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TYPICAL PROPERTIES FOR APPENDIX A ADVANCED COMPOSITES

Kenneth R. Berg

A.I INTRODUCTION and configuration is selected, a mini• mum test program would then be initiated. For a company or institution that is designing , or embarking Having a set of typical composite for the first time into the application of has advantages and disadvantages. For exam• ple, if one were to design a utilizing advanced composite materials for structural only typical material properties, without the purposes, it is imperative that material prop• knowledge of the scatter that may occur in erties be available. Of course it would be those properties, structural failure may occur. desirable to have a complete set of statistical Perhaps not immediately, nor on every struc• Design Allowables, such as the statistical '.A: values for properties, or even the 'B' values, ture produced, but on an unknown statistical basis, at some point in time. However, prior to (see Chapter 33 for detailed definitions of a final design for a structure, the normal engi• these values and Neal and Spiridgliozzi, 1987). neering procedure is to initiate the test Since complete statistical Design Allowables are not available, the next sought after mater• program. The purpose of the test program is threefold: one, confirmation of the design; ial properties would be 'typical' properties. two, determine the scatter that occurs due to However 'typical' properties are not defined statistically and may be defined in many dif• variations in materials and the manufacturing process; and three, over a period of time, ferent ways. Therefore it is important to discuss typical material properties and also either to confirm the material properties data• discuss the means to achieve a set of typical base being used, or to accumulate test data for a material properties database. properties. The purpose of having a complete set of typical properties is to be able to design com• A.2 TYPICAL PROPERTIES - CONSTITUENTS posite structures with a minimum of testing confirmation. Having a complete set of typical A.2.l properties will allow design optimization, pre• liminary design, cost and optimization One of the problems of determining typical and other trade-offs with a number of different properties is the variations that occur in the materials and candidate laminates with differ• materials making up laminates. In the case of ent orientations. Once an optimum fiber, the types of and number of manufacturers is considerably less than with fiber. Handbook of Composites. Edited by S.T. Peters. Published However, even with this limitation, there are in 1998 by Chapman & Hall, London. ISBN 0 412 54020 7 at least two major types of glass fiber, E-glass 1054 Typical properties for advanced composites and 5-2 glass. Within each of these are Table A.l 'TYPical products from carbon fiber man• variations in chemical composition, fiber diam• ufacturers (available in USA) eter, fiber finish, fiber sizing, the number of individual fibers in a tow, roving, yarn, etc. AMOCO (Thornel)" Toho Rayon (Besfight) Manufacturers have different names for the P-100 HTAWlOO similar type of glass, for example the higher P-75 IM600 strength, higher modulus glasses. These fiber T-300 HM35 T650/35 glasses are the older S-glass (no longer avail• Toray (Torayea) T650/42 able commercially), 5-2 glass and the R-glass Toho (Celion) T300 by a French manufacturer. Other countries fab• T700s ricate the same type of glass, but with only G30-500 T800H minor differences in properties. G40-800 M40 For carbon fiber, not only are there the same G40-600 M46J variations as mentioned above for glass, but in Grafil (Grafil)b AKZO (Fortafil) addition, there are large variations in strength and modulus and in manufacturers, see Tables 34-700 F-5 42-650 F-3 Al andA2. 42-750 Based on the large number of variations in fibers, it would be virtually impossible to Hexeel (Magnamite) obtain complete statistical material properties AS4 for each variation. Even to obtain typical prop• IM6 erties for each variation would not be IM7 practical. IM8 To reduce this problem to a practical level, it • Typical product name is necessary to analyze the usage of glass and b Grafil is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Rayon Co. Ltd and (or other fibers). The usage of their fibers are called Grafil or Pyrofil. advanced composite fibers by 'pounds used per dollar expended', is estimated to be, in order of highest usage: E-glass, high strength Table A.2 Torayca fiber types (Toray, 1991) carbon (modulus of 227 GPa, (33 x 1()6 psi» Fiber type Number offilaments and then 5-2 glass. With this list, it is possible to develop typical properties for composites T300 lK, 3K, 6K, 12K fabricated from each of these fiber types. An T300J 3K,6K,l2K example of the determination of the strength T400H 3K,6K T700S 12K and modulus of the typical high strength car• T800H 6K,12K bon fiber is shown in Fig. AI. The 'typical' TlOOOG 12K property becomes: Tensile modulus of 227 GPa T1000 12K (33 x 106 psi), and tensile strength of 4000 MPa M35J 6K,12K (580 ksi). M40J 6K,12K M46J 6K,12K M50J 6K A.2.2 RESIN SYSTEMS M55J 6K M60J 3K,6K The matrix for fiber composites can be classi• M30 lK, 3K, 6K, 12K fied into two categories, metallic and M30SC 18K non-metallic. This discussion on typical prop• M40 1K, 3K, 6K, 12K erties involves only non-metallic resin matrix M46 6K systems. M50 1K,3K Typical properties - constituents 1055

300,------~------_. Typical PropertY -----'-~ 250 H'8treiigii,H4GpaH H'~*~~H

Data from vUlaus lber manufacturers 50················ 5 • /Amini + Epoxy/Anhydrld. lIE Vlnyl ••t.r

I Po.,..... I!!I 'J'tpIc.1 Pro ...rty OL---~----~----~----~----~ 0 1I.ODO o 2 3 4 5 0 100 2ao 3DD 4DD 5DD 100 7ao 8DD lao Strength OPa Strength MPa

Fig. A.l Typical strength and modulus for high Fig. A.2 Typical strength and modulus for E-glass strength carbon fiber. (Courtesy of Riggs composite - flexural strength. (Courtesy of Riggs Corporation.) Corporation.)

As was discussed for fibers, only the high environmental considerations. Key among usage matrix systems in advanced composites these characteristics are: temperature, frac• are considered as candidates for typical prop• ture toughness, compression after , erties. In addition, for typical properties of crack propagation, humidity, concen• advanced composites for structural applica• trations, interlaminar shear, mechanical tions, only structural resin systems are fasteners in laminates, holes in laminates, candidates. Structural resins are defined as creep, damage tolerance and compatibility resins that have similar modulus and tensile with fiber finish. In determining typical prop• strength as standard epoxy systems. For exam• erties, these characteristics are not included ple, an applicable resin for structural but, as applicable, need to be considered for composites would have a modulus of approx• the final design. imately 3.5 GPa (0.5 x 1()6 psi) and a tensile strength of approximately 100 MPa (15 ksi). The more popular structural resins are , epoxy, vinyl ester and phenolic. For 800r------. typical composite properties, the use of any of !'rvPIO.' Value 840 MPa ~ 700 ." . these resins will allow a single typical prop• :. '" erty (Fig. A.2) (CertainTeed Corporation, :I 800 ... .~ . . 1989). Isoo A comparison for composites with different !400 ...... epoxy sizing from different manufacturers and j a typical value is shown in Fig. A3. 300 Figure A.4 shows a number of different 1 resin systems and the typical values for ~:::Ir-.-C-.I-I~-~-·~-~-~~-·PO~·-·_3----*-~--IIO~n-Q-30-~-_F-----.1 strength and modulus (Lubin, 1987). This data I H.rcul•• AS-4/1'ype G X Harcula. AS-4/Treated is for primarily fiber controlled properties. o~------~ There are properties in which the resin is the significant factor. These characteristics are Fig. A.3 Typical compression strength for carbon associated with stress concentrations and fiber fabric composites. (Courtesy of Riggs Corporation. ) lOS6 Typical properties for advanced composites

100 . Typical. VaLues . 90 Strength 608 MPa 80 .. ·Modulus 7c} GPa ...... \ ..... ca 70 a. X"'~ .. !I CJ 60 en ::;, 50 '3 'tI 40 0 ::IE 30

20 +H.rOUI •• A.. 1eap *H.rcul•• A47D-8H • Hereul •• A-170-5H 10 XC.llon W-11U • Flbarlte HMF-1tSlM AFlb.rlt. HMF-.l41/34 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Tensile Strength MPa

Fig. A.4 Typical strength and modulus for carbon fiber fabric composites. (Courtesy of Riggs Corporation.)

A.3 TYPICAL PROPERTIES - COMPOSITES ence the transverse strength and modulus of the base unidirectional laminate (100% 0° A.3.l FIBER CONTROLLED TYPICAL plies). The different strength resins shown on PROPERTIES Fig. A.S, are as follows: Fiber-reinforced composite materials are pri• marily used to take advantage of the high Transverse Transverse strength and of the fiber. Therefore in modulus tensile strength (GPa) (MPa) most applications, the laminate orientation is designed so that the strength and modulus are Lower strength resin 8.6 41.4 controlled by the fiber properties. For example, Typical strength resin 10.0 55.2 for a typical fiber orientation in a laminate of Higher strength resin 11.4 69.0 0° /±fP /90°, the 0° plies control the failure of the laminate whenever the percentage of 0° plies is greater than 10%, (with a () greater than 700 r--~La~m~l~n.~I.~1~5"~OOr<.~15:="-=±.::..8°.L'7!.::O-"'-"-"'9O""-r--:-: .•.:7: tow=..::-;_= .... =RMI=. soo ... ,Fiber f.-ctu,. Cril cal (Ultimate) .... ~lJpIcaI.lrength ItHln ±l00). For () less than ±l0°, if the combined per• .. ,:::.:;:::; *" Hlghwlnagth "-til centage of 0° and ±f)0 plies is greater than 10%, ... La • .,8...... ~ then the laminate is also controlled by fiber ..*'J\'pk:aI ..... gtIII"... n fracture. These limitations are approximate ------,= and depend on the fiber strength and modulus, but are valid for carbon, fibers and glass. For high () angles and for 90° laminates, 100~~R-••-m-c~--.I~(R~NP~~-~-IU~-)------+_------__4 the tensile strength of the laminate is reduced oL-______L- ______L- ______~ below the tensile strength of the resin due to o 15 30 45 stress concentrations between the fibers (Berg, Angle ±8° 1967). Figure A.S shows the tensile strength of Fig. A.S Effect of resin properties on tensile a carbon fiber laminate of 0°/ ±f)0 /90° plies, strength of high strength carbon composites. with the strength of the resin varying to influ- (Courtesy of Riggs Corporation.) Selecting the use of typical properties lOS7

As can be seen in Fig. A.S, the typical fiber A.4 SELECTING THE USE OF TYPICAL fracture composite properties (ultimate fail• PROPERTIES ure) are not affected by large variations in the properties of the resin. However, for resin sen• AA.1 WHERE TYPICAL PROPERTIES ARE sitive properties, for example, the first ply ACCEPTABLE failure (limit) of the 90° plies, the resin prop• The acceptability of material properties in the erty is influential. design of structures is based on a number of For the fiber fracture controlled composites, factors. If a design is being produced for a cus• which are the main interest in structures, typi• tomer, the customer is often the final word on cal composite material properties are valid the acceptability of the material properties uti• over a wide variation in resin characteristics. lized. An alternate possibility is that the A.3.2 MATRIX CONTROLLED TYPICAL customer is not interested in accepting or PROPERTIES rejecting the material properties used, but would rather accept the product against a The main interest in structural components is specification. Final acceptance is a qualifica• the high strength and modulus obtainable tion of the product through testing. from the fiber reinforcing of the matrix. The third case is where a product is pro• Therefore in the design of the laminate, for duced by the company itself and sold to the most of the applications, the resulting failure consumer directly. Of course the consumer modes are fiber fracture critical. Unfortunately, (public) is not interested in accepting or rejec• there are cases where the matrix is the critical tion the material properties database. An element in the failure mode for all laminate example of this is the automobile industry. orientations. This does not mean that the fiber In the case of a company that subcontracts does not contribute to reinforcing the matrix in the design and fabrication of composite struc• both strength and modulus, but only that the tures, the company may either want to review ultimate failure is the result of failure in the the subcontractor's material properties data• matrix. base, or be able to review the design of the Among the cases where the matrix is the subcontractor with the use of the company's critical failure mode are laminates that are typical properties database. subjected to shear, the first ply failure (limit In each of the above cases, a typical mater• load) of a laminate (Fig. A.S, first ply failure ial properties database can be used for cost curves and Berg, 1982) and most cases of the and weight trade-offs, selection of the best transverse strength property of a laminate materials, optimizations studies and prelimi• with no 90° plies. Even for these cases, a typ• nary design. ical property can be determined utilizing the It is important to note that the final design typical set of unidirectional properties repre• would always go through an extensive test sented by most of the epoxy systems in use program to verify the material properties by the prepreg manufacturers as well as most selected, the final design, the manufacturing of the structural sold. A typical set of process and to determine the variability of the unidirectional properties for high strength product. carbon composites, for example would be: Thus, a typical material properties database Strength 0° 90° is acceptable and useful to reduce the cost of Tension 2100 MPa 55 MPa engineering design, reduce the cost of testing Compression 1380 MPa 190 MPa and allow a more intelligent and less time con• In-plane shear 55 MPa suming approach to the final design. Modulus 138 GPa 9.7 GPa Shear modulus 6 GPa 1058 Typical properties for advanced composites

A.4.2 WHERE TYPICAL PROPERTIES ARE NOT the composite transformations equations (Tsai, ACCEPTABLE 1988). A typical property database for all ori• entations and selected materials is available In the above discussion, the customer require• (Berg, 1993), but also a typical composite mate• ments were mentioned as one of the criteria rial database could be generated by a for acceptance or rejection of a material prop• company using composite engineering analy• erties database. There are cases where the sis as discussed above. customer will insist upon enough testing to Although this discussion of typical proper• develop a statistical property database. For ties has mentioned only static strength and that requirement the typical material database modulus, typical properties are also available would not be acceptable. However in any sta• for , CTE and for elevated temperatures tistical database, the applicability is confined (Berg, 1993). Fatigue typical properties include to the specific fiber, matrix and fabrication all fatigue stress ratios. Fatigue statistical process. The statistical testing process is properties, of course, would be prohibitively expensive and time consuming. In most cases, expensive. the statistical database would be limited to the If users of typical composite material prop• laminate orientations tested, which would also erties are aware of their limitations, typical be very limited. properties can be a very useful database for For applications where significant environ• cost effective design and analysis. mental conditions are present, the use of typical material properties may not be applicable due to large variations in the response of different REFERENCES resins to these environmental conditions. These conditions were summarized above and Berg, K.R. 1967. The effect of fiber spacing on the included impact, humidity other corrosive flu• strength of composites laminates, pre• ids, stress concentrations, temperature, etc. sented at AAWASME 8th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Palm Springs, CA. A.S SUMMARY Berg, K.R. 1982. The effect of matrix strain limita• The design of composite material structures tions on composite design allowables. Proc. 27th Nat. SAMPE Symp., May, 1992, San Diego, CA. ~quires a knowledge of the material proper• Berg, K.R. 1993. Composite Material Properties Data ties for all combinations of laminates. It is Books - Sample Data Sheets. RIGGS Corporation, cost-prohibitive to test all combinations of Seattle, WA. laminates, even to obtain typical properties. To CertainTeed Corporation. 1989. Sales Brochure, Test obtain statistical design properties for a lim• Data, Wichita Falls, TX. ited number of laminate configurations is also Hashin, Z. and Rotem. A. 1975. Failure modes of expensive, but in some cases may be required angle ply laminates. J. Composite Mater., Volume 9. Lubin, G. (ed.) 1987. Handbook of Composites. New by a contract. Typical composite material York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. properties can provide useful data and be cost Neal, D. and Spiridgliozzi, L. 1987. An efficient effective for the design engineer. The data can method for determining the I A: and 'B' design be generated by utilizing typical unidirec• allowables. Army Materials and Mechanics tional data for each class of materials, (as Research Center, Watertown, MA. discussed above for high strength carbon com• Toray Industries, Inc. 1991. Torayca Sales Brochure, posites). To generate all the laminate Typical Fiber Properties. Tsai, Stephen 1988. Composites Design. Dayton, configuration, both limit (first ply failure) and w. OH: Think Composites. ultimate, requires a comprehensive computer Tsai, Stephen w. and Hahn. H. 1980. Introduction to program, including a failure criteria (Tsai, Composite Materials. Westport, CT: Technomic 1988; Hashin and Rotem, 1975) and utilizing Publication. SPECIFICATIONS AND APPENDIXB STANDARDS FOR COMPOSITES

Frank T. Traceski

limits. A list of typical composite material B.l USES OF SPECIFICATIONS AND qualification tests is provided in Table B.I. STANDARDS These examples are representative of the mate• Material specifications and engineering stan• rial properties which are determined in a dards for advanced composite materials have typical material qualification program in a very broad applicability across the entire accordance with various test standards. spectrum of defense and commercial applica• A concurrent engineering approach to com• tions. From basic research, through engineering posites engineering requires that material and manufacturing development, in produc• selection (as part of the design process) be inte• tion, and for maintenance and field repair, grally linked with engineering and material and process specifications establish manufacturing process development. In com• requirements and procedures. posite manufacturing development, material In research and development, testing stan• process specifications are defined for a given dards are used for material characterization to composite material and manufacturing process. determine physical, chemical, mechanical, ther• Once optimized, process specifications reduce mal and electrical properties. In manufacturing manufacturing risk and enhance producibility. development, material specifications are used Another aspect of composites manufactur• to establish material quality and processability ing is the nondestructive testing and requirements. In production, the material pro• inspection (NOTI) of composite structures to ducer uses test standards and material verify structural integrity during production. specifications for statistical process control Ultrasonic inspection, infrared thermography, (SPC) to ensure batch-to-batch consistency. and a host of other NOTI methods are Material testing standards are used exten• employed to locate voids, , sively in design engineering to determine cracks, and other types of structural defects. material design allowables (i.e. strength and Standards are also employed here to define stiffness limits beyond which catastrophic fail• NDTI procedures and acceptance criteria. ure occurs) at various temperatures and In summary, engineering test standards and environments. Material testing to standards material and process specifications are enables one to quantify material employed extensively in composites research, development and production. Appendix B Handbook of Composites. Edited by S.T. Peters. Published identifies specific material specifications and in 1998 by Chapman & Hall, London. ISBN 041254020 7 test standards for polymer composites and the 1060 Specifications and standards for polymer composites

Table B.l Typical composite material qualification tests

Physical Mechanical Chemical Resin content Tensile strength and modulus Infrared (IR) Resin areal weight Compression strength and Liquid chromatography (HPLC) Resin flow modulus Hydraulic fluid/solvent temperature Short shear (SBS) resistance (T) ±45 In-plane shear Fuel GP-4) resistance RhJological dynamic Open-hole tension spectroscopy (RDS) Open-hole compression Thermal Gel time Compression after impact Volatiles content (CAl) Thermogravimetric analysis Fiber Flexural strength and modulus (TGA) Fiber mass per unit length Fatigue strength Thermomechanical analysis Fiber content Creep (TMA) Prep reg tack Dynamic mechanical analysis Differential scanning Laminate ply thickness (DMA) calorimetry (DSC) Laminate void content Instrumented impact Thermal oxidative resistance Laminate density (toughened resins) (CTE) Laminate fiber volume (toughened Thermal cycling Laminate flammability resins) Thermal conductivity Solvent sensitivity compression strength,SBS Electrical Bolt bearing Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Dissipation factor Volume resistivity Dielectrometry Some of these tests are specific to resin, fiber reinforcement, prepreg or laminate. There is no established universal set of qualification test procedures which is widely adopted. See MIL-HDBK-17 for recommended guidelines. organizations that develop them. It is limited several military specifications and standards to consensus-type standards and does not for polymer composite materials. Other pri• include private sector specifications which are vate sector organizations, such as the generally not available. Aerospace Industries Association (AlA) and Composite Materials Characterization (CMC), Inc., are involved in the standardization of B.2 STANDARDS-DEVELOPING composite materials and tests in order to reap ORGANIZATIONS long-term economic savings. The two principal organizations which Japan, Germany, France and UK are also develop test methods for composites in the major players in composites technology. The USA are the American Society for Testing and European Association of Aerospace Materials (ASTM) and the Suppliers of Manufacturers (known as AECMA in Europe) Advanced Composite Materials Association produces European Norm (EN) standards for (SACMA). The Society of Automotive aerospace composites. Japanese Industrial Engineers (SAE) Polymeric Materials Standards GIS) serve as a basis for standard• Committee is the organization which pub• ization of composites in Japan. Germany has lishes Aerospace Material Specifications issued DIN standards for composite materials. (AMS) for advanced polymer composites. The France has AFNOR standards and the UK has Department of Defense (DoD) has also issued British Standards. Standards used in USA 1061

Engineering standards for polymer com• standards for determining the physical and posites also promote international commerce. mechanical properties of polymer composites. In the global arena, the International AS1M standards are developed by a consensus Standardization Organization (ISO) is the process and are widely used. The ASTM body which develops international standards. Committee D20 on Plastics also has developed The ISO fTC 61 Subcommittee (SC) 13 on standards which may be used for testing plastic Composites and Reinforcements Fibers is cur• resins and reinforced plastics. rently coordinating new standards for glass and carbon fiber composites. USA participa• B.3.2 SACMA METHODS tion with ISO not only promotes international commerce but also enhances USA global com• The SACMA has developed recommended test petitiveness in the composites industry. methods for determining the physical, mechan• ical, and chemical properties of composite materials (Table B.3). Although SACMA is not a B.3 STANDARDS USED IN USA standards-setting body, it works actively with AS1M, SAE, ISO, DoD, AlA and others towards B.3.1 ASlM STANDARDS standardization of composite test methods. The AS1M Committee D30 on High-Modulus SACMA does not regard its SRMs to be 'stan• Fibers and their Composites develops standard dards' in the truest sense because they have not test methods for advanced polymer compos• been developed by a consensus process which ites. Table B.2 lists the principal AS1M is typical of standard-developing bodies. Table B.2 ASlM Standards for advanced polymer composites

ASlM C613 Resin Content of Carbon and Prepregs by Solvent Extraction ASTM 0695 Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics ASTM D790 Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics ASTM D2290 Plastics, Ring or Tubular, Apparent Tensile Strength of, By Split Disk Method ASTM 02344 Apparent Interlaminar Shear Strength of Parallel Fiber Composites by Short-Beam Method ASTM 02734 Void Content of Reinforced Plastics ASTM 03039 Tensile Properties of Materials ASTM 03171 Fiber Content of Resin-Matrix Composites by Matrix Digestion ASTM 03379 Tensile Strength and Young's Modulus for High-Modulus Single-Filament Materials ASTM 03410 Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported Gage Section by Shear Loading ASTM 03479 Tension-Tension Fatigue of Oriented Fiber, Resin Matrix Composites ASTM 03518 In-Plane Shear Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by Tensile Test of a + /-45 Degree Laminate ASTM 03529 Resin Content of Epoxy-Matrix Prepreg by Matrix Dissolution ASTM 03530 Volatiles Content of Epoxy Matrix Prepreg ASTM 03531 Resin Flow of Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Prepreg ASTM 03532 Gel Tune of Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Prepreg ASTM 03544 Reporting Test Methods and Results on High Modulus Fibers ASTM 03800 Density of High-Modulus Fibers ASTM 03878 Standard Terminology of High-Modulus Reinforcing Fibers and their Composites ASTM 04018 Properties of Continuous Filament Carbon and Graphite Tows ASTM 04102 Thermal Oxidative Resistance of Carbon Fibers ASTM D4255 In-plane Shear Properties of Composite Laminates ASTM 05229 Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials ASTM 05300 Measurement of Resin Content and other Related Properties of Polymer Matrix Thermoset Prepreg by Combined Mechanical and Ultrasonic Methods ASTM 05467 Compressive Properties of Unidirectional Polymer Matrix Composites Using a Sandwich Beam ASTM 05528 Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1062 Specifications and standards for polymer composites

Table B.3 SACMA Recommended methods (SRM)

SRMl Compressive Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites SRM2 Compression After Impact Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites SRM3 Open-Hole Compression Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites SRM4 Tensile Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites SRM5 Open-Hole Tensile Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites SRM6 Compressive Properties of Oriented Cross-Plied Fiber-Resin Composites SRM7 In-plane Shear Stress-Strain Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites SRM8 Short Beam Shear Strength of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites SRM9 Tensile Properties of Oriented Cross-Plied Fiber-Resin Composites SRMlO Fiber Volume, Percent Resin Volume and Calculated Average Cured Ply Thickness of Plied Laminates SRMll Environmental Conditioning of Composite Test Laminates SRM12 Lot Acceptance of Carbon Fibers SRPl Printing and Applying Bar Code Labels SRM13 Determination of Mass Per Unit Length of Carbon Fibers SRM14 Determination of Sizing Content on Carbon Fibers SRM15 Determination of Density of Carbon Fibers SRM16 Tow Tensile Testing of Carbon Fibers SRM17 Determination of Twist in Carbon Fibers SRM18 Glass Transition Temperature Determination by DMA of Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites SRM19 Viscosity Characteristics of Matrix Resins SRM20 High Performance Uquid Chromatography of Thermoset Resins SRM21 Fluid Resistance Evaluation of Composite Materials SRM22 Determining the Resin Flow of Preimpregnated B-Staged Materials SRM23 Determination of Resin Content and Fiber Areal Weight of Thermoset Prepreg with Destructive Techniques SRM24 Determination of Resin Content, Fiber Areal Weight and Flow of Thermoset Prepreg by Combined Mechanical and Ultrasonic Methods SRM25 Heat of Reaction, Onset Temperature and Peak Temperature for Composite System Resins Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) SRM26 Fiber/Matrix Adhesion of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

However, SACMA recommended methods Table B.5lists military specifications for various (SRMs) are being used as standards by various fiber reinforcements and composite materials. organizations. The Military Handbook 17 effort is the most widely recognized 000 standardization pro• ject. The purpose of this handbook is to provide B.3.3 AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS a standard source of statistically based mechan• The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) is ical property data for current and emerging the primary organization in the USA which composite materials. The MIL-HDBK-17 gov• issues material specifications for polymer ernment/industry coordination group meets composites. Table B.4 lists some typical twice annually to develop this handbook. Aerospace Material Specifications for polymer composites. In general, the SAE has published B.3.5 NASA STANDARDS specifications for carbon, aramid, glass and fiber composites. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed five standard tests and a material specification for B.3.4 MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS carbon (graphite) composites. Table B.6 lists The Department of Defense (DoD) has issued the specific tests and the NASAl several military specifications for polymer com• industry specification for toughened epoxy posite materials used in aircraft applications. composite materials. Standards used in USA 1063

Table B4 Aerospace material specifications (AMS) for polymer composites

Carbon/Epoxy Composites AMS 3892B Fibers, Carbon Tow and Yam, for Structural Composites AMS 3894E Carbon Fiber Tape and Sheet, Epoxy Resin Impregnated AMS 3895B Broadgoods and Tape, Multi-Ply Carbon Fiber /Epoxy, Resin Impregnated, Uniform Fiber

Aramid/Epoxy Composites AMS 3901B Organic Fiber (Para-Aramid), Yam and Roving, High Modulus AMS 3902C Cloth, Organic Fiber (Para-Aramid), High Modulus for Structural Composites AMS 3903A Cloth, Organic Fiber (Para-Aramid), High Modulus, Epoxy Resin Impregnated

