Pflanzengallen Und Gallenkunde – Plant Galls and Cecidology

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Pflanzengallen Und Gallenkunde – Plant Galls and Cecidology © Autonome Provinz Bozen, Abteilung Forstwirtschaft, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at forest observer vol. 5 2010 207 - 328 Pflanzengallen und Gallenkunde – Plant Galls and Cecidology Klaus Hellrigl Abstract: Plant Galls and Cecidology The present paper on Plant Galls and Cecidology in South Tyrol constitutes the supplementary General Part to the Special Part on the indigenous gall-wasps and their galls, published last year (HELLRI G L 2008). Whereas the special part dealt mainly with the biodiversity, variety of forms of gall-wasps galls and their faunistic distribution in our region, the present general part concentrates on basic questions, such as the induction and formation of galls, host-plant association, survey and quantification of the various indigenous gall inducers. Questions on the development of the single gall inducers, and the circumstances of alternation of generations and hosts, are also discussed. The Author further explains the historical development and economical significance of cecidology as well as the mutual relations between the main actors, especially between the 17 th and 19 th Centuries. This General Part treats not only the gall-wasps and their galls (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae), but also other galls caused by animals (Nematodes & Arthropods). This basic procedure is also maintained with regard to the historical record of plant galls in Tyrol, with a numeric survey in the last section. The record for South Tyrol reveals a quantity of some 700 plant galls induced by animals (Zoocecidia – Cecidozoa). Of these, the following have been recorded so far: gall-mites (115), gall-midges (280), gall-wasps (50 -70), Sawflies (20), Homoptera Sternorrhyncha (105), beetles (60), butterflies (10), others (25-40). The paper is divided into 10 chapter: 1 Introduction, 2 Definition of the term “plant galls”, 3 Gall inducers and host plants, 4 Alternation of generations and hosts in gall-forming processes, 5 Morphology of gall wasps and Cynipid-gall development, 6 Historical and economic significance of galls, 7 Trading of galls during the 19 /20 th Century, 8 The development of cecidology and their main actors between the 17 th and 19 th Centuries, 9 Historical records of plant-galls in Tyrol, 10 Gall records 2009 /10. This final chapter constitutes the faunistic supplement to the study of galls 2008, with the results of the newest records of 2009 /10. A new recorded inquiline gall-wasp for the Region is Synergus ruficornis Htg., a new record for Trentino is Cynips quercusfolii. Key words: Plant galls, Cecidology, Cynipidae, gall-wasps, taxonomy, fauna, South-Tyrol Illustrations: 21 plates with 115 figures; Bibliography: 170 references 207 © Autonome Provinz Bozen, Abteilung Forstwirtschaft, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 1 Einleitung Dieser „allgemeine Teil“ über „Pflanzengallen und Cecidologie oder Gallenkunde her. Galläpfel als Gallenkunde“ sollte ursprünglich zusammen mit Medikamente waren schon bei Griechen, Römern, dem speziellen Teil der „Faunistik der Gallwespen Byzantinern und Arabern bekannt und in Mittel- von Südtirol-Trentino“ (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) europa auch seit dem Mittelalter (vgl. ALBERTUS (HELLRI G L 2008: 245 pp.) publiziert werden. Doch MA G NUS : 1193-1280) (BÖHNER 1933). überschritt die Gesamtarbeit den vorgegebenen Die ersten wissenschaftlichen Beschreibungen des Umfang sowie den finanziellen Rahmen, so dass Phänomens der Gallbildung an Pflanzen gehen dieser „allgemeine Teil“ erst im laufenden Jahr zurück auf die griechischen Naturkundler Hippo- 2010 erscheinen kann, wenngleich das Manuskript krates von Kos (460 - 370 v. Chr.) und Theophrast größtenteil bereits 2008 fertig vorlag. von Eressus (371-286 v. Chr.) sowie später bei den Während im speziellen Teil, vor allem die Biodio- Römern auf Plinius (23 -79 n. Chr.). Diese hielten versität und Formenvielfalt der Gallwespen-Gallen die beobachteten Wucherungen aber mehr für spe- und ihre faunistische Verbreitung in unserer Regi- zielle Früchte der Pflanzen und empfahlen die “nut- on im Vordergrund stand, geht es im vorliegenden galls” (κηκίς) als adstringentes Mittel, erkannten allgemeinen Teil mehr um grundsätzliche Fragen, aber nicht den Zusammenhang zwischen Insekten wie Gallenbildung, Wirtsspektren, Überblick und und Gallbildung. Früher betrachtete man alle Gallen Artenvielfalt der diversen tierischen Gallenerreger, als eine Art „Nuss-Frucht“ der jeweiligen Pflanze. geschichtliche Erfassung der Pflanzengallen in Ti- Diese Begriffe haben sich in einigen Sprachen bis rol (Zoocecidien und Cecidozoen), geschichtliche in die Neuzeit erhalten, wie etwa die späteren engli- Entwicklung der Gallenkunde, sowie Darlegung schen