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Index

Page numbers in italics refer to the glossary. A Advanced materials, 10 strengthening, see Strengthening Abrasive ceramics, 540, 545 Advanced polymers, 559–563 of metals Abrasives, 839 Age hardening, see Precipitation tensile strength values, 809–811 Absorption coefficient, 770 hardening thermal conductivity values, Absorption of light: Air, as quenching medium, 581 819–820 in metals, 764–765 AISI/SAE steel designation wrought, 530 in nonmetals, 765–775 scheme, 520 yield strength values, 809–811 Absorptivity, 763 Akermanite, 55 Alloy steels, 423, 518, 839. See also ABS polymer, 553 Alcohols, 101 Steels AmBnXp crystal structures, 51 Aldehydes, 101 Alnico, 745 Acceptors, 480, 839 Alkali metals, 23–24 α Iron, see Ferrite (α) Acetic acid, 101 Alkaline earth metals, 23–24 Alternating copolymers, 116, 117, Acetylene, 99 Allotropic transformation 839 Acid rain, as corrosion (tin), 63 Alumina, see Aluminum oxide environment, 688 Allotropy, 61, 839 Aluminosilicates, 595 Acids (organic), 101 Alloys, 5, 839. See also Solid Aluminum: Acid slags, 544 solutions; specific alloys atomic radius and crystal Acrylics, see Poly(methyl atomic weight equations, 139 structure, 40 methacrylate) cast, 530 bonding energy and melting Acrylonitrile, see Polyacrylonitrile composition specification, temperature, 28 (PAN) 136–137 elastic and shear moduli, 193 Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, compositions for various, 827–828 electrical conductivity, 469, 471 556 costs, 829–831 electrical wires, 472–473 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene defined, 133 for integrated circuit (ABS), 553 density equations, 139 interconnects, 178–179 Activation energy, 839 density values, 801–803 Poisson’s ratio, 193 for creep, 329 ductility values, 809–811 recrystallization temperature, for diffusion, 172, 406 electrical resistivity values, 268 free, 404, 409 824–825 slip systems, 249 for viscous flow, 615 COPYRIGHTEDfracture toughness MATERIAL values, 300, superconducting critical Activation polarization, 671–673, 814 temperature, 752 839 heat treatable, 531 thermal properties, 709 Actuator, 12, 547 high-temperature, 331 yield and tensile strengths, Addition polymerization, 603–604, linear coefficient of thermal ductility, 205 839 expansion values, 815–816 Aluminum alloys, 532–534 Additives, polymer, 606–607 low expansion, 712 fatigue behavior, 336 Adhesives, 538, 839 modulus of elasticity values, plane strain fracture toughness, Adipic acid (structure), 605 804–806 300, 814 Adsorption, 148 Poisson’s ratio values, 808 precipitation hardening, 443–445 Advanced ceramics, 540, 547–550 specific heat values, 822–823 properties and applications, 534

• 859

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860 • Index

Aluminum-copper alloys, phase ASTM standards, 187 Beryllia, 545 diagram, 444 Atactic configuration, 113, 839 Beryllium-copper alloys, 531 Aluminum-lithium alloys, 533, 534 Athermal transformation, 423, 839 Beverage containers, 1, 789 Aluminum oxide: Atomic bonding, see Bonding corrosion of, 789 electrical conductivity, 496 Atomic mass, 16 diffusion rate of CO2 through, flexural strength, 205, 812 Atomic mass unit (amu), 16–17, 180–181 hardness, 229 839 stages of production, 568 index of refraction, 767 Atomic models: Bifunctional repeat units, 105, 840 modulus of elasticity, 193, 806 Bohr, 17–18, 19, 840 Billiard balls, 516, 555 plane strain fracture toughness, wave-mechanical, 18, 19, 853 Bimetallic strips, 720 300, 814 Atomic number, 16, 839 Binary eutectic alloys, 356–369 Poisson’s ratio, 193, 808 Atomic packing factor, 41, 839 Binary isomorphous alloys, sintered microstructure, 602 Atomic point defects, 128, 130–131 345–355 stress-strain behavior, 213 Atomic radii, of selected metals, 40 mechanical properties, 355 thermal properties, 709 Atomic structure, 16–24 microstructure development, translucency, 4, 774 Atomic vibrations, 147, 149, equilibrium cooling, 351–353 as whiskers and fibers, 636 706–707, 839 microstructure development, Aluminum oxide-chromium oxide Atomic weight, 16, 839 nonequilibrium cooling, phase diagram, 375 metal alloys, equations for, 139 353–355 Ammonia, bonding energy and Atom percent, 138, 840 Biodegradable beverage can, 789 melting temperature, 28 Austenite, 381, 840 Biomaterials, 11 Amorphous materials, 38, 87–88, shape-memory phase Block copolymers, 116, 117, 840 839 transformations, 439–440 Blowing, of glass, 591 Anelasticity, 196, 839 transformations, 414–429 Blow molding, plastics, 610 Angle computation between two summary, 437–438 Body-centered cubic structure, crystallographic directions, 252 Austenitic stainless steels, 522, 523 41–42, 840 Anions, 45, 839 Austenitizing, 576, 840 Burgers vector for, 249 Anisotropy, 82, 839 Average value, 230 slip systems, 249 of elastic modulus, 197, 822 Avogadro’s number, 17 twinning in, 255–256 magnetic, 740–741, 743 Avrami equation, 412, 447 Bohr atomic model, 17–18, 19, Annealing, 575, 576–577, 839 AX crystal structures, 49–50 840 ferrous alloys, 576–577 AmXp crystal structures, 50–51 Bohr magneton, 727, 840 glass, 593 Boltzmann’s constant, 129, 840 Annealing point, glass, 590, 839 B Bonding: Annealing twins, 147 Bainite, 417–419, 426, 437, 840 carbon-carbon, 103 Anodes, 662, 839 mechanical properties, 432–433 cementitious, 546–547 area effect, galvanic corrosion, Bakelite, see Phenol-formaldehyde covalent, 28–29, 45, 841 681 (Bakelite) hybrid sp,22 sacrificial, 690, 850 Ball bearings, ceramic, 549 hydrogen, 31, 32–33, 845 Antiferromagnetism, 731, 839 Band gap, 466–467 ionic, 27–28, 45, 845 temperature dependence, 735 Band gap energy, 840 metallic, 30, 847 Aramid: selected semiconductors, 474 van der Waals, see van der Waals fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix Bands, see Energy bands bonding composites, 639–640 Barcol hardness, 229 Bonding energy, 26, 840 melting and glass transition Barium titanate: and melting temperature for temperatures, 838 crystal structure, 51, 508 selected materials, 28 properties as fiber, 636 as dielectric, 507 Bonding forces, 24–25 repeat unit structure, 639, 836 as ferroelectric, 507–508 Bond rupture, in polymers, Argon, bonding energy and as piezoelectric, 509, 550 697–698 melting temperature, 28 Base (transistor), 492 Bone, as composite, 618 Aromatic hydrocarbons (chain Basic refractories, 545 Boron carbide: groups), 101, 450, 451 Basic slags, 544 hardness, 229 Arrhenius equation, 411 Beachmarks (fatigue), 320 Boron: Artificial aging, 446, 839 Bend strength, 212. See also boron-doped silicon Asphaltic concrete, 623 Flexural strength semiconductors, 479

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Index • 861

fiber-reinforced composites, 640, Carbon: coefficient of thermal expansion 644 vs. graphite, 636, 639 values, 709, 817 properties as a fiber, 636 polymorphism, 61 color, 772–773 Borosilicate glass: Carbon black, as reinforcement in corrosion, 694 composition, 541 rubbers, 552, 554, 621–622 costs, 831–832 electrical conductivity, 496 Carbon-carbon composites, crystal structures, 45–52 viscosity, 591 646–647, 840 summary, 51 Borsic fiber-reinforced composites, Carbon diffusion, in steels, 385, 435 defects, 130–133 644 Carbon fiber-reinforced defined, 7–8 Bottom-up science, 12 polymer-matrix composites, density computation, 52–53 Bragg’s law, 84–85, 840 638–639, 640 density values, 803 Branched polymers, 110, 111, 840 Carbon fibers, 638–639 elastic modulus values, 193, 806 Brass, 531, 532, 840 properties as fiber, 636 electrical conductivity values for annealing behavior, 267 Carbon nanotubes, 13, 60 selected, 496 elastic and shear moduli, 193 Carburizing, 166, 169, 840 electrical resistivity values, 826 electrical conductivity, 469 Case-hardened gear, 161 fabrication techniques fatigue behavior, 336 Case hardening, 161, 324–325, classification, 589 phase diagram, 369, 370 840 flexural strength values, 205, 812 Poisson’s ratio, 193 Cast alloys, 530 fractography of, 305–308 recrystallization temperature, 268 Casting techniques: fracture toughness values, 300, stress corrosion, 686 metals, 571–573 814–815 stress-strain behavior, 202 plastics, 610 impurities in, 135–136 thermal properties, 709 slip, 596–597 indices of refraction, 767 yield and tensile strengths, tape, 602 as electrical insulators, 496, 507 ductility, 205 Cast irons, 383, 518, 523–530, 840 magnetic, 731–735 Brazing, 573, 840 annealing, 577 mechanical properties of, 211–214 Breakdown, dielectric, 491, 507 compositions, mechanical in MEMS, 548 Brinell hardness tests, 224, 225 properties, and applications, phase diagrams, 373–377 Brittle fracture, 203, 288, 290, 527 piezoelectric, 12, 550 293–296, 840 graphite formation in, 524 plastic deformation, 270–272 ceramics, 304–308 heat treatment effect on Poisson’s ratio values, 193, 808 Brittle materials, thermal shock, microstructure, 528 porosity, 213–214, 601–602 717–718 phase diagram, 524, 528 porosity, influence on properties, Bronze, 531, 532, 840 Catalysts, 148 213–214 Bronze age, 2 Catalytic converters (automobiles), silicates, 54–57 Buckminsterfullerene, 59 148 specific heat values, 709, 823 Burgers vector, 141, 840 Cathodes, 663, 840 as superconductors, 753 for FCC, BCC, and HCP, 249 Cathodic protection, 682, 689–691, thermal conductivity values, 709, magnitude computation, 284 840 820 Butadiene: Cations, 45, 840 thermal properties, 709, 711, degradation resistance, 696 Cemented carbide, 621, 622 714–715, 717–718 melting and glass transition Cementite, 381–383, 840 traditional, 547 temperatures, 838 decomposition, 524, 528 translucency and opacity, 774 repeat unit structure, 118, proeutectoid, 388–389 Cercor (glass ceramic), 542 835 in white iron, 526, 528 Cermets, 621, 840 Butane, 99–100 Cementitious bond, 546–547 Cesium chloride structure, 49 Cements, 540, 546–547, 840 Chain-folded model, 121, 122, 840 C Ceramic ball bearings, 549 Chain-reaction polymerization, see Cadmium sulfide: Ceramic-matrix composites, Addition polymerization color, 772 645–646, 840 Chain stiffening/stiffness, 109, 450, electrical characteristics, 474 Ceramics, 7–8, 840. See also Glass 451 Calcination, 546, 840 advanced, 547–550 Charge carriers: Calendering, 649 application-classification scheme, majority vs. minority, 479 Capacitance, 498–500, 840 540 temperature dependence, Capacitors, 499–504 brittle fracture, 304–308 481–483