Glass/Epoxy Composites AMS 3821B Cloth, Type 'E' Glass, 'B' Stage Epoxy-Resin-Impregnated, 7781 Style Fabric, Flame Resistant AMS 3828C Glass Roving, Epoxy-Resin-Impregnated, Type 'E' Glass AMS 3831A Cloth, Type 'E' Glass, 'B' Stage Epoxy Resin Impregnated, 7781 Style Fabric, Flame Resistant, Improved Strength AMS 3832C Roving, Type '5-2' Glass, Epoxy Resin Impregnated AMS 3906B Glass Tape and Flat Sheet, Non-Woven Cloth, Epoxy Resin Impregnated, For Hand and Machine Layup

Boron/Epoxy Composites AMS 3865C Filaments, Boron, Substrate, Continuous AMS 3867B Boron Filament Tape, Epoxy-Resin-Impregnated

B.3.6 FAA ADVISORY CIRCULARS (AC) Division is the Materials and Structures Committee (AIA/MSC) which is responsible The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for the coordination and review of proposed has issued Advisory Circulars (AC) to assist specification requirements for materials, commercial aircraft manufacturers in demon• processes and structures. To promote stan• strating compliance with the requirements of dardization AlA has initiated Project 340-1 the Federal Aviation Regulations in the design Standardization of Advanced Composite and manufacture of composite material struc• Materials and has issued two National tures. Table B.7 lists two Advisory Circulars Aerospace Standards (NAS) for composites issued by the FAA. As of this writing, AC manufacturing which are listed in Table B.8. 145-6 is a draft document undergoing coordi• nation. AC 145-6 addresses requirements for composite repairs, including materials, B.3.8 COMPOSITE MATERIALS processes, and quality control tests. CHARACTERIZATION, INC. (CMC) Composite Materials Characterization, Inc. (CMC) is a joint enterprise funded by users of B.3.7 AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION advanced aerospace composite materials. CMC (AIA) was formed as a result of an Aerospace The Aerospace Industries Association (AlA) Industries Association (AlA) initiative to pro• plays a role in composites standardiza• mote industry research collaboration. CMC is a tion. Within the AlA Engineering Standards Delaware corporation chartered in 1987 to 1064 Specifications and standards for polymer composites

Table B.S Military specifications and standards for polymer composite materials

MIL-Y-1140H Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth, and Tape-Glass MIL-C-80730 Core Material, Plastic Honeycomb, Laminated Glass Fabric Base, For Aircraft Structural and Electronic Applications MIL-S-9041 B Sandwich Construction, Plastic Resin, Glass Fabric Base, Laminated Facings and Honeycomb Core for J\ircraft Structural and Electronic J\pplications MIL-C -9084C Cloth, Glass, Finished, For Resin Laminates MIL-P-9400C Plastic Laminate and Sandwich Construction Parts and J\ssembly, J\ircraft Structural, Process Specification Requirements MIL-P-175490 Plastic Laminates, Fibrous Glass Reinforced, Marine Structural MIL-C-19663D Cloth, Woven Roving, For Plastic Laminates 11IL-T-29586 (J\S) Composite, Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Prepreg Tape (Widths Up to 60 Inches), General Specification For MIL-M-43248C Mat, Reinforcing Glass Fiber MIL-J\-46103D J\rmor, Lightweight, -Faced Composite MIL-J\-46165 (MR) J\rmor, Woven Glass Roving Fabrics MIL-P-46166 (MR) Plastic Laminates, Glass Reinforced (For Use in J\rmor Composites) MIL-P-46169J\ Plastic, Sheet Compound, Polyester, Glass Fiber Reinforced (For General Purpose Applications) MIL-P-46187 Prepreg, Unidirectional Tape, Carbon (Graphite) Fiber (PMR-15) Resin Impregnated, 316 C (600 F) MIL-P-46190 Prepreg, Woven Fabric, Carbon Fiber Bismaleimide (BMI) Resin Impregnated MIL-PRF-46197 J\ Laminate: High-Strength Glass, Fabric-Reinforced, Preimpregnated MIL-R-60346C Roving, Glass, Fibrous (For Prepreg Tape & Roving, Filament Wmding & J\pplications) 11IL-J\-62473B J\rmor: J\luminum-J\rarnid, Laminate Composite MIL-F-64156 Fabric, Carbon (Graphite) Fiber, -Coated MIL-Y-8337M (J\F) Yarn, Roving, and Cloth, High Modulus, Organic Fiber MIL-Y-83371 (J\F) Yarns, Graphite, High Modulus, Continuous Filament MIL-G-83410 (J\F) Graphite Fiber Resin Impregnated Tape and Sheet, For Hand Layup MIL-R-8712M (J\F) Rods, Pultruded, Graphite Fiber Reinforced, Processing of MIL-F-87121J\ (J\F) Fabric, Graphite Fiber MIL-Y-87125A (AF) Graphite, 1000/3000 Filaments MIL-STO-368 HPLC of PMR-15 Polyimide Resin and Prepregs MIL-STO-373 Transverse Tensile Properties of Unidirectional Fiber/Resin Composite Cylinders MIL-STO-374 Transverse Compressive Properties of Unidirectional Fiber /Resin Composite Cylinders MIL-STO-375 In-Plane Shear Properties of Unidirectional Fiber/Resin Composite Cylinders *MIL-STO-2031 (SH) Fire and Toxicity Test Methods and Qualification Procedure for Composite Material Systems Used in Hull, Machinery, and Structural J\pplications Inside Naval Submarines • Military Standard

Table B.6 NASA Standards for composites

NASA RP 1092: Standards Tests for Toughened Resin Composites, July 1983 NASA RP 1092 defines five standard tests (STs) for graphite/epoxy composite laminates: ST-l: Compression after impact ST-2: Edge ST-3: Open-hole tension ST-4: Open-hole compression ST-5: Hinged double cantilever beam NASA RP 1142: NASA/ Aircraft Industry Standard Specification for Graphite Fiber Toughened Thermoset Resin Composite Material, June 1985 Non-US standards in use 1065

Table B.7 FAA Advisory circulars for composites compressive, and shear loadings at selective hygrothermal test conditions. CMC also works AC 20-10A Composite Aircraft Structures with other national organizations to promote AC 21-26 Quality Control for the Manufacture of composites standardization. Composite Structures AC 145-6 Repair Stations for Composite and Bonded Aircraft Structure B.4 NON-US STANDARDS IN USE

Table B.8 National aerospace standards for B.4.1 AECMA STANDARDS composites The European Association of Aerospace NAS 990 Composite Filament Tape Laying Manufacturers (known as AECMA in Europe) Machine - Numerically Controlled is developing various standards for carbon NAS 999 Non-Destructive Inspection of fiber composites for aerospace applications. Advanced Composite Structures Table B.1O lists proposed European Norm (EN) standards for determining the physical and mechanical properties of carbon fibers and conduct research and development on emerging their composites. composite materials including characterization, screening, fabrication, and inspection of materi• als or structures made from the materials. B.4.2 JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS (JIS) The primary focus of CMC is on screening Standardization efforts in Japan are managed testing of emerging composite materials. The by the Standards Department under the CMC effort generates a standardized database Ministry of International Trade and Industry of consistent properties for advanced compos• (MITI). The Japanese Standards Association is ite materials which can be shared between in charge of publishing Japanese Industrial member companies (Table B.9). CMC subcon• Standards OIS). Table B.lllists Japanese stan• tracts to third parties the material dards for carbon fibers and their composites. procurement, test specimen fabrication, inspec• tion, test, data analysis, and documentation of results. All tests and data are conducted in B.4.3 GERMAN (DIN) STANDARDS accordance with CMC-approved procedures to German aerospace specifications for carbon, produce a consistent and standardized data• aramid, and glass fiber polymer composites base necessary for comparative assessment of are listed in Table B.12. The DIN specifications material properties. Physical and mechanical and standards are published by the German properties testing is performed, including lam• Institute for Standardization, which is the ina and laminate evaluations under tensile, 'Deutsches Institut fiir Normung' (DIN) in German.

Table B.9 CMC Member companies B.4.4 INTERNATIONAL (ISO) STANDARDS The International Organization for Dow Chemical General Electric Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 61 Northrop Grumman on Plastics, Subcommittee 13 on Composites Lockheed Martin and Reinforcement Fibers is the body which is UTC/Sikorsky developing international standards for poly• Loral Vought mer composites. The USA is represented at Rohr Industries international meetings through the American 1066 Specifications and standards for polymer composites

Table B.l0 AECMA Standards for carbon fibers and their composites

AECMA prEN2557 Carbon Fibre Preimpregnates, Test Method for the Determination of Mass Per Unit Area AECMA prEN2558 Carbon Fibre Preimpregnates, Test Method for the Determination of the Percentage of Volatile Matter AECMA prEN2559 Carbon Fibre Preimpregnates, Test Method for the Determination of the Resin and Fibre Content and the Mass of Fibre Per Unit Area AECMA prEN2560 Carbon Fibre Preimpregnates, Test Method for the Determination of the Resin Flow AECMA prEN2561 Unidirectional Laminates Carbon-Thermosetting Resin Tensile Test Parallel to the Fibre Direction AECMA prEN2562 Unidirectional Laminates Carbon-Thermosetting Resin Flexural Test AECMA prEN2563 Unidirectional Laminates Carbon-Thermosetting Resin Test Method, Determination of Apparent Interlaminar Shear Strength AECMA prEN2564 Carbon Fibre Laminates, Test Method for the Determination of the Fibre and Resin Fractions and Porosity Content

Table B.ll Japanese standards for carbon fiber Table B.12 German specifications for polymer composites composites

JIS R 7601 Testing Methods for Carbon Fibers DIN 29965 Aerospace; Carbon Fibres, High JIS R 7602 Testing Methods for Carbon Woven Performance Carbon Fibre Filament Fabrics Yarns, Technical Specification JIS K 7071 Testing Methods for Prepreg, DIN 29971 Aerospace; Unidirectional Carbon Carbon Fiber and Epoxy Resins Fibre-Epoxy Sheet and Tape Prepreg, JIS K 7073 Testing Method for Tensile Technical Specification Properties of Carbon Fibre DIN 65090 Aerospace; Glass, Reinforced Plastics Preimpregnated Filament Glass Cloth JIS K 7074 Testing Methods for Flexural for E-Glass (Prepreg), Technical Properties of Carbon Fibre Specification Reinforced Plastics DIN 65426 Aerospace; Aromatic Part 1: (Aramid) - Preimpregnated Woven Fabric, High-Modulus Filament Yarn (Prepreg);Innnensions, Masses DIN 65426 Aerospace; Aromatic Polyamide National Standards Institute (ANSI). Table Part 2 (Aramid) - Woven Filament Fabric B.131ists draft and published (ISO) standards Prepreg from High-Modulus Filament for composites. Yam and Epoxy Resin, Technical Specification

B.5 PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATIONS This appendix does not include the many composite material and process specifications stitute a substantial data base which cannot be which have been developed and are used by included herein. Please note that this appendix individual private sector companies (Le. addresses only polymer matrix composites. primes, fabricators and suppliers). Most, if not Specifications and standards for other types of all, of the companies which either produce or composite materials (MMC, CMC, and C/q use composites have some proprietary specifi• are still in early stages of development and cations for composite materials and processes. may be either subject to export control or It is known that proprietary specifications con- proprietary. Proprietary specifications 1067

Table B13 International (ISO) standards for polymer composites

CD 1268 Fiber Reinforced Plastics - Test Plates Manufacturing Methods -Part 1 - General Conditions CD 3341 Textile Glass - Yams - Determination of Breaking Force and Breaking Elongation CD 3374 Textile Glass - Mats - Determination of Mass Per Unit Area CD 4605 Reinforced Products - Woven Fabrics - Determination of Mass Per Unit Area CD 14127 Composites - Determination of Resin, Fiber and Void Content for Composites Reinforced with Carbon Fiber CD 15024 Determination of Mode I Delamination Resistance of Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminate Using the Double Cantilever Beam Specimin CD 15034 Plastics - Prepregs - Resin Flow CD 15040 Plastics - Prepregs - Gel Time CD 15310 Reinforced Plastics - Determination of In-Plane Shear Modulus by Plate Twist Method DIS 3374 Reinforcement Products - Mats and Fabrics - Determination of Mass Per Unit Area DIS 5025 Textile Glass - Woven Fabrics - Determination of Width and Length DIS 14126 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites - Determination of Compressive Properties in the In• Plane Direction FDIS 1889 Reinforcement Yarns - Determination of Linear Density FDIS 1890 Reinforcement Yarns - Determination of Twist FDIS 3344 Reinforcement Product - Determination of Moisture Content FDIS 12114 Fiber-reinforced Plastics - Thermosetting Moulding Compounds and Prepregs• Determination of Cure Characteristics FDIS 11667 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics - Moulding Compounds and Prepregs - Determination of Resin, Reinforced Fiber and Mineral Content - Dissolution Methods FDIS 12115 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics - Thermosetting Moulding Compounds and Prepregs - Determination of Flowability, Maturation and Shelf Life ISO 2559 Textile Glass - Mats (made from Chopped or Continuous Strands) Basis for a Specification ISO 3605 Textile Glass - Rovings - Determination of Compressive Properties of Rod Composites ISO 8515 Textile Glass - Reinforced Plastics - Determination of Compressive Properties in the Direction Parallel to the Plane of ISO 10119 Carbon Fiber - Determination of Density ISO 10120 Carbon Fiber - Determination of Linear Density

CD - Committee Draft DIS - Draft International Standard FDIS - Final Draft International Standard 1068 Specifications and standards for polymer composites

REFERENCES 11. Documentation from Mr. Cecil W. Schneider, President of Composite Materials 1. National Advanced Composites Strategic Plan, Characterization, Inc., 28 October 1991. National Center for Advanced Technologies, 12. ISO/TC61/SCI3/WGI4 Letter Correspondence September 1991. from Mr. Junichi Matsui, Toray Industries 2. Traceski, Frank T., Specifications and Standards for (Composite Materials Research Laboratories; Plastics and Composites, ASM International Japan), 5 August 1992. (Materials Park, Ohio), August 1990. 13. ISO/TC61/SCI3 Report to ASTM 020.61, Gary 3. Test Standards and Engineering Databases for Williams, July 1997. Advanced Composites, Draft Position Paper by Aerospace Industries Association, January 1992. 4. Advanced Composites Standardization, "White ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Paper," Prepared by the Committee for Standardization of Advanced Composite The following individuals reviewed and com• Materials, 4 November 1992. mented on this paper and are acknowledged 5. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.03, for their constructive comments: Mr. Jerome American Society for Testing and Materials Persh (retired), formerly Office of the Director (Philadelphia, PA), 1991. 6. SACMA Recommended Methods, Suppliers of of Defense Research and Engineering; Dr. Advanced Composite Materials Association, Gary L. Hagnauer, US Army Research (Arlington, VA), 1997. Laboratory (ARL), Materials Directorate; Mr. 7. SAE AMS Index, Aerospace Material Specifications, Gary Hansen, formerly Hercules Advanced Society of Automotive Engineers (Warrendale, Materials & Systems Company; Mr. Jerome R. PA), July 1996. Jaeb, Chief Engineer, Structures Technology, 8. Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Boeing Defense & Space Group; Mr. Samuel J. Standards (DoDISS), 1 January 1997. 9. Military Handbook 17, Polymer Matrix Dastin (retired), formerly Director, Advanced Composites, Draft Volumes 1, 2 & 3, US Materials, Grumman Aircraft Systems. Department of Defense, 17 June 1991. 10. Communication with Mr. Joseph R. Soderquist, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 4 September 1997. INDEX

Page numbers in bold type refer to figures; those in italics refer to tables

A-glass 134 failures 644 damage to 656 Abrading, surface preparation 669 bending stresses 644 ductile response 651--{" 652, 657 Abrasion composite 630, 660, 662-3 ductility 627-8,629-30,655--{' mechanical 668 deformable 633, 634 elastic-plastic response 649 particulate fillers 252 deformations 630 environmental conditions 630 resistance, PET 224, 233 dissimilar 635, 660 epoxies 275 Abrasive water jet, see AWJ ductility 630 failure in 628 Abrasives equal thickness 650 fillet forming 271 machining 606 failures 627-9,628,657 flow, sandwich 288 in slurry 607 fully tapered 646, 647 heavy liquids 275-6 types of 607 identical 639 high temperature 658 ABS layered 646 joints 61Q--{,3 compressive strength 258 loading stress 642 bonded doubler 628 density 258 modulus 643 bonding techniques 611 maximum service temperature moisture absorbancy 630 double-lap 628 258 rigid 632,633,634 double-strap 628 shear modulus 259 stiffness 636 durability 631-2 shear strength 259 unbalance 629,648 inspection methods 627 tensile strength 258 stretching elongations 633 manufacturing deficiencies thermal conductivity 259 tapering 627,629,644-51,645, 611 Accelerators 59--{'1, 60-1 647, 648, 649, 650, 653, 656, poor bonding 611 anhydride-cured system 72 658 scarf 628, 629 Acceptance values 724 thermal expansion 630, 661 single-strap 628 Accumulation, damage 797 thickness 627-9,628,628,656-7, single-lap 628 Acids, Lewis 60-1 658 stepped-lap 628,629 Acoustic transverse shear 630 stresses in 632 emission 849 weaker matrix 630 surface preparation 611 honeycomb assemblies 849 Adhesion tapered single-lap 628 fatigue testing 811 26 tapered-strap 628 472, 472 failure 674-5 unsupported single-lap 628 Acoustical properties, 135 Adhesives 255,271,274-6,517-18 light liquids 275-6 Acousto-ultrasonics 849 adaptability 274 mechanical 518 Acrylic acid, and 251 aerostructural 651, 652 670 ACTS, reflectors 1017, 1017 blisters 271 pastes 275-6 Acute toxicity 823-4, 824 bond line control 274 peel measuring 824 bondWng 120255,727 strengths 274-5 Adaptability, adhesives 274 aluminum 683 stresses 628 Additives pressure 271 phenolics 255 low profile 382 brittle 651 blended 275 pultrusion 515-18 cell-edge 276 Plycosite 255 wetting agents 515-16 co- 868, 870 putties 275--{' Adducts, cohesive failure 674-5 255 526 core 271 repairs 869 Adherends cure temperature 661 reticulating films 276 axial stress 644 Cydeweld 255 scrim-supported 873 1070 Index

self-adhesive skins 276 Agglomerates 313, 314 thermal cycling 818 shear stresses 632-7, 633, 634, Aging through-the-face, sheet 635,636 air 85,90 evacuation 865 strain energy 629-30, 653 aircraft 860 water evacuation 863 supported films 276 127 water ingestion 859 syntactic 275-6 Air wet lay-up repairs 865-7 test methods 630 aging 85,90 Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) thixotropic liquids 275-6 3F /36F 85 1035 toughness 274-5 AFR700B/S2Iaminates 94,95 Alignment, graphitization 191 unsupported films 276 AvimidN 85 Aliphatic urea-formaldehyde 255 Skybond 85 amine-cured (TETA) 65 urethanes 275 release agents 516 amines, health effects 832, 833 water absorption 668 Airbus A320, composite applications content 75 Adjusting, lamina properties 763 1036,1038 polyether triamine (APTA), Advanced Communications Aircraft viscosity 54 Technology Satellite, see ACTS aging 860 system 70 Advanced composites aluminum core removal 862 Alkaline applications 23 applications 1022-42 cleaning, surfaces 871 military 23 certification requirements 1022-3 degradation 1000 Advanced fibers, repairs 877 components 1029-30, 1029 All purpose vehicles 908, 908 Advantages current prices 1024, 1026 Alleo 59 AWJ 604 damaged protective coatings Alternative, tooling 449-50, 449, 450 correlators 834 859~ Altex 309, 309 hand lay-up 352 design 878 Alumina 249-50 injection pultrusion 497 process 1024-5, 1026 composites 325 machining 596 requirements 713, 1022-3 grit, light grit-blasting 675, 676 laser 605 effect of contaminants 863 silicate ultrasonic 608 environmental exposure 860-1 boria modified 309,310 preform 438 face sheet materials removal 864 strength 309 pull winding 497 face sheets removal 862 Young's modulus 309 RTM 434-5 fixed wing, current prices 1024, trihydrate 245 tapering 646 1026 Aluminosilicate, staple 160 turning 597 fluid contamination 859 Aluminum twin-screw extruders 539 flushing contaminants 864 alloy vertical pultrusion 495 honeycomb core removal 862 adhesive bonding 683 AECMA standards 1065, 1066 impact damage 858-9 linear thermal expansion 705 Aerospace interim repairs 859 core removal 862 applications, materials selection leak paths 859-60 CTE 558,589 1009 maintainability 1024 density 170, 558 design 709 maintenance 878 170 goal 712, 713 metal face sheets removal 862 fiberglass cloth repairs 877 equipment 1004-21 metal repairs 857 foil 820 Industries Association (AIA) minor damage 859 fracture elongation 170 1063 moisture barrier removal 863-4 oxide industry non-metallic core removal 862 fibers 27 composite tools 593 open core evacuation 865 particulate fillers 250 facing material 255 production 840-1, 841 rivets 668 prepregs 885 costs 1024 specific material specifications 1062, 1063 reinforced plastics 1023 modulus 1049 Aerostructural, adhesives 651, 652 repairs 857-8,857-80,1024 strength 1049 AFR7ooB, chemistry of 81 planning 861 surface preparation 871, 876 AFR700B/S2Iaminates skin damage removal 861, 861 tensile strength 170 air aging 94, 95 skin penetration 858, 859 tension-tension ratio 1049 compression strength 93 speed tape repairs 859 thermal conductivity 558 flex strength 93, 95 stabilizer America's Cup yachts 922 shear strength 93 design requirements 710 Amine curing 49-50,51 tensile strength 93 preliminary materials 711 epoxy resins, aliphatic 70 weight loss 94 structural applications 1027-8, Amines, aliphatic 53, 54 AFRP 605, 1024 1027,1028 Amino resins, health effects 834 Index 1071

Aminolysis, degradation 888 biomedical, thermoplastics 127--8 enrichment centrifuges Amoco 58 boron 163,165,166 953-4 anhydride curing agents 56 933-4, 933 valves 954 Analysis business equipment 934, 934 wind turbine blades 954 composites 736-57 cable cars 934-5 Aramid 23, 26, 425 cost of 736 carbon fibers 196-7 adhesion 26 equilibrium equations 737 casting 38 composites 210, 210 Ancadride MHHPA (Ciba-Geigy) 57 ceramic fibers 163,165,166 compression 26 Anchorage 987 CMCs 935 costs 717 grounded 986 consumer products 946 density 26 prestressed 985-6 cooling towers 936-7 fibers 202-22 Angle of impact, meteoroids 815 drive shafts 936-7 applications 216,217-20, Angle ply 741 electrical 937, 937 222-3 Anhydride electronics 937, 937 athletic shoes 222 curing 50 firefighter breathing apparatus attributes 358 agents 56-9,56-9 937--8 availability 216,217 health effects 832, 833 flywheel mechanical battery by-products 222 high temperatures 50 systems 938, 938 chemical properties 213-15, Anhydride-cured system 72 fuel tanks 939-40 214 accelerator 72 glulam beams 940-1 choice of resin 222 cure cycle 72 grating 936 composites 207 curing agent 72 health 943-4, 944 compressive properties 221 heat distortion temperature 72 high silica 163, 165, 166 costs 223 maximum stress 72 high-pressure tubing 941 creep resistance 216, 222 modulus of elasticity 72 high-speed train brakes 941 cutting 222 pot life 72 hydrogen fuel storage 941 definition 202 solvent absorption 72 industrial equipment 951 design of 216, 221-2 tensile properties 72 ladders 936 electrical insulators 215 viscosity 72 laptop computers 942 electrical properties 215 Anisotropic lighting poles 948-9, 948 environmental properties bodies, thermoelastic behavior loom components 942 213-15,214 470-1 maglev train guideways 942-3 equilibrium moisture content composites 797 marine 916-28 215,241 materials 687,688 medical 943-4, 944 failure 210 material constants 688 metal surfaces 871 fatigue resistance 221, 222 pitches, stabilization 178 MMCs 944-5 flame resistance 205,207 Anisotropicity, PAN 185 mobile storage 945 forms 216 molding compounds 945-6 handling 222 crystal 334, 335 musical instruments 946 health effects 835 GFRP 1006 non-aerospace 935 length-to-diameter ratio 204 PET 224 O-rings 953 limitations 207 Annealing, and coating thickness oil and gas 946-7, 947 machining 222 297 POO fiber 238 manufacture 203-4 Anodizing 667 PET 230 mechanical properties 207-13, aluminum alloys 668 pick-up trucks 936-7 208-9, 209, 210, 211, 212 low voltage 871 pipeline rehabilitation 947--8 melting 205 non-tank 871 piping 936 point 204 Antennas 932-3 PMR-1596 microbuckling 207 oxide 244 ports and harbors 949 moisture absorption 221 high cost 244 power poles 948-9,948 opaque 221 synergism 244 quartz 163, 165, 166 optical properties 215 Antistatic agents, fiberglass 146-7 railways 950 physical properties 205-7, 206 Appliances, reuse 901 rolling stock 949-50 pricing 216 Applications 3,270,931-56 rolls and air shafts 950-1, 951 properties 205-15 aircraft 11 safety 943-4, 944 reinforced plastic, see AFRP antennas 932-3 seals 953 safety 222 aramid fibers 216,217-20,222-3 SMEs 952 sandwich construction 222 AS-4/PEKK 127--8 structural 709 self-screening 215 battery casings 941 tunnels 950 solvents 204 1072 Index

specific ligaments, PET 234 217-18 stiffness 207 AS-4 carbon tiber 123 PET 231 strengths 207 in-plane shear modulus 124 Spectra 231 strength 205 tensile modulus 123 SVM 220 to weight ratio 223 tensile strength 123 Technora 220 structure 204-5 AS-4/PEEK(APC) Tekmilon 231 temperature resistance 205 observed life 806, 807 219-20 tensile predicted life 806,807 236 modulus 715, 716 residual strength 806, 807 Aviation, price of 1024 stiffness 209 strength 125 Avimid N, air aging 85 strength 209 AS-4/PEKK, applications 127-8 AWJ thermal Asbestos, health hazards 252 advantages 604 properties 205-7,206 Assembly bowing, GFRP 1014,1014 disadvantages 604 resistance 205 ASTM 604 thermoplastic matrices 222 methods, cured epoxy resin linear cutting 603,603 toughness 221 systems 72 machining 600, 602 treatments 215-16 numbers 66, 66 milling 604 twisted 215-16 standards 1061, 1061 process 602 UV absorption 215, 221 Atmospheric electricity 860 traverse rates 603 water absorption 215 Atomic oxygen 813--14,814 turning with 603--4 weave 222 destructiveness 813 without abrasives 600 weight 222 erosion 814 AXAF orbiting observatory 970 mechanical properties 718 fluence 813 Axial moisture absorption 26 reaction efficiency 814 compressive properties, Spectra paper honeycomb 269-70 Atomite 247, 247 226,226 applications 270 ATOTech 61 loading 745--7 price 716 ATR72 orientation, PET 224 strength retention 230 CFRP wing box 1038 stress 613 strengths 718 composite applications 1038, adherends 644 tensile strength 26 1937 tensile properties, Spectra 226, Aramid/ epoxy, C1E 589 Autoclave 22, 116,461 226 Aramid/fiberglass 359 consolidation 298,577 Axisymmetric deformation Aramid/graphite 359 cure cycle 84 circular plates 752-3 hybrids 354 definition 577 cylindrical shells 753-4 Arc jet tests, carbon-carbon repairs 868 disks 752-3 composites 347 tooling 589-91, 590 AZ epoxy N (AZS Corp) 63 Archimedean screw 538 Autoclave/oven, molding 361 Architecture, microstructural 795, Automated Real-time Inspection Bag molding 352-77, 361, 362, 796 System (ARIS) 842 366-72,368,369,370,371 Areas of transition 731-2,732 Automated Tool Manufacture for thermal cures 367 Armos Composite Structures 566 Bagging 577 availability 220 Automation, cost savings 16 Balance 9,10-11 elongation at break 208 Automobiles, reuse 900-1 Balanced laminates 693 initial tensile modulus 208 Automotive Balls, tooling 565 sources of information 221 body applications 909--10, 913 Barcol hardness specific 208 SMC 909 recycled PET 894 tensile strength 208 industry testing 38 Aromatic design requirements 713 ferrite, IDlers 527 amine-cured MPDA 65 recycling 901-2 Barium sulfate 249 amines, health effects 832, 833 surface preparation 669 fillers 527 polyamide fiber, see aramid fibers interiors 912, 913 Barrier polyester fibers 235--7,235,235 market, GMT 127 creams 829-30,830 system 71 suspension 911 layers, carbide 292 Aromatization, and carbonization Availability materials 863-4 183 aramid fibers 216, 217 Bars Articulation components 962-3 Armos 220 bending 785 Artificial Dyneema 231 testing 784 blood vessels 963 glass fibers 24 Bases, Lewis 60--1 joints 810 Hoechst Celanese 231 Basic structural units, see BSUs Index 1073