und französischen Bezeichnungen “gall-nuts, der bestehenden Wechselbeziehungen ihrer Haupt- nut-galls” bzw. “noix de Galle” oder im Italieni- akteure, besonders im 17. -19. Jahrhundert. Weiters schen “Noci di galle”; auch die Bezeichnungen werden Fragen angesprochen zur Entwicklung „Oak apples“ - „Galläpfel“ gehören hierher. der einzelnen Gallenbildner sowie Umstände zum Bei Eichengallen aus dem vorderen Orient war aber Generations- und Wirtswechsel. Als Anhang folgt schon bei den Babyloniern [Mesopotamien, Irak] abschließend noch ein faunistischer Nachtrag zur unterschieden worden zwischen „Nuß des Wur- Gallenstudie 2008. Einleitend wollen wir aber zu- mes“ [grüne Galle mit Larve] und „Nuß der Fliege“ nächst mit begrifflichen Definitionen beginnen. [Galle mit fertigem Fluginsekt = „Fliege“] bzw. bei „Pflanzengallen“ oder „Cecidien“ sind Ano- verlassen Gallen mit Ausflugloch der Gallwespe: malien im Pflanzenwachstum, die durch fremde „Droge der entflohenen Fliege“ (ÖF ELE & BÖHNER Organismen verursacht werden („gall – cecidium“: 1933; SCHI M ITSCHE K 1944). Diese Unterscheidung An abnormal growth of a plant tissue or organ war bereits damals ein wichtiges Qualitätsmerkmal elicited by a foreign organism). Die Wissenschaft im Handel der Gallen, wo später noch weitere Farb- über Pflanzengallen wird auch als Gallenkunde oder unterscheidungen als Qualitätsmerkmale hinzuka- Cecidologie bezeichnet. Die Gallenkunde und spe- men (vgl. Kap. 7). Ein bestehender Zusammenhang ziell die Kenntnis über Eichengallen ist sehr alt zwischen Gallenbildung und der gleichzeitigen An- und von großer kulturhistorischer wie auch wirt- wesenheit von Insekten war somit bereits damals im schaftlicher Bedeutung: Handel und Verarbeitung Altertum zumindest im Ansatz erkannt worden. der Gallen (vgl. Kap. 6 -7). Die eigentliche wissenschaftliche Gallenkunde „Pflanzengallen“ waren bereits im Altertum als begründet aber erst Marcello MAL P I G HI (1628-1694), kugelförmige Auswüchse an Eichen („Galläpfel“) ein Arzt aus Bologna und Begründer der bekannt und wurden schon im Lateinischen mit dem mikroskopischen Anatomie (vgl. Kap. 8). In seinem Namen „Galla“ bezeichnet. Hingegen verwendeten zweibändigen Werk „Anatomes plantarum idea“ die alten Griechen dafür das Wort „Kekís“ (κηκίς), (London, 1687) werden unter dem Kapitel „De Gallis“ was das „Hervorquellende“ bedeutet. Von diesem [Tom 2: 112 -132] erstmals mehrere verschiedene Wort „Cecis – Galle“ leitet sich die Bezeichnung Gallformen und Details gründlich untersucht, von- 208 © Autonome Provinz Bozen, Abteilung Forstwirtschaft, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at einander abgegrenzt, kurz lateinisch beschrieben und Definitionen lieferte. Eine häufig zitierte neuere abgebildet: “Morbosis frequenter suberescentibus Definition von Pflanzengallen oder Cecidien ist jene tumoribus, quos Gallarum nominibus exponemus.” von KÜSTER (1953: Forschung und Fortschritt), der Von den auf XII Bildtafeln dargestellten 72 Figuren formulierte: „Gallen sind alle Produkte abnormen MAL P I G HI ‘s, lassen sich heute rd. 45 verschiedene Wachstums, die an irgendwelchen Pflanzen unter Gallenformen unterscheiden, der Großteil davon Einwirkung tierischer oder pflanzlicher Parasiten Gallwespen betreffend (Tab. 1). Im Mittelpunkt entstehen und den Nährboden für diese abgeben“. dieser Abhandlung steht die Erkenntnis, dass jede Heute kennt man Tausende solcher unterschiedli- Gallbildung durch Insekten oder Parasiten ausgelöst cher Wuchsanomalien bei Pflanzen. Ihre Verursa- wird: “Gallae sunt morbosi plantarum tumores.” cher- und Wirtsbereiche sowie ihre Entstehung und Damit war bereits eine erste grundsätzliche Aussage Wachstum (weitere Entwicklung) werden in den gegeben, welche die Grundlage für alle späteren folgenden Kapiteln 2-5 dargelegt. 2 Definition des Begriffs „Pflanzengallen“ - Cecidien Unter Gallen oder Cecidien werden Wachstumsano- nicht mehr ganz aktuell sein mag. Diese Defintion malien bei Pflanzen bezeichnet, meist in Form von berücksichtigt nämlich nicht, dass Gallenerreger „tumorartigen Wucherungen“ (MAL P I G HI 1687: aus den Klassen der Bakterien und Pilze, die ei- “Morbosi frequenter suberescentes tumores”), die nen erheblichen Teil der cecidogenen Organismen durch artfremde Organismen verursacht werden. ausmachen, heute als ein eigenes Reich von Lebe- Der Gallenerreger induziert eine geeignete Wirts- wesen angesehen und nicht mehr zum Pflanzen- pflanze zur Bildung von jungem, entwicklungsfä- reich gerechnet werden (HELLRI G L 1996: 16 -19). higem Pflanzengewebe. Im Falle von Arthropoden Deshalb verwenden einige neuere Autoren etwas (Insekten oder Milben) geschieht dies meist durch weiter gefasste Definitionen, wie etwa RED F ERN et Eiablage an oder in die Pflanze. Die Larven sondern al. (2002: 208), die schreiben: “A gall is an ab- gallenerregende Stoffe ab und die Wirtspflanze re- normal growth produced
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