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862 • Index

Charpy impact test, 310–311, 841 definition, 9, 618 Congruent phase transformations, Chevron markings, 293 dispersion-strengthened, 624 372–373, 841 Chips, semiconductor, 495 elastic behavior: Constitutional diagrams, see Phase Chlorine, bonding energy and longitudinal, 628–629 diagrams melting temperature, 28 transverse, 631 Continuous casting, 572–573 Chloroprene, repeat unit structure, fiber-reinforced, see Continuous cooling transformation 118, 835 Fiber-reinforced composites diagrams, 426–429, 841 Chloroprene rubber: glass fiber-reinforced polymer, 4340 steel, 429 characteristics and applications, 637–638 0.35 wt% C steel, 457 556 hybrid, 647, 845 0.76 wt% C steel, 427 melting and glass transition laminar, 619, 635, 651, 846 for glass-ceramic, 542 temperatures, 838 large-particle, 619, 620–624 Continuous fibers, 626 Cis, 114, 841 metal-matrix, 644–645 Conventional hard magnetic Clay, characteristics, 594–595 particle-reinforced, 620–625 materials, 745 Clay products, 540, 543 production processes, 648–650 Conversion factors, magnetic units, drying and firing, 543, 597–599 properties, glass-, carbon-, 726 fabrication, 594–597 aramid-fiber reinforced, 640 Cooling rate, of cylindrical rounds, Cleavage (brittle fracture), 293 rule of mixtures expressions, 620, 583 Clinker, 546 629, 631, 632, 633, 634, 643 Coordinates, point, 64–66 Close-packed ceramic crystal strength: Coordination numbers, 41, 43, structures, 79–80 longitudinal, 632 46–47, 54, 841 Close-packed metal crystal transverse, 633 Copolymers, 105, 116–117, 841 structures, 77–78 stress-strain behavior, 627–628 styrenic block, 562–563 Coarse pearlite, 417–418, 428, 841 structural, 650–652 Copper: Coatings (polymer), 557 Composition, 841 atomic radius and crystal Cobalt: conversion equations, 138, 160 structure, 40 atomic radius and crystal specification of, 136–137 elastic and shear moduli, 193 structure, 40 Compression molding, plastics, 608 electrical conductivity, 469 Curie temperature, 735 Compression tests, 190 OFHC, 471 as ferromagnetic material, 729 Compressive deformation, 189, 211 Poisson’s ratio, 193 magnetization curves (single Computers, semiconductors in, recrystallization, 268, 413 crystal), 741 494–496 slip systems, 249 Coercivity (coercive force), 738, Concentration, 136, 841. See also thermal properties, 709 841 Composition yield and tensile strengths, Cold work, percent, 260 Concentration cells, 682 ductility, 205 Cold working, 841. See also Strain Concentration gradient, 166, 841 Copper alloys, 531–532 hardening Concentration polarization, properties and applications of, Collector, 492–493 673–674, 841 532 Color, 841 Concentration profile, 165, 841 Copper-aluminum phase diagram, metals, 764–765 Concrete, 622–624, 841 444 nonmetals, 772–773 electrical conductivity, 496 Copper-beryllium alloys, 472, 531 Colorants, 607, 841 plane strain fracture toughness, phase diagram, 458 Compacted graphite iron, 518, 526, 300, 814 Copper-nickel alloys: 529–530 Condensation polymerization, 605, ductility vs. composition, 259, 355 Compliance, creep, 222 841 electrical conductivity, 470 Component, 340, 378, 841 Conducting polymers, 497–498 phase diagram, 345–346 Composites: Conduction: tensile strength vs. composition, aramid fiber-reinforced polymer, electronic, 463 259, 355 639–640 ionic, 463, 497 yield strength vs. composition, carbon-carbon, 646–647, 840 Conduction band, 465, 841 259 carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, Conductivity, see Electrical Copper-silver phase diagram, 356, 638–639 conductivity; Thermal 379 ceramic-matrix, 645–646 conductivity Coring, 355 classification scheme, 619–620 Configuration, molecular, 111–113 Corningware (glass ceramic), 542 costs, 833 Conformation, molecular, 109 Corrosion, 841

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Index • 863

of beverage cans, 789 Crevice corrosion, 682–683, 841 Crystal systems, 61–62, 842 ceramic materials, 694 Cristobalite, 54, 377 Cubic crystal system, 61, 62 electrochemistry of, 662–668 Critical cooling rate: Cubic ferrites, 731–735 environmental effects, 680 ferrous alloys, 427–429 Cunife, 745, 746 environments, 688–689 glass-ceramics, 542 Cup-and-cone fracture, 291 forms of, 680–688 Critical fiber length, 625–626 Curie temperature, 735, 842 galvanic series, 669–670 Critical resolved shear stress, 250, ferroelectric, 507 overview of, 661 841 ferromagnetic, 708 passivity, 678–679, 848 as related to dislocation density, Curing, plastics, 608 rates, 670 285 Current density, 462 prediction of, 671–678 Critical stress (fracture), 297 Cyclic stresses, 315–316 Corrosion fatigue, 325–326, 841 Critical temperature, Corrosion inhibitors, 689 superconductivity, 750, 752 D Corrosion penetration rate, 670, Critical velocity (crack), 306, 308 Damping capacity, steel vs. cast 841 Crosslinking, 110–111, 841 iron, 525, 528 Corrosion prevention, 689–691 elastomers, 278–279 Data scatter, 229–230 Corundum, 545. See also influence on viscoelastic Debye temperature, 707, 708 Aluminum oxide behavior, 221 Decarburization, 166 crystal structure, 96 thermosetting polymers, 116 Defects, see also Dislocations Cost of various materials, 829–833 Crystalline materials, 38, 80, 841 atomic vibrations and, 147, 149 Coulombic force, 27, 841 defects, 128–149 dependence of properties on, 127 Covalency, degree of, 29 single crystals, 80–81, 850 in ceramics, 130–133, 135 Covalent bonding, 28–29, 45–46, Crystallinity, polymers, 117–121, interfacial, 144–147 98, 841 841 point, 128–133, 848 Crack configurations in ceramics, influence on mechanical in polymers, 136, 137 306 properties, 276 surface, 148 Crack critical velocity, 306 Crystallites, 121, 841 volume, 147 Crack formation, 290 Crystallization, polymers, 447–448 Defect structure, 130, 842 in ceramics, 306 Crystallographic directions, 66–70 Deformation: fatigue and, 320 easy and hard magnetization, 741 elastic, see Elastic deformation glass, 593 families, 68 elastomers, 278–279 Crack propagation, 290. See also Crystallographic planes, 70–75 plastic, see Plastic deformation Fracture mechanics atomic arrangements, 73–74 Deformation mechanism maps in brittle fracture, 293 close-packed, ceramics, 79–80 (creep), 329 in ceramics, 304–308 close-packed, metals, 77–78 Deformation mechanisms in ductile fracture, 290–291 diffraction by, 83–85 (semicrystalline polymers), fatigue and, 320–322 families, 74 elastic deformation, 272–273 Cracks: Crystallographic point coordinates, plastic deformations, 274, 275 stable vs. unstable, 290 64–66 Degradation of polymers, 695–699, Crack surface displacement modes, Crystal structures, 38–44, 842. 842 299, 300 See also Body-centered cubic Degree of polymerization, 107, 842 Crazing, 309 structure; Close-packed crystal Degrees of freedom, 378 Creep, 326–331, 841 structures; Face-centered Delayed fracture, 304 ceramics, 331 cubic structure; Hexagonal Density: influence of temperature and close-packed structure computation for ceramics, 52–53 stress on, 328–329 ceramics, 45–52 computation for metal alloys, mechanisms, 329 close-packed, ceramics, 79–80 139 in polymers, 221–222, 331 close-packed, metals, 77–78 computation for metals, 44–45 stages of, 326–327 determination by x-ray computation for polymers, 120 steady-state rate, 327 diffraction, 83–87 of dislocations, 246 viscoelastic, 221–222 selected metals, 40 linear atomic, 75–76 Creep compliance, 222 types, ceramics, 45–52, 79–80 planar atomic, 76 Creep modulus, 222 types, metals, 40–43, 77–78 polymers (values for), 803–804 Creep rupture tests, 327 Crystallization (ceramics), 541, 594, ranges for material types (bar data extrapolation, 329–330 841 chart), 6

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864 • Index

Density (continued) in ionic materials, 177 characteristics of, 246–248 relation to percent crystallinity in integrated circuit interactions, 247 for polymers, 119 interconnects, 178–179 multiplication, 248 values for various materials, in Si of Cu, Au, Ag, and Al, 178 at phase boundaries, 430, 435 801–804 interstitial, 164, 845 pile-ups, 258 Design, component, 791 mechanisms, 163–164 plastic deformation and, 199, Design examples: and microstructure development, 243–255, 256 cold work and recrystallization, 351–355, 365–366 in polymers, 137, 144 268–269 nonsteady-state, 167–171, 847 strain fields, 246–247 conductivity of a p-type in polymers, 179–181 Dispersed phase, 619, 842 semiconductor, 486–487 short-circuit, 177 definition, 619 cubic mixed-ferrite magnet, steady-state, 165–167, 851 geometry, 619 734–735 vacancy, 164, 177, 853 Dispersion (optical), 759, 765 creep rupture lifetime for an Diffusion coefficient, 166, 842 Dispersion-strengthened S-590 steel, 330–331 relation to ionic mobility, 497 composites, 624, 842 nonsteady-state diffusion, temperature dependence, Disposal of materials, 793–794 176–177 172–177 Domain growth, 737–738 spherical pressure vessel, failure values for various metal systems, iron single crystal, 722 of, 301–304 171 Domains, 730, 736–737, 742, steel shaft, alloy/heat treatment Diffusion couples, 162 842 of, 586–587 Diffusion flux, 165, 842 Domain walls, 736–737 tensile-testing apparatus, 232–233 for polymers, 179 Donors, 477, 842 tubular composite shaft, 641–644 Digitization of information/signals, Doping, 480, 483–484, 842 Design factor, 232 748–749, 783 Double bonds, 98–99 Design stress, 232, 842 Dimethyl ether, 101 Drain casting, 596 Dezincification, of brass, 685 Dimethylsiloxane, 118, 554–555, Drawing: Diamagnetism, 727–728, 842 556, 835. See also Silicones; glass, 592 Diamond, 58, 550–551 Silicone rubber influence on polymer properties, as abrasive, 545 melting and glass transition 276–277 bonding energy and melting temperatures, 838 metals, 571, 842 temperature, 28 Diode, 490, 842 polymer fibers, 610–611, 842 cost, 831 Dipole moment, 500 Drift velocity, electron, 468 films, 550–551 Dipoles: Driving force, 166, 842 hardness, 229 electric, 31, 842 electrochemical reactions, 665 thermal conductivity, 820 induced, 31 grain growth, 269 Diamond cubic structure, 58 magnetic, 723–724 recrystallization, 264 Die casting, 572 permanent, 32 sintering, 601 Dielectric breakdown, 491, 507 Directional solidification, 331 steady-state diffusion, 166 Dielectric constant, 500, 842 Directions, see Crystallographic Dry corrosion, 691 frequency dependence, 505–506 directions Drying, clay products, 597–598 relationship to refractive index, Discontinuous fibers, 626 Ductile fracture, 203–204, 290–292, 766 Dislocation density, 246, 284, 285, 842 selected ceramics and polymers, 842 Ductile iron, 525, 526, 842 500 Dislocation etch pits, 242 compositions, mechanical Dielectric displacement, 501, 842 Dislocation line, 141, 142, 143, properties, and applications, Dielectric loss, 506 842 527 Dielectric materials, 498, 507, 842 Dislocation motion, 244–245 Ductile-to-brittle transition, Dielectric strength, 507, 842 caterpillar locomotion analogy, 311–314, 842 selected ceramics and polymers, 245–246 polymers, 308 500 in ceramics, 271 and temper embrittlement, 437 Diffraction (x-ray), 83–84, 842 at grain boundaries, 257–258 Ductility, 203–204, 842 Diffraction angle, 86 influence on strength, 257 fine and coarse pearlite, 432 Diffractometers, 85 recovery and, 264 precipitation hardened aluminum Diffusion, 162–163, 842 Dislocations, 140–144, 842 alloy, 445 grain growth and, 269 in ceramics, 144, 246, 271 selected materials, 205, 809–813