Basketvveave 140,145 Dlelting point 60 cOffiDlercial 380 Bathtub manufacture, Japan 889 Besfight 1054 cODlpression molding 492 Battery casings 941 properties of 170 definition 379 BeaDls 745-7,746,995-7,996 BF3MEA 59 fatigue properties 386, 387 bending stiffness 997 Biaxial flexural Dlodulus 386, 386 curved 791 fabrics, non-vvoven 504 flexural strength 386,386 995,996 plain-vveave 399 injection Dlolded 380 displaceDlents along 747 stretching 546 IZOD impact 386, 386 Dlodes of failure 997 1050 recycling 890-3 properties of 283 carbon fiber fraDle 1050 specific gravity expansion 386, shear deforDlation 748-9,995 fraDle tubes 1051 386 strength analysis 308-9 handlebars 1051 tensile Dlodulus 386, 386 stresses in 747 tube and lug designs 1050-1 tensile strength 386,386 thin-vvalled 747-9, 748 Binders therDlal coefficient 386, 386 types 283 fiberglass 147 BMI 30,99-114 sandvvich 281 organic 314 CAl perforDlance 105 Bearing solutions, availability 82 cODlpressive Dlodulus 111 failure 616, 729 Bioabsorbable cODlposites 961 dielectric properties 106-7 load 620-1,620 biocoDlpatibility 962 edge delaDlination 111 contact region 620-1 Biological attack 810-11 F-22 fighter 113, 113 edge distances 621 957--64 filDl adhesives 114 joints 626 Bisaleimide resins 30 galvanic corrosion 108-9 strength 624-5, 625 see also BMIs hODlopolYDlers of 99 joints 618-19 BisphenolA hydrolysis 112 tests 625 fuDlarates 36,39 Dlatrices 106 stress 619, 619 hODlopolYDler property 102 DlechaniCal strength 111 at fasteners 620 structure precursor 102 Dlolding cODlpounds 114 Beech Starship 472,627,1022,1039, supplier 102 DlonODlers 100,103 1040 trade naDle 102 suppliers 112 Bell DlOUth 500-1 Bisphenol A-based, health effects therDlal properties 106,109 Bend radius 308 832 toughening, diepoxides 105 Bending 785,791-2 Bisphenol E BMI-DAB 100-1 bars 785 hODlopolYDler property 102 definition 105 deflections 637 structure precursor 102 BMI-MDA, definition 105 fasteners 626 supplier 102 Boat hulls 1045 single lap joint 641 trade naDle 102 Boeing 777 failures BisphenolM cODlposite structure 1035, 1036 adherends 644 hODlopolYDler property 102 Bolt joints 617, 617 structure precursor 102 hole 621 fasteners 625, 625 supplier 102 tensions, torque levels 626 longitudinal 747 trade name 102 Bolted nonlinear 747 Blast pressure 675--6, 676, 677 joints 728,728, 729, 1015 rings 785, 792 Bleed-out 367 edge distance 617, 617 skin fracture 751 Bleeder 577 Bolting and riveting 517 stiffness 745 perDleability 581 Bond strength 791 ply, Dlolding 584-6, 585 defects 630-1 Kulon 305 Blistering failures 627-9,628 testing 446 CFRP 918 layer 656-8,657 VMN-4305 isophthalic 918 line control, adhesives 274 stresses Dlarine applications 918, 918 stresses 640 adherends 644 orthophthalic polyesters 918 lateral deflections 640 fOrDlulas 284 perDleation barrier 918 thickness 631 three-point 785, 791 Blisters, adhesives 271 to adherend, thickness 641 and tvvisting 3 Blovv van der Waals 224, 226 vvhole rings 785 Dlolding 529,532,549 Bonded 3,3',4,4'-Benzophenone• accuDlulator 549 doubler, adhesive joints 628 tetracarboxylic dianhydride polYDler properties 550 joints 728,728,1015 (BTDA), Dlelting point 59, 76 Blovvn core, NDE 854 cracking 659,659 BenzyldiDlethylaDline (BDMA), BMC 379-80,491-2 creep failure 658 1074 Index

design 728 interlacing patterns 415, 415 Butt tensile test 638, 638 durability 658-9 Maypole machines 413, 414 Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE), viscosity environmental extremes 658 multidirectional 473 61 viscoelasticity 631 prepreg 418 By-products step lap joints 627 processing technology 413-15 aramid fibers 222 Bonding rackets 1050 volatile 48, 78 adhesives 127, 255 sporting goods 1045-6 Bypassload 616,619,620 agent 190-1 structural geometry 415-16 definition 620 fiber and matrix 801-2 tape 418 joints 626 fusion 127 track and column 414, 414, 416 pure 620,621 hydrogen PPTA 204 tubular 413 ratio 620 inspection 668 Break-out 597 interfacial 149 Breakage 302,319 C-glass 134 and joints 374 Breaking strength C-scan 668 fiberglass 139-40, 141-4 pulse-echo testing 842, 842 pressure 872-4 Kevlar 214 ultrasonic through-transmission adhesives 271 Technora 214 testing 841, 841 skin/core 917-18 Breather 288 Cable cars 934-5 techniques, adhesive joints 611 Bremsstrahlung radiation 816 Cables 927 Bondline Bridges 933-4, 933 adhesive voids, NDE 854 deck 986,986 aluminoborosilicate 24 thickness control 872-3 enclosures 992-3, 994 carbonate 246--7, 247 Bone 962 rehabilitation 988 abundance 243 Boron 23 Brittle fillers 527 applications 163,165,166 adhesives 651 low shrinkage 243 continuous fibers 163 composites 797 Mohs hardness scale 243 fibers 27 fiber breakage 291 particulate fillers 243, 247 reinforced plastics (BFRP) materials, ultrasonic machining stiffness 243 1023 605 Calcium- metaphosphate 957 forms 161-3 solids 188-9 Calendering 532 manufacture 156--7 Broken fibers 803 Carbide, coating 296 properties 161 buildup 803 Carbon trifluoride (BF:J 59 Bromine, halogens 43 black 245 trifluoride-monoethylene amine BSUs 169 content 306 (BFaMEA), melting point 547,747,750-2,752 fiber 25-6,234,335-8,336,337 61 asymmetric 755 see also CF Boron-aluminum, MMC 299 column-type 755 aluminum interaction 297 Boron-epoxy columns 997 applications 196--7 CTE 589 cylindrical shells 755-7 in carbon, matrix 337 stabilizer covers 1030-1 flange 998 compatibility of 295, 296 Bosses 392,392 local 997-8 competitive prices 25 mold making 390 pressure 756 composites 190-1 Boundary conditions 588, 750 sandwich 282 ISO standards 1067 laminates 689 Buffalo Color 58 typical compression Bowing, GFRP 1013 strength 1055 Braiding 18, 33, 164, 402, 402, construction, recycling 901-2 cost of 196, 917 413-18,413,414,415,417,436, systems 989,991 CVD 335 437 Buildup, broken fibers 803 discontinuous 337-8 2-D 413 Bulk molding compound, see BMC elastic modulus 169 definition 415 Bumpers 815 electrical 2-step 416 Bundle theory 189-90 conductivity 169 3-D 413 Buoys and floats 927-8 properties 184-5,185,186 geometric parameters 416 Bushings ffiament directionality 335 angle, and fiber volume fraction fiberglass 138 from PAN 171, 335, 336 417 133 from pitch 171 cross section 417,417 tooling 562 health effects 835 definition 413 Business equipment heat treatment 335 dry tows 418 applications 934, 934 high modulus 335 horizontal 413,413 shielding 936 high strength 335 Index 1075

honeycomb 270-1 melting point 333 Carving bits, honeycomb 289 laminate, tensile strength modulus of elasticity 333 Cast 1056 multiformity 333, 333 aluminwn, tooling 442 MPa 425 oxidation resistance 333 boron, aluminum cable 299 nanoporous 183 pistons 349 ceramic, CTE 589 noncircular 336 powders 343 lamina, composites 299 PAN-based 169 pyrolysis 341, 342 Casting, applications 38 attributes 358 reproducible strength levels 333 Catalysts 49,832 pitch-based 25, 353 stiffness 333 homopolymerization 49 attributes 358 strength efficiency 344 metal coordination 104 production 25 tensile strength 333 Catalytic curing 50-I, 51 pyrolysis 335 TEOS 349 Caul plates 14, 288-9 reinforced thermal design 591 composites 358-9 conductivity 333, 349 tooling design 590 plastics, see CFRP expansion 333, 349-50 Cavity pressure 443 reuse 884 gradients 333 CDS 798,798 rovings 502 oxidation 345, 347-8 CE 99-114,104 selection 90 thermophysical properties 348-9, adhesives 114 shape 335,336,337 349 composition 108 shear strength 295 Carbon-carbon part compression 111 tensile 2-D 340 dielectric properties 106-7 modulus 335 in oxidizing atmosphere 340 edge delamination 111 strength 169 Carbon-epoxy 1031 galvanic corrosion 108-9 thermal composites 27 hot-wet performance 108 conductivity 169 laminates 669 hydrolysis 112, 112 decomposition 25, 25 prepreg 558 of cyanurate linkages 107 properties 184-5,185,186 Carbon-fiberglass 359 mechanical strength 111 torsional strength 295 Carbon-graphite, quasi-isotropic moisture absorption 107 volwne fraction 335 laminates 13, 13 monomers 105 Young's modulus 295 Carbon-matrix composites 333 prepreg reinforced 113 fiber-epoxy, drilling 599 Carbonic, properties of 170 property of casting 108 fillers 527 Carbonization reinforcement 111 1049 and aromatization 183 suppliers 112 1049 chemical changes 181-3 tensile strength 108 tension-tension ratio 1049 and effluent loss 183 thermal properties 106, 109 type T300 503 emissions during 181-2 Young's modulus 108 Carbon-aluminwn microstructural changes 183-4, Celion 1054 infiltration 303 184 compressive strength 87 layer reinforced 304 stabilized PAN 181 flexural strength 87 evaporation 303-4 Carbonized organic composites fracture toughness 87 MMC, tensile strength 300 339-41,340 shear strength 87 plate reinforced 304 curing temperatures 339-40 interlaminar 91 producing 303 impregnation 340 tensile rolling 303 pyrolysis 340 modulus 87 soldering 303 starting material 339 strength 87 Carbon-carbon, rocket nozzles 712 Carbonyls, thermal decomposition weight loss 91, 93 Carbon-carbon composites 333--50 293-4,294 Cell advanced 344 Carcinogenicity 824 configurations, honeycomb 262 applications 341, 349-50 Cards combs 495 size, honeycomb 263 arc jet tests 347 Carpet plots 718-20, 719 Cell-edge, adhesives 276 coating 343-4 construction 719 Celluloid acetate cure cycle 342 laminate selection 720 compressive strength 258 density 333 lay-up sequence 719 density 258 high temperatures 340, 344 shear modulus 720, 721 maximum service temperature impact damage 334 strength values 719 258 lay-up 342 tensile shear modulus 259 linear thermal expansion 333 modulus 719 shear strength 259 manufacturing 341-4 strength 720,720 tensile strength 258 mechanical properties 344-5,345 Cartilage 958 thermal conductivity 259 1076 Index

Cellulosic, fillers 527 PET 121 applications 1035-9, 1036, 1037, Central cylinder, satellites 375-6 polyamide 6, 6 121 1038, 1039 Centred injection, ports 451, 451 polyamide 12 121 material 1027 Centreless polybutylene-terephthalate 121 Civil engineering, pultrusion 519-20 grinder 429 polyesters 121 Clamping 501-2 sander 429 polyolefin 121 levels 625 307-29 polypropylene 121 pressure 625 applications 328-9,328 Charge joints 618 brittle 361 pattern 384-5 loss of 626 continuous unidirectional 317-18 preparation 384-5 Day cutting tool inserts 328, 328 Chassis application 910--11,913 grades of 244 307 Chemical particle sizes 244 density 312 composition, fiberglass 147--8 particulate fillers 244 electrical conductivity 307 contamination 860 Clearances, fasteners 624, 626 fibers 27 degradation 299,888-9 Cleavage 50 applications 163,165, 166 name 121 asymmetric 50 continuous 163 oxidation, direct wet 191 thermolytic 81 forms 161-3 precipitation 292-3 Climb, milling 596 health effects 835 properties, aramid fibers 213-15, Close packing 403, 403 manufacture 156-7 214 Closure, of mold 442 properties 161 resistance 38 CMCs 935 fracture toughness 312 and crystallinity 120 ultrasonic machining 605 hardness 307 feldspar 243-4 CNC, lathes 597

matrices, designing 317-23, 318, fiberglass 134 CO2, gas laser 605 319,320,321 Kevlar 214 Co-poly-p-phenylene/3,4'- matrix nepheline 243-4 oxydiphenylene composites, see CMCs PBI 237 terephthalamide 203, 203, 205 lamina, fiber fracture 799 PET 224,230 Coarse fillers materials 311-12 Technora 214 silica 516 melting thermoplastics 126 talc 516 point 312 stability 214 Coating temperatures 307, 311 vapor deposition, see CVD aluminum foil 820 modulus of rupture 312 vapor infiltration, see CVI by precipitation 293, 294 Poisson's ratio 312 Chemically resistant, gloves 829 carbide 296 powder processing 312-14,313, Chimneys 983 carbon fibers 292-4,294,295 314 rehabilitation 988 chemical precipitation 292-3 reinforcing 307-11,308,308,309, Chlorendic 39 electroless deposition 292-3 310,311 anhydride (CA), melting point in gas phase 294--8 strengthening 323-4, 323 58 in-mold 385 thermal conductivity 307 resins 36, 36, 43 medical applications 957 thermal expansion 312 Chlorinated solvents, health effects metal, heating temperature 294 tolerance to flaws 307 836 nickel 292 unreinforced 328-9 Choice of resin, aramid fibers 222 nickel vapor-deposited 819-20 Young's modulus 307,312 Chopped strand, mat 155, 917 nitride 296 Certification requirements Chopped-fiber, reinforced 813 aircraft 1022-3 composites 355 protective 819-20,819 military aircraft 1023 Chopper gun 353 294 CF/PEEK 115 Chord, winding 462 thickness 293,294,297 CF/PPS 115 Chromic acid anodized, aluminum and annealing 297 CF/PSU 115 foil 820 and deposition time 294 CFRP 1023-4 Chronic toxicity 824 Kulon 306 blistering 918 testing 824 VMN-4306 cathodic 918 CIC 381 two-layer 300 prepregs 1-23 modified 381 Cockroft-Walton accelerator 848, 848 Chain folding, PET 224 Circuit boards, fiberglass 136 COD 124 Channeling 443 Circular plates, axisymmetric Coefficient of thermal expansion Char , NR-I50 82 deformation 752-3 seealsoCTE Characteristic damage state, see CDS Circumferential, reinforcement 461 aluminum 558 Characteristic temperatures Civil aircraft carbon-epoxy prepreg 558 Index 1077

glass-epoxy 558 fiber dominated 795 hot-wet 108 high carbon cast 558 flywheels 474-5 measuring in 195 558 glass-reinforced 716,717 molding 22,43,374,384,529, laminates 322 graphite-reinforced 716, 717 532,545 mahogany 558 health and safety 880 composite parts 549 monolithic graphite 558 history 353-4 fiber orientation 548 steel 558 hybrids 353 GMT 117 whiskers 308 inhomogeneous 797 one-dimensional flow 583-4, Cohesive fracture 674, 675 inspection 880 584 Collision avoidance 484, 485 layer, permeability 581 polyimides 545 Color, stability 43 Materials Characterization, Inc PTFE 545 Columns 997-9,999 (CMC) 1065, 1965 and pultrusion 490 buckling 997, 999 panels 909 rackets 1049 crushing 997 preventive maintenance 880 thermoplastics 116,544-9 failure mechanisms 997 processes two-dimensional flow 584 properties 998,999 health hazards 831 UHMWPE 545 slenderness 997 safety hazards 831 molds 394,395,395 testing 999 processing 879 properties 360 Commercial preforms 397 strength resins 101, 102, 103 times 353 AFR700B/S21aminates 93 stabilization 178 protective coatings 879 marine laminates 920 Comminuted polymers, fillers 527 pultruded, outdoor use 504 normalization 721 Compacted plies, Springer's model quality controls 880 strength after impact 125, see also 588 reasons for using 3 impact energy Compaction 470 repair methods 880 and tension 786-9 pressure 457 repairs, aircraft 857-8 TEOS 346 Compliance 195 sealants 879 testing 781 Compliant ring method 788-9 sealing 302 buckling 787 Components standard tests 880 flat specimens 787 of composites 879 talc 246 rings 782, 788-9 design 709 testing 194-6 transverse cracking 787 sizing 712 thermal properties 661 unidirectional composites 787 Composites 166 Ti-Al-C 303 Compressive adherends 630, 660 tools 566-75 fiber stress, and fiber volume AI-B-C 304 aerospace industry 593 fraction 581 analysis 736-57 ease of preparation 592 modulus anisotropic 797 low density 592 BMl 111 aramid prepreg 566,567-71 PMR-15 laminates 88 fibers 207 thermal expansion 592 properties reinforced 716, 717 thermal stability 592 aramid fibers 221 beam wet lay-up 566 testing 38 cost 723 toxicological properties 831-7 strength design example 722-3, 722, tubes ABS 258 723 curing 428-9 Celion 87 design values 723 fishing rods 427 cellulois acetate 258 bolting and riveting 516-17 unidirectional 191 epoxies 258 brittle 797 whisker-alumina 320-1 fiberglass epoxies 153 cast lamina 299 Composition honeycomb 264-5,266-7 components of 879 CE 108 Kulon 305 coupling agents 250 continuous ceramic fibers 309 laminate 616 damage fiberglass 138-9 Nomex 272, 273 assessment 880 fibers 158 PBO fiber 238 sources 838 whiskers 158 phenolics 258 definition 378 Compound structures 456 plied-yam 151 density, thermoplastics 534 Compression PMR-15 82,88 environmental effects 879-80 aerospace applications 26 polyurethane 258 fabrication 879 after impact (CAl) 105 258 failure 193 ararnids 26 recycled phenolic 894 analysis 880 CE 111 S-glass epoxies 152 1078 Index

single-yam 151 areas 184 splices 276,278,278 skinned molded 258 inverse method 611 Comers thermoplastics 124 region, bearing load 620-1 flexure, TEOS 346 thermosets 124 Continuity condition, resin flow injection, ports 451,451 VMN-4305 582-3 preform 438 yam distribution 154 Continuous Corporate Average Fuel Economy stress, surface 321 casting 29&-9 (CAFE) 907 Compton scattering 845 ceramic fibers 163,309 Correction method, tooling 590-1 Computed tomography 846-7, 848 dry jet wet spinning 204 Corrective Optics Space Telescope advantages 846-7 fiber-reinforcement 22 Axial Replacement, see density map 846-7 fibers 156, 338, 338 COSTAR Computer codes, joints 624, 630 alumina-based 156-7 Correlation, ultrasonic 843--4, 844 Computer numerical controlled, see density 162 Correlators CNC description 162 advantages 834 Concrete diameter 162 block diagram 844 dilation 988 elastic modulus 162 P1FE 834 fonns 925 filament Corrosion linear thermal expansion 705 directionality 338 barrier 47 polymer 984, 984 winding 338 galvanic 10&-9 post-tensioning 986, 987 layer interlocking 338 resffitance 38,42,303 prestressed 985-6 manufacturers 162 construction 982,983 rehabilitation 988 multilayer locking 338 high-temperature 322 reinforcing 999-1000 reinforced composites 355 reinforced composites 387 Condensed core, NDE 854 specific strength 162 Corrugated configuration, reinforced Conductivity, and modulus of thermal expansion coefficient composites 389 elasticity 186 162 Corrugation process, honeycomb Consolidation 314,576-94 trade names 162 257 autoclave 298, 577 filament, fiber architecture 401-2 Cortical bones 958 definition 576 glass, rovings 492 COSTAR 101&-19,1019 equation 582 impregnated compound, see CIC Costs one-dimensional 584 reinforcement 502 aramid 717 equipment selection 577 strand mat 436, 503 carbon fiber 917 fiber deformation 576 whisker 156 E-glass 717 history 578-86 Contour, variation 372-3 glass fibers 24 mechanisms involved in 576 Contoured tape, lay-up 16 graphite 717 mode~ 578-86,581-6 Control surfaces, marine meta-aramids 205 pressure 577 applications 924 metals 717 resin flow 576 Coolants, drilling 600 particulate fillers 242 techniques 576 Cooling towers 936-7, 993-4, 995 PBOfiber 238 temperature 577 Coordinating partial plies, tooling 52-glass 917 thick composites 585 design 590 Count thin composites 585 Copolymerization 34 fiberglass 141-4 time 585 Core plied-yam 151 588 corrosion single-yam 151 tooling materia~ 577 adhesives 271 Countersinking, and drilling 59&-9 Constituent NDE854 Countersunk materi~ 22 edge treatment 277 fasteners 624,624,625,625 properties 766-7 fatigue, NDE 854 head 729 Constitutive equations 739,741 materi~ 256-7 Coupling stiffness coefficients 743-4 movement, adhesives 271 agents 671 Construction node disbonds, NDE 854 chemical functionability 147 applications 982-1001 plug repair 866 commercial 148 materials selection 982 selection, sandwich 284 composites 250 carpet plots 719 shaping 289,289 effect on mechanical methods 1014-15 shear stress, formulas 284 properties 149 mold 447 size, sandwich 288 fiberglass 146-7 pultrusion 519-20 splitting, adhesives 271 polypropylene and acrylic Consumer products 946 Cores acid 251 Contact density 276 resin interaction 149 Index 1079

silanes 147, 250--1 795 and resin viscosity 354, 355 titanates 251 Crooked chain, meta-aramids 205 R1M 433 viscosity 250 Cross section selecting 585,586 zirconates 251 constant 489 times, tools 559 with diepoxides 105 shape of 461 degree of 587, 587 eliminating 193-4 Cross sections, strength 613 monitoring 67-9,67,68,69 and stiffness 702-3 Crosslinking 31, 48, 100 in situ 69 Coupon tests 195, 687, 688 matrix 460 infrared spectroscopy 68 Coupons reversible 887-8 off-line 67-9 configuration 721 rotational molding 551 part slippage 432 standard 721 Crowfoot satin, weave 145, 145 rate 509-10,509,510 Crack Crushed core epoxy resins 509 bridgUng 320,323-4,323 NDE 854 polyesters 509 deflection 320,323-4,323 sandwich 282 shrinkage 48 formation 469 Crystal, anisotropy 334 temperature 105 growth, fatigue 811 Crystalline adhesives 661 initiation 124, 632 polymers 118, 120 Cured epoxy resin systems, AS1M opening displacement, see COD silica 250 methods 72 propagation 124 Crystallinity Curing 13,16,37,385 Cracking advantages of 126 agents 49,513,813,832 bonded joints 659, 659 and chemical resistance 120 amine 53-6, 54-6 matrices 319 PET 224 anhydride 56-9,56-9 Crashworthiness 3 Crystallite melting point, Spectra 26 anhydride-cured system 72 Cratering 814 Crystallization kinetics epoxy resins 509 Crazing 343 injection molding 540 amine 49-50,51 Creel rotational molding 551 anhydride 50 bookshelf 492 CTE 698-9, 704 autoclave 33 horizontal feed 494 aluminum 589 composite tubes 428-9 loaded multiple spindle 494 aramid4epoxy 589 cyclotrimerization 99-101 mat/fabric 494 boron-epoxy 589 dicyanates 100 package positions 493 cast ceramic 589 low temperature 567 pultrusion 492-5 compatibility 557 non-autoclave 589 Creep electroformed nickel 558 ovens 22, 428-9 effects 126 fiberglass-epoxy 589 press 22 environmental 1000 graphite-epoxy 589 reaction 49 failure high-temperature cast epoxy 589 R1M 445-6, 445 bonded joints 658 (electroformed) 589 shrinkage 41 hot-wet conditions 659 M401/F854 704 temperatures, carbonized organic fatigue 631 nickel (electroformed) 589 composites 339-40 homopolymers 212 shrink factors 557-8 thermal 499 low temperatures BOO silicone rubber 589 time 385 para-aramids 212 tool steel 589 Curved resistance tooling 556-7, 557-8 beams 791 aramid fibers 216, 222 urethane board stock 558 pultrusion 489-90 PET 227 Cupping 541, 541 Cut-off Spectra 227,228-9,230,232 541 high pressure water jet 502 rupture 797, BOO, 806 Cure saw 502,502 time-dependent BOO,800 catalysts 104 station 502 viscoelastic 797 control 586-9, 586, 587, 588 wastage 502 Cresyl glycidyl ether (CGE), objective 588 Cut-outs, in cylinders, GFRP 1013 viscosity 62 cycle Cutting Crimp 416 anhydride-cured 72 aramid fibers 222 Critical aromatic system 71 Kevlar 600 bend radius, continuous ceramic autoclave 83-4 plies, surface preparation 870 fibers 309 stepped 355 speed 596-7,598,605 energy, failure criteria 795 carbon-carbon composites tools 329, 329 load, orthotropic plates 751 342 (;VI) 27,157,294,296,311,338-9, processing temperature 326 elements 67 339 shear resistance, failure criteria no-bleed 673 carbon fibers 335 1080 Index

