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The Energy of Our Resources the Power of Our Ideas Electric Power in Canada 1990

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The Energy of Our Resources the Power of Our Ideas Electric Power in Canada 1990 INIS-mf—13420 THE ENERGY OF OUR RESOURCES THE POWER OF OUR IDEAS ELECTRIC POWER IN CANADA 1990 Electricity Branch Energy Sector Energy, Mines and Resources Canada Published under the Authority of the Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Government of Canada iHipriinv sunlit pup'wr rt'cycli' Acknowledgments The Department of Energy, Mines and Resources gratefully acknowledges the cooperation of the electric utilities and the Canadian Electrical Association in the preparation of this publication. Contacts Any comments regarding this publication should be addressed to: David Burpee Director, Electric Utilities Division Electricity Branch Energy, Mines and Resources Canada 580 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OE4 Tel: (613) 995-7460 For general information regarding the preparation and content of this publication, contact: Po-Chih Lee Senior Economist & Manager of Information Systems Electricity Branch Energy, Mines and Resources Canada 580 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OE4 Tel: (613) 996-4779 Copies of this publication are available upon request to: Distribution Section Communications Branch Energy, Mines and Resources Canada 580 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0E4 Tel: (613) 992-0759 Facsimile: (613) 996-9094 Pour obtenir la version frangaise, s'addresser a : Centre de diffusion Direction des Communications Ministere de l'Energie, des Mines et des Ressources 580, rue Booth Ottawa (Ontario) Canada K1A 0E4 Tel.: (613) 992-0759 Fac-simil6 : (613) 996-9094 © Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1991 Cat. No: M23-7/90-E ISBN: 0-662-19038-6 ISSN: 0070-962X CONTENTS Page 1. The Electric Power Industry in Canada 1 2. Canadian Electricity in the International Context 8 3. Regulatory Structures 18 4. Electricity and the Environment 23 5. Electricity Consumption 29 6. Electricity Generation 38 7. Generating Capacity and Reserve 46 8. Electricity Trade 57 9. Transmission 67 10. Electric Utility Investment and Financing 73 11. Costing and Pricing 79 12. Electricity Outlook 86 13. Demand-Side Management 98 14. Non-Utility Generation 105 APPENDIX A Table Al. Installed capacity and electrical energy consumption in Canada, 1920-1990 112 Table A2. Installed generating capacity, 1990 113 Table A3. Conventional thermal capacity by principal fuel type, 1990 114 Table A4. Electrical energy production by principal fuel type, 1990 114 Table A5. Provincial electricity imports and exports 115 Table A6. Canadian electricity exports by exporter and importer, 1990 117 Table A7. Generation capacity by type 119 Table A8. Installed generating capacity expansion in Canada by station. Major 1990 additions and 1991-2010 projections 124 CONTENTS (continued) Page APPENDIX B Bl. Chronology of Canadian electrical energy developments and achievements 130 B2. Chronology of regional interconnections 134 APPENDIX C Cl. Remaining hydroelectric potential in Canada 136 APPENDIX D Federal environmental standards and guidelines 147 APPENDIX E E1. Current and proposed electrical efficiency-improvement programs offered by Canadian electrical utilities 152 E2. Load-shifting programs 153 E3. Prices paid by major electric utilities for non-utility generation in 1991 1S4 Definitions and Abbreviations 158 TABLES Page Table 1.1. Canada's major electric utilities by province 1 Table 1.2. Electrical capacity and production by utilities and industrial establishments, 1930-1990 2 Table 1.3. Electric utility assets, revenue and employees, 1989 3 Table 2.1. International comparison of installed generating capacity, 1988 8 Table 2.2. International comparison of electricity generation by fuel type, 1988 9 Table 2.3. International comparison of per capita electricity consumption, 1988 10 Table 2.4. International comparison of total electricity consumption growth rates, 1985-88 11 Table 2.5. International comparison of electricity exports, 1988 12 Table 2.6. International comparison of electricity imports, 1988 13 Table 2.7. International comparison of electricity intensity, 1960-88 14 Table 2.8. International comparison of electricity prices in the residential sector, 1991 15 Table 2.9. International comparison of electricity prices in the commercial sector, 1991 16 Table 2.10 International comparison of electricity prices in the industrial sector, 1991 17 Table 5.1. Electricity consumption by province 29 Table 5.2. Electricity consumption in Canada by sector 31 Table 5.3. Provincial electricity consumption and generation, 1990 32 Table 5.4. Per capita electricity consumption by province 34 Table 5.5. Household characteristics and facilities in Canada, 1990 35 Table 5.6. Peak demand by province 36 Table 5.7. Load factor by province 36 Table 6.1. Sources of electricity generation 38 Table 6.2. Electrical energy production by fuel type, 1990 41 Table 6.3. Electricity generation by province 42 Table 6.4. Fuels used to generate