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Index • 865

spheroidite, 432 Electrochemical cells, 664–665 Electropositivity, 24, 843 tempered martensite, 436 Electrochemical reactions, 662–670 Electrorheological fluids, 12 Durometer hardness, 226, 229 Electrodeposition, 664–665 Elongation, percent, 203 Electrode potentials, 664–665 selected materials, 205, 809–813 E values of, 666 selected metals, 205 Economics, materials selection: Electroluminescence, 776, 843 selected polymers, 205 considerations in materials Electrolytes, 665, 843 Embrittlement: engineering, 790–791 Electromagnetic radiation, 760–762 hydrogen, 687–688 tubular composite shaft, 641–644 interactions with atoms/electrons, temper, 437 Eddy currents, 742 763–764 Embryo, phase particle, 403–405 Edge dislocations, 140, 244–245, Electromagnetic spectrum, Emf series, 665–666, 843 843. See also Dislocations 760–761 Emitter, 492 interactions, 246–247 Electron band structure, see Endurance limit, 317. See also in polymers, 137 Energy bands Fatigue limit E-glass, 636, 637–638 Electron cloud, 30 Energy: Elastic deformation, 192–199, 843 Electron configurations, 21–23, 843 activation, see Activation energy Elastic modulus, see Modulus of elements, 22 bonding, 26–28, 840 elasticity periodic table and, 23–24 current concerns about, 13, Elastic (strain) recovery, 210, 843 stable, 21 793–794 Elastomers, 215, 278–281, 552–557, Electronegativity, 24, 29, 843 free, 342, 343, 402–405, 844 610, 843 influence on solid solubility, 134 grain boundary, 145 in composites, 621 values for the elements, 24 photon, 762 deformation, 278–279 Electroneutrality, 130, 843 surface, 144 thermoplastic, 561–563 Electron gas, 466 vacancy formation, 129 trade names, properties, and Electronic conduction, 463, 497 Energy band gap, see Band gap applications, 556 Electronic polarization, 504, 550, Energy bands, 463–465 Electrical conduction: 763, 768, 848 structures for metals, insulators, in insulators and semiconductors, Electron microscopy, 150–153 and semiconductors, 464–465 466–467 Electron mobility, 468 Energy levels (states), 17–20, in metals, 466 influence of dopant content on, 463–464 Electrical conductivity, 462, 468, 483–484 Energy and materials, 793 469, 841 influence of temperature on, Energy product, magnetic, 744–745 ranges for material types (bar 484–485 Engineering stress/strain, 189–190, chart), 8 selected semiconductors, 474 851 selected ceramics and polymers, Electron orbitals, 17 Entropy, 279, 342, 402 496 Electron probability distribution, Environmental considerations and selected metals, 469 18, 19 materials, 792–797 selected semiconductors, 474 Electrons, 16 Epoxies: temperature variation (Ge), 513 conduction process, 476, 492–493 degradation resistance, 696 values for electrical wires, 473 role, diffusion in ionic materials, polymer-matrix composites, Electrical resistivity, 461–462, 850. 177, 179 640–641 See also Electrical conductivity energy bands, see Energy bands repeat unit structure, 834 metals energy levels, 18–21 trade names, characteristics, and influence of impurities, 470 free, see Free electrons applications, 554 influence of plastic deformation, scattering, 468, 707 Equilibrium: 470, 471 in semiconductors, 474–481 definition of, 342 influence of temperature, temperature variation of phase, 342–343, 843 469–470 concentration, 481–483 Equilibrium diagrams, see Phase values for various materials, spin, 19, 727 diagrams 824–827 valence, 21 Erosion-corrosion, 685–686, 843 Electrical wires, aluminum and Electron states, 843 Error bars, 230–231 copper, 472–473 Electron transitions, 763–764 Error function, Gaussian, 168 Electric dipole moment, 501 metals, 764–765 Etching, 150, 151 Electric dipoles, see Dipoles nonmetals, 765–767 Etch pits, 242 Electric field, 462, 468, 843 Electron volt, 28, 843 Ethane, 99

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866 • Index

Ethers, 101 Failure, mechanical, see Creep; Fiber efficiency parameter, 634 Ethylene, 99 Fatigue; Fracture Fiberglass, 541 polymerization, 101–102 Faraday constant, 667 Fiberglass-reinforced composites, Ethylene glycol (structure), 605 Fatigue, 314–326, 843 637–638 Euro coins, alloys used for, 539 corrosion, 325–326 Fiber-reinforced composites, Eutectic isotherm, 357 crack initiation and propagation, 625–650, 844 Eutectic phase, 366, 843 320–322 continuous and aligned, 627–633 Eutectic reactions, 357, 364, 843 cyclic stresses, 315–317 discontinuous and aligned, iron-iron carbide system, 381, 383 environmental effects, 325–326 633–634 Eutectic structure, 366, 843 low- and high-cycle, 319 discontinuous and randomly Eutectic systems: polymers, 319–320 oriented, 634–635 binary, 356–369 probability curves, 319 fiber length effect, 625–626 microstructure development, thermal, 325 fiber orientation/concentration 361–369 Fatigue life, 318, 843 effect, 626–635 Eutectoid, shift of position, factors that affect, 322–325 fiber phase, 635–637 391–392 Fatigue limit, 317, 318, 843 longitudinal loading, 627–631, 632 Eutectoid ferrite, 387 Fatigue strength, 317, 318, 843 matrix phase, 637 Eutectoid reactions, 371, 843 Fatigue testing, 317 processing, 648–650 iron-iron carbide system, 383 S-N curves, 317–319, 320, 336 reinforcement efficiency, 635 kinetics, 414–416 Feldspar, 595 transverse loading, 631, 633–635 Eutectoid steel, microstructure Fermi energy, 465, 480, 708, 843 Fibers, 557, 844 changes/development, Ferrimagnetism, 731–735, 843 coefficient of thermal expansion 384–386 temperature dependence, values, 818 Exchange current density, 672 735–736 in composites, 619 Excited states, 764, 843 Ferrite (α), 380–382, 843 continuous vs. discontinuous, Exhaustion, in extrinsic eutectoid/proeutectoid, 339, 625–626 semiconductors, 482 387–388, 849 fiber phase, 635–637 Expansion, thermal, see Thermal from decomposition of cementite, length effect, 625–626 expansion 524 orientation and concentration, Extrinsic semiconductors, 477–481, Ferrites (magnetic ceramics), 626–635 843 731–733, 843 costs, 833 electron concentration vs. Curie temperature, 735–736 density values, 804 temperature, 482 as magnetic storage, 748 elastic modulus values, 636, 807 exhaustion, 482 Ferritic stainless steels, 522, 523 electrical resistivity values, 827 saturation, 482 Ferroelectricity, 507–508, 843 optical, 781–785 Extrusion, 843 Ferroelectric materials, 507–508 polymer, 557 clay products, 596 Ferromagnetic domain walls, 147 properties of selected, 636 metals, 571 Ferromagnetism, 729–730, 844 specific heat values, 824 polymers, 609–610 temperature dependence, spinning of, 610–611 735–736 tensile strength values, 636, 813 F Ferrous alloys, 844. See also Cast thermal conductivity values, 821 Fabrication: irons; Iron; Steels Fick’s first law, 166, 713, 844 ceramics, 589–591 annealing, 575–577 for polymers, 179 clay products, 594–599 classification, 383, 518 Fick’s second law, 167, 720, 844 fiber-reinforced composites, continuous cooling Fictive temperature, 590 648–650 transformation diagrams, Filament winding, 650 metals, 569–574 426–429 Fillers, 606, 844 Face-centered cubic structure, costs, 829–830 Films: 40–41, 843 hypereutectoid, 388–391, 845 diamond, 550–551 anion stacking (ceramics), 79–80 hypoeutectoid, 386–388, 845 polymer, 558–559 Burgers vector for, 249 isothermal transformation shrink-wrap (polymer), 278 close packed planes (metals), diagrams, 414–426 Fine pearlite, 417–418, 430, 432, 844 77–79 microstructures, 384–391 Fireclay refractories, 544 slip systems, 248 mechanical properties of, Firing, 543, 598–599, 844 Factor of safety, 232, 302 430–434, 809–810 Flame retardants, 607, 844

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Index • 867

Flexural strength, 211–212, 844 ranges for material types (bar Gilding metal, 531 influence of porosity on, ceramics, chart), 7 Glass: 213–214 values for selected materials, 300, as amorphous material, 89 values for selected ceramics, 205, 814–815 annealing, 577, 593, 839 812 Free electrons, 466, 844 blowing, 591–592 Fluorescence, 775, 844 contributions to heat capacity, classification, 540, 541 Fluorite structure, 50 708 color, 772–773 Fluorocarbons, 103 role in heat conduction, 713 commercial; compositions and trade names, characteristics, and Free energy, 342, 343, 402–405, 844 characteristics, 541 applications, 553, 556 activation, 404, 409 corrosion resistance, 694–695 Flux (clay products), 595, 598 volume, 403 cost, 832 Foams, 559, 844 Freeze-out region, 482–483 dielectric properties, 500 Forces: Frenkel defects, 130, 844 electrical conductivity, 496 bonding, 24–26 equilibrium number, 132 flexural strength, 193, 812 coulombic, 27, 841 Full annealing, 428, 576–577, forming techniques, 591–593 Forging, 570, 571, 844 844 fracture surface Formaldehyde, 101 Fullerenes, 58–59 (photomicrograph), 307 Forming operations (metals), Functionality (polymers), 105 hardness, 229 569–571 Furnace heating elements, 472 heat treatment, 593–594 Forsterite, 55 Fused silica, 89 melting point, 590 Forward bias, 490, 492, 844 characteristics, 541, 591 modulus of elasticity, 193, 806 Fractographic investigations: dielectric properties, 500 optical flint, 541 ceramics, 305–308 electrical conductivity, 496 plane strain fracture toughness, metals, 291–293 flexural strength, 205 300, 814 Fractographs: index of refraction, 767 refractive index, 767 cup-and-cone fracture surfaces, modulus of elasticity, 193 sheet forming (float process), 291 thermal properties, 709 592–593 fatigue striations, 321 soda-lime, composition, 541 glass rod, 307 G softening point, 590 intergranular fracture, 296 Gadolinium, 729, 733 strain point, 590 transgranular fracture, 295 Gallium arsenide: stress-strain behavior, 213 Fracture, see also Brittle fracture; cost, 831 structure, 89 Ductile fracture; Impact electrical characteristics, 474, 477 surface crack propagation, 304 fracture testing for lasers, 782 tempering, 593, 615 delayed, 304 for light-emitting diodes, 776, 788 thermal properties, 709 fundamentals of, 289–290 Gallium phosphide: viscous properties, 590–591 polymers, 308–309 electrical characteristics, 474 working point, 590, 853 types, 203–204, 290–293 for light-emitting diodes, 788 Glass-ceramics, 541–542, 844 Fracture mechanics, 293, 844 Galvanic corrosion, 680–682, 844 composition (Pyroceram), 541 applied to ceramics, 304 Galvanic couples, 664 continuous cooling polymers, 308–309 Galvanic series, 669–670, 844 transformation diagram, use in design, 300–304 Galvanized steel, 540, 688 542 Fracture profiles, 290 Garnets, 733 fabricating and heat treating, Fracture strength, 201. See also Garnet single crystal, 81 594 Flexural strength Gas constant, 129, 844 flexural strength, 205, 812 ceramics, 211–212 Gating system, 572 modulus of elasticity, 193, 806 distribution of, 305 Gauge length, 188 optical transparency, conditions influence of porosity, 213–214 Gaussian error function, 168 for, 774 influence of specimen size, 305, Gecko lizard, 15 properties and applications, 542 635–636 Geometrical isomerism, 113–115 Glass fibers, 638 Fracture surface, ceramics, 307 Germanium: fiberglass-reinforced composites, Fracture toughness, 206, 298–299, crystal structure, 58 637–638, 640 844 electrical characteristics, 474, 481, forming, 593 ceramic-matrix composites, 513 properties as fiber, 636 645–646 Gibbs phase rule, 378–380, 844 Glass transition, polymers, 448