drawbacks 317 Debulking 567,569,592 textile preforming 397 isothennal 338-9, 339 periodic 574 thermosetting reaction 49 silicon carbide 157 Deburring 565 tows 476 temperatures 316 Decking 925 toxic 822 thermal gradient technique 339, Decomposition temperature viscosity 527 339 Kevlar 206 weaving 404 CVI 316,316,401 Nomex 206 Deflection forced flow-thermal gradient PBO fiber 238 effect 640 processing 317,317 Technora 206 equations 750 isothermal processing 317 Teijinconex 206 fasteners 624, 626 Cyanate Twaron 206 formulas 284-5 ester, see CE Decontamination, PMC 863 lateral 644 resins 29-30 Deep delamination, NDE 854 sandwich 284 Cyanates 358 Deep submergence devices 474,475 Defonnable, adherends 633, 634 Cyanurate trimer 99,100 Defective fibers 303 Deformation 398 CYCAP 93 Defects, inspection methods 733--4, adherends 630 chemistry of 81 734 degree of 448 Cycle times, RTM 433 Defibrillation 215 laminates 691 Cycles to failure, Kevlar 213 Definitions point 302 Cycleweld 255 ararnid fibers 202 Degradation 215, 796 Cyclic loading, microcracking 801 autoclave 577 aminolysis 889 Cycloaliphatic amines, health effects BMC 379 chemical 888-9 832, 832, 833 BMI-DAB 105 factor 697 Cylinders BMI-MDA 105 fiber length 536 467 braiding 413 glycolysis 889 Cylindrical shells 466, 752-3, 753 bypass load 620 hydrolysis 889 axisymmetric deformation 753--4 composites 378 methanolysis 889 buckling 755-7 consolidation 576 NDE 838 pressure 756 damage tolerance 794, 794 PET 889 nonsymmetric deformation denier 241 products obtained 889 754-5 detailed design 710 strength 796 shear defonnation 756 durability 794, 794 Degreasing, metal surfaces 871 stiffnesses 756 electroforming 591 DEH 20 (Dow) 54 Czochralski method 160 epoxide 48 DEH 24 (Dow) 54 equilibrium moisture content 241 DEH 26 (Dow) 54 D-glass 134 extrusion 534 de Havilland Mosquito 686, 686 Dagger drill 599-{)(}(), 599 fiber 242 Delamination 548, 597-8, 598, 599, Damage placement 476 615,798-9,799,801 accumulation 797 hazard 823 atedge 798 assessment heat capacity 532-3 helical winding 789 composites 880 hygrothermal 694 Delta Clipper experimental launch wet lay-up repairs 866 knitting 408 vehicle 974-5,974 drivers 801-3 lamina 687 Demolding 443,446-7 inspection, NDE 854 material properties 709 precautions 446 low velocity impact 839-40 matrix 378 DEN 431 (Dow) 52 modes 797-800, 798, 799, SOO particulate fillers 242 DEN 438 (Dow) 52 protective coatings, aircraft preliminary design 710 DEN 439 (Dow) 52 859-60 prepreg 425 Denier, definition 241 resistance 801-3 pultrusion 488 Denitrogenation 183 tolerance 107, 111, 794, 794-808 pyrolysis 888 Densification 314 definition 794,794 reinforcements 378 shuttle parts 343 Darcy's law 447,581 rheology 527 Density resin flow 578 risk 823 ABS 258 OCB, tests 124 specific heat 532-3 aluminum 170,558 OCPD 37, 37, 39 specific modulus 715 aromatic system 71 low cost 37 steering 482 carbon (Type T300) 503 maleate half ester 37 strength retention 241 carbon-carbon composites 333 Debonding, moisture 811 tenacity 241 carboni epoxy prepreg 558 Debris impacts 814-15,814,815 Tex 136,241 cellulois acetate 258 Index 1081

ceramic composites 312 continuous fiber 162 Dicyandiamide (DICY), melting ceramics 307 staple 162 point 56 continuous ceramic fibers 309 whiskers 162 Dicyclopentadiene, see DCPD continuous fiber 162 Design 32 Dicyclopentadienyl bisphenol E-glass 503 aerospace 709 homopolymer property 102 electroformed nickel 558 allowables 709, 758-77 structure precursor 102 epoxies 258, 511 nomenclature 759,759 supplier 102 glass/epoxy 558 processing variables 762-3 trade name 102 high carbon cast steel 558 testing 758 Dielectric Invar 558 checklist 712, 714 constant 95 Kevlar 206, 503 components 709 E-glass fibers 231 Kulon 305, 306 of composites 18-20, 19 PET 224 mahogany 558 considerations 994-1001 Spectra 231 meteoroids 815 data, using 724-7 thermoplastics 107 and modulus 23 detailed 710 thermosetting 107 monolithic graphite 558 laminates 686-708, 697-706 properties 106-7 Nomex 206 low strain 838 strength, Skybond 95 NR-150 82 methodology Dielectrometry 68,69 PAN-based fibers 170 knitting 410-13 bulk 68,69 phenolics 258 nonwoven 419 Diels-Alder 101 pitch-based fibers 170 preliminary 710 reverse 80 PMR-1582 process 710 Dies 497 polyester 511 requirements chrome plated 501 polyurethane 258 aircraft 713, 1022-3 forming 497 polyvinyl chloride 258 stabilizer 710 heating and curing 498-501 recycled NBC 897 automotive industry 713 inspecting 501 recycled phenolic 894 helicopters 713 internal profile 499-500 regrind RIM 895 industrial pressure vessels manufacturing 500 resin, aliphatic system 70 713 multi-cavity 491, 500 S-glass 503 marine submersibles 713 positioning 498 SiC/ AIP3 315 recreational 713 purging 514 skinned molded foam 258 rocket motors 713 steel 500 Spectra 503 sailboats 713 temperature staple 162 satellites 713 control 511-13,512,513 steel 170, 558 team 709, 712, 714, 715 profile 511, 513 and strength 23 materials supplier 715 stability 514 Technora 206 values 720-2 Diethyl ester diacid derivative 80-1 Teijinconex 206 verification 733-4, 733 Diethylaminepropylamine (DEAPA), 170 Designations, continuous ceramic viscosity 54 Twaron 206 fibers 309 Diethylenetriamine (DETA), urethane board stock 558 Despooling 479 viscosity 54 vinylester 511 Detailed design 710, 723-34 Different thicknesses, sandwich VMN-4 305, 306 definition 710 structures 744 whiskers 162, 308 Determinable values 779 Diffusion welding, stage Dental applications, Diacids, and glycols 34-5 production 291 (HA) 958 Diameter Diglycidyl ether of 1, 4-butanediol Dentin 958 continuous fibers 162 (BDE), viscosity 62 Deoxidizing, metal surfaces 871 ceramic 309 Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A Deposition low 160 (DGEBA) electrolytic method 293 staple 162 crystallization 51 time, and coating thickness 294 whiskers 162, 308 viscosity 51 DER 330 (Dow) 51 3,3' -Diaminodiphenylsulfone, Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F DER 331 (Dow) 51 melting point 55 (DGEBF) 52 DER 332 (Dow) 51 4,4' -Diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), crystallization 52 DER 661 (Dow) 51 melting point 55 Diglycidyl ether of neopentyl glycol, DER 732 (OOW) 63 Diaphragr.nforming 117 viscosity 63 DER 736 (OOW) 63 thermoplastics 116 Diglycidyl ether of polypropylene Derivatives, phenolic 382 Dibromoneopentyl glycol 43 glycol 63 Description Dicyanates, curing 100 Diluents 61-3,61-3 1082 Index

reactive 66, 66 cantilever beam Duramite 247,247 Dimensional see also DCB Dust particles, milling 597 stability, reinforced composites specimens 124 Dy 023 (Ciba-Geigy) 62 387 head, pull winding 496-7 Dy 027 (Ciba-Geigy) 61 tolerances 560-1 lap DY 062 (Ciba-Geigy) 60 drawings 731 adhesive joints 628 DY 064 (Ciba-Geigy) 60 Dimensions, joints 612, 649 balanced 655 Dyeing, PET 233 DIMOX 315-16,315,316 joints Dyes 516 Dimpling, sandwich 282, 284 stress distribution 654 Dynamic mechanical analysis Direct wet, chemical oxidation 191 thermal stress 662 (DMA) 816 Direction dependence 698 shea~joints 624,625 Dynamic mechanical thermal Directional metal oxidation, see strap analysis, see DMTA DIMOX adhesive joints 628 Dyneema 223 Directionally reinforced molding joints, tapering 646, 647, 648 availability 231 compotuld, see XMC Doublers 279-80, 280 elongation at break 225 Disadvantages Draft 389, 390 fiber type 225 AWJ 604 zero 389 pricing 232 hand lay-up 352 Drapability, preform 438 specific gravity 225 injection pultrusion 497 Draping simulation 448, 448 tensile modulus 225 laser machining 605 Drawings 730-3 tensile strength 225 preform 438 construction 730-3 RTM 434-5 dimensions 731 E-glass 24, 134, 425 turning 597 tolerances 731 composite tanks 985 twin-screw extruders 539 material description 731, 731 compression properties 360 ultrasonic machining 608 thickness 731 constituent properties 766 Disbonds Drill costs 717 inspection 839 cutting parameters 600 density 503 NDE 854 dagger 599-600,599 dielectric constant 231 surfaces 677 fixtures, fabrication 573 elastic properties 764-7 Discontinuous fully fluted 600 elongation at break 503 fiber 156 geometry 599-600 fiber modulus 360 representative volume 804 performance 599 Kevlar, fiber modulus 360 whisker 156 templates 573-4 polyester rods 985 Discrete, fiber architecture 401,401 twist 600 references 774--7 Disks, axisymmetric deformation Drilling 597-600,598,599 984 752-3 carbon fiber-epoxy 599 reinforcement 383 Displacements, measuring 779 coolants 600 specific Disposal and cotultersinking 598-9 gravity 383 see also recycling, reuse damage 729 modulus 1049 nonrecyclables 899-900 glass fiber-epoxy 599 strength 1049 and reuse 883-904 machining 602 strength properties 764-7 Dissimilar adherends 635 secondary 598 tensile Dissipation factor 95 Drive shafts 911,936-7 failure 383 fiberglass 135 Dry spots, eliminating 453, 453 modulus 360,383,503,716 thermoplastics 107 Dry tows, braiding 418 properties 360 thermosetting 107 Drying, of composite 811 strength 24,383,503 Distortion temperature, testing 38 Dual-shell reflector, Kevlar 1004, tension-tension ratio 1049 Diving equipment 926-7, 926, 927 1004 thermal expansion 383 Dixie Chemical 57 Ductile response 655 typical properties 1055 DMP 30 (Rohm & Haas) 60 adhesives 651-6,652,657 uniaxial strength 194 DMTA 120, 120 Ductility, adhesives 627-8,629-30, YOtulg's modulus 24 Dodecenyl succinic anhydride 655-6 Ears 371 (DDSA), melting point 57 DuPont FP fiber 309 Earthquakes 197 Domes, contours 467 elastic modulus 309 Ease of preparation, composite tools Dornier 328 Durability 794-808 592 composite applications 1037, bonded joints 658-9 ECN 1273 (Ciba-Geigy) 52 1039 definition 794,794 ECN 1280 (Ciba-Geigy) 52 rear and fin 1039 PET 233 ECN 1299 (Ciba-Geigy) 52 Double predicting 796 Economics, land transportation Index 1083

905--6,906 conductivity Teijinconex 209 Eddy current testing 849-50 carbon black 245 Tekmilon 225 Edge carbon fibers 169 Twaron 208 definition, prefonn 438 ceramics 307 Vectran 235 delamination 111 equipment, pultrusion 519 vinylester 511 distances insulators, aramid fibers 215 VMN-4306 bearing load 621 properties EMI bolted joints 617, 617 aramid fibers 215 testing 982 effects 780,789 carbon fibers 184-5, 185, 186 989, 991, 991 turning, reinforced composites fiberglass 135 EMI-24 (Air Products) 60 390 resistance, reinforced composites End effects 780 Edge-defined film-fed growth, see 387 End grain balsa 917 EFG resistivity, and microtexture 189 End-capping 81 Effect of contaminants, aircraft 863 Electrically conductive, particulate Energy Effluent loss, and carbonization 183 fillers 250 equation 586-7 EFG 160 Electroformed nickel fracture surface 320 Egg crate structure 569, 570, 572 CTE 558 release rates 632 Eight-harness satin, weave 145, 145, density 558 Engineering 436,436 591 constants Einstein coefficient 531-2 thennal conductivity 558 IM6/epoxy 699,700,701 fillers 533 tooling 591-2, 592 laminates 693 Ejection, part 385 Electroformmg 591-2 parameters, preforms 421 Elastic definition 591 properties 22 constants Electroless deposition, coating 292-3 Environmental graphite/epoxies 4 Electromagnetic interference, see EMI aspects, recycling 902-3 Kevlar 210 Electron diffraction 186 conditions, adhesives 630 preform 449 Electronics, applications 937, 937 effects 81G-20, 100G-l displacement 195 Electroplating 820 composites 879-80 modulus Element tapering 624 creep 1000 aluminum 170 Eliminating history 810 carbon fibers 169 dry spots 453,453 relaxation 1000 continuous fiber 162 microcracking 1012 exposure 860-1 duPont FP fiber 309 Elongation 26 extremes, bonded joints 658 Kevlar 205 epoxy resins 29 properties, aramid fibers 213-15, Kulon 305 NR-150 82 214 PAN-based fibers 170 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 resistance 3,49,65,564 pitch-based fibers 170 PMR-1582 Epi-Rez 5014 (Hi-Tek Polymers) 62 staple 162 PP and granulated SMC 897 Epon 826 (Shell) 51 steel 170 recycled NBC 897 Epon 1001 (Shell) 51 titanium 170 recycled PP 895, 896 Epotuf 37-053 (Reichold) 62 VMN-4305 regrind RIM 895 Epotuf 37-057 (Reichold) 61 whiskers 162 Skybond 86 Epoxides 51-3,51-3 properties Elongation at break curing agent ratio 64 E-glass 764-7 Armos 208 definition 48 graphite epoxies 768-71 carbon (Type T300) 503 molecules 49 Kevlar 764-7 Dyneema 225 Epoxies laminate 764-7 E-glass 503 adhesives 275 52-glass 764-7 epoxy 511 compressive strength 258 Spectra 764-7 Hoechst Celanese 225 density 258, 505 response 319,655 Kevlar 205,208,503 elongation at break 505 stress-strain, microcracking 798 Kulon 306 flexural modulus 505 symmetry, axis of 779 Nomex 209 flexural strength 505 zone length 658 particulate fillers 252-3 heat distortion 505 Elastomer, tooling 14 PHO 235 laminates, tooling 562 Elbows 464 polyester 511 maximum service temperature Electric discharge machining (EDM) S-glass 503 258 605 Spectra 225, 503 nitrile rubber modified 275 Electrical SVM 208 pultrusion 511 applications 937,937 Technora 209 reinforced 196, 442 1084 Index

resills 28-9,29,30,382,504,832 routes 826 lap joillts 643 bismaleimides 6 to moisture, PET 227 criteria 193, 795, 802-3, 802 cure rate 509 Extended critical energy 795 curing agents 509 chaill critical shear resistance 795 cyanate ester 6 PET fibers 202, 223-34 laminates 695-7 elongation 29 manufacture 223-4 envelopes 696 flexibility 63 exposure,mechanicalproperties load, joillts 615 formulation 63-4, 64 215 mechanisms, columns 997 gel times 510, 510 Extruder die modes 621, 622, 797-800, 798, glass content 510 extrusion 535, 535 799,800,804 modifiers 105 shape 535 properties 194-5 moisture absorption 29 Extruders stresses, joillts 626 phenolic triazine (PT) 6 sillgle screw 536 Fairings 1024 polyirnides 6 twill-screw 536 marille applications 923-4, 923, pull loads 510 Extrusion 529 924 rigidity 63 cf. pultrusion 488-9 Fasteners selection of 5 definition 534 bendillg 625,625,729 viscosity vs. time 510, 510 extruder die 535, 535 deflections 626 shear modulus 259 melt pumping 534-5,535 clearances 624, 626 shear strength 259 melting 534 countersunk 624, 624, 625, 625 tensile modulus 505 orientation 538 deflections 623,624,625,626 tensile strength 258,505 plasticating 534,535 design issues 729 thermal conductivity 259 solid stage production 291 diameter 623-4, 625 Equations solids conveyillg 534, 535 illcreasillg 614 of continuity 582 thermoplastics 526, 534-8 effects 612,624-6,624,625 lamina material 760 Eye protection 830 joillt around 612, 612 of motion 738-9,740-1 loads 622 illertia terms 739 3F dianhydride 77 mechanical 517 straill-displacment 739 3F/36F polyimides, chemistry of 77 multi-rowed 620 Equilibrium FAA advisory circulars 1063,1065 multiple arrays 612 crack spacillg 798 Fabric formation 402 parameters 517 moisture content, definition 241 Fabrication 31, 33 protrudillghead 624,624 Equipment composites 879 selection 729, 729 selection, consolidation 577 drill fixtures 573 tension head 625 wet lay-up repairs 867 first article 372 Fatigue 811 ERL 4206 (Union Carbide) 63 low cost 33 crack growth 811 Erosion 813 marille applications 919-20 low temperature 811 atomic oxygen 814 methods 762 para-aramids 213 Ester formation 34 quality 33 properties 386, 387 Esterification 35, 38 techniques 13-18,14,15,16 resistance EtchUng 667 Fabrics, orientation 504 aramid fibers 221, 222 Ether linkages, Technora 210 Face PET 230 2-Ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI), dimpling, formulas 285 Technora 213 melting poillt 60 sheet thermoplastics 115 Europe, recydillg 884 materials removal 864 Feedrates 598 European retrievable carrier 971 repair 866-7 Feldspar 243-4 Evacuation,P~C 863 wrUnklillg chemical resistance 243-4 Evaluation, strength 737 formulas 285 particulate fillers 243-4 Exothermic reactions 827-8 sandwich 282, 284 refractive illdex 243-4 Exotherms 68 Facing Female toolillg, large power yachts Expansion process, honeycomb 257 failure, sandwich 282 921 Expendable materials 359--60 material 255-6 Femoral components 960-1 Exposed surface, voids 432 Failure 193 design 960 Exposure adherends 627-9, 628, 657 development 961 alkaline 46 analysis, composites 880 FEP 362 assessment 826 aramid fibers 210 mold releases 362 limits 824-5,826 bond 627-9,628 Fiber terminology 826 characteristics alignment 494 preventing 827 joillts 659,660 aluminum based 159 Index 1085 architecture 398 separation 615 rebars 999 continuous filament 401-2 shape, carbon fiber 335,336,337 reinforced plastics 23 discrete 401,401 strength, degradation 806 reinforced polyesters, see FRP infiltration 401 tensioning 457 reinforcing 38 integrated 401, 401 to resin ratio 509 rovings 136,146-7,353 interlooped 402 trade names 158,225 specific gravity 135 laminar 401, 401 type 225 spire 991 linear 401,401 volume 721 staple fibers 131 planar interlaced 402 fraction 21,404,412,416,578 strand 131 areal weight 425 3-D fabric 416 suppliers 136 breakage,~E 838 and braiding angle 417 surface resistivity 135 breakout 599 carbon fiber 335 tapes 146 breaks, NDE 854 and compressive fiber, Te glass 134 bundles 403 stress 581 tensile strength 134 coating 166, 802 Gutowski's model 588 thermal properties 135 composition 158 high 585--6 thickness 141-4 continuous 156 and permeability 399-400, three-dimensional fabrics 146 definition 242 400 volume resistivity 135 deformation 580-1 processing window 412, warp yam 141-4 consolidation 576 412 water resistance 136 curve 580-1,581 waviness 780 weave 141-4 diameter 156 Fiberfrax 160 weight 141-4 structural hierarchy 778 Fiberglass yarn 138 direction, tensile strength 804 acoustical properties 135 designation 139-40 discontinuous 156 aircraft industry 136 yield 139-40 distribution 154, 154 antistatic agents 146-7 Fiberglass-epoxy, CTE 589 preform 438 binders 147 Fiberite 99 dominated, composites 795 breaking strength 139-40,141-4 Fibrous flow 527-31 bushing 138 dust 835 d. particulate flow 530 chemical composition 147-8 reinforcement types 795,796 fracture 799, 799 chemical resistance 134 Filament fragments, inhaling 835 circuit boards 136 angle of 456 length, degradation 536 composition 133-4, 134, 138--9 cross-section, PET 225 low risk 835 continuous 131 diameter 139,148--9 manufacturers 158 strands 147 Kevlar 206 manufacturing processes 158 count 141-4 Kulon 306 modulus 360 coupling agent 146-7 Nomex 206 orientation 527-31 dissipation factor 135 PET 225 548 electrical properties 135, 136 Technora 206 injection molding 543, 543 epoxies 153 Teijinconex 206 preforms 421 fabric count 140 Twaron 206 packing fraction 412 fibers VMN-4306 placement 17, 476--87, 477 attributes 358 directionality, carbon fibers 335 definition 476 hollow 134 equilibrium,equation 459 head 476 milled 146 equilibrium 459-61 inspection 486-7,487 filament designations 133 lay-up 457 machines 478,482 filament diameter 133 shape 206 materials 478--9 filling yarn 141-4 strength, S-glass 24 steering 482 fire resistance 134 on surface 459-61 surface geometry 484--6 fluted core fabrics 146 tension 457 tooling 479-80 heat resistance 134 winding 17,17,66,116,117, properties 400,400 laminates 356 456-75,762 pull-out 320, 323-4, 323 lubricants 146-7 applications 471-5 rayon-based 173 manufacturing 132 continuous fiber 338 reinforced polymers, see FRP mat 137--8 cylinders 467 reinforcement 22,23,216,435-6 mechanical properties 135 low costs 463 for reinforcing 166 optical properties 135 machine 463,464 and resin 425 platforms 989 marine applications 920 rovings 492, 503 proof testing 849 pressure vessels 471 1086 Index

rackets 1050 impact strength 249 plied-yam 151 spherical shapes 466-7 mica 249 polyester 511 sporting goods 1046, 1047 249, 250 recycled PET 894 wet 762-3 Flame recycled phenolic 894 Filed inspections, neutron polishing 157 recycled SMC 890, 892, 893 radiography 848 spread 44 5-glass epoxies 152 Fill,yarns 407,407 Flammability, evaluating 44 short fiber mat 401 Fillers 382, 516 Flank 599 single-yam 151 barium ferrite 527 Flat SMC 386,386 barium sulfate 527 cylinders, filament winding 467 unidirectional tape 401 calcium carbonate 527 specimens vinylester 511 carbon 527 compression testing 787 woven laminates 401 cellulosic 527 testing 781, 786-7 yam distribution 154 clay 516 tension 786-7 ZMC 386,386 coarse, disadvantages 516 tape, lay-up 16 stress comminuted polymers 527 Flat-layer, 177 PP and granulated SMC 897 effect on processing 552 Flaws, planar 840 recycled PP 895, 896 Einstein coefficients 533 Flex modulus Flexure fine 516 NR-150 82 TEOS 346 functional 382 PMR-15 laminates 88 testing 195 glass 527 Skybond 86 Float 150 ground limestone 382 Flex strength Floc 216 ground petroleum coke 527 AFR700B/S21aminates 93,95 Flocking lay-up, short fibers 337, 338 inorganic phosphate-based 957 Cellon 87 Flow medical applications 957 NR-150 82 measurements 357 metallic oxides 527 PMR-15 laminates 88 and rigidity 67 mica 527 Skybond 86 Fluid contamination, aircraft 859 disulfide 527 Flexibility 161 Fluids non-functional 382 Flexible aircraft 812 pultrusion 516 backbone polyester resin 381 automotive 812 shape of 531 mold wall 444 methylene chloride 812 silica products 527 Flexural Newtonian 527, 528 silicon carbide 527 modulus Fluorine, toxicity 362 specific heat 533 BMC 386,386 Fluoroethylene propylene, see FEP Fillet forming, adhesives 271 epoxy 511 Flushing contaminants 864 Filling 301,301,302 LPMC 386, 386 Fluted core fabrics, fiberglass 146 mold 442 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 Flywheel mechanical battery systems single-yam 151 polyester 511 938,938 yam 140 polyetherirnide 545, 546 Flywheels 474-5 fiberglass 141-4 546 Foam Film impregnation 8 PP and granulated SMC 897 adhesive voids, NDE 854 Film-stacking 117-18,118 recycled NBC 897 core materials 256-7 Filter cloths, PET 233 recycled PET 894 cores for fiberglass 256 Finish 215 recycled PP 895, 896 injection 256 5-glass epoxies 152 recycled SMC 890, 892, 893 insulation 256 Fire regrind RIM 895 in place system 257 prevention 367 SMC 386,386 256-7 resistance, fiberglass 134 vinylester 511 PVC 257 retardance 36,42-5 ZMC 386,386 radar transparency 256 halogen inclusion 43 properties shear strength 257 retardants, particulate fillers 249 Spectra 226, 226 Folding 547 Firefighter breathing apparatus testing 38 low-cost 117 937-8 strength thermoplastics 116 Fishing poles 427, 1045, 1051 BMC 386,386 Forced flow-thermal gradient FIT-technology 117 epoxy 511 processing, CVl 317, 317 Flags fibreglass epoxies 153 Foreign materials bias 425,426 LPMC 386, 386 NDE 854 longitudinal 425 marine laminates 920 X-ray imaging 844 Flakes 248 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 Formability Index 1087

jamming angles 399 fire retardant 42 cut-outs in cylinders 1013 preforming 398-9 flame resistant 44 development 1016 weft knitted fabrics 399 low bending stiffness 960 diffusivity 1008 woven glass fabrics 399 orthopedic applications 959 economics 1020 yarn slippage 399 permeability 959 hygroscopic nature 1006 Forming dies 497 pins 959 impact damage 1006 fabrication 497 properties of 46 joints 1012, 1012 materials used for 497 pultrusion 47 material cost 1006 Forms strength of 45 microcracking 1006 aramid fibers 216 thermal performance 45 moisture effects 1007-10 boron 161-3 total hip arthroplasty 959 new materials 1019-20 ceramic fibers 161-3 Fuel tanks 939-40 peel strength 1006 high silica 161-3 Fully fluted drill 600 predictions 1019 quartz 161-3 Functional fillers 382 properties 1005 Vectran 236 Fungal growth 810-11 undesirable 1006 Formulas Fusion 157 springback 1013 bending stress 284 bonding 127 temperature extremes 1004-21 core shear stress 284 PEEK 127 warping 1013, 1013 deflection 284-5 Future directions, transportation 915 woven broadgoods 1024 face dimpling 285 Gibbsite 245 face wrinkling 285 Galvanic, corrosion 108-9 Glass moment of inertia 285 Gap 487 bottle industry 97 safety factor 285 Gas laser content Formulation applications 605 epoxy resins 510 diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A nylon 6/6 PCl 899 C02 605 hexahydrophdlalic Gas-spargmg 174-5 pP/PCI 898 anhydride 64 Gate 541, 542 fabrics, knitted 917 diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A fiber orientation 543 fiber-epoxy, drilling 599 triethylene diamine 64 Gating 450-1 fibers 24-5,25 diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A Gel alkaline environment 1000 triethylene tetramine 64 coat 567 applications 24 Fortafil 1054 spinning 223-4 availability 24 properties of 170 time 37,66,357,446 cost 24 Fountain flow, injection molding 542 aromatic system 71 handling 24 Fractionizing 887 zone 50S health effects 835 Fracture 597 Gelation history 131 effects, isolating 799 pressure during 508 processing 24 elongation 170 resins 499 reinforced plastics (GFRP) fixation devices 961-2 Gelstar Thermal Analyzer 515 1024 mechanics, joints 631-2 General reuse 884 path 324, 324 aviation, applications 1039-40 S-glass 24 strength 325 equations 738-45 silane coupling 24 toughness Geodesic toxicity 24 alumina composites 325 curvature 459 fillers 527 Celion 87 deviation, angle of 460 history 131 ceramic composites 312 line 457 length, recycled PP 895, 896 high silica 156 Geometry mat thermoplastics, see GMT moisture 811 joints 638-51 reinforced plastic, see GRP NR-150 82 single lap joint 641 rovings 502 PMR-1582 Germany to resin, ratio 150-4, 153 Sliar 325 recycling 902 transition temperature Tateho 325 standards 1065,1066 see also T thermoplastics 122, 124 GFRP 1004-21 aromaticgsystem 71 Free radical generators 104 aerospace applications 1007 moisture 811 FRP 38,41 anisotropic behavior 1012-14 RIM 440 composites, pultrusion 517 anisotropy 1006 Glass/epoxy corrosion resistant 44 applications 1016 coefficient of thermal expansion corrosive attack 45 assembly bowing 1013, 1014, 558 durability 959 1014 density 558 1088 Index

