taste. The entomoculture of meal worm has been home. These dietary proteins once mass manufactured promoted to an industrial scale in many regions on the can exponentially increase protein availability rates for basis of the grub’s persistence and ability to persist the population- this would lead to a sharp decline in even in harsh conditions. Even when fed only dry and the malnutrition and protein deficiency diseases rates. low in nutritional qualities feed, they can gain a lot of weight in the form of fat and proteins (Ramos-Elorduy This review focuses on the nutritional upsides of and Pino Moreno, 2002). In the case of orthopterans incorporating an entomological diet. It also primarily like cricket, typically only adults are consumed. Their focuses on how insect proteins can suffice the future harvesting is effortless when swarmed. It is worth populations where an acute food shortage is imminent. noting that these are pests of agricultural crops in a lot This review also focuses on how populations that are of countries- wreaking havoc to plants. Due to this they 2 Indian Journal of Entomology 83(2021) Online published Ref. No. e20190 are in many cases vulnerable to harmful insecticides and here is determined by the ability of the biomass to be rise the concerns of them not being safe to eat as they recycled. The larval stages of midges and houseflies might contain pesticides. Also, such organisms are also serve the purpose of live fishing bait and aquatic feed key players in the bio-magnification of toxins. (Awoniyi et al., 2004). The pet food for common amphibian house pets consists of meal worms. The Bombyx mori or the silkworm has been reared by man for a long time - more prominent in Asian countries. Food additives: Insects are a great source of food The natural protein fibre- silk is the fundamental reason additives too. Carmine which is a common natural behind sericulture. Silk was the basis of establishment of colorant that has been used from centuries ago, is the early trades between Asia (China) and the countries obtained from Dactylopius coccus (Van Huis et al., belonging to the Mediterranean region. Silkworm 2013). It yields a dye that is bright red which can rearing plays a major role in the textiles and garments be used for clothes, cosmetics and also food. The economy even today. However, it is worth noting that demand for natural dyes has seen a sharp increase in silk is not the primary product from B. mori- they are the recent times. The lac dye is a water-soluble poly also eaten as food in their larval stages. Apart from hydroxy-anthraquinone pigment which is bright red, it China, they are served as delicacies in Asian countries is commonly sourced from the Kerria lacca- commonly such as Thailand, Vietnam and Japan, the possibility known as the lac insect. The dye can also be used as could extend to other countries in the future as well. a dye fixative for a transitional array of colors. The The (European) honey bee Apis mellifera is one of the spectrum of possible colours range from red, brown to few insects that is fit to be eaten at nearly all stages. even violet. The initial purpose of this lac dye was in Honey bees play a major role in pollination and besides the textile industry but now it is even used in beverage food, they are reared for this purpose all around the industries as well (Raman, 2014; Srivastava et al., worlds. Bee brood extracts are a luxury nourishment in 2013). These dyes find their most common functions Asia (You and Chen, 1999). Some people consume the now in the coatings of fruits and candies (Siddiqui). hive of the honey bee as delicacies high in nutritional Pharmaceuticals: Apart from being consumed value and also as a natural food sweetener (O’dea, just to alleviate hunger of for their nutritional values, 1991). Undoubtedly, honey is a widely used sweetener insects have a vital role in the medical line as well. relished all over the world. But there have been other Their extracts are used in the form of medicines and contesting trends coming up as well now in the field healthcare products. Black soldier flies (Hermetica of entomic sugars. The current trend involves a new illucens) home the industrial enzymes required for the crystalized honey dew structure by the name lerp and production of bio-diesel (Nguyen et al., 2018). The is becoming increasingly famous. Lerp is the secreted exoskeleton of adult insects are primarily composed of by the larvae of psyllids. Apart from being primarily a compound called chitin. Chitin has found to improve composed of monosaccharides and other carbohydrates the immunity in a large number of organisms (Mack which are insoluble in water, lerp is rich in minerals such et al., 2015; Van Dyken and Locksley, 2018). More as phosphorous and potassium (Ernst and Sekhwela, than 3000 antibacterial products have their sources in 1987). Since lerp can be only collected from crops and insects. Antimicrobial peptides are becoming popular plant damaged by psyllids, the rate at which they can be day by day with the advent of numerous researches. produced is restricted and heavily depended on nature Invertebrates are known to produces around 170 (Van Huis et al., 2013; Yen, 2002). defensins out of which the majority can be sources from Economic prospects insects (Józefiak et al., 2016). Livestock feed: Insects that are consumable also The common house fly Musca domestica are great serve as feed for livestock and aquaculture. Poultry sources of AMPs. Lac resin (cited above) has a wide that is insect-fed is more nutritional than grain-fed ones variety of uses in various industries. Besides coating (Hwangbo et al., 2009) Using entomic feed is common food, it is widely used in insulating substances, print in areas where vegetable feed is not economic (Józefiak and adhesion industries (Wang et al., 2016). And et al., 2016) (Veldkamp and Bosch, 2015; Krishnan et besides, it is of great importance to the medicinal al., 2011). The expenses are too much for livestock drugs manufactory with the possibility of production industries to manage with feed that are grain or legume- of anti-obesity and hepatoprotective drugs (Manzoor based. Entomic feed, however, can provide enough et al, 2013). White wax secretions of Ericerus pela nutrition at low expenses.
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