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868 • Index

Glass transition temperature, H for precipitation hardening, 449–450, 590, 844 Hackle region, 307, 308 441–443 factors that affect, polymers, Half-cells, standard, 665–666 recovery, recrystallization, and 450 Half-reactions, 663 grain growth during, 263–270 values for selected polymers, Hall coefficient, 488 steel, 577–588 450, 838 Hall effect, 488–489, 844 Hertz, 761 Gold, 538 Hall-Petch equation, 258 Heterogeneous nucleation, 402, atomic radius and crystal Hall voltage, 488 408–410 structure, 40 Halogens, 23 Hexagonal close-packed structure, electrical conductivity, 469 Hardenability, 578–581, 845 42–43, 485 slip systems, 249 Hardenability band, 581, 582 anion stacking (ceramics), 79 thermal properties, 709 Hardenability curves, 579–581 Burgers vector for, 249 Gold-tin phase diagram, 397 Hard magnetic materials, 744–747, close-packed planes (metals), Graft copolymers, 116, 117, 844 845 77–78 Grain boundaries, 82, 145, 844 properties, 746 slip systems, 249 Grain boundary energy, 145 Hardness, 845 twinning in, 256 Grain growth, 269–270, 844 bainite, pearlite vs. Hexagonal crystal system, 61, 62 Grains, 844 transformation temperature, direction indices, 68–70 definition, 80 433 planar indices, 74–75 distortion during plastic ceramics, 228, 229 Hexagonal ferrites, 733 deformation, 254–255 comparison of scales, 227 Hexane, 99 Grain size, 844 conversion diagram, 227 High carbon steels, 521 dependence on time, 270 correlation with tensile strength, High-cycle fatigue, 319 determination of, 155 228 High polymers, 108, 845 mechanical properties and, 270 fine and coarse pearlite, High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) reduction, and strengthening of spheroidite, 432 steels, 518–519, 845 metals, 257–258 pearlite, martensite, tempered High-temperature refinement by annealing, 576 martensite, 433 superconductors, 753 Grain size number (ASTM), polymers, 228–229 Holes, 466, 475, 845 155 tempered martensite, 434, 436 role, diffusion in ionic materials, Graphite, 58 Hardness tests, 222–229 177 in cast irons, 524 summary of tests, 224 mobility: compared to carbon, 636, 639 Hard sphere model, 39 influence of dopant cost, 832 Head-to-head configuration, 112 concentration on, 483 from decomposition of cementite, Head-to-tail configuration, 112 influence of temperature on, 524 Heat affected zone, 573, 574 484–485 electrical conductivity, 496 Heat capacity, 706–708, 845 values for selected properties/applications, 551 temperature dependence, semiconductors, 474 properties as whisker, 636 707–708 temperature dependence of as a refractory, 545 vibrational contribution, 706–707 concentration (Si, Ge), 481 structure of, 59 Heat flux, 711 Homogeneous nucleation, 402–408 Gray cast iron, 524–525, 844 Heat of fusion, latent, 405 Homopolymers, 105, 845 compositions, mechanical Heat transfer: Honeycomb structure, 652 properties, and applications, mechanism, 706–707, 713 Hooke’s law, 192, 218 527 nonsteady-state, 720 Hot pressing, 601 Green ceramic bodies, 597, Heat treatable, definition of, 531 Hot working, 265, 570, 845. See also 844 Heat treatments, 161. See also Heat treatments Green design, 794 Annealing; Phase HSLA (high-strength, low-alloy) Ground state, 21, 764, 844 transformations steels, 518–519, 845 Growth, phase particle, 402, dislocation reduction, 246 Hybrid composites, 647, 845 410–412, 844 glass, 593–594 Hydration, of cement, 546–547 rate, 411 hydrogen embrittlement, 688 Hydrocarbons, 98–100 temperature dependence of rate, intergranular corrosion and, 685 Hydrogen: 411 polymer morphology, 274 diffusive purification, 166, 183 Gutta percha, 114 polymer properties, 277 reduction, 671

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Index • 869

Hydrogen bonding, 28, 31, 32, 845 ceramics and polymers as, 496, Iron, see also Ferrous alloys; Steels water expansion upon freezing, 33 507 atomic radius and crystal Hydrogen chloride, 32, 36 color, 772 structure, 40 Hydrogen electrode, 665–666 defined, 463 bonding energy and melting Hydrogen embrittlement, 687–688, electron band structure, 465, temperature, 28 845 466–467 Curie temperature, 735 Hydrogen fluoride, 32, 36 translucency and opacity, 774–775 electrical conductivity, 469 Hydrogen induced cracking, 687 Integrated circuits, 494–495, 845 ferrite (α), 380, 382, 387, 843 Hydrogen stress cracking, 687 scanning electron micrograph, as ferromagnetic material, 729 Hydroplastic forming, 596, 845 460, 495 magnetic properties, 744 Hydroplasticity, 594 Interatomic bonding, 27–31 magnetization curves (single Hydrostatic powder pressing, 600 Interatomic separation, 25 crystal), 740 Hypereutectoid alloys, 388–390, Interconnects, integrated circuits, polymorphism, 61 845 178 recrystallization temperature, Hypoeutectoid alloys, 386–388, Interdiffusion, 163, 845 268 845 Interfacial defects, 144–147 rolling texture, 743 Hysteresis, 738 Interfacial energies, 147 slip systems, 249 Hysteresis, ferromagnetic, 845 for heterogeneous nucleation, stress-strain behavior (at three soft and hard magnetic materials, 409 temperatures), 206 741–742, 744–745 Intergranular corrosion, 684, 845 thermal properties, 709 Intergranular fracture, 293, 296, yield and tensile strengths, I 845 ductility, 205 Ice, 33, 344, 398 Intermediate solid solutions, 369, Iron age, 2 Impact energy, 310, 845 373, 845 Iron-carbon alloys, see Ferrous fine pearlite, 431 Intermetallic compounds, 369, 444, alloys temperature dependence: 845 Iron-iron carbide alloys, 380–383 high-strength materials, 313 Interplanar spacing, cubic crystals, Iron-silicon alloys, magnetic low-strength FCC and HCP 85 properties, 744 metals, 313 Interstitial diffusion, 164, 845 Material of Importance (use in low-strength steels, 312, 313 Interstitial impurity defects, 134 transformer cores), 743 Impact fracture testing, 310–314 Interstitials: Isobutane, 100 Impact strength, polymers, 314 in ceramics, 135 Isobutylene, 118 Imperfections. See Defects; in polymers, 136 Isomerism, 99, 845 Dislocations self-, 129, 850 geometrical, 113–114, 115 Impurities: Interstitial solid solutions, 134, 845 stereoisomerism, 112–113, 115 in ceramics, 135 Intrinsic carrier concentration, 475 Isomorphous systems, 345, 846 diffusion, 163 temperature dependence for Si binary, see Binary isomorphous electrical resistivity, 470–471 and Ge, 481 alloys in metals, 133–135 Intrinsic conductivity, 475 Isoprene, 114 thermal conductivity, 714 Intrinsic semiconductors, 474–477, Isostatic powder pressing, 600 Incongruent phase transformation, 845 Isostrain, in fiber-reinforced 372 Invar, Material of Importance, 712 composites, 628 Index of refraction, 765–766, thermal properties, 709 Isostress, in fiber-reinforced 845 Invariant point, 345, 357, 845 composites, 631 selected materials, 767 Inverse lever rule, 348. See also Isotactic configuration, 112, 115, Indices, Miller, 71–73, 847 Lever rule 846 Indium antimonide, electrical Inverse spinel structure, 732 Isothermal, 846 characteristics, 474 Ion cores, 30 Isothermal transformation Induced dipoles, 31–32 Ionic bonding, 27–28, 845 diagrams, 414–426, 846 Inert gases, 21, 23 in ceramics, 45 4340 alloy steel, 424 Inhibitors, 689, 845 Ionic character (percent), 29, 45 0.76 wt% C steel, 423 Initial permeability, 737 Ionic conduction, 179, 463, 497 1.13 wt% C steel, 456 Injection molding, 608–609 Ionic polarization, 504, 505, 849 Isotopes, 16, 846 Insulators (electrical), 845. See also Ionic radii, 46, 48 Isotropic materials, 82, 635, 846 Dielectric materials Iridium, 538 Izod impact test, 310–311, 846

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870 • Index

J Lever rule, 348–350, 846 Magnesium oxide: Jominy end-quench test, 578–579, Life cycle analysis/assessment, 794 bonding energy and melting 846 Light: temperature, 28 Junction transistors, 492–493, 846 absorption, 768–771 flexural strength, 205 reflection, 767 index of refraction, 767 K refraction, 765–766 modulus of elasticity, 193 Kaolinite clay, 56, 595 scattering, 774 thermal properties, 709 Kevlar, see Aramid transmission, 771–772 Magnesium oxide-aluminum oxide Kinetics, 412–413, 846 Light-emitting diodes, 846 phase diagram, 375 crystallization of polymers, 447 organic, 777 Magnetic anisotropy, 740–741 oxidation, 693–694 polymer, 777 Magnetic ceramics, 731–735 phase transformations, 412–413 semiconductor, 776 Magnetic dipoles, 723–724 Knoop hardness, 224, 226 Lime, 547 Magnetic domains, see Domains Kovar: Linear atomic density, 75–76 Magnetic energy product, 744–745 as low-expansion alloy, 712 Linear coefficient of thermal Magnetic field strength, 724, thermal properties, 709 expansion, 325, 708–711, 716, 725–726, 846 718, 846 Magnetic field vectors, 724–726 L values for selected materials, 709, Magnetic flux density, 724, 726, 846 Ladder polymer, 698 815–818 critical values for Lamellae, 121 Linear defects, 140–144 superconductors, 752 Laminar composites, 651, 846 Linear polymers, 110, 111, 846 Magnetic hysteresis, 736–740 Large-particle composites, Liquid crystal polymers, 560–561, factors that affect, 740 620–624, 846 846 soft and hard magnetic materials, Larson-Miller parameter, 330 Liquidus line, 345, 346, 357, 846 741–747 Lasers, 778–781, 846 Liquidus temperatures, Cu-Au Magnetic induction, see Magnetic semiconductor, 779–780, 783 system, 395 flux density types, characteristics, and Lodestone (magnetite), 723, 731 Magnetic materials: applications, 782 Longitudinal direction, 627, 846 hard, 744–747 Laser beam welding, 574 Longitudinal loading, composites, low thermal expansion Latent heat of fusion, 405 627–629, 632 characteristics, 712 Latex, 557 Lost-foam casting, 570, 572 neodymium-iron-boron alloys, Lattice parameters, 61, 62, 846 Lost-wax casting, 572 746–747 Lattices, 39, 846 Low-angle grain boundaries, see samarium-cobalt alloys, 746 Lattice strains, 246–247, 259–260, Small-angle grain boundaries soft, 741–744 446, 846 Low-carbon steels, 518–519 Magnetic moments, 726–727 Lattice waves, 706–707 Low-cycle fatigue, 319 cations, 732 Laue photograph, 37, 86 Lower critical temperature Magnetic permeability, 725, 726, Layered silicates, 55–57 (ferrous alloys), 576, 846 761, 766 Lay-up, in prepreg processing, 649 Lower yield point, 199, 200 Magnetic storage, 747–750 Lead, 538 Low-expansion alloys, 712 Magnetic susceptibility, 726, 846 atomic radius and crystal Luminescence, 775, 846 selected diamagnetic and structure, 40 paramagnetic materials, 729 diffraction pattern, 87 M various units for, 726 recrystallization temperature, 268 Macromolecules, 100, 846 Magnetic texture, 82 superconducting critical Magnesia, see Magnesium oxide Magnetic units, conversion factors, temperature, 752 Magnesium: 726 Lead-free solders, 362 diffraction pattern, 37 Magnetism: Lead-tin phase diagram, 358, elastic and shear moduli, 193 basic concepts, 723–727 361–369 Poisson’s ratio, 193 electron spin and, 727 Lead titanate, 550 slip systems, 249 Magnetite (lodestone), 723, 731 Lead zirconate, 509 Magnesium alloys, 535, 536 Magnetization, 725–726, 846 Lead-zirconate-titanate, 508 Magnesium fluoride, optical easy and hard directions, 740–741 Leak-before-break design, 302 properties, 767 saturation, 730, 734, 846 Leathery region, polymers, 220 Magnesium-lead phase diagram, Magnetocrystalline anisotropy, LEDs, see Light-emitting diodes 371 740–741