thermal conductivity 558 thermal data 818 fibrous dust 832 Gloves 828-9, 828 weathering 813 HDPE resistant 829 Graphite/polysulfone, weathering glass-fiber reinforced 549 types 829 813 graphite filled 549 Glued laminated timber 991 Graphite/, hybrids 354 mica flake reinforced 549 beams 940-1 Graphitization 169,183 HDT 126,126 Glycidyl alignment 191 recycled PET 894 amines, health effects 832 large regions 170 Health compounds 831-2,832 Grating 936 applications 943-4, 944 ethers, health effects 832 Green form 314 effects Glycol Green strength 446 aliphatic amines 832, 833 and diacids 34-5 Grill opening panels, SMC 907 amino resins 834 propylene 35 Grinding 600 anhydride curing agents 832, selection 39 accuracies 600 833 Glycolysis, degradation 888 cryogenic 886 aramid fibers 835 GMT 115 polymer matrix composites 600 aromatic amines 832, 833 automotive market 127 silicon carbide wheels 600 bisphenol A-based 832 compression molding 117 surface speeds 600 carbon fibers 835 extrusion compounded 118 Grit blasting, surface preparation ceramic fibers 835 semi-finished 118, 118 870-1 chlorinated solvents 836 Goland-Reissner 641 Ground limestone 382 cycloaliphatics 832, 832, 833 Golf shafts 429,463,465,698,1051 Ground petroleum coke, fillers 527 glass fibers 835 filament wound 1051 Growth factors 558 glycidyl amines 832 test methods 1051 GRP 839 glycidyl ethers 832 Grafil 1054 Grumman F-14 1030 graphite fibers 835 Granulation Grumman X-29 aircraft 698, 698 imides 834 knife 886 Guide pins 442 ketones 836 recycling 886-7 compression molds 395 phenolics 834 Graphite 245, 334, 334 Gutowski's model 578,580,581,582, 832, 833 3-D lattice 334 583,585 polyaminoamides 832, 833 composites, machining 599 fiber volume fraction 588 834 compression properties 360 numerical schemes 586 thermoplastic resins 834 costs 717 GY 281 (Ciba-Geigy) 52 hazards epoxies GY 6010 (Ciba-Geigy) 51 asbestos 252 elastic properties 768-71 Gypsum 564 oxide 252 references 774-7 composite processes 831 strength properties 768-71 Half-discs, testing 782 particulate fillers 252 fibers 25-6 Halogens 44 and safety, composites 880 competitive prices 25 bromine 43 Heat health effects 835 Hammer handles, pultrusion 491 application modulus 360 Hand lay-up 352-77, 762 heating blankets 874 price 716 advantages 352 repairs 874-7 production 25 applications, aerospace 375 risks of 875,877 reinforced plastics, see GFRP disadvantages 352 capacity reinforcement 353 large power yachts 921 definition 532-3 specific gravity 383 marine applications 376, 919-20 thermoplastics 532-4 tensile precautions 363 cleaned, reinforcements 898-9 failure 383 Handling deflection temperatures, see HDT modulus 360,383,715,716 aramid fibers 222 distortion 41 properties 360 glass fibers 24 epoxy 511 strength 383 PET 233 polyester 511 thermal expansion 383 Hardeners 49, 832 vinylester 511 turbostratic layers 184 Hardness distortion temperature 38 Graphite/epoxies 4 ceramics 307 aliphatic 70 CIE 589 regrind RIM 895 anhydride-cured 72 elastic constants 4 tooling materials 577 aromatic 71 physical properties 4 HarrierVTOL 1031-2 lamps, wet lay-up repairs 865, strains 4 Hazard 823 866 strength properties 4 definition 823 resistance, fiberglass 134 Index 1089

treatment, carbon fibers 335 carbon-carbon composites 269 Heated curing dies 500-1 344 plate shear modulus 266-7, design 500 cast epoxy, CTE 589 269 Heating resins 818 plate shear strength 266-7, blankets sandwich 288 269 repairs 869 High-pressure tubing 941 Kevlar 271, 272, 273 wet lay-up repairs 865 High-speed train brakes 941 paper 271 radio frequency 499 Higher temperatures, and tensile metal, roll-forming 289 rate 181, 499 strength 182 non-metallic, thermal resistance single zone 511, 513 History 260 Heavy liquids, adhesives 275-6 consolidation 578-86 panels, repairs 871-7 Heel blocks, compression molds 394 pultrusion 488 paper 263, 268 Helical winding 460 recycling 883-4 plate shear modulus 264-5, delamination 789 HMC 381 266-7 reinforcement 461 Hoechst Celanese plate shear strength 264-5, 266-7 Helicopters availability 231 specimen geometry 263 applications 1040 elongation at break 225 based 257 current prices 1026 fiber type 225 test method 263, 263 design requirements 713 pricing 232 thickness 263 rotor blades 1024 specific gravity 225 titanium based 257 Heloxy WC-63 (Wilmington tensile modulus 225 Hoop Chemical) 62 tensile strength 225 stresses 621 Hercules Hole fittings, tooling 562 winding, reinforcement 461 3501-6 epoxy resin 579,579 Hollow fiber, fiberglass 134 wound, rings 789 IM7 fiber, thickness 478 Holography 851-3,852 Horizontal HETacid 36 laser interferometric 852 drawing 299 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, see HET phase locked loop 852 tape wrapper 428, 428 Hexafluorobisphenol A Homopolymerization 40,50-1,51, Hot homopolymer property 102 511 air blowers, wet lay-up repairs structure precursor 102 catalysts 49,59, 60-1 865 supplier 102 Homopolymerized BF3MEA 65 extrusion trade name 102 Homopolymers, creep 212 compression 298 Hexafluoroisopropylidene, bridging Honeycomb 257, 260-71 MMC 291 77 aluminum 268 oil jackets 499 Hexahydrophthalic anhydride alloy pressing 314 (HHPA), melting point 57 compressive strength spots, particulate fillers 242 High 264-5 Hot-wet service 99 carbon cast steel plate shear modulus HRDI optical bench 1017, 1018 CTE 558 264-5 HS carbon composites density 558 plate shear strength 264-5 shear modulus 1057 thermal conductivity 558 alloys 268 tension 1057 local stresses 729 thermal resistance 260 HT 972 (Ciba-Geigy) 55 modulus, carbon fibers 335 aramid paper 260, 269-70 HT 976 (Ciba-Geigy) 55 pressure water jet, cut-off 502 assemblies, acoustic emission 849 HT 9720 (Ciba-Geigy) 55 silica carbon fiber 270-1 Hubble Space Telescope 967, 969 applications 163, 165, 166 carving bits 289 Humidity 3 continuous fibers 163 cell configurations 262 Humphrey Chemical 57 forms 161-3 cell shape 261-3,262 HY 906 (Ciba-Giegy) 57 fracture toughness 156 cell size 263 Hybridization, PET 233 manufacture 156-7 compressive strength 264-5, Hybrids 795 properties 161 266-7 aramid/graphite 354 strength core shear strength 261 composites, reuse 883 carbon fibers 335 corrugation process 257 graphite/wood 354 molding compound, see HMC defects, X-ray imaging 845 materials 359 PET 233 density 261, 261, 262 Spectral graphite 354 reinforced composites 387 expansion process 257 Hydraulic temperature glass-reinforced 268 ejection, part removal 446 adhesives 658 applications 268 system, testing 782 applications 818 compressive strength 266-7, test technique 782, 788 1090 Index liydrocarbons 37 strength Nomex 209 liydrocodes 815 aliphatic system 70 SVM 208 liydrogen flakes 249 Technora 209 fuel storage 941 testing 38 Teijinconex 209 reduction 161 TEOS 346 Twaron 208 liydrogenation 179 Imperfections 780 Initiators, and inhibitors 382 liydrolic stability 38 Implants, biologic response 960 Injection liydrolysis Impregnation cycle 442 BMI 112 carbonized organic composites gate 452 CE 112 340 molded 380 degradation 888 powder 118 molding 22,529,532 resistance 41 prepolymer 118 cavity filling 542 liydrophobic, PET 230 Impregnators, marine applications clamp 539-44, 540 liydrous aluminosilicate 244 919-20 crystallization kinetics 540 liydroxyapatite (lIA) 958 In-mold coating (IMC) 385 fiber orientation 543,543 dental applications 958 In-plane shear fountain flow 542 glass-reinforced 958 Kevlar 212 particulate fillers 242 liygroscopic nature, GFRP 1006 methods, testing 783 plasticating 538, 538 Hygrothermal modulus, AS-4 carbon fiber 124 polymer 540 definition 694 Incineration 888 pumping section 538 effects 694-5 nonrecyclables 899-900 rackets 1050 load 695 Inclination angle, yarns 407 resins 122 properties 96 Inclusion of particulates, polymers screws 539 Kevlar 212 528 thermoplastics 116,526 Hypersonic vehicles, materials for Inconel329 ports 442-3 973 Industrial centred 451, 451 equipment 951 comer 451,451 ICBM equipment 375 hygiene 825-30, 827, 828, 829 pressure 444 Identical adherends 639 order of priorities 828 RTM 433 IM6/epoxy pressure vessels, design pultrusion 497, 498 engineering constants 699, 700, requirements 713 sensor controlled 452-3 701 Indm.try, pulp and paper 45 Inplane shear 374 longitudinal Inert, PET 230 Inspection CTE 699 Inertia 3 bonding 668 extension 701 Infiltration composites 880 strain 701 carbonialuminum 303 criteria 487, 838 tensile modulus 699 fiber architecture 401 disbonds 839 Poisson's ratio 699 improving 300 fiber placement 486-7, 487 shear modulus 699 isothermal gradient 338 first article 486 stiffness coefficients 702, 703 of preforms 299 in-service 839 strength ratio 701 pressure gradient 338 methods transverse pressure pulsation 338 adhesive joints 627 CTE 699 spontaneous 300 defects 733-4, 734 extension 701 technology 300 and nondestructive testing 1059 modulus 699 under pressure 299-300 on-aircraft 849 strain 701 vacuum 299-300 paint surfaces 839 volume fraction 699 Inflatable bladders 874 part 733 IM-7/PEEK, strength 125 Infrared thermography 850--1, 850, post cure 572-3 Imidazoles 104 851, 1059 speeds 842 Imides, health effects 834 aerospace 851 subsurface damage 839 Impact marine applications 851 times 839 damage Inhalation, measure by 824 ultrasonic 1059 aircraft 858-9 Inhibitors, and initiators 382 visual 839, 839-40 carbon-carbon composites Inhomogeneities, NDE 838 Insulation 334 Inhomogeneous, composites 797 foam 256 GFRP 1006 Initial rise 646,647 resistance, Skybond 95 tap testing 858 Initial tensile modulus Integrated, fiber architecture 401, energy, thermoplastics 125 Armos 208 401 resistance, moisture 811 Kevlar 208 Inter-yam slip 448 Index 1091

Interaction, constituents 801-2 NBC 897 single lap 626, 627, 729 Intercontinental ballistic missile PET 894 single shear 624 program 353 phenolic 894 bending moments 624, 625 Interface, fiber/matrix 123 PP 895,896 step lap 645-6,645,649,650,651, Interlacing patterns, braiding 415, SMC 892,893 652,659 415 SMC 386,386 strength Interlaminar LPMC 386, 386 experimental 616 fracture 682 recycled, SMC 890 predicting 615 shear 790-2 ZMC 386,386 tests 626 TEOS 346 stress analysis 611 shear strength Jamming 412, 417 structural performance 613 Celion 91 angles 399 test methods 626 PMR-15 laminates 88 Japan two fastener 623 stresses 738 bathtub manufacture 889 untapered 624 eliminating 801 recycling 887,888,903 tension, TEOS 346 Japanese Industrial Standards 1065, Kaolin Internal 1066 calcined, hardness 244 bone fixation 957 Jeffamine T 403 (Texaco) 54 particulate fillers 244 friction background 296, 296 Joining 727-30,728,729 Kapton 820 mold release 383 selection process 727, 728 Kardos' model 578, 583 International Organization for thermoplastics 127 Kerf Standardization 1066, 1067 thermosets 127 cutting 604, 606 Interphase, toughening 802 Joints width 606, 695 Invar adhesive 517-18,610-63,627-63 Kerimid 99 CTE 558 bearing load 626 Ketones, health effects 836 density 558 bearing strengths 618-19 Kevlar 108,472,598,761,1024 linear thermal expansion 705 bending failures 617, 617 availability 217-18 thermal conductivity 558 bolted 611, 617, 617, 1015 breaking strength 214 Inverse method, contact 611 bonded 658-9, 1015 charring 815 Ionic spraying 300 step lap 627 chemical Ionizing radiation 816 and bonding 374 resistance 214 Iosipescu shear test 790 bypass load 626 stability 214 Iron (electroformed), CTE 589 clamping pressure 618 colored 216 ISO standards, carbon fiber computer codes 624, 627, 630 constituent properties 766-7 composites 1067 design 728 cutting 600 Isophthalics 39 dimensions 612, 649 cycles to failure 213 polyester disassembly 611,728 decomposition temperature 206 blistering 918 double shear 624 density 206,503 marine applications 916 failure 615,618,618,626,659,660 dual-shell reflector 1004, 1004 resins 504 fracture mechanics 631-2 E-glass 360 resins 35,36 geometry 613-17,613,628,629, elastic Isothermal 638-51 constants 210 processing, CVI 317 GFRP 1012, 1012 modulus 205 thermal gradient, infiltration 338 load magnitude 728 properties 764-7 Isotropic materials 618-19,618,619 elongation at break 205, 208, 503 casting, short fibers 337, 338 mechanical response 630 filament layers, different moduli of mechanically fastened 610-63 diameter 206 elasticity 744 advantages 517 shape 206 materials 687 d. adhesive 610-11 hygrothermal properties 212 metallic tape, winding 468 metallic 613 in-plane shear 212 164 multi-fastener 612, 613, 619-24, initial tensile modulus 208 plates 614 620, 621, 622, 623 linear thermal expansion Italian, talc 248-9,248 multi-row 616 coefficient 206 Izod open hole coupon strength 626 longitudinal compression 212 impact predicting peak stresses 613 longitudinal tension 212 BMC 386,386 pure bearing load 626 machining 600 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 scarf 611,623 marine applications 917 PP and granulated SMC 897 selecting design 627 melting 815 recycled single fastener 612,612,613 temperature 206 1092 Index

milling 600 Kulon 300 fiberglass 356 modulus and temperature 210, bending strength 305 D\16/epoxy 699,700,701 211 carbon content 306 kinematics 690-1 moisture content 206 coating thickness 306 linear bending 749-50 properties 205 compressive strength 305 load carrying capability 696 references 774-7 density 305, 306 loads on 689, 693 refractive index 215 elastic modulus 305 macromechanics of 193-4 reinforcement 383 elongation at break 306 mechanical properties 717 sources of information 221 filament diameter 306 nonsymmetric 752 specific longitudinal CTE 306 off-axis stiffness 689-90 gravity 208, 383 specific modulus 305 with plies 697 heat 206 strand properties 306 ply angle 689,689 modulus 1049 tensile modulus 306 ply stacking sequence 692 strength 1049 tensile strength 305, 306 quasi-isotropic 9-11,697 strength retention 205, 215 reinforced 321-3,321,619 stress rupture 212-13,213 Labour requirements, pultrusion 489 resulting strain state 693-4 tensile Ladder polymer 178-9,178 selection, carpet plots 720 failure 383 Ladders skin 694 modulus 383,503 applications 936 stacking sequence 616,630 strength 208,383,503 pultruded 518 stiffness matrix 693 and temperature 210, 211 Lamina 687-9,688 strength 695,696,764-7 tension-tension ratio 1049 allowables 759-62 ratio 696 thermal definition 687 stress coefficient 383 macromechanics 192-3 patterns 322 conductivity 206 material resultants 691-3 transverse equations 760 symmetric 194,692,749 compression 212 properties 760 thermal stresses 322,589 tension 212 properties void free 588 trimming 600 adjusting 763 Land transportation 905-15 turning 600 estimating 761-2 economics 905-6,906 twist 215-16 references 772-3, 774-7 history 906-8, 907 ultimates 210 three-dimensional 761 market growth 905-6,906 weight loss 205 two-dimensional 760-1 Landfill, nonrecycIables 899-900 Kevlar / epoxy thickness, structural hierarchy Lap joints 638-44 thermal data 818 778 abrasive cleaning 872 weathering 813 Laminar failure characteristics 643 Kinel99 discontinuities 843 peel stresses 637-8,637,638 Kinematics, laminates 690-1 fiber architecture 401,401 single 640, 641 Kinking 302 Laminated symmetric 639 Kneaded molding compound 381 plate theory 689, 690-2 Laptop computers 942 Knitted structures 585 Large Area Composite Inspection glass fabrics 917 Laminates System (LACIS) 842, 842 reinforcements 916-17 advantages of 322 Large diameter, PAN 180,181 Knitting 402,402,408-13,409,410, allowables 762 Large power yachts 411,412 analysis of 11 blister protection 921 3-D fabrics 409 balanced 194, 693 displacement hulls 922 definition 408 bending 730 female tooling 921 design methodology 410-13 boundary conditions 689 hand lay-up 921 machines 409 carbon-epoxy 669 marine applications 921-2 multiaxial warp knit, see MWK coefficient of thermal expansion variable mold 921 stitch formation 409 322 Laser unit cell geometry 411 compressive strength 616 beam 601 warp 408, 409 cross-ply 322 heated floating zone, see LHFZ weft 408,409 deformation 691 machining 605 Kortex 108, 271 design 686-708 shearography 853, 853 Kozeny constant 579 elastic properties 322, 764-7 immunity to vibration 853 Kozeny-Carman equation 400, 422, engineering constants 693 Lateral 422,579 failure criteria 695-7 cohesion 184 Kraft paper 268 failure in tension 696 compression tests 449 Index 1093

deflections 642 lamillates 749-50 loadillg 213 bond stresses 640 cutting, machllllllg 602 microcrackillg 801 Lathes, CNC 597 elastic response to failure 615 use temperature 206 Lattice fiber architecture 401,401 Longitudlllal fringe imaging 186 thermal expansion bendillg 747 structures 743,744 aliphatic system 70 compression, Kevlar 212 Lay-up 15, 16 alumillum alloy 705 CTE carbon-carbon composites 342 aromatic system 71 IM6 I epoxy 699 contoured tape 16 concrete 705 Kulon 306 cornertechrUques 373 Invar 705 M401/F854 699 filament 457 steel 705 PBO fiber 238 flat tape 16 705 extension, IM6/epoxy 701 manual 16 thermal expansion coefficient ply wavilless 432 molds 566-7 carbon--carbon composites straill, IM6/epoxy 701 operation 576 333 tensile modulus 699 sequence, carpet plots 719 Kevlar 206 tension wet 353,355 Nomex 206 Kevlar 212 Layer reinforced, carbonialuminum Technora 206 test 688 304 Teijillconex 206 Loomcomponents 942 Layered, adherends 646 Twaron 206 Lot-to-Iot variation Layers yarns,lllsertion 410,410 tensile modulus 725 coordillates 740,746 Llllkages, flexible 75 tensile strength 725 orthotropic 742 Liquid Low LOEF 970-2, 970, 971, 972 illjection moldlllg simulation, see bendillg stiffness, FRP 960 composite specimen testbed LIMS cost parts, RTM 433 970-1 processillg 314-16 density orientation ill orbit 971 stage, MMC 291 composite tools 592 Lead powders 249 waste 889 , viscosity 528 Leaf springs 910,910 as fuel 889 K-glass 134 Liteflex 910 alumino silicate (LAS) 318 pressure Leak paths, aircraft 859--60 LMOs 179, 182 grit blasting 631 Leakage 456 size of 179--80 moldlllg compound, see Legal aspects, recycllllg 902-3 Loading LPMC Length conditions 736 temperature, fatigue 811 to diameter ratio, aramid fibers history, remallllllg strength 804 toxicity; thermoplastics 115 204 levels, particulates 528 viscosity, ZMC 380 whiskers 308 methods 779 void, composites 79 LEO 813-17 selecting 787 voltage anodizillg, metal surfaces Lewis sections, test specimen 786 871 acids 50-1,60--1 slow cyclic 627 Low-earth-orbit, see LEO bases 50-1,60--1 stress, adherends 642 LPMC 381 LHFZ, directional solidification 160 Loads flexural modulus 386, 386 Life expectancy, tools 559 bypass vs. bearillg 620,620 flexural strength 386, 386 Light carryillg capability, lamillates 697 formulation 384 aircraft 1024 direction of 779 IZOO 386, 386 grit-blasting 668, 670, 671 distribution 621 shelf life 381 alumllla grit 675, 676 enhancement 655 specific gravity expansion 386, machllle 677, 677 fastener, variable 622 386 liquids, adhesives 275-6 hygrothermal 695 tensile modulus 386, 386 weight, reinforced composites measuring 779 tensile strength 386,386 387 path eccentricity 637, 637 thermal coefficient 386, 386 Lighting poles 948-9, 948 sillgle lap joillt 637, 637 Lubricants, fiberglass 146-7 Lightweight fillers, particulate 249 transfer 610 Limitations, aramid fibers 207 Local molecular order, see LMOs M60Jtape LIMS 447, 453 Localised, microbuckllllg 800 mechanical properties 718 Lilldau 59 Logging 3 strengths 718 Lille source 453 Long Duration Exposure Facility; see M401/F854 Linear LOEF CTE 704 bendlllg 745-7 Long-term longitudillal 699 1094 Index

transverse 699 graphite 464 920-1 longitudinal tensile modulus 699 instrumented 468 oil platforms 924-5, 925 Poisson's ratio 699 low cost materials 464 phthalic anhydride 916 shear modulus 699 429 piping systems 926 transverse modulus 699 pressure on 468 pressure hulls 922 volume fraction 699 puller 428 propulsion shafting 925 m-phenylenediamine (MPD) 55, 76 removable 464-5 reinforcements 916-17 McDonnell Douglas removal 466, 467 resins 916 Bea AV-8B, material usage 1032 selection 465 919-20 C-17A, composite applications spider/plaster 466 shipboard armor 925 1033 surface 591 small boats 921 F / A-18E/F, material usage 1031 table rolling 429 sonar domes 922 MD-11, composite structure 1036, tensometric 468 Spectra 917 1037 water-soluble sand 465-6 vacuum bag processing Machinery, marine applications Manufacturers 919-20 925-8 continuous fibers 162 vinyl esters 916 Machines ceramic 309 bacteria 919 caterpillar type 502 fibers 158 construction 994 dual mandrel stations 477, 478 PAN-based tow 198 fouling 810-11 fiber placement 478 pitch-based tow 199 laminates 920 light grit-blasting 677, 677 staple 162 submersibles, design tools 363-5 whiskers 158, 162 requirements 713 MachWning 363-5,364,596-608 Manufacturing 6 Market growth, land transportation abrasives 606 aramid fibers 203-4 905-6,906 advantages 596 boron 156-7 Mass transit applications 914 aramid fibers 222 ceramic fibers 156-7 Master models 563-6, 592 characteristics 596 deficiencies, adhesive joints 611 fabricating materials 563 closed loop 364--5, 364 extended chain PET fibers 223-4 storing 563 drilling 602 fibreglass 132 Mat 164 electric discharge 605 high silica 156-7 chopped strand 138, 155 graphite composites 599 options 22 continuous strand 138 Kevlar 600 quartz 156-7 fiberglass 137-8 linear cutting 602 SMC 381 surface 138 milling 602 Marine Matched die, molding 361 PET 233 applications 916-28 Materials requirements 602 adhesives, paste 918 anisotropic 687, 688 turning 602 America's Cup yachts 922 cost, GFRP 1006 ultrasonic 605-8 blistering 918, 918 definition 731 Macromechanics, of laminae 192-4 buoys and floats 927--8 density, X-ray backscattering 846 Maglev 979 cables 927 description 731, 731 train guideways 943 concrete forms 925 difficult to roll 430-2 Magnamite 1054 control surfaces 924 fabrication 786 Magnesium oxide, particulate fillers cores 917-18 isotropic 687 250 decking 925 monolithic 460 Magnetic transparency 983 diving equipment 926-7, 926, preliminary design 715-22 Mahogany 927 procurement costs 722 CTE 558 environmental effects 918-19 properties 736 density 558 fabrication 919-20 definition 709 thermal conductivity 558 fallings 923-4, 923, 924 T50 graphite 724, 724 Maleic anhydride 35 filament winding 920 T50/F584 epoxy 726, 726 isomerization 35 future developments 928 property, equations 760 melting point 58 hand lay-up 919-20 quality 780 429,459,464--6, 46S impregnators 919-20 quasi-isotropic 687 basic requirements 465 isophthalic polyester 916 selection 45, 712 collapSible 466 Kevlar 917 applications cone-shaped 482, 483 large power yachts 921-2 aerospace 1009 dissolvable materials 465 machinery 925--a construction 982 electroformed nickel 591 microbial degradation 919 tools 559 fusible materials 465 mine counter measure vessels specification 722 Index 1095

table rolling 429-30 resistant, gloves 829 density 815 weights 1027 Mechanics 18,18 impacts wet lay-up repairs 867 Median lethal dose 824 angle of 815 for winding 458-9 Medical applications 943-4, 944, space 814-15,814,815 Matrix 28 957--M Whipple-type shield 814-15, adhesion 215 coatings 957 814 cracking 319,798 fillers 957 size of 815 rate of 806 polylactids 957 velocity 815 cracks polyorthoesters 957 Methacrylic acid 40 NDE 854 strength retention 957 Methanolysis, degradation 888 X-ray imaging 844 Melt Methylene chloride 812 crosslinking 460 extrusion, PET 224 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) 55, definition 378 flow index, see MFI 76 formulation 101-5 impregnation 117,118 Methyltetrahydrophthalic materials 356--8 infiltration 315 anhydride, melting point 59 ceramic composites 311-12 pumping, extrusion 534-5,535 MFI 529 polyester 28 spun, Vectran 235 Mica 245--6 systems 4--6 stretching 529-30 fillers 527 moisture absorption 5 Melting Microbial degradation, marine thermosetting 28 aramid fibers 205 applications 919 transfer molding 315 extrusion 534 Microbuckling 799-800, 800 vinyl ester resins 28 point aramid fibers 207 Maximum carbon-carbon composites localised 800 bond 333 Microcracking 323-4,323,797-8, peel stress 642,642-3,644 ceramic composites 312 798,801,1011-12,1012 shear stress 642-3, 644 4,4' -diaminodiphenylsulfone cyclic loading 801 service temperature 258 (DDS) 55 elastic stress-strain 798 stress PET 225 eliminating 1012 anhydride-cured system 72 recycled NBC 897 GFRP 1006 aromatic system 71 S-glass 24 long term loading 801 Maypole machines, braiding 413, temperature minimizing 1012 414 see also Tm stiffness changes 796 Measuring ceramics 307, 311 191-2,796-7 displacements 779 Kevlar 206 Microspheres 246, 248 loads 779 Nomex 206 hollow 246 strains 779 Technora 206 particulate fillers 246 Mechanical Teijinconex 206 types of 246 fastening 727 Twaron 206 Microstructures 803 joints, design process 729 Vectran 235 flat-layer 177 pressure 874 Mesophase onion-skin 177 properties injection 176 radial 177 aramid 207-13,208-9,209, pitch, precursors 335,336 random 177 210, 211, 212, 718 Meta-aramids Microtexture carbon-carbon composites cost of 205 and electrical resistivity 189 344-5,345 crooked chain 205 and tensile strength 188 extended exposure 215 manufacture 203-4 and Young's modulus 189 fiberglass 135 Metal Microwaves laminates 717 matrix composites, see MMC radome wall 113 M60J tape 718 molten 812 testing 853 P100 tape 718 repairs, aircraft 857 transparency 109 T300 fabric 718 surfaces 871 Migration 577 and weave pattern 152 Metallic Military strength 111 devices, total hip arthroplasty aircraft tests 778-92 960 certification requirements Mechanically joints 613 1023 fastened oxides, fillers 527 components 1030-5 joints 610--63 Metallurgy, mandrels 429 applications 914-15 disadvantages 517 Metals, costs 717 specifications 1062, 1064 repairs 877 Meteoroids 814-15 Milling 596-7 1096 Index