electricity in Canada 43 Table 6.5. Fuels used to generate electricity by province, 1990 44 Table 6.6. Emissions from electricity generation, 1990 45 Table 7.1. Installed generating capacity by fuel type, 19601990 46 Table 7.2. Installed generating capacity by fuel type and province, 1990 47 Table 7.3. Installed generating capacity by province, 1960-1990 48 Table 7.4. Canada's largest hydro stations, 1990 51 Table 7.5. Canada's largest conventional thermal stations, 1990 51 TABLES (continued) Page Table 7.6. Commercial nuclear power plants in Canada, 1990 52 Table 7.7. Surplus capacity in Canada, 1990 53 Table 7.8 Hydroelectric capacity in Canada, 1990 54 Table 8.1. Canada-U.S. electricity trade, 1960-1990 57 Table 8.2. Electricity exports to the United States by type, 1960-1990 58 Table 8.3. Average export revenues, 1960-1990 58 Table 8.4. Generation sources of Canadian exports, 1975-1990 59 Table 8.5. Electricity exports and revenues by province, 1989-1990 60 Table 8.6. Firm and interruptible exports, 1990 60 Table 8.7. E nergy sources of electricity exports, 1990 61 Table 8.8. Exporting provinces and importing markets, 1990 62 Table 8.9. Provincial shares of Canadian electricity exports, 1960-1990 63 Table 8.10. Canadian energy trade, 1975-1990 64 Table 8.11. Annual Canadian interprovincial electricity trade, 1960-1990 65 Table 8.12. Interprovincial electricity trade by destination, 1981-1990 65 Table 9.1. Transmission circuit length in Canada, 1990 67 Table 9.2. Provincial interconnections at year-end, 1990 68 Table 9.3. Planned provincial interconnections 69 Table 9.4. Major interconnections between Canada and the United States, 1990 70 Table 10.1. Electric utility capital investment, 1971-1990 73 Table 10.2. Investment in energy-related industries, 1972-1990 74 Table 10.3. Capital investment by function, 1972-1990 74 Table 10.4. Capital investment by major electric utility 76 Table 10.5. Major electric utility long-term debt and sources of financing, 1989 77 Table 10.6. Comparison of Canadian and U.S. electric utility debt ratios, 1985-1989 78 Table 11.1. Inflation, interest rates, and construction costs, 1962-1990 79 Table 11.2. Cost of fuel for electricity generation, 1969-1989 80 Table 11.3. Average annual electricity rate increases, 1981-1990 81 Table 11.4. Average revenue from electricity sales by province, 1980-1989 83 Tabie H.5. Major electric utilities'statements of income, 1989 84 Table 11.6. Monthly electricity costs, January 1991 85 TABLES (continued) Page Table 12.1. Forecasts of domestic electricity demand 86 Table 12.2. Forecasts of domestic peak demand 88 Table 12.3. Forecasts of installed generating capacity by province 90 Table 12.4. Forecasts of installed generating capacity by fuel type in Canada 92 Table 12.5. Utility forecasts of electricity generation byprovince 92 Tfiole 12.6. Forecasts of electricity generation by fuel type in Canada 93 Table 12.7. Electricity exports to the United States 94 Table 12.8. Fuels required for electricity generation 94 Table 12.9. Capital expenditures for major electric utilities 95 Table 12.10. Capital expenditures by function 95 Table 12.11 Forecasts of SO2 emissions by fuel type in Canada 96 Table 12.12 Forecasts of NOX emissions by fuel type in Canada 96 Table 13.1 Generating capacity savings from electric utilities' DSM cumulative values 101 Table 13.2 Energy savings from electric utilities' efficiency improvements 103 Table 14.1 Industrial installed generating capacity by fuel type, 1990 105 Table 14.2 Minor utility installed generating capacity by fuel type, 1990 106 Table 14.3 Industrial energy generation by fuel type, 1990 107 Table 14.4 Minor utility energy generating by fuel type, 1990 108 Table 14.5 Projections of attainable non-utility generating capacity 109 Table 14.6 Projections of attainable non-utility generation 110 FIGURES Page Figure 5.1. Primary energy consumption in Canada 30 Figure 5.2. Secondary energy consumption in Canada 30 Figure 5.3. Electricity generation, consumption and net transfers, 1990 33 Figure 5.4. Historical relationship between electricity demand and GDP, 1960-1990 37 Figure 6.1. Major generating stations by province, 1990 39 Figure 6.2. Electricity generation by fuel type 40 Figure 6.3. Electricity generation by region 43 Figure 7.1. Installed generating capacity by fuel type 49 Figure 7.2. Installed generating capacity by region 50 Figure 7.3. World nuclear reactor performance by type 55 Figure 7.4. World nuclear reactor performance, 1990 56 Figure 8.1. E lectricity trade, 1990 66 Figure 9.1. Canada's major long-distance transmission systems, 1990 71 Figure 9.2. Major provincial and international interconnections, 1990 72 Figure 10.1. Capital investment by function, 1990 75 Figure 11.1. Price indices, 1980-1990 82 Figure 12.1. Comparison of electricity demand forecasts 87 Figure 12.2. Comparison of generating capacity forecasts 89 Figure 12.3. Comparison of electricity generation forecasts 91 Figure 12.4. Forecasts of CO2 emissions by fuel type 97 Figure 13.1. A typical annual load duration curve and generation cost minimization for an electric utility 98 Figure 13.2.
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