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Index • 871

Magnetostrictive materials, 12 an iron-silicon alloy that is used Metals, see also Alloys; Crystalline Magnetorheological fluids, 12 in transformer cores, 743 materials Majority charge carriers, 479 lead-free solders, 362 corrosion, see Corrosion Malleability, see Ductility light-emitting diodes, 776–777 costs, 829–831 Malleable cast iron, 526, 527, 529, metal alloys used for euro coins, crystal structures, see Crystal 846 539 structures compositions, mechanical nanocomposites in tennis balls, defined, 5–6, 847 properties, and applications, 653–654 density values, 801–803 527 phenolic billiard balls, 555 elastic modulus values, 193, Manganese oxide, as shape-memory alloys, 439–441 804–806 antiferromagnetic material, shrink-wrap polymer films, 278 as electrical conductors, 463 731 tin (its allotropic transformation), electrical resistivity values, Manufacturing techniques, 63 824–826 economics, 791 water (its volume expansion upon electron band structure, 465 Martensite, 421–423, 427–428, 438, freezing), 33 fabrication, 569–577 846 Materials science, 3–5 fracture toughness for selected, alloying to favor formation of, Matrix phase, 847 300, 814 427–428 definition, 619 linear coefficient of thermal crystal structure, 422 fiber-reinforced composites, 637 expansion values, 709, hardness, 433–434 Matthiessen’s rule, 469, 847 815–816 hardness vs. carbon content, 433 Mean stress (fatigue), 315–316, 323 optical properties, 764–765 shape-memory phase Mechanical properties, see also oxidation, 691–694 transformations, 439–440 specific mechanical properties Poisson’s ratio for selected, 193, tempering of, 434–437 grain size and, 270 808 Martensitic stainless steels, 522, variability, 229–231 shear moduli, 193 523 Mechanical twins, 146–147, specific heat values, 709, 822–823 Materials: 255–256. See also Twinning strengthening, see Strengthening advanced, 10–13 Mechanics of materials, 192 of metals by design, 12 Medium carbon steels, 520–521 thermal conductivity values, 709, classification of, 5–10 Meissner effect, 751, 752 819–820 costs, 642, 829–833 Melamine-formaldehyde, repeat Metastability, 847 current and future needs, 13 unit structure, 834 of microstructures, 413–414 disposal of, 793–794 Melting (polymers), 448 Metastable states, 343 economic considerations, 790–791 Melting point (temperature), glass, Methane, 28–29, 99 engineered, 792 590, 847 Methyl alcohol, 101 of the future, 11–13 and bonding energy for selected Methyl group, 103 historical development of, 2 materials, 28 Mica, 57 nanoengineered, 12–13 ceramics, 590 dielectric constant and dielectric nonrenewable sources of, 13, 793 factors that affect (polymers), strength, 500 smart, 11–12 450–451 Microconstituents, see also specific total cycle, 792–793 glasses, 847 microconstituent phases: Materials engineering, 3–5, polymers, 450–451, 838 definition, 366, 847 187–188 Melt spinning, 610–611 in eutectic alloys, 366–369 Materials of Importance: Mercury: in steel alloys, 384–391 aluminum electrical wires, bonding energy and melting Microcracks, 293–297 472–473 temperature, 28 in ceramics, 304–305 aluminum for integrated circuit superconducting critical Microelectromechanical systems interconnects, 178–179 temperature, 752 (MEMS), 12, 547–548, 847 carbon nanotubes, 60 Mer unit, 100 Microelectronics, 494–496 carbonated beverage containers, Metal alloys, see Alloys Microindentation hardness tests, 11 Metallic bonding, 30, 847 226 catalysts (and surface defects), Metallic glasses, 468 Micron, 149 148 Metallographic examination, 150 Microscopic techniques, useful Invar and other low-expansion Metal-matrix composites, 644–645, resolution ranges, 154 alloys, 712 847 Microscopy, 149–154, 847

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872 • Index

Microstructure, 149, 847 tempered martensite, 435 Molecular structure, polymers, austenite, 382 Microvoids, 290–291, 309 109–111, 847 bainite, 419 Miller-Bravais index system, 68–69 Molecular weight, 847 bonded ceramic abrasive, 546 Miller indices, 70–73, 847 influence on polymer brass during recrystallization and Minority charge carriers, 479 melting/glass transition grain growth, 265–266 Mirror region, 307–308 temperatures, 450–451 carbon-black-reinforced rubber, Mist region, 307–308 influence on mechanical 622 Mixed dislocations, 141, 143, 244, behavior, polymers, 274, 276 carbon nanotube, 60 847. See also Dislocations number-average, 106–108 cast irons, 525–526, 528 Mobility, of charge carriers, weight-average, 106–108 cemented carbide, 622 467–468, 847 Molecular weight distribution, coarse and fine pearlite, 418 influence of dopant content, 106–107 compacted graphite iron, 526 483–484 Molecules, polar, 32, 848 craze in poly(phenylene oxide), influence of temperature, 484–485 Molybdenum, 536, 538 310 ionic, 497 atomic radius and crystal development in eutectic alloys, values for selected structure, 40 361–369 semiconductors, 474 density, 802 development in iron-carbon Modulus of elasticity, 192–194, 847 modulus of elasticity, 805 alloys, 384–391 anisotropy, 82 Poisson’s ratio, 808 development in isomorphous atomic bonding and, 194–195, 237 properties as wire, 636 alloys: carbon nanotubes, 60 slip systems, 249 equilibrium cooling, 351–353 copper reinforced with tungsten, thermal properties, 816, 820, 823 nonequilibrium cooling, 621 yield and tensile strengths, 353–355 influence of porosity on, in ductility, 205 eutectic (lead-tin), 365 ceramics, 213–214 Moment of inertia, 211–212, 239, ferrite (α), 382 ranges for material types (bar 642 glass fracture surface, 307 chart), 6 Monel, 538 gray cast iron, 525 relation to shear modulus, 197 Monoclinic crystal system, 61, 62 hypereutectoid steel alloy, 389 selected ceramics, 193, 806 Monomers, 100, 847 hypoeutectoid steel alloy, 339, 387 selected fiber-reinforcement MOSFET transistors, 491, 493–494, influence of cooling rate, 580 materials, 636, 807 847 integrated circuit, 460, 495 selected metals, 193, 804–806 Mullite, 377, 544, 545 magnetic storage disk, 748, 749 selected polymers, 193, 806–807 flexural strength, 205 martensite, 422 temperature dependence: modulus of elasticity, 193 metastable, 343 elastomers, 279 Poisson’s ratio, 193 microscopic examination, metals, 195 Muntz metal, 531 149–154 and thermal fatigue, 325 Muscovite (mica), 57 pearlite, 385, 418 and thermal stresses, 716–718 pearlite partially transformed to values for various materials, N spheroidite, 421 804–807 Nanotechnology, 12–13 polycrystalline metal before and Modulus of resilience, 204–206 Nanotubes, carbon, 13, 60 after deformation, 255 Modulus of rupture, 212. See also Natural aging, 446, 847 porcelain, 599 Flexural strength Natural rubber (polyisoprene), precipitation-hardened aluminum Mohs hardness scale, 222, 226, 227 114, 552, 556 alloy, 400 Molarity, 664, 847 degradation resistance, 696 single-phase iron-chromium alloy, Molding, plastics, 608–610, 847 melting and glass transition 152 Mole, 17, 847 temperatures, 838 sintered ceramic, 602 Molecular chemistry, polymers, stress-strain behavior, 280 size ranges, various structural 101–105, 847 thermal properties, 709 features, 154 Molecular configurations, NBR, see Nitrile rubber (NBR) spheroidite, 420 polymers, 111–115 Necking, 201 spherulite (natural rubber), 97 Molecular mass, 106 complex stress state in, 208 stress corrosion in brass, 687 Molecular materials, 34 in ductile fracture, 290–291 TEM (high resolution)–single Molecular shape, polymers, polymers, 217 crystals of (Ce0.5Zr0.5)O2, 148 108–109 N´eel temperature, 735

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Index • 873

Neodymium-iron-boron magnets, Notches, effect of, 297 Oxidation, 662–663, 848 746–747 Notch toughness, 206, 310 kinetics, 693–694 Neoprene rubber, 556, 696 n-p-n Junction transistors, 493 metals, 691–694 Nernst equation, 667 n-Type semiconductors, 477–479, Ozone, degradation of polymers, Network formers (glass), 89 847 696, 697–698 Network modifiers (glass), 89 Nucleation, 402–410, 847 Network polymers, 111, 847 heterogeneous, 408–410 P Network solids, 59 homogeneous, 402–408 Palladium, 166, 538 Neutrons, 16 Nucleation rate, 406 Paraffins, 99 Nichrome, 472 temperature dependence, Paramagnetism, 728, 848 Nickel, 538 404–406 Parisons, 591, 610 atomic radius and crystal homogeneous vs. Particle-reinforced composites, structure, 40 heterogeneous, 410 620–625, 848 Curie temperature, 735 Nucleus, phase particle, 403 Particulate magnetic recording elastic and shear moduli, 193 Number-average molecular weight, media, 747–749 as ferromagnetic material, 106–108 Pascal-second, 271 729–730 Nylon, fatigue behavior, 320 Passivity, 678–679, 848 magnetization curves (single Nylon 6,6: 105 Pauli exclusion principle, 21, 848 crystal), 740 degradation resistance, 696 Pearlite, 384–385, 848 Poisson’s ratio, 193 density, 126, 803 coarse, 417–418, 841 recrystallization temperature, 268 dielectric constant and dielectric colonies, 385 slip systems, 249 strength, 500 as composite, 618 thermal properties, 709 electrical conductivity, 496 fine, 417, 431, 844 thoria-dispersed (TD), 624 mechanical properties, 193, 205 formation of, 385, 414–417, 428, yield and tensile strengths, melting and glass transition 438 ductility, 205 temperatures, 450, 838 hardness vs. transformation Nickel ferrite, 733 repeat unit structure, 105, 836 temperature, 433 Niobium, 536 thermal properties, 709 mechanical properties, 430–434 Niobium alloys, as Nylons, trade names, Pentane, 99 superconductors, 752 characteristics, and Performance (materials), 3 Nitinol, 439–441 applications, 553 Periclase, 544, 545, see also Nitrile rubber (NBR), 117 Magnesium oxide characteristics and applications, O Periodic table, 23–24, 848 556 Octahedral position, 79, 732, 847 Peritectic reaction, 371–372, 848 degradation resistance, 696 Ohm’s law, 461–462, 847 Permalloy (45), magnetic Noble metals, 538 Oil, as quenching medium, 581–582 properties, 744 Nodular iron, see Ductile iron Opacity, 763, 847 Permanent dipoles, 18, 20, Noncrystalline materials, 38, 87–89, in insulators, 774 504–505 847 in semiconductors, 768–769 Permeability (in polymers), Nondestructive evaluation, see Optical fibers, 548–549, 781–785, 179–181 Nondestructive testing 847 Permeability coefficient, 179 Nondestructive inspecting, see Optical flint glass, composition and Permeability, magnetic, 725–726, Nondestructive testing properties, 541, 767 761, 766, 848 Nondestructive testing, 301 Optical microscopy, 150–152 Permittivity, 27, 499–500, 761, 766, Nonequilibrium cooling, 391 Optical properties, 760 848 Nonequilibrium phases, 412 of metals, 764–765 Perovskite structure, 51, 507, 753 Nonequilibrium solidification, of nonmetals, 765–775 PET, see Polyester(s) 353–355 Ordered solid solution, 369, 531 Phase boundaries, 146 Nonferrous alloys, 530–540, 847. Organic light-emitting diodes, 777 Phase diagrams, 343–351, 848 See also specific nonferrous Orientation polarization, 504, 849 binary eutectic systems, 356–369 alloys Orthorhombic crystal system, 61, binary isomorphous systems, Nonsteady-state diffusion, 62 345–355 167–171, 847 Osmium, 538 ceramic systems, 373–377 Nonstoichiometry, 131 Overaging, 443, 848 congruent phase transformations, Normalizing, 428, 576, 847 Overvoltage, 671–675 372–373