AWJ 604 CE 107 cavity design 442 ball or hammer 886 epoxy resins 29 closing 385,442 climb 596 PET 224 speed 385 disadvantages 597 PMR-1582 construction 447 dust particles 597 resins 440 design 362 Kevlar 600 tooling 561 dual steel 361 machining 602 barrier removal, aircraft 863-4 elements of 541 with polycrystalline contamination, X-ray imaging filling 385,442,444-5 596 858 pressure during 452, 452 recycling 886-7 content 206 simulation 450-1 square pockets 604 debonding 811 graphite-epoxy 590 Mine counter measure vessels 920-1 desorption 817 maintenance 361 Minimizin~ microcracking 1012 detectors 858 making 390,390 Minor damage diffusion, GFRP 1007-8 materials 441-2 aircraft 859 effects 96 metal 441 dent fillers 859 fracture toughness 811 polymeric composite 441 Minor impact resistance, reinforced glass transition temperature 811 preparation 442 composites 387,388 impact resistance 811 release 361,362,428,429-30,514 Mix viscosity, resin 441 prebond 670 problems and solutions 568 ~C 27,291-306,944-5 regain, PBO fiber 238 secondary 430 alumina/ carbon 291 resistance, PBO fiber 238 RTM design 441 applications 1005 transverse strength 811 sealing 443 boron/aluminum 299 vs. time, P755/cyanate 1010 shrinkage by hot extrusion 291 Moisturizers 829-30, 830 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 carbon reinforced 291 Molded surfaces 392 recycled NBC 897 298-9 Molded-in steel 442 cross sections 298, 298 color, reinforced composites 388 selection 393 liquid stage 291 threads 392 stops, compression molds 395 production 291 Molding stresses 392-3 recyclability 944 autoclave 367 temperature control 541 solid stage production 291 autoclave/oven 361 Molecular solution sedimentation 291 bag 366-72,368,369,370,371 arrangement 133 Mobile storage 945 bleeder ply 584--6, 585 characteristics, rotational Modulus blovv 529-30,529,532 molding 551 adherends 643 compounds orientation 27 and density 23 applications 945-6 vveight, thermoplastics 116 of elasticity BMI 114 , fillers 527 aliphatic system 70 compression 127, 365, 384, 545 Moment of inertia, formulas 285 anhydride-cured system 72 enclosed 366 Monobands, sealed 304 aromatic system 71 matched die 361 Monofilaments 164, 307 carbon-carbon composites matched metal compression reinforcements 311, 311 333 378-88 Monolithic and conductivity 186 negative draft 366 graphite 559,561,562-3 fiberglass epoxies 153 oven/press cure 366 coefficient of thermal plied-yam 151 preparations 361-2 expansion 558 S-glass epoxies 152 pressure 385, 545 density 558 single-yam 151 bag 367 low CTE567 yam distribution 154 resin transfer 374,492 thermal conductivity 558 quasi-isotropic 12 see also RTM material 460 of rupture, ceramics 312 sheet 374 Monolithicity 5-glass 24 thermal expansion 365-6, 365, loss of 469 transverse 12 366,593 thick-walled structures 456 Mohs ratings 251-2 vacuum 385 Monomers Moisture 811-12 bag 361,366,577 BMI100 absorbancy waste 374 ratios 79 adherends 630 Moldless construction 257 reactive 34, 37 RTM 440 Molds 441 Montana talc 248-9, 248 absorption 695,811 aluminum 361 Morphology, resins 505 aramids 26, 221 backing up 442 MPDA/MDA, viscosity 56 Index 1097

~ullite 313,314,318 Neat polymers, shrinkage 541 Nonlinear, bending 747 heat treatment 310 Nepheline 243-4 Nonrecyclables ~ulti-fastener joints 619-24, 620, chemical resistance 243-4 disposal of 899-900 621, 622, 623 oil absorption 244 incineration 899-900 Multi-rowed, fasteners 620 particulate fillers 243-4 landfill 899-900 Multifilament, continuous 28 refractive index 243-4 Nonwoven ~ultilayer locking, continuous fiber syenite 244 fabrics 402, 402 338 Neutral hydrolysis 887 textiles 418-20 ~ultiple Neutron radiography 847-9, 848 3-D technology 418 gates 444 field inspections 848 design methodology 419 ply angles 19-20 military aircraft 849 orthogonal 3-D 418,419, 420 stage drawing, PET 224 New York, talc 248-9, 248 processing 418 ~ultiwarp, weaving 406 Nextel 309, 309, 310, 316, 403 structural geometry 419 ~usical instruments 946 312 Normalization 721 ~utagenicity 824 fiber 159 compression strength 721 ~WK Nibbling 601 Notation, stacking sequence 619 3-D 409,410 Nicalon 310-11,311,316,318 Notched fatigue behavior 802 LmA system 411 Nickel 249 Novolac resin MY 0510 (Ciba-Geigy) 53 coating 292 homopolymer property 102 MY 720 (Ciba-Geigy) 53 electroformed, CTE 589 structure precursor 102 Mylar powder 250 supplier 102 film sheet 574 vapor-deposited coating 819 trade name 102 template 487 Nitride, coating 296 Novoltex 418, 418 Nitrogen release, and tensile NR-150 N, N, N', N'- tetraglycidyl strength 182 char yield 82 methylenedianiline 53 Nomex 203-4,269 chemistry of 77, 78 N/C ratio 182 compressive strength 272, 273 density 82 Nadic methyl anhydride (NMA) 57 cores 270 elongation 82 Nanoporous, carbon fiber 183 decomposition temperature 206 flex modulus 82 NASA standards 1063, 1064 density 206 flex strength 82 NASP 972, 972, 974 elongation at break 209 fracture toughness 82 National Aerospace Plane, see NASP filament 206 neat cured 82 Natural composites initial tensile modulus 209 Rockwell hardness 82 cartilage 958 linear thermal expansion tensile strength 82 cortical bones 958 coefficient 206 T 82 dentin 958 long-term use temperature 206 t6ermal expansion 82 wood 958 melting temperature 206 Nuclear magnetic resonance (~R) Nd-YAG moisture content 206 982 applications 605 plate shear Nylon 6/6 PCI-glass solid state laser 605 modulus 272, 273 elongation 899 NDE 733,838-55 strength 272, 273 flexural modulus 899 blown core 854 specific gravity 209 flexural strength 899 bondline adhesive voids 854 specific heat 206 glass content 899 condensed core 854 tensile strength 209 izod impact 899 core 854 thermal conductivity 206 mold shrinkage 899 damage inspection 854 Nominal thickness, reinforced tensile strength 899 deep delamination 854 composites 390, 391 Nylon degradation 838 Non-aerospace, applications 935 modulus and temperature 210, disbonds 854 Non-functional, fillers 382 211 fiber breaks 838,854 Non-metallic core removal 862 peel plies 673 foam adhesive voids 854 Non-symmetric imprint 682 foreign material 838, 854 bending, testing 783 tensile strength and temperature inhomogeneities 838 deformation, cylindrical shells 210,211 matrix cracks 854 754-5 weld line strength 544 porosity 854 laminates 752 records 733 Noncomposites 166 O-rings 443, 953 shallow delamination 854 Nondestructive nitrile rubber 443 test methods 733-4, 734 evaluation, see NDE Observed life, AS-4/PEEK(APC) water intrusion 854 testing, and inspection 1059 806,807 1098 Index

Octyl, decyl glycidyl ether blend, 4,4'-oxydialinine (ODA) 75,76 shape, and tooling 589-94 viscosity 61 slippage, during cure 432 Off-axis tension, testing 781 P75S/cyanate, moisture vs. time Particle Oil 1010 accelerators 976-9,977,978 absorption Pl00 tape size nepheline 243 mechanical properties 718 clay 244 number, particulate fillers 251 strengths 718 distribution, rotational containment, Spectra 233-4 p-t-butyl phenyl glycidyl ether, molding 551 and gas viscosity 62 Particulate fillers applications 946-7,947 PA6, 6, water absorption 127 abrasion 252 industry, pultrusion 521 Packages alumina trihydrate 245 platlo~ 924-5,925 style of 493-4, 493 aluminum oxide 250 One-dimensional weight 494 antimony oxide 244-5 consolidation equation 584 wound 493 calcium carbonate 243, 247 flow, compression molding Packing carbon black 245 583-4,584 fraction 531-2 clay 244 stress analysis 627 interfiber 403 common 243-6 One-sided, pulse-echo testing 842 powder processing 313 cost 242 Onion-skin, microstructures 177 pressure 539 definition 242 Opaque, aramid fibers 221 Paintsurface~Unspection 839 electrically conductive 250 Open core evacuation, aircraft 865 PAN 25,169,171-3,172 elongation at failure 252-3 Open hole coupon strength, joints anisotropicity 185 end uses 253 626 cyclization 172 feldspar 243-4 Open packing 403, 403 cyclized 179, 181 fire retardants 249 Open unloaded holes 614 dry spinning 175 flakes 248 Openings 373,373 large diameter 180, 181 orientation 252 Operational requirements 737 modified polymers 175 graphite 245 Optical properties molecule structure 172 hardness 251 aramid fibers 215 spinning 175 health hazards 252 fiberglass 135 stabilization 172, 177-80, 178, 179 high Organic solvents, thinning 65 stabilized, thermal degradation density 249 Orientation angle, yarns 412 181 hardness 249-50 Orifice plates 495 wet spinning 175 thermal conductivity 250 Orthogonal nonwoven fabrics 163, PAN-based fibers hot spots 242 164 density 170 injection molding 242 Orthopedic applications 95~ elastic modulus 170 kaolin 244 FRP 959 fracture elongation 170 lightweight fillers 249 hydroxyapatite (HA) 958 oxidation 818 low density 243 PMMA 962 tensile strength 169, 170 low friction 250 Orthophthalics 35,39 PAN-based tow magnesium oxide 250 polyester, blistering 918 manufacturers 198 mica 245-6 Orthotropic trade names 198 microspheres 246 layers 742 Para-aramids natural 246 nonzero stiffness 742,743 available 203 nepheline 243-4 thermal coefficients 742 creep 212 oil absorption number 251 plates, critical load 751 fatigue 213 organic 243 Outgassing stress rupture 212 packing 252 measuring 817 Para-phenylene terephthalamide 26 production 246-8,247 and vacuum 817 see also aramids shrinkage 242, 252 Oven/press cure, molding 366 Parallel axis theorem 694 silica 244 Ovens, with thermocouples 429 Part specific 243 Overheat, environmental exposure consolidation 386 surface 860-1 ejection 385 properties 250-1 Overshoots 531 geometry 526,530 treatments 250 Oxidation inspection 733 synthetic 246 PAN-based fibers 818 methods used 733-4 talc 246 resistance 818 removal 446 thermal conductivity 242 carbon-carbon composites hydraulic ejection 446 toxicity 252 333 system 541 types of 242-3 Index 1099

use of 242 Penetration 814 scrap 36 Particulates 307 Percolation 547 seawater resistance 233 flow, d. fiber flow 530 matrix 548 shear modulus 120, 120 inhaling 827 Perlite 249 sources of information 232 rrregularshaped 249 low cost 249 specific loading levels 528 Permeability 399-400, 1000 gravity 224 radiation 816 axial 579 modulus 224 Parts, RTM process 762 bleeder 581 strength 224 Pastes, adhesives 275--6 composite layer 581 stiffness-to-weight ratio 223 Patterns 362-3 and fiber volume fraction strength retention 227 control 463-4 399-400,400 strength-ta-weight ratio 223 PBI 237,237 preforms 438, 439, 449, 578-9 structure 224,224 chemical resistance 237 Permeation barrier 918 surface treatments 231-2 chemical warfare applications Permissible exposure limits, see PEL sutures 234 237 Peroxides 382 use temperature 225 solvent resistance 237 Personal protective equipment 828 UV structural formula 237 PET 35,120 resistance 224,230,233 PBu\ 203,203,205 ability to float 225 stability 233 PBU\-based fibers, SVM 210 abrasion resistance 224, 226, 233 Phase locked loop, holography 852 PBO 26-7 anisotropy 224 Phenolics 504-5 elongation at break 235 applications 230,233-4 adhesives 255 fiber 236,237-8,237 artificial ligaments 234 compressive strength 258 specific gravity 235 availability 231 density 258 structural formula 237 axial orientation 224 health effects 834 tensile modulus 235 chain folding 224 maximum service temperature tensile strength 235 characteristic temperatures 121 258 PDI fibers, sources of information chemical resistance 224, 230 polypropylene, density 258 236 cleaning 230 pulling 504-5 Pedestrian bridges 991-2, 992, 993 creep resistance 227 pultrusion grades 505 PEEK 31,120 crystallinity 223, 224 resins 268, 504 glass transition temperature 812 degradation 889 resistance to fire 505 Peel design 232-3 shear modulus 259 plies 668, 669 dielectric constant 224 shear strength 259 bonded joints 669 durability 233 SMC 382 dry 672 dyeing 233 spall liners 914 evaluation 670 energy to break 227 tensile strength 258 imprint 678 exposure to moisture 227 thermal conductivity 259 nylon 682 fatigue resistance 230 Phenoxides sanding 680 fibers, extended chain 202 allyl functional 101 nylon 673 filament 225 propenyl functional 101 polyester 681, 681 filter cloths 233 Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE), preimpregnated 672 forms 231 viscosity 62 removing 683 gel-spun 225--6 Phosphoric acid anodized, silicon transfer 670 handling 233 aluminum foil 820 surface preparation 683, 870 high strength 233 Phthalic anhydride 35 strengths hybridization 233 chemical resistance 35 adhesives 274-5 hydrophobic 230 marine applications 916 GFRP 1006 inert 230 melting point 57 stress 629,631,637-8,637,638, machining 233 thermal stability 35 647,655,662 melt extrusion 224 Physical properties adhesives 628 melting point 225 aramid fibers 205-7,206 eliminating 644-5 moisture absorption 224 graphite/epoxies 4 lap joints 637-8, 637, 638 multiple stage drawing 224 Pick-up trucks 936-7 linear variation 643 non-conductive 231 Pigments 516 maximum bond 642 non-woven 234 inorganic 516 reducing 644-5 processing temperatures 233 titanium oxide 516 tapering 646 recycling 883 sulfide 516 PEKK 31 for reinforcing 234 Pins, FRP 959 PEL 825,826 resin penetration 233 Pipelines 466 1100 Index

rehabilitation 948 Nomex 272,273 PMR-ll Piping 936 shear strength d. PMR-15 90, 93 systems 926 honeycomb 264-5,266-7 chemistry of 80-1,80 Pitch 175-7, 176 Nomex 272, 273 processing conditions 84-5 fibers 169,352 stiffness 622 PMR-ll-50 graphitized 183 thickness 790 flex strength 92 flow through spinneret 177 structural hierarchy 778 PMR-ll-30 90 forming coke 173 Platelets 307 reinforced 90 mesophase 176 Platens, heated 499 Poisson's ratio 19,698 precursors 173 Platforms 989 ceramic composites 312 carbon yield 197 fiberglass 989 IM6/epoxy 699 treatments 173-5,174 well bay 989,990 M401/F854 699 pretreatments 173, 197 Pleating 547 Polar backscatter, ultrasonic 843 softening 197 Plied-yam Polar winding 461-2,462 spinning conditions 175-7, 176 compressive strength 151 Poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) stabilization 177 count 151 seePBO stirring 177 flexural strength 151 Poly (p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) Pitch-based fibers 170 modulus of elasticity 151 see PBT density 170 tensile strength 151 Poly-2, 2' -m-phenylene-5, 5'• elastic modulus 170 warp 151 benzimidazole, see PBI fracture elongation 170 weave 151 Poly-m-phenylene isophthalamids tensile strength 170 Plugs 362-3 203,203 Pitch-based tow Ply Poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide, manufacturers 199 alignment 689 seePPTA trade names 199 angle 699-700 Poly-p-phenylene-benzimidazole- Placement, on mold 384-5 boundaries 481-2,481 terephthalamide, see PBIA Plain locating, templates 574--5 Polyacrylonitrile, see PAN strain 801 orientation 9,10-11,374 Polyaluminoxane 159 weave 140,145,405,406 interspersing 19 Polyamide 6,6, characteristic biaxial 399 properties 8,737 temperatures 121 fiber volume fraction 408, 408 reinforcement 730,730 Polyamide 12, characteristic triaxial 399 sequence, table 732 temperatures 121 Planar flaws 840 shape 481-2,481,482 Polyamide-imides Plane generating 481 chemical name 121 source 453 stacking sequence 692 processing temperature 121 stress, stiffness 689 strength 745 structure 121 Plasma assisted CVD (PACVD) 316 Plycosite 255 suppliers 121 Plasma spraying 300 PMC T 121 Plaster masters 564-{;, 564 decontamination 863 r:. 121 follow board method 565, 565 evacuation 863 trade name 121 NC machining 566 PMDA/ODA polyimide 76 Polyamides sweep method 565-6 PMMA characteristic temperatures 121 template method 564-5 fatigue resistance 959 health effects 832, 833 Plasters, breakout/washout 465 orthopedic applications 962 Polyaminoamides, health effects Plastic faced plaster 567, 573 PMR-1580 832,833 preparing 573 air aging 89 Polyarylene ether Plastic zones 654 chemistry 79-80, 79 chemical name 121 Plasticating 538 compressive strength 82 processing temperature 121 extrusion 534, 535 density 82 structure 121 injection molding 538, 538 elongation 82 supplier 121 Plasticization 107 fracture toughness 82 T 121 moisture 112 laminates 88, 89 r:. 121 Plastics, recycling 883 moisture absorption 82 trade name 121 Plate neat cured 82 Polybutylene-terephthalate, elements 621 processing 84 characteristic temperatures reinforced, carbon/aluminum tensile modulus 82 121 304 tensile strength 82 Polycarbonate, weld line strength shear modulus T 82 544 honeycomb 264-5,266-7 ~ermal expansion 82 Polycrystalline diamond, milling Index 1101

596 Polymers shear strength 259 Polyester 28, 34--9 composites 378 thermal conductivity 259 characteristic temperatures 121 properties 385-6,386 viscosity 530, 531 chemical name 121 resin 382 weld line strength 544 cure rate 509 compound grades 525 Polysulfone density 505 crystalline 118, 120 see also PSU elongation at break 505 economics 525 chemical name 121 flexural modulus 505 extrudate swell, injection flexural modulus 546 flexural strength 505 molding 540 processing temperature 121 glass fiber reinforced 28 fire retardant 42-5 structure 121 heat distortion 505 frictional coefficients, injection supplier 121 linear 34, 34 molding 540 T 121 modulus and temperature 210, inclusion of particulates 528 r:, 121 211 major processes 526 trade name 121 peel plies 681, 681 matched metal dies 546 weld line strength 544 polyarylate 235 matrix composites , see PTFE processing temperature 121 see PMC Polyurethane reinforced 442 grinding 600 coatings 813 resins, shut down 515 matrix lamina, fiber fracture 799 compressive strength 258 shrinkage 507 melt compressibility, injection density 258 structure 121 molding 540 health effects 834 supplier 121 melt fracture potential, injection maximum service temperature tensile modulus 505 molding 540 258 tensile strength 505 shear modulus 259 and temperature 210, 211 condensation 75-6 shear strength 259 T 121 shrinkage at 515 tensile strength 258 r:, 121 pressure dependent shrinkage, thermal conductivity 259 trade name 121 injection molding 540 Polyvinyl chloride unsaturated 35 processes 529, 532 compressive strength 258 , see PEEK unit costs 532 density 258 Polyether ketone ketone, see PEKK processing 525 maximum service temperature Polyetherimide, flexural modulus properties, blow molding 550 258 545,546 rheological concerns 525 shear modulus 259 Polyethylene selection 525 shear strength 259 recycling 883 semi-crystalline 534 tensile strength 258 terephthalate, see PET processing temperature 120 thermal conductivity 259 Polyglycidyl ether of o-cresol• shear sensitivity, injection Pontoon pier 995 formaldehyde Novolac molding 540 Poor bonding, adhesive joints 611 melting point 52 thermal properties, injection Porosity 90,300,630-1 viscosity 52 molding 540 bond layer 656 Polyglycidyl ether of phenol• thermoplastic, adducts in 526 NDE 854 formaldehyde Novolac thermoset 34 preform 439 viscosity 52 viscosity, injection molding 540 X-ray imaging 844 Polyimide Polymethylmethacrylate, see PMMA Ports and harbors 949 addition chemistry 78-81 Polyolefin 549 Post-curing 84--5,385,446-7,589 aromatic 75 characteristic temperatures 121 Post-fabrication 732-3 solutions 76 Polyorthoesters 957 Post-processing 446-7 chemical name 121 Polyoxymethylene Post-tensioning 986, 987 compression molding 545 cupping 541 anchors 987 condensation 78 shrinkage 541 Pot life 66,510,510 epoxy resins 6 warping 541 anhydride-cured system 72 precursor solutions, see binder Polyphenylene sulfide, see PPS NMA 66 solutions Polypropylene resins 440,513 processing temperature 121 see also PP Potassium structure 121 and acrylic acid 251 alurninosilicate 245-6 supplier 121 characteristic temperatures 121 metaphosphate 957 T 121 mica-reinforced 253 Powder r:,121 phenolics 258 alloys 300 trade name 121 shear modulus 259 consolidation of 343 1102 Index

impregnation 118 disadvantages 438 tooling 562 processing drapability 438 unidirectional 118 ceramic composites 312-14, edge definition 438 waste 885 313,314 elastic constant 449 hazardous 885 packing 313 engineering parameters 421 wet 355 sintering 343 fabricated 438 Pressing Powdered amorphous fiber distribution 438 temperature, SiC I A403 315 thermoplastics (TPs) 105 fiber orientation 421 time, SiC I AlP3 315 Power heating 458 Pressure poles 948-9,948 infiltration 299 compliant ring, testing 782 shears 426 permeability 438, 439, 449, 578-9, consolidation 577 trowels 461 578 damage 874,875,876 Powertrain applications 911-12, 911, porosity 439 gradient, infiltration 338 913 prefabricated 438 hulls, marine applications 922 PP and granulated SMC processing parameters 421 pulsation, infiltration 338 elongation 897 Rlld 436-9,437,438 vessel, acoustic 472, 472 flexural modulus 897 textile 401-2 vessels 471 flexural stress 897 thickness 438-9,438 X-ray backscattering 846 izod impact 897 uncured 456 PRESTEK 992 tensile modulus 897 winding 458 Prestressed concrete 985-6 tensile stress 897 Preforming 397-422,448 anchorage 985-6 PP IPCI-glass 3-D 398 deck 986, 986 glass content 898 formability 398-9 bridges 987 strain at break 898 Preliminary steel tendons 985 tensile modulus 898 design 710-11,715-23 Preventive maintenance, composites tensile strength 898 definition 710 880 yield stress at break 898 materials 715-22 Pricing PPD 81 support data 711 aramid 216, 716 PPS 31 materials, aircraft stabilizer 711 Dyneema 232 weld line strength 544 Preload relaxation 729 graphite fiber 716 PPTA 203,205 Prepegging 6-7,7,32-3 Hoechst Celanese 232 chemical stability 213 advantages of 7 Spectra 232 hydrogen bonding 204 hot melt 7 Primary Adhesively Bonded structural formula 203 roving 7 Structures Technology Prebaking 871 thermoset matrices 7 (PABST) 667-8,669 Precarbonization 180 Prepolymers 105 Principle strengths 803 Preceramic 157 Prepregs Processing 64-9 Precured patching 867-8 aerospace industry 885 composites 879 limitations 867-8 availability 82 glass fibers 24 Precursors 335 braiding 418 parameters, preforms 421 fiber, pyrolysis 157 co-curing 868, 870 polymers 525 materials 173 combining 117 speeds mesophase pitch 335, 336 composite tools 566, 567-71 d. pull loads 506, 506 PAN 335,336 consolidation 117 pultrusion 514 pitch 173 definition 425 technology, braiding 413-15 polymeric 157 dry 425,430 temperature rayon 335 facing material 255 PET 233 treatments, pitch 173-5, 174 lay-up 576 polyamide-imides 121 Predicted life, AS-4/PEEK(APC) low tack 425 polyarylene ether 121 806,807 over metal substrates 870 polyester 121 Predicting ply kits 374 polyimides 121 durability 796 repairs 868-70,869 121 joint strength 615 resins 352 thermoplastics 115,525-52 peak stresses, joints 613 matrix 577 time, terephthalic resins 36 Preform reuse 884-5 window 176 advantages 438 shredding 885 Procurement costs, materials 722 ceramic 314 suppliers 109 Producing, carboni aluminum 303 comers 438 tapes 430 Production designing 438 thermoplastics 357 costs, aircraft 1024 Index 1103