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874 • Index

Phase diagrams (continued) dielectric constant and dielectric Plywood, 651 definitions/basic concepts, strength, 500 p-n-p Junction transistors, 340–343 electrical conductivity, 496 492–493 eutectoid and peritectic reactions, mechanical properties, 193, 205 p-n Junctions: 371–372 repeat unit structure, 105, 834 for light-emitting diodes, 776–777 intermediate phases in, 369, thermal properties, 709 for rectification, 490–491 371 Phenolics, trade names, Point coordinates, 64–66 interpretation of, 347–351 characteristics, and Point defects, 128–140, 848 pressure-temperature (unary), applications, 554 Poise, 271 343–345 Phenyl group, 100, 101 Poisson’s ratio, 196–199, 848 specific: Phonons, 707, 713, 714, 848 values for various materials, 193, aluminum-copper, 444 Phosphorescence, 775, 848 808–809 aluminum oxide-chromium Photoconductivity, 775, 848 Polarization, 500–502, 848. See also oxide, 375 Photomicrographs, 150, 848 Electronic polarization; Ionic cast iron, 524 Photonic signal, 781 polarization; Orientation copper-beryllium, 458 Photons, 707, 762, 848 polarization copper-nickel, 346 Pickling, of steels, 688 Polarization (corrosion), 671–675, copper-silver, 356, 379 Piezoelectricity, 550, 848 848 copper-zinc, 370, 372 Piezoelectric ceramics, 508–509 corrosion rates from, 675–678 halfnium-vanadium, 373 as Materials of Importance, 550 Polar molecules, 32, 34, 848 iron-carbon (graphite), 524 properties and applications, 550 Polyacetylene, repeat unit iron-iron carbide, 381 in smart materials/systems, 12 structure, 498 lead-tin, 358, 361–369 Pilling-Bedworth ratio, 692, 848 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN): magnesium-lead, 371 selected metals, 693 carbon fibers, 639 magnesium oxide-aluminum Pitting corrosion, 683–684, 848 repeat unit structure, 118, 834 oxide, 375 Plain carbon steels, 423, 518, 848 Poly(alkylene glycol), as a nickel-titanium, 374 Planar atomic density, 75–76 quenching agent, 583 silica-alumina, 377 Planck’s constant, 762, 848 Poly(amide-imide) (PAI), repeat sugar-water, 341 Planes, see Crystallographic planes unit structure, 835 tin-bismuth, 362 Plane strain, 298, 848 Polybutadiene, see Butadiene tin-gold, 397 Plane strain fracture toughness, Poly(butylene terephthalate) water (pressure-temperature), 299, 300, 848 (PBT), repeat unit structure, 344, 398 ceramic-matrix composites, 835 water-sodium chloride, 359 645–646 Polycarbonate: zirconia-calcia, 376 selected materials, 300, 814–815 density, 803 ternary, 378 Plaster of paris, 546, 572, 596 degradation resistance, 696 Phase equilibria, 342–343, 848 Plastic deformation, 199–210, 848 mechanical properties, 193, 205, Phases, 341–342, 848 ceramics, 271–272 806, 808, 812 Phase transformation diagrams: dislocation motion and, 243–256 melting and glass transition continuous cooling, 841 in fracture, 290, 293 temperatures, 450, 838 metals, 426–429, 457 influence on electrical plane strain fracture toughness, glass-ceramics, 542 conductivity, 469, 471 300 isothermal, 414–426, 846 polycrystalline materials, 253–255 reinforced vs. unreinforced Phase transformation rate, 412 semicrystalline polymers, 274–277 properties, 634 martensitic transformation, twinning, 255–256 repeat unit structure, 105, 835 422–423 Plasticizers, 606, 848 trade names, characteristics, and temperature dependence, Plastics, 848 applications, 553 411–412 characteristics and applications, Polychloroprene, see Chloroprene; Phase transformations, 848 552, 553–554 Chloroprene rubber athermal, 423 in composites, 621 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, repeat classification, 402 forming techniques, 607–610 unit structure, 835 shape-memory effect, 439–440 Platinum, 538 Polycrystalline materials, 80–82, Phenol, 101 atomic radius and crystal 849 Phenol-formaldehyde (Bakelite): structure, 40 plastic deformation, 253–255 in billiard balls, 516, 555 electrical conductivity, 469 Polydimethylsiloxane, 39–41

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Index • 875

degradation resistance, 696 Polyisobutylene: melting of, 448 repeat unit structure, 554, 835 melting and glass transition melting temperatures, 450, 838 Polyester(s): temperatures, 838 miscellaneous applications, degradation resistance (PET), 696 repeat unit structure, 118, 836 557–559 density (PET), 803 Polyisoprene, see Natural rubber molecular chemistry, 101–105 fatigue behavior (PET), 320 (polyisoprene) molecular configuration, mechanical properties (PET), Polymer-matrix composites, 111–114 193, 205, 806, 812 637–644, 849 molecular shape, 108–109 melting and glass transition Polymerization, 101–102, 603–605 molecular structure, 109–111 temperatures (PET), 450, degree of, 107 molecular weight, 106–108 838 Polymer light-emitting diodes, 777 natural, 98 in polymer-matrix composites, Polymers, 8–9, 100, 849. See also opacity and translucency, 775 641 Plastics Poisson’s ratio values, 193, 808 recycle code and products (PET), additives, 606–607 radiation effects, 697 796 classification (molecular refraction indices, 767 repeat unit structure (PET), 105, characteristics), 115 semicrystalline, 119, 121–123, 836 coefficient of thermal expansion 272–276 trade names, characteristics, and values, 709, 817 specific heat values, 709, 823–824 applications, 554 conducting, 497–498 spherulites in, 97, 121–123, 274, Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 641 costs, 832–833 277 degradation resistance, 696 crosslinking, see Crosslinking stereoisomerism, 112–113 melting and glass transition crystallinity, 117–123, 841 stress-strain behavior, 215–217 temperatures, 838 crystallization, 447–448 swelling and dissolution, 695 repeat unit structure, 835 crystals, 121–123 tensile strength values, 205, Polyetherimide (PEI), 641 defined, 8–9, 100 812–813 Polyethylene, 102, 104 defects in, 136 thermal conductivity values, 709, crystal structure of, 118 deformation (semicrystalline): 820–821 degradation resistance, 696 elastic, 272 thermal properties, 709, 711, density, 803 plastic, 272–274 715–716 dielectric constant and dielectric degradation of, 695–699 thermoplastic, see Thermoplastic strength, 500 density, 120 polymers electrical conductivity, 496 density values, 803–804 thermosetting, see Thermosetting fatigue behavior, 320 diffusion in, 179–181 polymers index of refraction, 767 ductility values, 205, 812–813 types of, 98 mechanical properties, 193, 205, elastic modulus values, 193, viscoelasticity, 218–222 807, 808, 812 806–807 weathering, 699 melting and glass transition elastomers, 278–280, 552–556 yield strength values, 205, temperatures, 450, 838 electrical properties, 496, 812–813 recycle codes and products, 796 497–498, 500, 826 Poly(methyl methacrylate): single crystals, 121 fibers, 557 density, 804 thermal properties, 709, 817, 821, fracture mechanics, 309 electrical conductivity, 496 824 fracture toughness values, 300, fatigue behavior, 320 trade names, characteristics, and 815 index of refraction, 767 applications, 553 glass transition, 448–449 mechanical properties, 193, 205, ultrahigh molecular weight, see glass transition temperatures, 807, 808, 813 Ultrahigh molecular weight 449–450, 838 melting and glass transition polyethylene as insulators, 496, 507 temperatures, 838 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) ladder, 698 plane strain fracture toughness, (PET), see Polyester(s) as light-emitting diodes, 777 300, 815 Poly(hexamethylene adipamide), liquid crystal, 560–561 relaxation modulus, 240 see Nylon 6,6 mechanical properties, 215–217, repeat unit structure, 105, 836 Polyimides: 228–229 stress-strain behavior as function glass transition temperature, 838 factors that affect, 274–277 of temperature, 216 polymer-matrix composites, 641 values of, 193, 205, 806–807, 808, trade names, characteristics, and repeat unit structure, 836 812–813 applications, 553

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876 • Index

Polymorphic transformations, in fatigue behavior, 320 Powder metallurgy, 583, 849 iron, 380–381 index of refraction, 767 Powder pressing, ceramics, 600–601 Polymorphism, 61, 849 mechanical properties, 193, 205, Powder x-ray diffraction Poly(paraphenylene 807, 808, 813 techniques, 85–87 terephthalamide), see Aramid melting and glass transition Precipitation-hardenable stainless Poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), temperatures, 450, 838 steels, 523 repeat unit structure, 836 repeat unit structure, 104, 837 Precipitation hardening, 438, Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), thermal properties, 709, 817, 821, 441–446, 849 641 824 heat treatments, 441–443 melting and glass transition Poly(vinyl acetate), repeat unit mechanism, 443–446 temperatures, 838 structure, 837 Prepreg production processes, repeat unit structure, 836 Poly(vinyl alcohol), repeat unit 648–650, 849 Polypropylene, 103 structure, 837 Pressing: degradation resistance, 696 Poly(vinyl chloride): ceramics, powdered, 600–601 density, 126, 804 density, 804 glass, 591 fatigue behavior, 320 mechanical properties, 193, 205, Prestressed concrete, 624, 849 index of refraction, 767 807, 808, 813 Primary bonds, 21, 22–30, 849 kinetics of crystallization, 447 melting and glass transition Primary creep, 326 mechanical properties, 193, 205, temperatures, 450, 838 Primary phase, 366, 849 807, 808, 813 recycle code and products, 796 Principal quantum number, 18, 19 melting and glass transition repeat unit structure, 104, 837 Principle of combined action, 618, temperatures, 450, 838 Poly(vinyl fluoride): 849 plane strain fracture toughness, melting and glass transition Process annealing, 575, 849 815 temperatures, 838 Processing, materials, 3 recycle code and products, 796 repeat unit structure, 837 Proeutectoid cementite, 388, 849 repeat unit structure, 104, 837 Poly(vinylidene chloride): Proeutectoid ferrite, 387, 849 thermal properties, 709, 817, 821, melting and glass transition Propane, 99 824 temperatures, 838 Properties, 849 trade names, characteristics, and repeat unit structure, 837 categories of, 3 applications, 553 Poly(vinylidene fluoride): Proportional limit, 200, 849 Polystyrene: glass transition temperature, Protons, 16 degradation resistance, 696 838 PTFE, see Polytetrafluoroethylene density, 804 repeat unit structure, 837 p-Type semiconductors, 479–480, dielectric properties, 500 Porcelain, 595 849 electrical conductivity, 496 dielectric constant and dielectric Pultrusion, 648 fatigue behavior, 320 strength, 500 Pyrex glass: index of refraction, 767 electrical conductivity, 496 composition, 541 mechanical properties, 193, 205, microstructure, 599 density, 803 807, 808, 813 Porosity: electrical resistivity, 826 melting and glass transition ceramics, 213–214 index of refraction, 767 temperatures, 450, 838 formation during sintering, joined to low-expansion alloys, plane strain fracture toughness, 600–601, 602 712 300, 815 influence on flexural strength, mechanical properties, 806, 808, repeat unit structure, 104, 837 ceramics, 213–214 812 thermal properties, 709, 817, 821, influence on modulus of elasticity, plane strain fracture toughness, 824 ceramics, 213 814 trade names, characteristics, and influence on thermal conductivity, thermal properties, 709, 817, 820, applications, 553 715 823 viscoelastic behavior, 219–221 optical translucency and opacity, thermal shock, 711 Polytetrafluoroethylene, 103 774 Pyroceram: degradation resistance, 696 refractory ceramics, 543–545 composition, 541 density, 804 Portland cement, 546–547 density, 803 dielectric constant and dielectric Portland cement concrete, 623 electrical resistivity, 826 strength, 500 Posttensioned concrete, 624 mechanical properties, 806, 808, electrical conductivity, 496 Potassium niobate, 550 812