MMC 291 additives 515-18 definition 888 particulate fillers 246-S, 247 advantages 489 precursor fiber 157, 159 Profile extrusion 532 applications 518-21 recycling 896--8 Programmed winding 469-70 basic process 489 tooling 341 Propeller shafts 911 cf. extrusion 488-9 yields from 895 Properties cf. pull forming 490, 491 Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) aramid fibers 205-15 civil engineering 519-20 75,76 boron 161 and compression molding 490 casting, CE 108 construction 519-20 Quadratic failure 695-7 ceramic fibers 161 continuous production 489 criteria 707-8 elastic 194-5 creel 492-5 Qualification tests 1060 high silica 161 curved 489-90 Quality controls, composites 880 Kevlar 205 definition 488 Quartz lamina material 760 dies 497 applications 163, 165, 166 polymer composites 385-6, 386 electrical equipment 518-19 drawing 157 quartz 161 epoxy 511 fibers 24-5 Technora 205 fibers used 503 fused 163 thermoplastics 115 fillers 516 forms 161-3 Twaron 205 FRP 47,517 fused rods 157 using recyclate 892 hammer handles 491 manufacture 156--7 Vectran 235-6 history 488 properties 161 Proprietary specifications 1066--7 injection 497, 498 Quasi-~tropic Propulsion labour requirements 489 laminates 9-11,697 shafting 925 machine 488 materials 687 systems 1041,1041 oil and gas industry 521 modulus 12 Prostheses 963 pigments 516 Quaternary ammonium salts 382 Protective coatings 292 processing speeds 514 composites 879 products 489 R-glass 134 Protruding head, fasteners 624, 624 pull-winding 496--7 Race tracking 443 Pseudoisotropic laminates, CMEs resins 504 pattern 461-2 1011 impregnation 495 winder 462 PTFE 362 shapes 989 Racing yachts 353-4 see also Teflon shut down 515 Rackets 1049-SO, 1050 compression molding 545 sloughing 514 braiding 1050 velocity cf. temperature 843-4, sporting goods 1045-6 compression molding 1049 844 start-up 514-15 filament winding 1050 Pull surface finish 514 injection molding 1050 forming 490-2,490 thermoplastics 116 resin transfer molding 1050 automation 492 three zone model 505, 505 Radar cf. pultrusion 490, 491 transportation 520-1 signals, trans~sion 472 curved 490,491,491 tubular structures 496--7 transparency, foam 256 straight 490,491-2 vertical 495-6 Radial loads 512 wastage 489 microstructures cf' processing speed 506, S06 and winding 496--7 folded 177 epoxy resins 510 windmills 521 with wedge 177 winding 489,490,496--7 Pure bearing load, joints 626 Radiation 3,816 Pullers Purging 515 Bremsstrahlung 816 continuous belt SOl Putties, adhesives 275-6 ionizing 816 intermittent 501 PVC particulate 816 Pulling SOl-2,501 foam 257 solar 816 continuous SOl crosslinked 917 thermal 816 Pulp molding, short fibers 337, 338 linear 917 ultraviolet 817, 817 PuIse-echo testing Pyrex 318 Radio frequency Pyrolys~ 159,182,888 advantages 842-3 seealsoRF C-scan 842, 842 carbon fibers 335 heating 499 one-sided 842 carbon-carbon composites 341, Radius of curvature 459 ultrasonic 842-3, 842 342 sheets 186, 187 Pultrusion 17-18,33,117,488-521, carbonized organic composites Radius of tw~t 459 529,532 340 1104 Index

Radomes 1024 polyurethane composites 893 recycling 388 composites, quartz reinforced pyrolysis 896-8 ribs 389,391,391 110 reinforced composites 388 shell and plate construction Rail shear, testing 783 5~C 890-3 389,389 Railroad 5weden 887 size and shape 388 applications 912-14 thermoplastics 893-5 spray-up 355 rolling stock 949-50 Redux 255 structural requirements 388 Railways 950 bonding 667, 669 surface quality 387 Random, microstructures 177 Re-entry temperatures, concrete 983-8 Rapid cure, resins 440 816 beams 1000 Rate of relaxation, water absorption References cracking 1000 811 E-glass 774-7 E-glass 984 Ratio, glass-to-resin 150-4, 153 graphite epoxies 774-7 steel reinforced 983 Raw materials, falling cost 838 Kevlar 774-7 epoxies 442 Rayon 25 lamina property 772-3,774-7 polyester 442 RD-1 (Ciba-Geigy) 61 52-glass 774-7 reaction injection molding, see RD-2 (Ciba-Geigy) 62 Spectra 774-7 RRIM Reaction efficiency, atomic oxygen Reflectors 1015 Reinforcement 814 ACTS 1017 CE 111 Reactive rubber, tougheners 106 Refractive index circumferential 461 Reactivity, resins 440 feldspar 243-4 composites Reaming 598 Kevlar 215 continuous unidirectional Rebars 984--5, 984 nepheline 243-4 318--20,318,319 fiberglass 999 Regrind RIM discontinuous 320-1, 320 placement 985 density 895 configurations 461-4 pultruded 999 elongation 895 continuous 308--11,309,310,502, Recreation, design requirements 713 flexural modulus 895 762 Rectangular plates 749-53,749,751 hardness 895 definition 378 in-pane loading 750-1, 751 tensile modulus 895 E-glass 383,916 Recyclability, MMCs 944 tensile strength 895 geometry 797 Recycled Rehabilitation glass fibers 378,383 materials 889-99 bridges 988 graphite 353 NBC 897 building construction 988 heat cleaned 898--9 PET 894 chimneys 988 helical winding 461 phenolic 894 concrete 988 hoop winding 461 PP 895,896 steel 988 Kevlar 383 S~C 890,892,893 wood 988 knitted 916-17 Recycling Reinforced local 730,730 see also reuse, disposal composites 712, 713 marine applications 916-17 automotive industry 901-2 applications 386-8 materials 832, 835, 835 B~C 890-3 carbon fiber 358--9 RN 435 building construction 901-2 chopped-fiber 355 monofilament 311, 311 electrical parts 902 continuous-fiber 355 multi-directional 718 environmental aspects 902-3 continuously 358 plies 730, 730 Europe 884 corrosion resistance 387 polar winding 461-2,462 Germany 887, 902 corrugated configuration 389 52-glass 383 glass-filled PP 893 dimensional stability 387 spatial 471 granulation 886-7 edge stiffening 390,391 specific heat 533 heat cleaning 889 edge turning 390 thermoplastic polymers 526 history 883-4 electrical resistance 387 three-dimensional 456, 801 Japan 887,888,903 high strength 387 two-dimensional 456 legal aspects 902-3 inserts 392 types mechanical 886-7 light weight 387 fibrous 795, 7% milling 886-7 minor impact resistance 387, unidirectional 438 organizations 903 388 volume 510-11,510 PET 883 molded-in color 388 woven 361,916-17 phenolic composites 893 nominal thickness 390,391 Reinforcing plastics 883 non-structural requirements bars, see also rebars polyethylene 883 388 ceramics 307-11,308,308,309, Index 1105

310,311 marine laminates 920 viscosity 64,440,578,579,579 load carrying capabilities 307 minimizing 673 and cure cycle 354, 355 Relaxation, environmental effects epoxies 382, 504 volume fraction 478 1000 and fibers 425 weather resistant 813 Release agents 362 flow 578-80 Young's modulus 440 Releases 429-30 consolidation 576 Resistance fluorocarbon 361,362 continuity condition 582-3 chemical 39 molds 361, 362 Darcy's law 578 to fire, phenolics 505 silicon 429-30 gelation 499 water 39 Remaining high performance 122 Resonance, ultrasonic 843 life 804-7,804,805,806,807 high temperature 818 Respirators, filter 830 strength 797,804-7,804,805,806, impregnation 495 Respiratory protection 830 807 ingredients 513 Restoration of coatings 867 estimating 797 injection 117 Resulting strain state, laminates loading history 805 molding 122 693-4 normalized 805,805 system 433,434,440-1 Reticulating films, adhesives 276 predictions 806 thermoplastics 116 Reusable bags, silicone rubber 371, Removal of peel ply 631 isophthalic polyester 504 371 Repairs matrix 504 Reuse adhesives 869 prepreg 577 see also recycling, disposal advanced fibers 877 mixing 513-14 appliances 901 aircraft 857-80 temperature 441 automobiles 900-1 autoclave 868 viscosity 441 carbon fiber 884 heat application 874-7 moisture absorption 440 cutting 885 heating blankets 869 morphology 505 and disposal 883-904 honeycomb panels 871-7 penetration, PET 233 glass fiber 884 joint preparation 871 phenolic 504 hybrid composites 883 mechanically fastened 877 polymerization 499 prepregs 884-5 metal bondments 871-7 potlue 440,496,513 sheet molding compound 883 methods 880 pultrusion 504 shredding 885 non-autoclave 868-9 rapid cure 440 technologies 885-9 prepreg 868-70,869 reactivity 440 RF preheating 513, 513,515 resins 869 recycling 515 Rheology 527-31 skill requirements 878 removing excess 576, 673 definition 527 standardization 878 repairs 869 Ribs surface preparation 870-1 replenishing 513 designing 391 technical training 878 safety 831-2 geometry 391 vacuum pressure 869 selection 45,440, 504 mold making 390 Repeatability 8 solvent based 431 parameters 743 turning 603 T point 440 reinforced composites 391, 391 Representative volume 796, 804, 804 ~ermoplastic Rigid discontinuous 804 matrix 496 adherends 633,633,634 Reproducibility 3 mechanical properties 122 fiber 802 Reproductive toxicity 824 toughness 440 tool, thickness 450,450 Residual transfer Rigidity, and flow 67 strength, AS-4/PEEK(APC) 806, molding 17,374,492 Ring specimens 807 see also RIM bending 785 stresses, control of 470, 472 marine applications testing 782, 784 Resins 382 919-20 Rings bath life 496 rackets 1050 compression testing 782, 788-9 bleed sequence 367 transverse hoop wound 789 catalyzed 507 modulus 1056 thick-walled 789 changing 497 tensile strength 1056 thin-walled 789 chemistry 99-1,382 uncatalyzed 506 Risk 823 comparing 505-7, 505, 506 unsaturated polyesters 382 definition 823 consumption 513 used Rivets, aluminum 668 content 425 RIM 440 RK, properties of 170 by volume 503 selecting 440 Rocket fibreglass epoxies 153 vinyl esters 382, 504 motor 1106 Index

cases 23,465 heating/ cooling 441 resins 831-2 X-ray backscattering 846 injection pressure 433 Saffil 159 design requirements 713 low cost parts 433 grades of 155Hi0 nozzles, carbon-carbon 712 moisture absorbance 440 Sailboats, design requirements 713 Rockwell hardness, NR-150 82 mold sealing 441 Same materials, sandwich structures Rods, testing 784 optimum viscosity 440 744 Roll reinforcement materials 435 SAN, weld line strength 544 fomting 117, 289 resin 440 Sand bags 874 wrap process, sporting goods Tl!.446 Sanding 672,672,678-80,679,683 1045 sporting goods 1046 peel-ply imprint 680 Roller press 426, 427 tensile elongation 440 scuff 679 Rollers 461,495 tensile modulus 440 Sandwich Rolling vacuum assisted 433, 453 adhesive flow 288 carboni aluminum 303 viscosity 440 beam type 281 compaction 477 Rubbery sheet deformation 526 buckling 282 rate of 302 Rule of 150, 318, 588, 697 construction 694 solid phase 302 Runner system 444 aramidfibers 221 solid stage production 291 conversion to 255 table 427,427 52-glass 134 core in vacuum 300-6, 301, 302, 305 compression properties 360 crushing 282 temperature conditions 300 constituent properties 766 selection 276, 278, 279, 284 Rolls and air shafts 950-1,951 cost of 917 size 288 Rotational molding 529, 532, 550, elastic properties 764-7 deflection 284 551 references 774-7 limitations 281, 284 crosslinking 551 specific gravity 383 design 281, 284 crystallization kinetics 551 strength properties 764-7 compressive modulus 281 molecular characteristics 551 tensile failure 383 core 281 particle size distribution 551 tensile modulus 383 facings 281 polymer properties 551 tensile strength 383 notation 280-1 thermal properties 551 thermal expansion 383 designing 276-80,277,278,279 zero-shear viscosity 551 5 twist, yarn 138 dimpling 282, 284 Router speeds 289 5-glass 23, 24, 425 fabrication 276 Routing 601 based, rovings 147 face wrinkling 282, 284 Rovings 163, 164 density 503 facing failure 282 carbon fiber 502 elongation at break 503 high temperatures 288 for chopping 146 epoxies 152 manufacturing 287-9,289,290 continuous glass 492 fibers, stress rupture 212-13,213 modes of failure 282, 282 fiber 492 filament strength 24 shear crimping 282 fiberglass 136 melting point 24 skin materials 284 glass 502 modulus 24 structures 467--8 harder 146 tensile modulus 503 design 467--8 nonwoven 164 tensile strength 503 different thicknesses 744 5-glass based 147 5-S2-glass elements of 254, 254 single strand 136,146 reinforcement 383 same materials 744 woven 136-7,137,164,917 specific modulus 1049 space vehicles 254 reinforced 137 specific strength 1049 thickness 284 yields 136 tensile modulus 360 transverse shear failure 282 RRlM 907 tension-tension ratio 1049 wall 742,743 RTM 433-54, 762 5-S2-giass, fiber modulus 360 transverse shear defonnation advanced technology 447 5-triazine ring 99,100 743 advantages 434-5 SAAB JAS39 Gripen, composite Satellites cavity design 441 applications 1034 central cylinder 375--6 compounds, rheology 101 SACMAstandards 1061-2,1062 design requirements 713 cure cycle 433 Safety Satin weave 405, 406 curing 445--6,445 applications 943-4, 944 Saturated acids 37 cycle times 433 aramid fibers 222 Sawing 601 disadvantages 434-5 epoxy resins 831-2,831 Scarf gate and vent 441 factor, fonnulas 285 adhesive joints 628, 629 glass transition temperature 440 hazards, composite processes 831 joints 611, 623, 645 Index 1107

shear stress 649 rail test 789 particulate fillers 242, 252 distributions 647-8, 648, strength polyester 507 649 ABS 259 polyoxymethylene 541 Scarfing 623-4 AFR700B/S2laminates 93 rate 509 Scientific applications 967-80 carbon fibers 295 recycled SMC 892, 893 Screws, injection molding 538 Celion 87 volumetric 507 SCRIMP 919 cellulois acetate 259 Shut down, pultrusion 515 Scuff sanding 679 epoxies 259 Sialon 329 Sealants, composites 879 interlamina 196 SiC/A1P3 SeaIing577 phenolics 259 density 315 composites 302 polypropylene 259 pressing Seals 953 polyurethane 259 temperature 315 Seawater resistance, PET 233 polyvinyl chloride 259 time 315 Secondary, drilling 598 skinned molded foams 259 SiC/SiC composites 401, 401 Section stress 636,636 Signal-to-noise ratio, ultrasonic 834 failure curves 615-16,615 5-step 649, 650 Silanes 250-1 load, last fastener 620 10-step 649,651 coupling agent 147 stress 615 adhesive 632-7, 633, 634, 635, organofunctional 147 Secured Modular Automotive Rail 636 Silar Transport (SMART) 914 distribution 636 fracture Selection process, joining 727, 728 scarf joints 647-8, 648, 649 strength 325 Self-adhesive skins 276 maximum bond 642 toughness 325 Self-screening, aramid fibers 215 peak-to-average 648 work of 325 Semifabricated composite, winding scarf joints 649 Young's modulus 325 468 TEOS 346 Silica Sensitization 824 test 688 crystalline 249 cross 824, 825 in-plane 196 fillers 527 equations 825 Shearing, weave 439 flocculated varieties 244 Sensors Shearoutfailures 618,619 fumed 247-8 pressure 499--500 Sheet fused 244 temperature 499-500 extrusion 532 natural 244 Separation 597 molding 374 particulate fillers 244 Shallow delamination, NDE 854 molding compound surfaces 244 Shear 394, 395 see also SMC thixotropic effect 244 coupling, coefficient 193 reuse 883 Silicates, fillers 527 crimping, sandwich 282 radius of curvature 186, 187 Silicon deformation 448 Shelf life, before molding 31 carbide 27, 319 cylindrical shells 756 Shell and plate construction, coating 294 edges 394 reinforced composites 389, CVD 157 failure 195 389 fillers 527 in-plane 783,789-90 Shells, netted-ribbed 473 wheels, grinding 600 interlaminar 790-2 Shims 570,572 nitride, whiskers 161 knife edge 394 Shipboard armor 925 releases 429-30 lag analysis 633-4 Shipments 955 Silicone rubber 365, 366 modulus Short CTE 589 ABS 259 beam shear properties, Spectra reusable bags 371, 371 cellulois acetate 259 226,226 Silver flake 250 epoxies 259 fiber mat, flexural strength 401 Simple twist 138 IM6/epoxy 699 fibers 337,338 Single M401/F854 699 term exposure limit, see STEL head, pull winding· 496-7 PET 120 Shredding lap phenolics 259 mobile 887 joints 626, 627, 628, 729 polypropylene 259 prepregs 885 bending deflections 641 polyurethane 259 Shrink factors 557-8 load path eccentricity 637, polyvinyl chloride 259 Shrinkage 5,179,506,507-9,507, 637 skinned molded foams 259 508 shear, joints 624 properties fillers 508 strand, rovings 146 aliphatic system 70 following gelation 508 strap, adhesive joints 628 aromatic system 71 neat polymers 541 yam 1108 Index

compressive strength 151 grill opening panels 907 Vectran 236 count 151 IZOD impact 386, 386 Sources of pressure 460 filling 151 lower density 381 Space 813-17 flexural strength 151 manufacturing 381 atomic oxygen 813-14 modulus of elasticity 151 molding 384 composite systems 814 tensile strength 151 phenolics 382 debris impacts 814-15,814,815 warp 151 recycling 890-3 meteoroid impacts 814-15,814, weave 151 regrinding 890,891 815 Size, meteoroids 815 specific gravity expansion 386, shuttle 344,345,347,472 Sizing 802 386 tooling development 1015-16 agent 495 tensile modulus 386, 386 Spacecraft 968-72,969,970,971 fiber reinforcement 435 tensile strength 386, 386 heat sources 816 Skill requirements, repairs 878 thermal expansion 386, 386 LDEF 970-2,970,971,972 Skin SMEs 952 re-entry temperatures 816 core, bonding 917-18 Snowflake P.E. 247, 247 thermal cycling 818 creams 829-30,830 Sodium-calcium-aluminum- truss structure 968-70 grafts 963 polyphosphate 957 Spall liners, phenolic 914 materials, sandwich 284 Soft gauge, machine tools 364 Spallation 814 penetration Soft tissues, composites for %3-4 Sparging 174-5 aircraft 858, 859 Sol-gel technology 156-7 gas 174-5 foil tape repairs 858 Solar Spatial reinforcement 471 protection 828-30 absorptance 816 Spatially sewn structures 456 Skinned molded foam array Special tests 792 compressive strength 258 backing 820 Specific gravity density 258 panels 353 Armos 208 maximum service temperature radiation 816 Dyneema 225 258 Soldering, carboni aluminum 303 E-gIass 383 shear modulus 259 Solid expansion 386, 386 shear strength 259 conveying, extrusion 534,535 fiberglass 135 tensile strength 258 phase, rolling 302 graphite 383 thermal conductivity 259 rubber, tooling 670 Hoechst Celanese 225 Skybond 76-7, 77 stage production 291 Kevlar 208,383 dielectric strength 95 state laser, Nd-YAG 605 Nomex 209 electrical properties 95 Solution sedimentation, MMC 291 PBO 235 elongation 86 Solvents 812, 835-7, 836 PET 224 flex modulus 86 absorption,anhydride-cured recycled SMC 890, 892, 893 flex strength 86 system 72 S2-g1ass 383 insulation resistance 95 aramid fibers 204 Spectra 225 processing conditions 84 impregnation 117, 118 SYM 208 surface resistivity 95 polar 175 Technora 209 tensile strength 86 removal 159, 175 Teijinconex 209 volume resistivity 95 resistance Tekmilon 225 weight loss 86 PBI237 Twaron 208 Skylab oxygen tank 471, 471 thermoplastics 115, 127 Vectran 235 547, 547 toxicity 361, 362 Specific heat Slot camera, X-ray backscattering trichloroethylene 64 aromatic system 71 846,846 Sonar domes, marine applications definition 532-3 Sloughing 508, 510 922 fillers 533 Slurry-spinning 159 Sonotrode Kevlar 206 Small boats 921 material 607, 608 Nomex 206 SMC 380-1,890-3,892,893,895-6, non-rotating steel 608 reinforcements 533 897 Sources of information Teijinconex 206 automobile industry 381 Armos 221 Twaron 206 current use 381 Kevlar 221 Specific modulus 715, 716 early applications 380 PBO fibers 236 aluminum 1049 fatigue properties 386, 387 PDI fibers 236 carbon 1049 flexural modulus 386, 386 SYM 221 definition 715 flexural strength 386, 386 Technora 221 E-glass 1049 formulation 384 Twaron 221 Kevlar 1049 Index 1109

Kulon 305 Spectra Shield 234 laminate 616, 630 PET 224 Spectroscopy notation 619 S2-glass 1049 fluorescence 69 Stackup, laminate pre-bleed 569 Spectra 1049 infrared 69 Stainless steel, thermal data 818 steel 1049 Raman 69 Stamping 545 titanium 1049 Speed sensitivity 463 Standard tests, composites 880 VMN-4305 Speed tape repairs, aircraft 859 Standards, organizations 1060-1 Specific stiffness, aramid fibers 207 Spherical shapes, mament winding Staple 159--60,216 Specific strength 466-7 alumina 159 aluminum 1049 Spherulites 120 alumina-silica 160 aramid fibers 207 Spin process, Technora 213 density 162 carbon 1049 Spinning 175-7 description 162 continuous fiber 162 conditions, pitch 175-7, 176 diameter 162 E-glass 1049 PAN 175 elastic modulus 162 Kevlar 1049 temperatures 175 green 159 metals, vs. composites 1047,1048 Spirit of Australia 354, 376-7, 376, manufacturers 162 PET 224 377 specific strength 162 S2-glass 1049 carboni epoxy mast 377 thermal expansion coefficient 162 Spectra 1049 Split rings, testing 784 trade names 162 staple 162 Sporting goods 1044-52 unfired 159 steel 1049 braiding 1045--6 Static mixers 441 titanium 1049 mament winding 1046, 1047 Steel whiskers 162 manufacturing techniques CTE 558 Specifications 1045-9 density 170, 558 materials 722 pultrusion 1045--6 dies 426-7,429,430 and standards 1059--67 roll wrap process 1045 thermal expansion 507 Specimen geometry, honeycomb 263 RTM 1046 elastic modulus 170 Specimen width 780 Sports cars 910 fracture elongation 170 Spectra 23,26,223,228,229,761 Spray lay-up, short fibers 337,338 linear thermal expansion 705 attributes 358 Spray metal, tooling 442 rehabilitation 988 availability 231 Spray-up 436,437 selection, mold 393 axial compressive properties 226, Spraying specific modulus 1049 226 ionic 300 specific strength 1049 axial tensile properties 226, 226 plasma 300 tendons, prestressed concrete 985 carbon 359 Springback 557 tensile strength 170 constituent properties 767 GFRP 1013 tension-tension ratio 1049 creep resistance 227,228-9,230, Springer's model 578,581, 582, 585 thermal conductivity 558 233 compacted plies 588 Steering 482, 483 crystallite melting point 26 numerical schemes 586 definition 482 density 503 Sprue and runner 541,542 radii 482 dielectric constant 231 Square packing 403, 403 Stefan-Boltzmann law 850 elastic properties 764-7 Squeeze flow 548 STEL 826 elongation at break 225, 503 SRlM433 Step lap fiber type 225 machine 434 joints 628,629,645--6,645,649, flexural properties 226, 226 Stability 650,651,652,659 graphite, hybrids 354 color 43 design 652 marine applications 917 PBO fiber 238 Stiffness for oil containment 233-4 and temperature 49 adherends 636 pricing 232 thermal-oxidative 75,92 carbon-carbon composites 333 references 774-7 Stabilization changes short beam shear properties 226, anisotropic pitches 178 microcracking 796 226 commercial 178 with time 800 specific oxygen addition 173 coefficients gravity 225 PAN 172,177-80,178,179 constitutive equations 743-4 modulus 1049 rate of 180 determining 737 strength 1049 Stabilizers ~6/epoxy 702,703 strength retention 230 covers, boron-epoxy 1030-1 and coupling 700 tensile modulus 225,503 UV 43 cylindrical shells 756 tensile strength 225, 503 Stacking sequence matrix, laminates 693 1110 Index

plane stress 689 T50 graphite 724, 724 polyamide-imides 121 to weight ratio, PET 223 weight ratio 21 polyarylene ether 121 tooling materials 577 aramid fibers 223 polyester 121 unbalance, adherends 629 PET 223 polyimides 121 weight ratio 21 Stress polysulfones 121 Stitched fabric 436, 436 analysis prepreg 109 Stitching 801 joints 611 thermoplastics 119 Storage 357--8 one-dimensional 627 Supported films, adhesives 276 freezer 425 concentration 610,613,614,788 Surface Strains distribution, double lap joint 654 area 607--8 at break, PP/PCI-glass 898 interlaminar 738 compressive stress 321 displacment, equations 739 patterns, laminates 322 crusting 339 energy, adhesives 653 residual 466 of curvature 479 graphite/epoxies 4 resultants, laminates 691-3 damage 322 measuring 779 rupture defect healing 295 to failure 319 failure 24 disbonded 677 Strand mat Kevlar 212-13,213 energies 316,316 continuous 503 para-aramids 212 finish fiber structure 503 5-glass fibers 212-13, 213 pultrusion 515 Strand properties strain curve 319 tools 597 Kulon 306 thermally induced 640 flaws 840 VMN-4306 thermoelastic 466 geometry Strands 164 transfer 149 concave surface 484 Strap joints, tapering 645 Stretching elongations 633 fiber placement 484--6 Strength Strip heaters 499 radii of curvature 484, 486 alumina silicate 309 Structural types of 484 aramid 718 applications 709 ply, veil 503 bending 791 aircraft 1027--8,1027,1028 polish, compression molds 395 and density 23 formula, POO 237 preparation 630-1,667--84 efficiency, carbon-carbon geometry abrading 669 composites 344 braiding 415-16 adhesive joints 611 envelopes 802, 802 nonwoven textiles 419 aerospace industry 669 evaluation 737 hierarchy 778 aluminum 871, 876 M60J tape 718 reaction injection molding see automotive industry 669 P100 tape 718 SRIM cutting plies 870 properties testing 792 grit blasting 870-1 E-glass 764-7 Structure history of 667-71 graphite/epoxies 4,768-71 aramid fibers 204-5 non-autoclave 871-2 laminate 764-7 PET 224,224 peelplies 683,870 predicting 318, 318, 319 polyamide-imides 121 removal 631 S2 glass 764-7 polyarylene ether 121 repairs 870-1 T50/F584 epoxy 726,726 polyester 121 testing 669 ratio polyimides 121 properties, particulate fillers lM6/epoxy 701 polysulfones 121 250-1 laminates 696 Styrene quality, reinforced composites retention 213 addition 34 387 aramids 230 polyester 382 resistivity definition 241 Submarines 473 fiberglass 135 Kevlar 205, 215 Substrates 157 Skybond 95 medical applications 957 heating 293 roughness, tooling materials 577 Spectra 230 Subsurface damage, inspection 839 slick 682 Technora 205 Succinic anhydride (SA), melting speed~grinding 600 structural 795 point 58 treatment 190-1 T300 fabric 718 Superconducting waviness 603 tests, joints 626 magnetic energy storage systems, weave, yarns 407,407 three-dimensional 489 see SMEs Sutures, PET 234 tooling materials 577 SupeM:ollidermagnets 978,978 SVM values Supennite 247, 247 availability 220 carpet plots 719 Suppliers elongation at break 208 Index 1111

initial tensile modulus 208 adherends 653 long-tenn use temperature 206 PBIA-based fibers 210 adhesive joints 628 melting temperature 206 sources of infonnation 221 Tapering moisture content 206 specific gravity 208 adherends 627, 629, 644-51, 645, specific gravity 209 tensile strength 208 647,648,649,650,656,658 specific heat 206 Sweden, recycling 887 advantages 646, 647 tensile strength 209 Sweep method, plaster masters peel stresses 646 thenna! conductivity 206 565-6 strap joints 645, 647, 648 Tekmilon 223,228 Swelling stresses, water absorption double 646, 647, 648 availability 231 811 Tappers, mechanical 840 elongation at break 225 Symmetric, laminates 692, 749 Tateho fiber type 225 Symmetry 9,1(}-11 fracture strength 325 specific gravity 225 Synergism 43 fracture toughness 325 tensile modulus 225 Syntactic foams, adhesives 275--6 work of fracture 325 tensile strength 225 Synthetic marble 253 Young's modulus 325 Telescopes 1014-15 Te glass 134 Temperature 817-19 T50 graphite Technical training, repairs 878 consolidation 577 material properties 724, 724 Technology control, dies 511-13,512,513 strength values 724, 724 reuse 885-9 cryogenic 817 TSO/F584 epoxy winding 458-66 modulus 212 material properties 726,726 Technora 204 decomposition 76 strength properties 726,726 availability 220 elevated 817 T300 fabric breaking strength 214 extremes, GFRP 1004-21 mechanical properties 718 chemical resistance 214 glass transition 75 strengths 718 chemical stability 214 gradients 470-1 Table rolling 425-32 decomposition temperature 206 profile, dies 511, 512 equipment, suppliers 431 density 206 resistance, aramid fibers 205 mandrels 429 elongation at break 209 spinning 175 materials 429-30 ether linkages 210 stability 49 Tabs 787 fatigue resistance 213 dies 514 Tack 356-7,479 filament diameter 206 and viscosity 173-4, 174 controls 356-7 filament shape 206 Template method, plaster masters desired 479 fonns of 216 564-5 excessive 357 initial tensile modulus 209 Templates heavy on prepregs 357 linear thennal expansion ply locating 574-5 requirements 357 coefficient 206 trim and router 574 Tactical aircraft, material weights long-tenn use temperature 206 Tenacity, definition 241 1027 melting temperature 206 Tennis rackets 463 Talc 246 modulus and temperature 210, Tensile composites 246 211 elongation 41, 42 impact strength 246 moisture content 206 recycled PET 894 Italian 248-9,248 properties 205 RN 440 low cost 246 sources of infonnation 221 failure 383 110ntana 248-9,248 specific gravity 209 forces, transmission 787 New York 248-9, 248 spin process 213 load, fibreglass epoxies 153 polypropylene filled 246 strength retention 205 modulus Tank solution processing 871 tensile strength 209 aramid fiber 715, 716 Tap test 840 and temperature 210, 211 AS-4 carbon fiber 123 laminar type flaws 840 thennal conductivity 206 B11C 386, 386 Tape 164 Teflon 250,360,834 carbon fibers 335 braiding 418 Teijinconex 205 carbon (Type BOO) 503 collimated 359 decomposition temperature 206 carpet plots 719 fiberglass 146 density 206 Celion 87 non-woven 359 elongation at break 209 continuous ceramic fibers 309 placement 456 filament diameter 206 Dyneema 225 reinforcement 15 filament shape 206 E-glass 360,383,503,715, 716 slit 478 initial tensile modulus 209 epoxy 511 unidirectional 298,359 linear thennal expansion graphite 360,383,715,716 Tapered coefficient 206 Hoechst Celanese 225 1112 Index