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Index • 877

plane strain fracture toughness, Reinforcement efficiency, table of, S 814 635 Sacrificial anodes, 690, 850 thermal properties, 817, 820, 823 Relative permeability, 725, 726, 849 Safe stress, 232, 850 Relative permittivity, see Dielectric Safety factors, 232, 302 Q constant Samarium-cobalt magnets, 746 Quantum mechanics, 17, 849 Relaxation frequency, 506, 849 Samarium-iron garnet, 756 Quantum numbers, 18–21, 849 Relaxation modulus, 218–221, 850 Sand casting, 572 magnetic, 19, 727 Remanence (remanent induction), Sandwich panels, 619, 651–652, 850 Quartz, 54–55, 595, 599 738, 850 Sapphire, see also Aluminum oxide hardness, 229 Repeated stress cycle, 315–316 optical transmittance, 773 index of refraction, 767 Repeat units, Saturated hydrocarbons, 99, 850 as piezoelectric material, 509 bifunctional and trifunctional, 105 Saturation, extrinsic Quenching media, 581–583 table of, 104–105 semiconductors, 482 Residual stresses, 575, 850. See also Saturation magnetization, 730, 734, R Thermal stresses 737–738, 850 Radiation effects, polymers, 697 glass, 593 temperature dependence, 736 Random copolymers, 116, 849 martensitic steels, 434 SBR, see Styrene-butadiene rubber Range of stress, 315, 316 Resilience, 204, 850 Scaling, 691 Recombination, electron-hole, 490, Resin, polymer, 637 Scanning electron microscopy, 153, 769, 776 Resistance (electrical), 461 850 in light-emitting diodes, 776 Resistivity, 850. See also Electrical Scanning probe microscopy, 12, Recovery, 264, 849 resistivity 127, 153–154, 850 Recrystallization, 264–267, 575, 849 Resolved shear stresses, 250, 850 Scanning tunneling microscope, 60 effect on properties, 267 Retained austenite, 422, 423 Schottky defect, 130–131, 177, 850 kinetics for copper, 413 Reverse bias, 490, 850 equilibrium number, 132–133 Recrystallization temperature, Reversed stress cycle, 315–316 Scission, 697, 850 264–265, 267–268, 849 Rhodium, 538 Scleroscope hardness, 226 dependence on alloy content, 265 Rhombohedral crystal system, 61, Screw dislocations, 141, 143, 244, dependence on percent cold 62 245, 850. See also Dislocations work, 264–265 Rochelle salt, 507 in polymers, 137 selected metals and alloys, 268 Rock salt structure, 49, 51 Seawater, as corrosion Rectification, 490–491 Rockwell hardness tests, 186, environment, 688 Rectifying junctions, 490, 849 223–225 Secant modulus, 193–194 Recycling: Rolling, of metals, 570–571, 850 Secondary bonds, 31–32, 850 issues in materials science and Rouge, 546 Secondary creep, 326–327 engineering, 794–797 Rovings, 648 Segregation, 355 of beverage cans, 789 Rubbers, 109, 117 Selective leaching, 685, 850 of composite materials, 797 natural, see Natural rubber Self-diffusion, 163, 850 of glass, 795 (polyisoprene) Self-interstitials, 129, 850 of metals, 795 synthetic, 116, 552, 554, 555–556 SEM, see Scanning electron of plastics and rubber, 795–797 trade names, characteristics, and microscopy Recycling codes and products, 796 applications, 556 Semiconductor devices, 489–496 Reduction (electrochemical), 662, Rubbery region, polymers, 220 Semiconductor lasers, 780–781 849 Ruby, see also Aluminum oxide Semiconductors: Reduction in area, percent, 204 lasers, 778–779 band structure, 465, 466–467 Reflection, 767, 849 optical characteristics, 773 carbon nanotubes as, 60 Reflectivity, 763, 771 Rule of mixtures, 850 in computers, 494 Refraction, 759, 765–766, 849 composites, 620–621, 629, 631, costs, 831, 832 index of, 765, 845 632, 633, 634, 643 defined, 11, 463, 850 Refractories (ceramics), 540, electrical resistivity, 470 extrinsic, 477–481, 843 543–545, 849 Rupture, 326, 850 fullerenes as, 59 corrosion, 694 Rupture lifetime, 327 intrinsic, 474–477, 845 Refractory metals, 536, 538 extrapolation of, 329–330 intrinsic carrier concentration, Reinforced concrete, 623–624, Rust, 663 475, 481 849 Ruthenium, 538 light absorption, 768–770

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878 • Index

Semiconductors (continued) conduction in, 476 Slip direction, 248 n-type, 477–479, 847 cost, 832 Slip lines, 251, 254 p-type, 479–480, 849 electrical characteristics, 474 Slip plane, 244, 245, 248 temperature dependence: electron concentration vs. Slip systems, 248–249, 850 electron concentration, n-type temperature, n-type, 482 selected metals, 249 Si, 482 electron/hole mobility vs. Small-angle grain boundaries, 145, electron mobility, Si, 484 impurity concentration, 483 258 hole mobility, Si, 484 electron/hole mobility vs. Smart materials, 11–12 intrinsic carrier concentration of temperature, 484 Societal considerations, materials Ge, 481 fracture toughness, 548 science, 792–797 intrinsic carrier concentration of intrinsic carrier concentration vs. Soda-lime glasses: Si, 481 temperature, 481 composition, 541 Semicrystalline polymers, 119 in MEMS, 548 dielectric properties, 500 deformation mechanisms: vacancy (surface), 127 electrical conductivity, 496 elastic, 272–273 Silicon carbide: thermal properties, 709 plastic, 274, 275 as abrasive, 545 thermal shock, 718 Sensors, 12, 547 flexural strength, 205, 812 viscosity, 591 Severity of quench, 581 hardness, 229 Sodium chloride: Shape memory: modulus of elasticity, 193, 806 bonding energy and melting alloys, 12 properties as whiskers and fibers, temperature, 28 phase transformations, 439–441 636 ionic bonding, 27 Shear deformation, 189, 211 as refractory, 545 structure, 49, 80 Shear modulus, 195 Silicon dioxide, see Silica Sodium-silicate glass, 89 relationship to elastic modulus, Silicone rubber, 554–556 Softening point (glass), 590, 851 197 characteristics and applications, Soft magnetic materials, 741–744, selected metals, 193 556 851 Shear strain, 191, 850 degradation resistance, 696 properties, 744 Shear stress, 191, 850 Silicon nitride: Soils, as corrosion environments, resolved, 250 ceramic ball bearings, 549 689 resolved from tensile stress, compressive strength, 549 Soldering, 362, 573, 851 191–192 flexural strength, 205, 812 Solders, lead-free, 362 Shear tests, 191 fracture strength distribution, 305 Solid-solution strengthening, Sheet glass forming (float process), hardness, 549 259–260, 355, 851 592–593 modulus of elasticity, 193, 806 Solid solutions, 134–135, 851 Shot peening, 324 properties as a whisker, 636 in ceramics, 135 Shrinkage, clay products, 597–598 Silly putty, 218 intermediate, 369, 372, 845 Shrink-wrap polymer films, 278 Silver, 538 interstitial, 134–135, 845 Silica, 54 atomic radius and crystal in metals, 134–135 crystalline and noncrystalline structure, 40 ordered, 369, 531 structures, 88 electrical conductivity, 469, 471 terminal, 369, 852 fibers for optical communications, slip systems, 249 Solidus line, 346, 356, 851 549, 784–785 thermal properties, 709 Solubility limit, 341, 851 fused, see Fused silica Simple cubic crystal structure, 92 factors that influence for solid as refractory, 544 Single crystals, 80, 850 phases, 134 Silica-alumina phase diagram, 377 slip in, 250–253 Solutes, 851 Silica glasses, 89 Sintered aluminum powder (SAP), defined, 133 viscosity, 591 624 Solution heat treatment, 442, 851 Silicates: Sintering, 601, 850 Solvents, 851 glasses, 89 SI units, 799–800 defined, 133 layered, 55–56 Ski, cross-section, 617 Solvus line, 356, 851 tetrahedral structure, 54 Slip, 199, 245, 850 Sonar, use of piezoelectric ceramics types and structures, 54–57, 89 compared to twinning, 256 in, 550 Silicon: polycrystalline metals, 253–255 Specific heat, 706, 851 bonding energy and melting single crystals, 250–253 values for selected materials, 709, temperature, 28 Slip casting, 596–597, 850 822–824

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Index • 879

Specific modulus, 625, 851 electrical conductivity, 469 critical (for fracture), 297 selected fiber-reinforcement fatigue behavior (1045), 336 effect on creep, 328–329 materials, 636 heat treatments, 576–588 engineering, 189, 851 Specific strength, 533, 625, 851 impact energy, 314 mean (fatigue), 315, 316, 323 selected fiber-reinforcement magnetic properties, 746 normal (resolved from pure materials, 636 overview of types, 517–523 tensile), 191–192 Sphalerite structure, 50, 51 plane strain fracture toughness, range (fatigue), 315, 316 Spheroidite, 419–421, 851 300, 814 residual, see Residual stresses hardness and ductility, 432 Poisson’s ratio, 193 safe, 232, 850 Spheroidization, 577, 851 properties as wires (fiber shear, 191, 192, 250, 850 Spherulites, in polymers, 97, reinforcement), 636 shear (resolved from pure 121–122, 851 thermal properties, 709 tensile), 191–192 alteration during deformation, yield and tensile strengths, thermal, see Thermal stresses 272–275 ductility (1020), 205 true, 207, 853 photomicrograph of Step reaction polymerization, see working, 232 polyethylene, 123 Condensation polymerization Stress amplitude, 315, 316 transmission electron Stereoisomerism, 851 Stress concentration, 293–297, 310, micrograph, 97 polymers, 112–113 323, 851 Spinel, 51, 79, 374 Sterling silver, 133, 538 polymers, 308 flexural strength, 205 Stiffness, see Modulus of elasticity Stress concentration factor, 296 index of refraction, 767 Stoichiometry, 131, 851 Stress corrosion cracking, 660, modulus of elasticity, 193 Stone age, 2 686–687, 851 structure, 79 Strain, 190. See also Stress-strain in ceramics, 304 thermal properties, 709 behavior Stress raisers, 295, 323, 851 Spin magnetic moment, 19, 727 engineering, 190, 851 in ceramics, 213, 304 Spinnerets, 610 lattice, 246–247, 260, 446, 846 Stress ratio, 316 Spinning, polymer fibers, 610–611, shear, 191, 850 Stress relaxation measurements, 851 true, 208, 853 219 Stabilized zirconia, 377, 645 Strain hardening, 210, 260–263, Stress relief annealing, 575, 851 Stabilizers, 606–607, 851 570, 851 Stress state, geometric Stacking faults, 147 corrosion and, 680 considerations, 191–192 Stainless steels, 521–523, 851. influence on electrical resistivity, Stress-strain behavior: See also Ferrous alloys; 470, 471 alloy steel, 236 specific steels influence on mechanical brass, 202 compositions, properties, and properties, 261, 262 ceramics, 213 applications for selected, 523 recrystallization after, 264–267 composite, fibrous (longitudinal), creep resistance, 331 Strain-hardening exponent, 208, 628 electrical conductivity, 469 262 elastic deformation, 192–194 passivity, 678 determination of, 239 natural rubber, vulcanized and thermal properties, 709 selected metal alloys, 209 unvulcanized, 280 weld decay, 685 Strain point (glass), 590, 851 nonlinear (elastic), 194 Standard deviation, 230–231 Strength, 200 plastic deformation, 200–203 Standard emf series, 665–667 flexural, 211–212, 844 polymers, 215–217 Standard half-cells, 665, 851 fracture, 201 shape-memory alloys, 441 Static fatigue, 304 ranges for material types (bar for steel, variation with percent Steady-state creep rate, 327 chart), 7 cold work, 262 Steady-state diffusion, 851 Strengthening of metals: true, 208 Steatite, dielectric properties, 500 grain size reduction, 257–258 Striations (fatigue), 320–322 Steels, 383. See also Alloy steels; mechanism, 257 Structural clay products, 543, 851 Stainless steels solid-solution strengthening, Structural composites, 650–652, 851 AISI/SAE designation scheme, 259–260 Structure, 3 520 strain hardening, see Strain atomic, 16–23 classification, 423, 518 hardening definition, 852 costs, 829–830 Stress, see also Stress-strain Structures, crystal, see Crystal elastic and shear moduli, 193 behavior structures