Kevlar 383, 503 Kevlar 208, 383,503 carbon-carbon composites 349 Kulon 306 Kulon 305, 306 compression 346 lot-to-lot variation 725 lot-to-lot variation 725 flexure 346 LPMC 386, 386 LPMC 386, 386 comer 346 marine laminates 920 marine laminates 920 impact 346 PBO 235,238 and microtexture 188 impregnation 341, 343-4, 344 PMR-1582 and modulus 21, 21 interlaminar shear 346 laminates 88 and nitrogen release 182 interlaminar tension 346 polyester 511 Nomex 209 process 341 PP and granulated SMC 897 NR-150 82 shear 346 PP IPCI-glass 898 nylon 6/6 PCI-glass 899 tension 346 recycled NBC 897 PAN-based fibers 169, 170 thermal expansion 346 recycled PP 895, 896 PBO 235,238 Terephthalic acid 35 recycled SMC 890,892, 893 phenolics 258 Terephthalics 36, 39 regrind RIM 895 pitch-based fibers 170 processing time 36 RTM 440 plied-yarn 151 reactivity 36 52-glass 360,383,503 PMR-15 82,88 solubility 36 SMC 386,386 polyester 511 Tertiary amines 104 Spectra 225, 503 polyurethane 258 Test and strength 21,21 polyvinyl chloride 258 direction, yam distribution 154 Tekmilon 225 pp IPCI-glass 898 methods 721 thermoplastic resins 122 recycled PET 894 adhesives 630 Vectran 235 recycled SMC 890, 892, 893 joints 626 vinylester 511 regrind RIM 895 specimen VMN-4306 52-glass 383 dimensions 786-7 ZMC 386,386 S-glass 503 loading sections 786 properties epoxies 152 transition sections 786 aliphatic system 70 single-yam 151 Testing anhydride-cured system 72 skinned molded foam 258 barcol hardness 38 E-glass 360 5kybond 86 bars 784 graphite 360 5MC 386,386 compression 38, 781 testing 38 5pectra 225, 503 distortion temperature 38 stiffness, aramid fibers 209 steel 170 eddy current 849-50 strength SVM 208 flat specimens 786-7 ABS 258 Technora 209 flexural properties 38 AFR700B/S21aminates 93 Teijinconex 209 half-discs 782 aluminum 170 Tekmilon 225 history 779 aramid fibers 209 thermoplastic resins 122 hydraulic system 782 Armos 208 titanium 170 impact strength 38 AS-4 carbon fiber 123 Twaron 208 in-plane shear methods 783 BMC 386,386 Vectran 235 incoming materials 20 carbon fibers 169 vinylester 511 microwave 853 carbon (Type T300) 503 VMN-4 305, 306 non-symmetric bending 783 carbon-carbon composites yam distribution 154 off-axis tension 781 333 ZMC 386,386 pressure compliant ring 782 carboni aluminum MMC 300 stress rail shear 783 carpet plots 720,720 PP and granulated SMC 897 requirements 779-80 CE 108 recycled NBC 897 ring specimens 782, 784 Celion 87 recycled PP 895, 896 rods 784 cellulois acetate 258 Tension selecting techniques 779 continuous ceramic fibers 309 and compression 786-9 special tests 792 Dyneema 225 failure in 787 specimens 780,786 E-glass 24, 383,503 head, fasteners 625 split rings 784 epoxies 258, 511 tension ratio 1049 structural 792 fiberglass 134 TEOS 346 tensile properties 38 epoxies 153 testing 781, 782, 788 tension 781 graphite 383 rings 782, 788 torsion of square plate 783 and higher temperatures 182 Tensioning 469 tubes 784 Hoechst Celanese 225 TEOS 340 ultrasonic through-transmission Index 1113

840-2,841 polypropylene 259 stress 659,660,661-2 Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), polyurethane 259 laminates 322 viscosity 54 polyvinyl chloride 259 Thermally Tetraethylorthosilicate, see TEOS skinned molded foams 259 induced stresses 640 Tetramethylbisphenol F steel 558 resistant gloves 829 homopolymer property 102 Technora 206 Thermoelastic behavior, anisotropic structure precursor 102 Teijinconex 206 bodies 470-1 supplier 102 thermoplastics 531-2 Thermoforming 436, 437, 526, trade name 102 Twaron 206 529-30,529,532,545-9 Tex,defirrition 136,241 urethane board stock 558 polymer properties 545 Textile control tape 819 Thermoplastics 356 fibers 307 cycling 89,89,816,817 aerospace 115 preforming aircraft 818 aging 127 defirrition 397 spacecraft 818 amorphous, HDT 126 linear 398 data 818 automotive market 115 planar 398 decomposition, carbonyls 293-4 chemical resistance 126 three-dimensional 398 degradation 31 composite density 534 preforms 401-2 diffusivity, thermoplastics 534 composites role of 398-401 expansion 3,5, 19 extrusion 526 selecting 401 adherends 630, 661 injection molding 526 T 120 carbon-carbon composites processing 525-52 g NR-150 82 333 compression molding 116, 544-9 PMR-1582 ceramic composites 312 compressive properties 124, 125 polyarylene ether 121 coefficient diaphragm forming 116 polyester 121 continuous fiber 162 dielectric constant 107 polyimides 121 staple 162 dissipation factor 107 polysulfones 121 whiskers 162 extrusion 534-8 resins 440 composite tools 592 fatigue resistance 115 Thermal correction, tooling design 590 fiber content 117 accelerators 509 E-glass 383 folding 116 coefficient graphite 383 fracture toughness 124 BMC 386,386 molding 593 heat capacity 532-4 Kevlar 383 NR-150 82 high price of 1024 LPMC 386, 386 PMR-1582 impact energy 125 ZMC 386,386 52-glass 383 injection molding 116 coefficients, orthotropic layers SMC 386,386 joining 127 742 steel dies 507 low toxicity 115 conductivity TEOS 346 manufacturing 116-17 ABS 259 thermoplastics 127 matrices, aramid fibers 221 aliphatic system 70 tooling materials 577 melt, high viscosity 116 aluminum 558 extremes 816-17 molecular weight 116 aromatic system 71 gradients, carbon-carbon polymers carbon fibers 169 composites 333 adducts 526 carbon-carbon composites inertia technology 444 fillers for 527 333,349 mismatch 638, 661, 662 reinforcements 526 carboni epoxy prepreg 558 oxidation 79 prepregs 357 cellulois acetate 259 carbon-carbon composites processing 115 ceramics 307 345,347-8 properties 115 electroformed nickel 558 properties pultrusion 116 epoxies 259 aramid fibers 205-7,206 reinforcing 528 glass/epoxy 558 BMI 106,109 remelting 115 high carbon cast steel 558 carbon fibers 184-5, 185, 186 resins 31-2 Invar 558 CE 106,109 fracture toughness 122 Kevlar 206 composites 661 health effects 834 mahogany 558 fiberglass 135 injection 116 monolithic graphite 558 rotational molding 551 tensile modulus 122 Nomex 206 radiation 816 tensile strength 122 particulate fillers 242 resistance, aramid fibers 205 solvent resistance 115, 127 phenolics 259 stability, composite tools 592 structure 118 1114 Index

suppliers 119 Three zone model, pultrusion 505, use of caul plates 590 thermal 505 development, space 1015-16 conductivity 531-2 Three-dimensional elastomer 14 diffusivity 534 fiberglass 146 elastomeric 593-4, 593 expansion 127 lamina properties 761 electroformed nickel 591-2,592 thennoforming 544-9 reinforcement 456, 801 employee induced damage 563 tougheners 106 Threshold limit values, see TLV epoxy laminates 562 trade names 124, 125 Through-the-facesheet evacuation, fiber placement 479-80 transverse modulus 123 aircraft 865 fiber separation 562 transverse strength 123 TIme weighted average, see TWA fixed-volume method 593, 593 unidirectional Tune window, consolidation 588 graphite-epoxy 592-3,593 compression strength 125 Tltanates, coupling agents 251 hole fittings 562 trade names 125 TItanium leakage 562 winding 458 alloy- linear thermal expansion master models 563-ii Thermosets 705 materials 589 amorphous 118 carbide 319 bleeder 577 compressive strength 124 density 170 consolidation 577 joining 127 diboride 319 hardness 577 polymers 34 elastic modulus 170 metals 577 Thermosetting 37,356 fracture elongation 170 properties of 558 binders 458 specific modulus 1049 stiffness 577 dielectric constant 107 specific strength 1049 strength 577 dissipation factor 107 tensile strength 170 surface roughness 577 reaction, definition 49 tension-tension ratio 1049 thermal behavior 589 resins 518 TLV 825,826 thermal expansion 577 Thermostamping 22 Tm moisture absorption 561 Thick composites, consolidation 585 polyamide-imides 121 and part shape 589-94 Thick molding compound, see 1MC polyarylene ether 121 prepreg 562 Thick-walled structures 456, 46&-71 polyester 121 resin system 562 loaded in torsion 473-4 polysulfones 121 rubber 366 monolithicity 456 1MC380 sealers 561 residual stresses 469 Tolerance selecting materials 557 torsion strength 473 stackup 561 sheet wax 574 Thickeners 383 to flaws, ceramics 307 solid rubber 670 Thickness Tonox 60-40 (Uniroyal Inc) 56 spray metal 442 adherends 627-9,628,628,658 Tool urethane based 567 bond 631 geometry 439 variable volume method 593, 594 layer 628, 656 life 599 wet lay-up repairs 867 to adherend 641 factors 596-7 Tools drawings 731 pins 574 composite 361 flberglass 141-4,153 separating from master 570 cure cycle times 559 Hercules 1M7 fiber 478 steel, erE 589 depth of cut 597 honeycomb 263 surface design 556-63 preform 438-9, 438 area 480 durability 558 sandwich 284 strength 480 fabrication, cost 558, 559-60 section 512 usage 559 life expectancy 558,559,561 variation 372-3 wear 599 machinability 558 Thin composites, consolidation 585 Tooling 14, 361-ii, 392-5,429-30, materials available 560 Thin-walled 447, 479-80, 480, 556-75 materials selection S59 beams 747-9,748 alternative 449-50,449,450 methods of fabrication 560 shear stress resultants 748, balls 565 mounted 480 748 bushings 562 multi-cavity 500 uses 747 cast aluminum 442 resistance to failure 561-3 shells 456 correction method 590-1 selection 598 structures 466-8 eTE 556-7, 557-8 surface finish 597 Thinning, organic solvents 65 design 590 usage rates 558 Thixotropic liquids, adhesives 275-6 coordinating partial plies 590 wear ratio 597 Thornel 1054 thermal expansion correction Torayca 1054 properties of 170 590 fiber types 1054 Index 1115

properties of 170 whiskers 158,162 density 206 Torque levels 625 Transfer molding 22 elongation at break 208 bolt tensions 626 Transformation relations 707 filament diameter 206 Torsion 784, 790 Transition, areas of 731-2,732 filament shape 206 square plate, testing 783 Transportation 905-15 forms of 216 strength, thick-walled structures future directions 915 initial tensile modulus 208 473 land 905-15 linear thermal expansion Total hip arthroplasty 960-1 pultrusion 520-1 coefficient 206 femoral components 960-1 Transverse long-term use temperature 206 FRP 959 compression, Kevlar 212 melting temperature 206 metallic devices 960 erE 699 moisture content 206 Total overlap length 658 extension, IM6/epoxy 701 properties 205 Tougheners modulus 12 sources of information 221 reactive rubber 106 IM6 / epoxy 699 specific gravity 208 thermoplastic 106 M401/F854 699 specific heat 206 Toughening 104-5 resins 1056 tensile strength 208 interphase 802, 802 thermoplastics 123 thermal conductivity 206 Toughness 801 shear Twill, weave 145,145,405,406 a~ives 274-5,274 adherends 630 Twin-screw extruders 535-6 aramid fibers 221 failure, sandwich 282 advantages 539 interlaminar 124, 124 strain, IM6/epoxy 701 classification 537 measuring 274,274 strength disadvantages 539 resins 440 moisture 811 Twist Tows 164 thermoplastics 123 drill 600 bridging of 487 tensile strength, resins 1056 Kevlar 215-16 buckled 480 tension Two-dimensional carbon fiber 292, 293 Kevlar 212 flow, compression molding 584 cutting 483 test 688 lamina properties 760-1 definition 476 Treatments, Vectran 236 reinforcement 456 dropping and adding 483-4 Triaxial, plain-weave 399 'JYpical end locations 481 Triethylenetriamine (TETA), compression strength, carbon folded 487 viscosity 54 fiber composites 1055 selecting 478 Triglycidyl p-aminophenol 53 properties 1053-8 thickness 478 Trimellitic anhydride (TMA), E-glass 1055 twisted 487 melting point 58 selecting 1057-8 wandering 487 Trimming 446 'JYranno 316 width Kevlar 600 histogram 479,479 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)- UHMWPE 959, 962 of material 479 phenyl 60 compression molding 545 Toxic 822-4 Trucks 912 reinforcement 963 definition 822 Truss structure, spacecraft 968-70 Ultimates, Kevlar 210 Toxicity TRW-R-8XX 94 Ultrahigh molecular weight acute and chronic 823-4 chemistry of 81 polyethylene, see UHMWPE fluorine 362 Tubes, testing 784 Ultrasonic particulate fillers 252 Tubular structures 425-32 correlation 843-4, 844 reproductive 824 pultrusion 496-7 cutting 601 solvents 361, 362 Tunnels 950 machining (USM) 605-8 Trade names Turning 597,598,601 advantages 608 continuous fiber 162 advantages 597 applications 607-8 fibers 158 withAWJ 603-4 brittle materials 605 PAN-based tow 198 disadvantages 597 ceramic matrix composites pitch-based tow 199 Kevlar 600 605 polyamide-imides 121 machining 602 disadvantages 608 polyarylene ether 121 repeatability 603 rates 608 polyester 121 surface finish 603-4 polar backscatter 843 polyimides 121 TWA 826 pulse-echo testing 842-3,842 polysulfones 121 Twaron resonance 843 staple 162 availability 219-20 signal 840 thermoplastics 124,125 decomposition temperature 206 to noise ratio 834 1116 Index

through-transmission testing pressure 918 pultrusion 495-6 840-2,841 processing 919-20 advantages 495 automation 840 silicone rubber 577 tape wrapper 427,428 C-scan 841,841 bagging 569,593,872-3 Vmyl cyclohexene dioxide, viscosity vibrations 607 applications, aerospace 375 63 Ultraviolet Coronagraph with autoclave 593 Vmyl esters Spectrometer, see UVCS bridging 369-71,369 applications 41-2 Ultraviolet resistance, PET 224 eliminating 369, 370, 371 corrosion resistance 41, 42, 42 UMC 381 edge bleeder 368 density 505 Uniaxial loading, allowable 802 expendable 367-71 elongation at break 505 Unidirectional bags 371 flexural modulus 505 composites 107-8 precautions 363 flexural strength 505 compression testing 787 reusable 371-2 general purpose 40 fabrics, weave 145,145 thermoset composites 371 heat distortion 505 laminates 4, 8 vertical bleeder 368 heat resistant 40-1 molding compound, see UMC drying 818 marine applications 916 ply 741 infiltration 299-300 properties 41-2 tape, flexural strength 401 pressure resins 28,382,504 Uniformity 301, 301, 302 cures 870 structure 40 Unit costs, polymer processes 532 repairs 869 tensile modulus 505 Unsaturated polyesters, resins 382 Valves 954 tensile strength 505 Unsaturation 39 Vapor VIscoelasticity 122 Unsupported barriers 817 VISCosity 37 films, adhesives 276 processing 316-17,316 aliphatic system 70 single lap, adhesive joints 628 VARI 910 anhydride-cured system 72 Untapered, joints 624 VARTM 919 aromatic system 71 Uranium enrichment centrifuges advantages 919 coupling agents 250 953-4 Vectran 234-7, 234, 235 definition 527 Urea-formaldehyde, adhesives 255 aerospace applications 236 elongational 529-30 Urethane board stock applications 236-7 low density polyethylene 528 ceofficient of thermal expansion availability 236 polypropylene 530, 531 558 cost of 234-5 predicting 528-9 density 558 dielectric constant 236 resins 440, 578 thermal conductivity 558 elongation at break 235 RTM 440 US Air Force Materials Laboratory forms 236 shear rate-dependent 528 22-3 melt spun 235 and temperature 173-4, 174 US Federal Aviation Regulations melting temperature 235 vs. time, epoxy resins 509, 510 (FAR) 1022 properties 235-6 VIsual inspection 839-40 Use temperature, PET 225 protective garments 236 VIS 160 UV resin 235 time needed 160 absorption, aramid fibers 221 safety materials 236 VMN-4 radiation, carbon black 245 sources of information 236 bending strength 305 resistance, PET 230,233 specific gravity 235 carbon content 306 stability tensile modulus 235 coating thickness 306 PBO fiber 238 tensile strength 235 compressive strength 305 PET 233 treatments 236 density 305, 306 UVCS 1017-18,1018 Veils 436, 438 elastic modulus 305 surface ply 503 elongation at break 306 V-cap 93 surfacing, application 436 filament diameter 306 chemistry of 81 Velocity, meteoroids 815 specific modulus 305 processing conditions 84-5 Velsicol 58 strand properties 306 Vacuum Venetian blinding 482 tensile modulus 306 assisted resin injection, see VARI Vent design 442-3 tensile strength 305,306 assisted resin transfer molding, Ventilation 830 Voids 430,548,588,630--1 seeVARTM volatiles 683 capture 450--1 bag 14,14 Venting 450-1 content autoclave tooling 589 ports 443 checks 430 molding 361, 577 Verification, design 733-4, 733 marine laminates 920 nylon 577 Vertical exposed surface 432 Index 1117

stability map 588, 588 Weather resistant, resins 813 core plug 866 Volatiles Weathering 813 damage assessment 866 content 356 climate 813 elevated temperatures 868 elimination 78, 79 graphite/epoxy 813 equipment 867 ventilation 683 graphite/polysulfone 813 face sheet 866-7 Volkersen Kevlar/epoxy 813 heat lamps 865, 866 model 662-3 Weave heating blankets 865 solution 635 aramid fibers 222 hot air blowers 865 Volume basket 140,145 materials 867 expansion, water absorption 811 crowfoot satin 145, 145 precured patching 867-8 fraction eight-harness satin 145, 145 procedures 866-7 fiber reinforcement 435 fiberglass 141-4 repair environment 867 IM6/epoxy 699 non-woven 145,146 restoration of coatings 867 M401/F854 699 patterns 140, 145, 150 tooling 867 resistivity and mechanical properties two resins 571 fiberglass 135 152 Wet mat molding 43 Skybond 95 plain 140,145 Wetout 443 Volumetric shrinkage biaxial 407 Wettability, fiber reinforcement 435 aliphatic system 70 plied-yam 151 Wetting agents, additives 516 aromatic system 71 shearing 439 Wetting speed 495 Von Mises criterion 708 single-yam 151 Whipple-type shield 814-15,814 Vortex, tennis rackets 1046 twill 145, 145 Whiskers 160-1,308,308,308,314 Voyager aircraft 32, 32 unidirectional fabrics 145, 145 alumina 161 Weavers 407, 407 coating 166 Wall effects 153 Weaves commercially available 308 Warp 541 hybridized 118 composition 158 knitting 408,409 reinforcing 118 continuous 156, 160 plied-yam 151 Weaving 18,402,402,404-8,405, CTE 308 single-yam 151 406,407,801 density 162, 308 yam 140 biaxial 406 description 162 fiberglass 141-4 plain weave 405 diameter 162,308 Warpage 374,467,557 satin weave 405 discontinuous 156,160-1 Warping twill weave 405 elastic modulus 162 GFRP 1013, 1013 definition 404 length 308 polyoxymethylene 541 design methodology 407-8 manufacturers 158, 162 Wash resistance, fiber reinforcement multiwarp 406 manufacturing processes 158 435 loom 405 for reinforcing 166 Wastage three-dimensional 405, 405 SiC 308 cut-off 502 triaxial 405,405,406 elastic modulus 327 pultrusion 489 two-harness loom 405 fracture strength 325, 326, Water Web, yarns 407, 407 326,327 absorption 110,811 Weft, knitting 408,409 fracture toughness 325, 326, aliphatic system 70 Weibull distribution 189 326,327 aramid fibers 215 Weight 161 aromatic system 71 aramid fibers 223 specific strength 162 rate of relaxation 811 fiberglass 141-4 thermal expansion coefficient 162 recycled NBC 897 fraction 1027-8 trade names 158, 162 recycled PET 894 loss vapor-liquid-solid process 160-1, recycled SMC 890 AFR700B/S21aminates 94 326 swelling stresses 811 PBO fiber 238 Young's modulus 308 volume expansion 811 Skybond 86 Whole rings, bending 785 evacuation, aircraft 863 savings 1028, 1028 Width of material 479 immersion 110 Weld Wind ingestion, aircraft 859 lines 542, 544 eye 461 intrusion, NDE 854 strength 544 tunnel blades 975-6,976 jet 601 Wet lay-up 355,571-3 turbine blades 954 resistance 3 composite tools 566 Winders soluble sand mandrels 465--6 repairs lathe type 461 Weak bonds 671-5,671 aircraft 865-7 race-track 462 1118 Index

stationary whirling arm type 461 Silar 325 slippage 399 Winding Tateho 325 surface weave 407, 407 angle 496-7 Work-around technique 1006,1011 textured 138 with braiding 473 Workmanship 715 twisted, geometry 404 chord 462 Woven warp 14{) direction 496-7 fabric 359 web 4{)7, 407 dry 458 laminates 818 Z twist 138 extra pressure 470, 470 flexural strength 4{)1 Yield geometry 459 reinforcements 91~17 fiberglass 139-40 helical angle 460 Wrapping tapes 429 stress at break, PP /PCI-glass 898 history of 458 Wrinkles 487 Young's modulus inaccuracies 463 alumina composites 325 isotropic metallic tape 468 alumina silicate 309 X-ray layer-by-layer curing 470 carbon fIbers 295 backscattering 845-6,846,847 materials for 458-9 CE 108 imaging 844-9 non-geodesic 457 ceramic composites 312 cost advantages 845 pattern 459 ceramics 307 foreign materials 844 closure 459 E-glass 24 honeycomb defects 845 control 463-4 and microtexture 189 matrix cracks 844 pitch of 496-7 resins 440 moisture contamination 858 planar-polar 462 Silar 325 non-film 845 preform 458 Tateho 325 porosity 844 process 456, 457 whiskers 308 XMC 381 programmed 469-70 pull 489, 490 Z molding compound, see ZMC and pultrusion 496-7 Yarns Z twist, yarn 138 semifabricated composite 468 classification 4{)2 Zero-shear viscosity, rotational speeds 463 content, distribution 154 molding 551 stages 469 crimp 416 Zirconates, coupling agents 251 technology 458-66 cross sections 411 ZMC380 theory of 468-9 designation, fiberglass 139-40 flexural modulus 386, 386 thermoplastics 458 distribution 154 flexural strength 386, 386 of a torus 462 filament 164 formulation 384 wet 458 fill 4{)7, 407 injection machine 380 Wmdmills 521 filling 140 lZOD 386, 386 Wood 256, 838, 958 geometry 4{)3-4, 403 low viscosity 380 durability 256 identification 138-9 specific gravity expansion 386, end-grain balsa 256 inclination angle 4{)7 386 low cost of 256 jamming 412 tensile modulus 386, 386 rehabilitation 988 longitudinal 415 tensile strength 386, 386 Work of fracture orientation angle 412 thermal coefficient 386, 386 alumina composites 325 S twist 138 Zonyl 251