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880 • Index

Styrene, 118 Tempered martensite, 434–437, 852 Thermal shock, 593, 711, 852 Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), hardness vs. carbon content, 433 brittle materials, 717–718 117 mechanical properties vs. maximum temperature change characteristics and applications, tempering temperature, 436 without, 721 553 dependence on cylinder diameter, Thermal shock resistance, 717–718 degradation resistance, 696 586–587 Thermal stresses, 325, 716–718, 852 Styrenic block copolymers, 558, Temper embrittlement, 437 avoidance at metal-to-glass 562–563 Tempering: junctions, 712 Styrofoam, 716 glass, 305, 593–594, 615 glass, 593 Substitutional impurity defects, 134 steels, 434–437 Thermal tempering (glass), Substitutional solid solutions, 134, Tennis balls (nanocomposites in), 593–594, 852 852 653–654 Thermoplastic elastomers, 561–563, Superalloys, 538 Tensile strength, 200–201, 852 852 creep resistance, 331 carbon nanotubes, 60 Thermoplastic polymers, 115, 852 fiber reinforcement, 644 correlation with hardness, 227 characteristics and applications, Superconductivity, 750–753, 852 fibrous composites, 632–633 553–554 applications, 753 fine pearlite, 431 degradation resistance, 696 Superconductors, 750 influence of recrystallization on, forming techniques, 607–610 critical properties, 752 267 Thermosetting polymers, 115, 852 high-temperature, 753 ranges for material types (bar characteristics and applications, types I and II, 751–752 chart), 7 554 Supercooling, 407, 414, 852 selected fiber-reinforcement degradation resistance, 696 degrees for homogeneous materials, 636 forming techniques, 607–610 nucleation, 407 tempered martensite, 436 Thin film magnetic recording Superficial Rockwell hardness values for various materials, 205, media, 748–750 tests, 223, 224 804–807 Thoria-dispersed (TD) nickel, 624 Superheating, 414, 852 Tensile test apparatus, 188–190 Tie lines, 347, 852 Super Invar, 709, 712 Tensile tests, 188–190. See also Tilt boundaries, 145, 146 as low-expansion alloy, 712 Stress-strain behavior Time-temperature-transformation Supermalloy, magnetic properties, Terephthalic acid (structure), 605 diagrams, see Isothermal 744 Terminal solid solutions, 369, 852 transformation diagrams Surface energy, 144, 403 Ternary phase diagrams, 378 Tin, 538, 540 Susceptibility, magnetic, 726 Tertiary creep, 326, 327 allotropic transformation for, 63 Symbols, list, xxiii-xxv Tetragonal crystal system, 61, 62 crystal structures, 58, 63 Syndiotactic configuration, 113, 852 Tetrahedral position, 79, 732, 852 density, 803 Synthetic rubbers, 116–117, 556, Textile fibers, 557 electrical resistivity, 825 696 Texture: mechanical properties, 806, 808, Systems: magnetic, 82, 743 811 definition, 340, 852 rolling (sheet, BCC iron), 743 recrystallization temperature, 268 homogeneous vs. heterogeneous, Thermal conduction, 707, 713 superconducting critical 342 Thermal conductivity, 711, 712–716 temperature, 752 influence of impurities, 714 thermal properties, 816, 820, 823 T selected materials, 709, 819–821 Tin cans, 691 Talc, 57 Thermal diffusivity, 720 Tin-gold phase diagram, 397 Tangent modulus, 193–194 Thermal expansion, 708–711, 713 Titanium: Tantalum, 536, 538 linear coefficient of, 325, 708, atomic radius and crystal Tape casting, 602–603 716–718, 852 structure, 40 Tarnishing, 691 selected materials, 709, 815–818 density, 802 Tear strength, polymers, 228 volume coefficient of, 709 elastic and shear moduli, 193 Teflon, see Polytetrafluoroethylene Thermal fatigue, 325, 852 electrical resistivity, 825 TEM, see Transmission electron Thermally activated processes, 411, Poisson’s ratio, 193, 808 microscopy 852 slip systems, 249 Temperature gradient, 711 Thermal properties, 706. See also superconducting critical thermal stresses, 717 specific thermal properties temperature, 752 Temper designation, 533, 852 selected materials, 709, 815–824 thermal properties, 816, 819, 822

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Index • 881

yield and tensile strengths, Triclinic crystal system, 61, 62 Units: ductility, 205, 811 anisotropy in, 82 electrical and dielectric Titanium alloys, 535–536, 537 Tridymite, 54 parameters, 503 compositions, 828 Trifunctional (polymers), 105, 853 magnetic parameters, 726 densities, 802 Trigonal crystal system, SI, 799–800 electrical resistivities, 825 see Rhombohedral crystal Unsaturated hydrocarbons, 99, mechanical properties, 805, 808, system 853 811 Triple point, 345 UNS designation scheme, 521 plane strain fracture toughness, True stress/strain, 207–209, 853 Upper critical temperature, 576, 300, 814 T-T-T diagrams, see Isothermal 853 properties and applications of, transformation diagrams Upper yield point, 199, 200 537 Tungsten, 536 thermal properties, 816, 819, atomic radius and crystal V 822 structure, 40 Vacancies, 128–129, 853 Tool steels, 521, 522 bonding energy and melting in ceramics, 130 Top-down science, 12 temperature, 28 diffusion, 164, 177, 853 Torque, 189 density, 802 equilibrium number, 128 Torsion, 191 diffraction pattern, 96 in polymers, 136 Torsional deformation, 189, 211 elastic and shear moduli, 193 Valence band, 465, 853 Torsional tests, 191 electrical resistivity, 825 Valence electrons, 21, 853 Toughness, 206–207, 852 Poisson’s ratio, 193, 808 van der Waals bonding, 31–32, 34, Tows, 648 properties as wire, 636 853 Trade names: recrystallization temperature, in clays, 57 selected elastomers, 556 268 gecko lizards, 15 selected plastics, 553–554 slip systems, 249 hydrocarbons, 99 Trans, 114, 852 superconducting critical in polymers, 110, 274 Transducers, 508, 550 temperature, 752 Vibrational heat capacity, 706–707 Transfer molding, plastics, 608 thermal properties, 709, 816, 820, Vibrations, atomic, 147, 149, Transformation rate, 411–413, 823 706–707 852 yield and tensile strengths, Vickers hardness tests, 224, 226 temperature dependence, 411 ductility, 811 Video cassette recorders, 748 Transformation toughening, Tungsten carbide: Vinyl esters, polymer-matrix 645–646 as abrasive, 545 composites, 641 Transformer cores, 743 hardness, 229 Vinyls, 554 Transgranular fracture, 293, 295, Turbine blades, 331 Viscoelastic creep, 221–222 852 Twin boundaries, 146–147 Viscoelasticity, 196, 218–222, 853 Transient creep, 326 Twinning, 255–256 Viscoelastic relaxation modulus, Transistors, 491–494 compared to slip, 256 218–222, 850 Transition metals, 24 role in shape-memory effect, Viscosity, 271–272, 615, 853 Transition temperature, 439–441 temperature dependence for ductile-brittle, see Twins, 146 glasses, 591 Ductile-to-brittle transition Viscous flow: Translucency, 763, 852 U in ceramics, 271–272 insulators, 774–775 Undercooling, see Supercooling in polymers, 221 Transmission (of light), 771–772 UHMWPE (Ultrahigh molecular Visible spectrum, 761 Transmission electron microscopy, weight polyethylene), Vision (glass ceramic), 542 144, 152–153, 852 559–560, 853 Vitreous silica, see Fused silica Transmissivity, 763 properties as a fiber, 636 Vitrification, 598, 853 Transparency, 763, 853 Unary phase diagrams, 343–345 Volatile organic compound (VOC) Transverse bending test, 211–212 Uniaxial powder pressing, 600 emissions, 557 equation for maximum Unidirectional solidification, 331 Volume defects, 147 deflection, 239, 642 Uniform corrosion, 680 Volume expansion coefficient, 709 Transverse direction, 627, 853 Unit cells, 39–40, 853. See also Volume fraction (phase), 351 Transverse loading, composites, Crystal structures Vulcanization, 110, 279–280, 853 631–632 crystal systems, 61, 62 Vycor, 542

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882 • Index

W modulus of elasticity, 807 Z Wallner line, 308 specific heat, 824 Zinc: Water: tensile strength, 813 atomic radius and crystal as corrosion environment, 688 thermal conductivity, 821 structure, 40 bonding energy and melting thermal expansion coefficient, 818 density, 803 temperature, 28 Work hardening, see Strain electrical resistivity, 826 desalination of, 180 hardening mechanical properties, 806, 808, hydrogen bonding in, 32, 33 Working point (glass), 590–591, 853 811 phase diagram Working range (glass), 590–591 recrystallization temperature, 268 (pressure-temperature), 344, Working stress, 232 slip systems, 249 398 Wrought alloys, 530, 853 thermal properties, 816, 820, 823 as quenching medium, 581–582 W¨ustite, 131, 514 Zinc alloys, 540 volume expansion upon freezing, Zinc blende structure, 50, 51 33 X Zinc telluride, electrical Wave-mechanical atomic model, X-ray diffraction, 37, 83–87 characteristics, 474 18, 853 X-rays, 760, 761 Zirconia, 545 Weathering, of polymers, 699 density, 803 Weight-average molecular weight, Y electrical resistivity, 826 106–107 Yielding, 200, 853 flexural strength, 205, 812 Weight percent, 136–139, 853 Yield point phenomenon, 200, 201 modulus of elasticity, 193, 806 Weld decay, 685, 853 Yield strength, 200, 202, 215–216, plane strain fracture toughness, Welding, 573–574, 853 853 815 Wetting, 409 dependence on grain size (brass), Poisson’s ratio, 808 Whiskers, 298, 636, 853 258 as refractory, 545 White cast iron, 526, 528, 529, 853 fine pearlite, 431 stabilized, 377 Whitewares, 540, 543, 594–595, 853 precipitation hardened aluminum transformation toughening, 645 Wiedemann-Franz constant, 713 alloy, 445 Zirconia-calcia phase diagram, 376 values of, for metals, 709 tempered martensite, 436 Zirconium: Wiedemann-Franz law, 713 values for various materials, 205, alloys, 540 Wires, 636 300, 809–813 density, 803 Wood: Young’s modulus, see Modulus of electrical resistivity, 826 as composite, 618 elasticity mechanical properties, 806, 808, cost, 833 Yttrium barium copper oxide, 752, 811 density, 804 753 slip systems, 249 electrical resistivity, 827 Yttrium iron garnet (YIG), 733 thermal properties, 816, 820, 823

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